FR. Peter Secondary School Management System

UNIVERSITAS KOMPUTER INDONESIA PROGRAM STUDI SISTEM INFORMASI

  Kampus I : JL.DIPATI UKUR 112 TELP (022) 2504119, 2533603 Bandung 40132 Kampus II : JL.DIPATI UKUR 116 TELP (022) 2533676, 2506634 Bandung 40132 Kampus III : JL.DIPATI UKUR 102 TELP (022) 250364, Fax.2533754 Bandung 40132 Kampus IV : JL.DIPATI UKUR 114 TELP (022) 2506553, 2508412 Bandung 40132

STUDENT BIO DATA PERSIONAL DETAILS:

  Student ID : 10511657 Name : Patrick Nolye Place/Date of Birth : Papua New Guinea, 3rd-March-1989 Gender : Male Semester : 8 Educational Achievement : Degree Holder GPA : 3.44 House Address : Jl Sekeloa Timur, RT 05/RW 03, Bandung 40141 E-mail : pat.nolye@gmail.com Telephone No :+6281312425285

FAMILY DATA:

  Father Name : Michael Nolye Mother Name : Merilyn Nolye Parents Home Address : South West Air, P.O. Box, 71 Mendi, S.H.P, P.N.G.

  Parents Telephone : +67571059762 Parents Occupation : Engineer/House Wife

  REFERENCES

  1. James Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson & Grady Booch ., “The Unified

  Modeling Language Reference Manual ”, 2nd ed, Addison Wesley Longman, Inc: Canada, 1999, [4, p.43].

  2. Jian Wang. Object-Oriented Analysis Methodology. School of Business Administration, University of Missouri-ST. Lous, 2001.

  3. Juris Kelley (2002). Management and Optimizing Team Collaboration, Xulon Press.

  4. Lawrence R. Frey, Car H. Botan, Paul G. Friedman, and Gary L. Kreps. An Introduction to Research Methods. Prentice Hall College Div, 1991

  5. Seema, SonaMalhotra 278. International Journal of Advances in Computing and Information Technology. SE/CSE Department, U.I.E.T. Kurukshetra University.

  6. Wiig (1993). Knowledge Management.School of Information Studeis, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  First of all, I want to thank the almighty God for His constant love and blessings upon my life to come this far. I give all the praises and glory to Him alone as I am able to complete my degree program on time. My thesis title is “Fr. Peter Secondary

  School Management System ”.

  In this time, the writer would like to thank everyone that may have been helpful and supportive in any means in my studies and to get this thesis done on time. They are:

  1. Dr. Ir. Eddy Suryanto Soegoto, M.Sc, Rektor (Chancellor), Universitas Komputer Indonesia.

  2. Prof. Dr. Umi Narimawati, Dra., SE., M.Si, International Program Director, Universitas Komputer Indonesia.

  3. Prof. Dr. H. Denny Kurniadie. Ir., M.Sc. Dean of Faculty of Engineering & Computer Science, Universitas Komputer Indonesia.

  4. Ibu Citra Noviyasari S.Si.,M.T, Head of Information System Department, Universitas Komputer Indonesia.

  5. Ibu Imelda, ST. MT., My Guardian Lecturer, for her guidance, support and her continuous enthusiasm and encouragement throughout my thesis.

  6. Ibu Rani (Secretary of International Students Office) & Ibu Lela (Secretary of Information System Department), for their continuous guidance and support throughout my studies.

  7. Dr. Didik Wisnu Widjajanto (Education Attache-2011, Embassy of Republic of Indonesia, Port Moresby, P.N.G) and the Indonesian Government for providing the “Biasiswa Unggulan Scholarship” for 4 years.

  8. My friends like: Brother Barton, Abud, Pebrina Gultom, Espren Sitorus, and others who have been so helpful and supportive.

  9. The very special person in my life, Kathleen A.K. Jahamou, for her care and love upon my life.

  10. Furthermore, to my most encouraging and caring dad (Michael Nolye), mum (Merilyn), sister (Emmy),

  Tap’s and J.Onimnga’s family for their support through prayer and their hopes in me. Also not forgetting those that were financially supportive especially uncle Sam and aunty Zean and others throughout my studies.

  The writer would also like to apologize if not mentioning any names in particular who may have been in one way or the other being helpful.

  Finally, the writer hopes that this thesis could be useful for other researchers or for any other educational purposes in the future.

  

CHAPTER 2

THEORETICAL

2.1. Information

  Wiig (1993)

  • – He has suggested that the information as, “facts organized to describe a situation or condition. According to Juris and Kelley (2002) – They have suggested the

  “information is much more refined data that has evolved to the point of being useful for some form of analysis ”. From these two sources, Information can be defined as: “data that has been processed in such a way as to be meaningful to the person who receives it.

  

2.1.1. Qualities of Good Information

  According to Rush (Free-Education Forum-online), there are several qualities of a good information. These are as follows:

  Accurate

  There should not be any false facts in the information given and the data and the data should add up to the final decision being made.

  Accessible The parties authorized to the information should have easy access to the information.

  Complete

  The information should be complete to the level that the user needs not require additional methods or systems to understand or use the information.

  Brief The information should not contain unwanted or facts or lengthy descriptions of facts.

  This factor is dependent on the level of users within the organizations.

  Secure

  The information should not be contaminated or easily accessible to unauthorized persons.

  Timely

  The information should be received on time and should be available for updating on a timely basis.

  Up to Date

  The information should be based on facts which are current and most recently updated data.

  Rare

  The information should be available to only a limited number of users otherwise the value of the information will diminish.

2.2. System

  According toebopedia), a system is:

  1. A group of interdependent items that interact regularly to perform a task.

  2. An established or organized procedure; a method.

  Therefore, in computer, a system is one that is able to take a set of inputs, process them and create a set of outputs. This is done by combination of hardware and software.

  In a system, network of components work towards a single objective, if there is lack of co-ordination among components, it leads to counterproductive results

2.2.1. Features of a System

  A system may have following features:

  1. Adaptability: some systems are adaptive to the exterior environment, while some systems are non-adaptive to the external environment.

  2. Limitation: every system has pre-defined limits or boundaries within which it

  operates. This limits or boundaries can be defined by law or current state of technology.

2.2.2. Components of a System

  Every system comprises of basic components which in a co-ordination formulate a system. These are as follows.

  1. Input elements

  The information entered into a system. For instance raw data input to the computer system.

  2. Process

  Any specific treatment defined in the system to be performed on the data entered into the system, for instance, computation, analysis, application of any model.

  3. Output elements

  The results given by the system after the process has been performed on the data being input to the system.

  4. Control mechanism

  Every system is expected to generate some sort of standardized output. Hence actual output needs to be compared with what it is supposed to generate. This comparison of actual with expected output is done with the help of control mechanism.

  5. Feedback system

  Once the control mechanism has been devised, it needs to a reporting mechanism, which should respond with a corrective action, if required.

  6. Objectives

  We just mentioned that a control mechanism should compare actual output with expected/Ideal output. But before this is being done, there needs to be a list of specific objectives which define expected output.

2.2.3. Types of System 1. Open System

  An open system is one that interacts with its environment and thus exchange material, or energy with the environment, including random and undefined inputs. Open systems are adaptive in nature, as they tend to react with the environment in such a way, so as to favor their continued existence. Such systems are „self organizing’, in the sense that they change their organisation in response to changing conditions.

  2. Closed System

  closed system is one, which does not interact with its environment. Such systems in business world, are rare, but relatively closed systems are common. Thus, the systems that are relatively isolated from the environment but not completely closed, are termed closed system.

  3. Open Loop System

  In open-loop architecture, business decisions made by management have an impact in the marketplace, and the impact of that decision is measured only indirectly by the company's computer systems.

  4. Closed Loop System

  Closed loop system is a system where part of the output is fed back to the system to initiate control to change either the activities of the system or input of the system. In a closed-loop decision environment, the impact of decisions can be measured very

2.3. Information Systems

  According to Vladimir Zwass (Encylopaedia Britannica), Information System is an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, and processing data and for deliveknowledge, and digital products. According to Management Study Guide (managementstudyguide.com), an information system, therefore, can be defined as set of coordinated network of components which act together towards producing, distributing and or processing information. An important factor of computer based information system is precision, which may not apply to other types of systems.

2.3.1. Components of Information System

  An information system is essentially made up of five components hardware, software, database, network and people. These five components integrate to perform input, process, output, feedback and control.

  1. Hardware consists of input/output device, processor, operating system and media devices.

  2. Software consists of various programs and procedures.

  3. Database consists of data organized in the required structure.

  4. Network consists of hubs, communication media and network devices.

  5. People consist of device operators, network administrators and system specialist.

  Information processing consists of input; data process, data storage, output and control. During input stage data instructions are fed to the systems which during process stage are worked upon by software programs and other queries. During output stage, data is presented in structured format and reports.

2.4. Secondary Education

  According to Wikipedia, secondary education normally takes place in most countries.

  According to Encyclopedia Britannica, secondary education, the second stage traditionally found in formalbeginning about age 11 to 13 and ending usually at age 15 to 18. The dichotomy betweennd secondary education has gradually become less marked, not only in curricula but also in organization. The proliferation of middle schools, junior schools, junior high schools, and other divisions has produced systems with more than two stages.

  Normally, secondary education lasts for four (4) years and is divided into two cycles: lower (grades 9 and 10) and upper secondary (grades 11 and 12). Students sit two examinations: the School of Certificate Examination at the end of grade 10, and the Higher School Certificate Examination at the end of grade 12.

2.4.1 Terminology

  Secondary schools may be called and the exact meaning of any of these varies between the countries.

  2.5. Enrollment

  According to Wikipedia, enrollment may refer to the total number of students properly registered and/or attending classes at a school.

  2.6. Registration

  According to Merriam Webster dictionary, registration refers to the act or process of entering personal (student) information in a system (school) of public records.

  2.7. School Fee Ledger

  It is a complete record of financial transactions (school fee payment) in the school.

2.8. PHP Programming

  PHP is aAs of January 2013, PHP was installed on more than 240 million is now produced by The PHP Group. While PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page, it now stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor, which is a

  PHP code can be simply mixed withPHP code is usually processed by a PHPI) executable. After the PHP code is interpreted and executed, the web server sends resulting output to its client, usually in form of a part of the generated web page; for example, PHP code can generate a web page's HTML code, an image, or some other data. PHP has also evolved to include aLI) capability and can be used in standalone

2.9. JavaScript

  JavaScript is the programming language of HTML and the Web. It is also known as ECMAScript (the untrademarked name used for the standard), It is most commonly used as part of web browsers, whose implementations allow client-side scripts to interact with the user, control the browser, communicate asynchronously, and alter the document content that is displayed. JavaScript (at least the strict subset asm.js is also considered an "assembly language of the web – a compile target of source-to-source compilers

  • – for making client side web applications, using other programming languages, supported by all the major browsers without plug-ins. It is also used in server-side network programming with runtime environments such as Node.js, game development and the creation of desktop and mobile applications.

  JavaScript is classified as a prototype-based scripting language with dynamic typing and first-class functions. This mix of features makes it a multi-paradigm language, supporting object-oriented, imperative, and functional programming styles. JavaScript is also used in environments that aren't web-based, such as PDF documents, site-specific browsers, and desktop widgets.

  HTML 2.10.

  HyperText Markup Language, commonly referred to as HTML, is the standardIt is written in the form ofe <html> ). HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like <h1> and </h1> , although some tags represent empty elements and so are unpaired, for example <img> . The first tag in a pair is the start tag, and the second tag is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags).

  an read HTML files and compose them into visible or audible web pages. Browsers do not display the HTML tags and scripts, but use them to interpret the content of the page. HTML describes the structure of aalong with cues for presentation, making it a markup language, rather than a

  HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allowsIt provides a means to createquotes and other items. It can embedh affect the behavior of HTML web pages.

  Web browsers can also refer to3C), maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards, encourages the use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML.

  2.11. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

  Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the look and formatting of a document written in a markup language (like adding fonts, colors, spacing, etc). Although most often used to change the style of web pages and user interfaces written in HTML and XHTML, the language can be applied to any kind of XML document, including plain XML, SVG and XUL. Along with HTML and JavaScript, CSS is a cornerstone technology used by most websites to create visually engaging webpages, user interfaces for web applications, and user interfaces for many mobile applications.

  2.12. Database

  According (Webopedia), “Often abbreviated DB, a database is basically a collection of information organized in such a way that a

   Traditional databases are organized by A field is a single piece of information; a record is one complete set of fields; and a file is a collection of records. An alternative concept in database design is known asa picture, or a film, can beto any other object. Hypertext databases are particularly useful for organizing large amounts of disparate information, but they are not designed for numerical analysis.

  2.13. Database Management System (DBMS)

  To This is a collection of programs that enables you to enter, organize, and select data in a database.

  Increasingly, the term database is used as shorthand for database management system. There are many different types of DBMSs, ranging from small

  2.14. MySQL

  MySQL is (as of July 2013) the world's second most widely used relational database management system (RDBMS) and most widely used open-source RDBMS. The SQL acronym stands for Structured Query Language.

  MySQL is a popular choice of database for use in web applications, and is a central component of the widely used LAMP open source web application software stack (and other 'AMP' stacks). LAMP is an acronym for "Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python." Free-software-open source projects that require a full-featured database management system often use MySQL. Applications that use the MySQL database include: TYPO3, MODx, Joomla, WordPress, phpBB, MyBB, Drupal and other software.

2.15. UML (Unified Modeling Language)

  UML is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting the artifacts of software systems. UML was created by Object Management Group (OMG) and UML 1.0 specification draft was proposed to the OMG in January 1997.

  OMG is continuously putting effort to make a truly industry standard.

  1. UML stands for Unified Modeling Language.

  2. UML is different from the other common programming languages like C++, Java, COBOL, etc.

  3. UML is a pictorial language used to make software blue prints.

2.15.1 UML Architecture UML plays an important role in defining different perspectives of a system.

  These perspectives are: Design; Implementation; Process; and Deployment .And the centre is the Use Case view which connects all these four. A Use case represents the functionality of the system. So the other perspectives are connected with use case.

  1. Design of a system consists of classes, interfaces and collaboration. UML provides class diagram, object diagram to support this.

  2. Implementation defines the components assembled together to make a complete physical system. UML component diagram is used to support implementation perspective.

  3. Process defines the flow of the system. So the same elements as used in Design are also used to support this perspective.

  4. Deployment represents the physical nodes of the system that forms the hardware. UML deployment diagram is used to support this perspective.

2.15.2. Structural Diagrams

  The structural diagrams represent the static aspect of the system. These static aspects represent those parts of a diagram which forms the main structure and therefore stable.

  These static parts are represents by classes, interfaces, objects, components and nodes. The four structural diagrams are:

  1. Class diagram 2.

  Object diagram

  3. Component diagram 4.

  Deployment diagram

  1. Class Diagram

  Class diagrams are the most common diagrams used in UML. Class diagram consists of classes, interfaces, associations and collaboration. Class diagrams basically represent the object oriented view of a system which is static in nature. Active class is used in a class diagram to represent the concurrency of the system. Class diagram represents the object orientation of a system. So it is generally used for development purpose. This is the most widely used diagram at the time of system construction.

  2. Object Diagram

  Object diagrams can be described as an instance of class diagram. So these diagrams are more close to real life scenarios where we implement a system. Object diagrams are a set of objects and their relationships just like class diagrams and also represent the static view of the system. The usage of object diagrams is similar to class diagrams but they are used to build prototype of a system from practical perspective.

  3. Component Diagram

  Component diagrams represent a set of components and their relationships. These components consist of classes, interfaces or collaborations. So Component diagrams represent the implementation view of a system. During design phase software artifacts (classes, interfaces etc) of a system are arranged in different groups depending upon their relationship. Now these groups are known as components. Finally, component diagrams are used to visualize the implementation.

4. Deployment Diagram

  Deployment diagrams are a set of nodes and their relationships. These nodes are physical entities where the components are deployed. Deployment diagrams are used for visualizing deployment view of a system. This is generally used by the deployment team.

2.15.3. Behavioral Diagrams

  Any system can have two aspects, static and dynamic. So a model is considered as complete when both the aspects are covered fully. Behavioral diagrams basically capture the dynamic aspect of a system. Dynamic aspect can be further described as the changing/moving parts of a system.

  UML has the following five types of behavioral diagrams: 1. Use case diagram

  2. Sequence diagram 3.

  Collaboration diagram 4. Statechart diagram

  5. Activity diagram

  1. Use case Diagram

  Use case diagrams are a set of use cases, actors and their relationships. They represent the use case view of a system. A use case represents a particular functionality of a system. So use case diagram is used to describe the relationships among the functionalities and their internal/external controllers. These controllers are known as actors.

  2. Sequence Diagram

  A sequence diagram is an interaction diagram. From the name it is clear that the diagram deals with some sequences, which are the sequence of messages flowing from one object to another. Interaction among the components of a system is very important from implementation and execution perspective. So Sequence diagram is used to visualize the sequence of calls in a system to perform a specific functionality.

  3. Collaboration Diagram

  Collaboration diagram is another form of interaction diagram. It represents the structural organization of a system and the messages sent/received. Structural organization consists of objects and links. The purpose of collaboration diagram is similar to sequence diagram. But the specific purpose of collaboration diagram is to visualize the organization of objects and their interaction.

  4. Statechart Diagram

  Any real time system is expected to be reacted by some kind of internal/external events. These events are responsible for state change of the system. Statechart diagram is used to represent the event driven state change of a system. It basically describes the state change of a class, interface etc. State chart diagram is used to visualize the reaction of a system by internal/external factors.

  5. Activity Diagram

  Activity diagram describes the flow of control in a system. So it consists of activities and links. The flow can be sequential, concurrent or branched. Activities are nothing but the functions of a system. Numbers of activity diagrams are prepared to capture the entire flow in a system. Activity diagrams are used to visualize the flow of controls in a system. This is prepared to have an idea of how the system will work when executed.

2.16. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD)

  Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) is a popular technical approach to analyzing, designing an application, system, or business by applying the object- oriented paradigm and visual modeling throughout the development life cycles to foster better stakeholder communication and product quality.

  According to the popular guide Unified Process; OOAD in modern software engineering is best conducted in an iterative and incremental way. Iteration by iteration, the outputs of OOAD activities, analysis models for OOA and design models for OOD respectively, will be refined and evolve continuously driven by key factors like risks and business value.

  

CHAPTER 3

OBJECT AND METHODS

3.1. Research Object

  The object of the research is Fr. Peter Secondary School that is located in Banz, Jiwaka Province, Papua New Guinea. The research mainly focuses on its management system and was carried out at Indonesian Computer University (UNIKOM), Bandung,West Java, Indonesia.

3.1.1. History of The Company

  Fr. Peter Secondary School was established in 1968 by the first Christian Brothers (Catholic-European) that came to Papua New Guinea. During the establishment, it was known as Fatima Secondary School but the name was later (1996) changed to Fr. Peter Secondary School in honor to Late Fr. Peter van Adrichen (Parish Priest and one of the fou nders). The school’s motto is “Angam- Ambam Moraman

  ” (Melpa language) meaning “We Live as Brothers and Sisters” in English. The school has 4 grades (9-12) and each grade has 4 classrooms (Red, Blue, Green and Gold). Grades 9 and 10 are called Lower Secondary whereas grades 11 and 12 are referred to as Higher Secondary. Students normally sit for national exams at grade 10 in order to continue to grade 11 as well at grade 12 in order to further their studies to college or university. It is a boarding school whereby students choose to register/enroll whether as a boarding or a day student at the beginning of the academic year. There are four schooling terms annually with holiday at the end of each term. From 2008 statistics: total number of staffs=35, total number of students=660. The school is administered by the Principle with his/her two Deputies: Deputy Principle Administration (DPA) and Deputy Principle Curriculum (DPC).

  Since the establishment of Fr. Peter Secondary School until now, the school’s system is mainly managed manually. That includes enrollment process, registration, school fee payment, creation of class schedules, and others. Consequently, a lot of problems do occur at the beginning of every new academic year like: late commencement of classes; number of new intakes normally exceed the maximum number of students required so this results in over-populated in the classrooms as well as dormitories; clashes in class schedules as well as no proper screening of teachers in order to allocate the right subjects according to their qualifications; and so many other problems.

  In this 21st century, technological breakthrough gave way to cellular phones, the internet, robots, automation systems, and have brought various changes in human activities, including the educational system. Changing times call for a different approach on the things man do. With the transformation of the society from a simple to a high complicated and technological one, it is just proper to equip one’s self with the appropriate tools to succeed. In this competitive age especially in the education system, Fr. Peter Secondary School is in great need to improvise its management system in order to adapt to this information or digital age. To produce bright students and achieve its long term goals, the system of the school needs to be changed from manual-based to an automated-based system. Automation is the utilization of technology to replace human with a machine (especially computer) that can perform more quickly and more continuously That is, the automated-based school management system consists of tasks such as registration and enrollment processes, staff profiling and creating class schedules, manage financial recordings, producing student transcripts, and so on.

  This would greatly have impact on the school’s progress and academic performance. As a result, Fr. Peter Secondary School can be able to produce bright students and could be ranked among the top secondary schools in Papua New Guinea.

3.1.2. Organizational Structure of Fr. Peter Secondary School Here is the organizational structure of Fr. Peter Secondary School.

Figure 3.1 Organizational Structure of Fr. Peter Secondary School

3.2. Research Methods

  According to Frey, Botan, Friedman, & Kreps (1991) , “Research methods are the particular strategies researchers use to collect the evidence necessary for building and testing theories". In preparation of this research, the Descriptive Qualitative Approach was used to collect data, analyze and explain the observations in the field.

  3.2.1. Research Design

  According to Green and Tull, “It is the specification of techniques and processes for obtaining the information required. It is the over-all operational pattern or framework of the project which states what data is to be gathered from which source by what process”

  The research design is defined as the plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained. It is a thorough outline of how a study is going to take place. That is, how data can be collected, what tools will be used, how the tools will be used and the intended means for analyzing collected data.

  3.2.2. Types and Data Collection Methods

  The type and data collection methods are as follows:

3.2.2.1. Collecting Primary Data

  Primary data are data that were previously unknown and which have been obtained directly by the researcher for a particular research project. In this research, these two methods of collecting primary data were taken into consideration: 1.

   The Observational Method

  The researcher observers and records behaviour that is revelant to the research. This is done by a close examination of the current problems faced in Fr. Peter Secondary School..

2. The Interview Method

  This technique of data collection is simply a face-to-face conversation with the involvement of questioners. According to Arnold (et al 1991) , “The interview is, in effect, often used as a „talking questionnaire’”. So the researcher through direct phone call conversation with the respective representatives (staffs) at Fr. Peter Secondary made it possible to get the vital data or information needed.

3.2.2.2. Collecting Secondary Data

  Secondary data is collected from data sources that are already existed. In this research, the researcher collected data from previous research, web information, and historical data and information about Fr. Peter Secondary School.

3.2.3. Method and System Development Approach

  In this section, it explains about the systems approach, the development of systems, methods of analysis and design analysis tools. Following is the description of the approach and system development.

3.2.3.1. Systems Approach Method

  The method the researcher used in systems approach is the Object-Oriented Systems Approach and is visualized with UML (Unified Modeling Language) diagrams as follows: Use Case Diagrams, Activity Diagrams, Sequence Diagrams,

  Class Diagrams, Collaboration Diagrams, Component Diagrams, and Deployment Diagrams.

  According to Jian Wang (Information System Analysis Section G01-Fall 2001), “The object-oriented approach combines data and processes (called methods) into single entities called objects. Objects usually correspond to the real things an information system deals with, such as customers, suppliers, contracts, and rental agreements. Object-oriented model is able to thoroughly represent complex relationships and to represent data and data processing with a consistent notation, which allows an easier blending of analysis and design in an evolutionary process.

  ” And according to Hoffer (et al. 2002)

  , “The goal of object-oriented approach is to make system elements more reusable, thus improving system quality and the productivity of systems analysis and design ”.

3.2.3.2. Systems Development Method The system development method used in the research is the Prototype Model.

  The Software Prototying refers to building software application protype whcih displays the functionality of the product underdevelopment but may not actually hold the exact logic of the original software. Software prototyping is becoming very popluar as a software development model, as it enables to understand the customer requirements at an early stage of develpoment. It helps get valuable feedbacks from the customer and helps software designers and developers understand about what

  According to Sona Malhotra (International Journal of Advance in Information Technology), ” Instead of freezing the requirements before a design or coding can proceed, a throwaway prototype is built to understand the requirements. This prototype is developed based on the currently known requirements. Prototyping is an attractive idea for complicated and large systems for which there is no manual process or existing system to help determining the requirements. A prototype is a toy implementation of a system; usually exhibiting limited functional capabilities, low reliability, and inefficient performance.”

Figure 3.2 Prototype Model ( Source:Seema, Sona Malhotra- ”International Jou rnal in Computer and Information Technology” )

  Following is the stepwise approach taken to design Fr. Peter Secondary School Management System’s software prototype:

  1. Basic Requirement Identification : This step involves understanding the very basics system requirements of Fr. Peter Secondary School system especially in terms of user interface. The more intericate details of the internal design and external aspects like performance and security were ignored at this stage.

  2. Developing the initial Prototype: The initial Prototype of Fr. Peter Secondary School Management System was developed in this stage, where the very basic requirements were showcased and user interface were provided. These features may not exactly work in the same manner internally in the actual software developed and the workarounds were used to give the same look and feel to the customer in the prototype developed.

  3. Review of the Prototype: The prototype of the school system developed was then presented to the customer and the other important stakeholders in the research. The feedback were collected in an organized manner and used for further enchancements in the system development.

  4. Rewise and Enchance the Prototype: The feedback and the review comments were discussed during this stage. The changes accepted were again incorporated in the new Prototype developed and the cycle repeats until customer expectations were met.

3.2.3.3. Analysis and Design Tools

  With a systems approach that is object-oriented, the researcher used a modeling language called the Unified Modeling Language (UML). According to IBM (ibm.com website), UML is a visual language for specifying, constructing, and documenting the artifacts of systems. Therefore, the developing system is visualized by the following UML diagrams: 1.

   Class Diagram

  Class diagrams are the most common diagrams used in UML. Class diagram consists of classes, interfaces, associations and collaboration. Class diagrams basically represent the object oriented view of a system which is static in nature. Active class is used in a class diagram to represent the concurrency of the system. Class diagram represents the object orientation of a system. So it is generally used for development purpose. This is the most widely used diagram at the time of system construction.

2. Deployment Diagram

  Deployment diagrams are a set of nodes and their relationships. These nodes are physical entities where the components are deployed. Deployment diagrams are used for visualizing deployment view of a system. This is generally used by the deployment team.

  3. Use case Diagram

  Use case diagrams are a set of use cases, actors and their relationships. They represent the use case view of a system. A use case represents a particular functionality of a system. So use case diagram is used to describe the relationships among the functionalities and their internal/external controllers. These controllers are known as actors.

  4. Activity Diagram

  Activity diagram describes the flow of control in a system. So it consists of activities and links. The flow can be sequential, concurrent or branched. Activities are nothing but the functions of a system. Numbers of activity diagrams are prepared to capture the entire flow in a system. Activity diagrams are used to visualize the flow of controls in a system. This is prepared to have an idea of how the system will work when executed.

3.2.4. Testing Software

  There is a lot of testing techniques that can be used to test a software, including: Black Box Testing and White Box Testing. As for software testing that is done in this project is the Black Box Testing. According to (webopedia.com), “Also known as functional testing. testing technique whereby the internal workings of the item being tested are not known by the tester. For example, in a black box test on a software design the tester only knows the inputs and what the expected outcomes should be and not how the program arrives at those outputs. The tester does not ever examine the programmingnd does not need any further knowledge of the program other than its specifications.

  ”

  Black Box Testing - Steps Here are the generic steps followed to carry out any type of Black Box Testing.

  1. Initially requirements and specifications of the system are examined.

  2. Tester chooses valid inputs (positive test scenario) to check whether SUT processes them correctly . Also some invalid inputs (negative test scenario) are chosen to verify that the SUT is able to detect them.

  3. Tester determines expected outputs for all those inputs.

  4. Software tester constructs test cases with the selected inputs.

  5. The test cases are executed.

  6. Software tester compares the actual outputs with the expected outputs.

  7. Defects if any are fixed and re-tested.

3.2.5. Analysis of Current System

  Analysis of the system running is the decomposition activity of a complete information system into components that aim to identify and evaluate the problems that arise, obstacles that may occur and the expected needs, so as to propose

3.2.5.1. Analysis of Document

  Analysis of the document is to analyze the activities of all documents that are used on the basis of an information system that is running. As for the types of documents used in Fr. Peter Secondary School system is: Class Schedule, Room Allocation (Boarding), School Fee Payment, Enrollment, Student Academic Performance, and Registration. Here are the details of each of these documents:

Table 3.1 Document Analysis Table NO DOCUMENT COMMENTARY

  NAME

  

1 Class Schedule Description: Documents containing information

about the teaching schedules.

  Function: Manage class schedules Source: Deputy Principle Cirriculum (DPC). Attribute: Teacher name, gender, school year, subject name, class name.

  

2 Boarding Room Description: Documents containing information

  Allocation about the allocation of rooms for boarding students.

  Function: Manage

  boarding students’ accommodation.

  

Source: Registrar

Attribute: Student name, student id, grade level,

  dormitory name, room number. School Fee Payment Description: Documents containing the

  3

  information about students’ school fee payment process.

  Function:

  Manage students’ school fee payment process. Cashier

  Source: Attribute: Student name, student id, amount paid, balance, amount yet to pay, year, grade level.

  

4 Enrollment Description: Documents containing information

about the students’ enrollment process.

  Function:

  Manage the students’ enrollment process.

  Source: Enrollment Encoder (staff) Attribute: Student name, student id, school year,

  gender, grade level, class name.

  

5 Student Academic Description: Documents containing information

Performance about students ’ academic performance or grades.

  Function: academic

  Produce students’ transcripts

  

Source: Teacher

Attribute: Student name, student id, grade level,

  class name, subject grade, gender, class patron name, subject,

  

6 Registration Description: Documents containing information

about the students’ registration process.

  Function:

  Manage the students’ registration process.

  

Source: Registrar

Attribute: Student name, student id, place of

  birth, date of birth, citizen, fathers name, mothers name, address, school year, gender, grade level, class name, etc.

3.3. Analysis of Current Procedures

  Analysis of the current procedures aim to find out more clearly how the system works and know the problems faced by the system that can be used as a foundation for the design of the proposed new system. The analysis of school management

3.3.1. Use Case Diagram of School System The Ongoing

Figure 3.3 Use Case Diagram of School System the Ongoing

3.3.1.1. Scenario Use Case Diagram of School System The Ongoing

  The Scenario Use Case Diagram that is running is as follows: 1.

   Scenario Use Case Diagram Administration

  The scenario of the use case diagram administration in the current system is as