13 In elaborating the definitions of conflict, Bain, Beaty, Hunter 1973
conclude that “…a conflict: a clash between characters, between a character and his environment, within himself, a clash of forces in the universe, even a struggle
for meaning on the part of the reader. Not all conflicts need to be resolved p. 604.
b. Types of Conflict
According to Stanton 1965, conflict is divided into two types, namely internal and external conflicts. Internal conflict is a conflict between two desires
within a character. On the other hand, external conflict is a conflict between characters or between a character and his environment p. 16.
Otherwise, based on the experience of Worchel and Cooper 1979, there are two basic types of conflict: intrapersonal and interpersonal. Intrapersonal
conflict is a conflict that appears when someone must choose between two or more choices. Moreover, there are four types of intrapersonal conflicts, based on
two types of response tendencies: approach and avoid. It is divided into approach- approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach avoidance, and double approach-
avoidance p. 460-461 The first type is approach-approach. Approach-approach considers as the
simplest type of conflict. It will exist when someone is motivated to approach two positive goals but can attain only one.
The second type is avoidance-avoidance. This conflict will exist when someone must choose between two equally unattractive goals.
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14 The third type is approach-avoidance where the conflict involves only one
goal though, the goal has both attractive and unattractive qualities associated with it.
The fouth type is double approach-avoidance. This type of conflict insists to choose between two goals, each of which has positive and negative aspects.
Another point related to this type of conflict is allowing to choose. It is either to approach or avoid a goal that has two positive and negative aspects. There are
many of the conflicts, that are approach-approach, consider as double approach- avoidance conflicts.
Another basic type of conflict from Worchel and Cooper 1979 is interpersonal conflict. Interpersonal conflict is a conflict that appears between two
or more people p. 462. This conflict has two major types labeled the zero-sum and non-zero-sum conflict. They explain that “The name “zero-sum” indicates
that one party’s gain will be the other party’s loss. The zero-sum conflict is true competition” Worchel Cooper, 1979, p. 467.
Meanwhile, non-zero-sum conflict or mixed-motive situation has two essential features. The first one is when someone’s gain is not necessarily the
other’s loss. Second is when the motives of both cooperation and competition are involved Worchel Cooper, 1979, p. 468.
B. Theoretical Framework
The theories in this study are theory of critical approaches in which focused on formalist approach, theory of symbol, and theory conflict. The first
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