Beck’s Motivation 356 suggests three ways by which the presence of others may reduce responses:
Epley suggests three ways by which the presence of others may reduce responses to aversive stimuli or conditioned aversive stimuli. First, the
other person may serve as a ‘calm’ model for the anxious person to imitate. Second, the companion may do something to distract the subject.
Third, the mere physical presence of another might be fear reducing, even though the other person does nothing. Beck 356
The presence of others may have good and bad side. When it can calm down the other, it can be said that it is good. However, if it distracts one’s concentration
then that must be the bad one. While due to the presence of others can reduce fear, it can be very helpful.
It can be summarized that affiliative motives defines as to be cooperated with others and to be remained loyal to others. The need for affiliation also called
the need to be with people. When we are with others, we can reduce fear. The presence of others can calm down an individual, distract, and reduce fear.
d. Social Facilitation
According to Weiner 124, when two people act together, the intensity of their individual behavior is often increasing. Social facilitation among both
humans and infrahumans is well documented in the experimental literature. Weiner 125 also states three distinctive paradigms in social facilitation.
Three distinctive paradigms have been identified in the research on social facilitation. The first is the audience paradigm, in which one performs in
the presence of passive spectators. Secondly, there is a co-action paradigm, in which others in the same setting are independently engaged in the
identical task as the performer. Finally, there is an interactive paradigm, in which numerous individuals are working together on a task. Weiner 125
The three paradigms give different reactions. The last three paradigms can increase motivation to people compared to the two paradigms. Triplett gives an
example in Bootzin, Loftus and Zajonc 609, which noted that bicycle racers do much better in competitive races than when racing alone against the clock. He
decided that the presence of others performing the same task increases a person’s motivation and thus improves performance.
The presence of another person apparently has this sort of motivational effect. When we are in the presence of another, our arousal increases and
dominant responses are enhanced Bootzin, Loftus and Zajonc 610. The other example is when people work on a task in the presence of others or observers.
They may work more carefully and avoid making mistakes. Weiner 127 also states that social facilitation occurs because others are potentials evaluators and
individuals experience apprehension or anxiety in situations in which evaluative judgments about them may be made. It shows the presence of others has big
influence to person especially to motivate this person to perform better. The role of the presence of others might be evaluators, though it seems judging what one’s
do but it is effectively support this person. In summary, social facilitation can be defined as a situation when two
people act together; the intensity of their individual behavior is often increasing. The presence of others has motivational effect. When we are in the presence of
another, our arousal increases and dominant responses are enhanced. There are three distinctive paradigms on social facilitation; they are the audience paradigm,
in which one performs in the presence of passive spectators, a co-action paradigm,
in which others in the same setting are independently engaged in the identical task as the performer and the last is an interactive paradigm, in which numerous
individuals are working together on a task.
B. Theoretical Framework
