An Analysis Of Robert Francis’s Poems

APPENDICES

Appendix I

ROBERT FRANCIS’S POEMS

1. Onion Fields

Far inland from the sea the onion fields Flow as the sea flows level to the sky Something blue of the sea is in their green Something bright of the sun on little waves,

of water is in the ripple of their leaves.

Stand with me here weeding women are whitecaps, And the long red barns boats-until there are

Only boats and whitecaps and white clouds

And a blue-green sea off to the blue sky.

Wind from the onion fields is welcome than any sweetness. We stand and breath as we stand on a shore and breath The saltness of the sea.

2. The Curse

Hell is a red barn on the hill

With another hill behind the barn of dung The road is stone and dust

And in the road are happy-herns,

A hound, bones, of cattle, flies.

Suddenly on Sunday morning, out of the dew and stillness, A voice out of the barn God-damning cows at milking. Whoever passes shiver in the sun and hurries on.

3. As easily as trees

As easily as trees have dropped their leaves, so easily a man, So unreluctantly, might drop

All rags, ambitions, regrets Today and lie in eaves in sun.

4. Earthworm

My spanding fork turning the earth turns This fellow out-without touching him this time, Robbed of all resistance to his progress

He squirms awhile in the too easy air

Before an ancient and implicit purpose Start him traveling in one direction

Reaching out, contracting, reaching out, contracting A clean and glistening earth-pink.

He has turned more earth than I have with my fork. He has lifted more earth than all men have or will. Breaking the earth in spring men break his body and it is broken in the beaks of birds.

Appendix II

Robert Francis’ Bibliography

Robert Francis, born in Upland, Pennsylvania in 1901. He was educated at Harvard University. After graduating, he moved into a small house in Amherst, Massachusetts that he named "Fort Juniper", inspiring editors at the University of Massachusetts Press to name their poetry award the Juniper Prize. His autobiography, The Trouble with Francis (1971), recounts in alarming detail the construction of this retreat, even including a ledger of materials and their cost down to the last nail, as though the poet were driven to prove his frugality.

In The Satirical Rogue On Poetry, his curious collection of witticisms, criticisms and aphorisms, Francis included a short essay called "Poetry and Poverty." Here he cited the poet, Robert Herrick, whose cottage garden provided sufficiency for a modest board: "Or pea, or bean, or wort, or beet, Whatever comes, content makes sweet." From his own experience Francis proposed that "a young poet just out of college and not yet married might consider a Herrick sort of

life for a few years. Like Herrick he could grow the pea, the bean, the wort, the beet, and like Herrick, he could keep a hen. Rough clothes, old clothes, would be fine. A good half the day or half the year he could have clear for himself and his poetry. Even if he didn’t wholly like such a life, it might be better than going hungry in New York or Paris. He could always move to the city whenever his income permitte. He might, of course, like it. He might decide to stay on. Healthy, solvent, and independent, he might find cottage life good for him, and being good for him, good for his poetry as well." He was sixty-seven when Satirical Rogue appeared in 1968. He lived another nineteen years, long enough to see his collected poems in print, and to produce a final slender volume, Late Fire, Late Snow, which contains several of his finest lyrics. During his writing career, Francis served as Phi Beta Kappa poet at both Tufts and Harvard. A world traveler, he often journeyed to Europe, at one time teaching at the American University in Beirut, Lebanon.

Francis' poems are widely varied in form and subject, though a kind tone permeates much of his work. His first collection of poetry, Stand with Me Here (1936) was followed by nine other volumes, including The Orb Weaver

(Wesleyan University Press). His complete poetic texts can be found in Collected Poems: 1936-1976 (1976). Prolific in many genres, Francis also produced a novel, We Fly Away (1948), and essays. In 1957, he received the Rome Prize of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

REFERENCES

Alexander, L.G. 1970. Poetry and Prose Appreciation for Overseas

Student. London: Longman.

Cummings, E.E. 2000. American Poetry. New York: Literary Classics of the United States.

Gibbons, Tom. 1979. Literature and Awareness. London: Edward Arnold Ltd

Halliday. M.A.K. 2002. Linguistics Studies of Text and Discourse. London: MPG Books Ltd.

Kennedy, X.J.1972. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry and

Drama. London: Harper Collins Publisher.

KM, Saini. 1993. Puisi dan Beberapa Masalahnya. Bandung: ITB Bandung.

McRae, John. 1998. The Language of Poetry. New York: Routledge Miller, Ruth and Robert A Greenberg. 1981. The Logic of Poetry. The

United of America: Mac Graw-Hill, Inc

Moody, H.L.B. 1968. Literary Apreciation. London: Longman.

Perkins, George and Barbara Perkins.1980. The America Tradition in

Literature (Vol 2). New York: Harcourt Brace and

Company.

Ress, R.J. 1973. English Literature an introduction for foreign

readers. Hongkong. The MacMillaan Press Limited.

Robert, Edgar V and Henry E. Jacobs.1995. Literature an Introduction

to Reading and Writing. New Jersey: Prentice hall, Inc.

Siswanto. 2002. Apresiasi Puisi-Puisi Sastra Inggris. Surakarta: Universitas Muhammadiyah Press.

Taylor, Richard. 1981. Understanding The Elements of Literature. London: The Macmillan Press LTD.

Walluyo, J. Herman. 1987. Teori dan Apresiasi Puisi. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Ward, Geoff. 1993. Guides to Romantic Literature. London: Bloomburg Publishing Ltd.

Welleck, Rene and Austin Warren. 1956. Theory of Literature. NewYork: Harcourt Brace and World, Inc.

3. ANALYSIS

As the object of this paper that has mentioned before, the writer focuses on four poems by Robert Francis by analyzing the theme, figurative language and meaning or purpose. For making this simple reading, the writer puts number and alphabet as code.

3.1 Onion Field

The theme of this poem is experience that describes the content of the poem has subject “WE” that tells their trip and watch the beautiful things of nature.

The figurative language of this poem is metaphor, simile

1) Far inland from the sea the onion field.

This line expresses metaphor because it compares the sea and onion field.

2) Flow as the sea flows level to the sky

This line expresses simile because there is comparison between onion field and the sea that describe onion field flows to the sky and the sea either

3) Something blue of the sea is in their green

This line expresses metaphor because it compares between sea that is known water of sea seems blue and field has a viewing seems green

4) Something bright of the sun on little waves of water is in the ripple of their leaves.

This line expresses metaphor because it is almost same as above that compares the sea and field where everybody knows that one of best things from sea to watch is the waves and ripple of leaves is the best thing either to see

5) Stand with me here awhile until the white kerchiefs of the weeding women are whitecaps

This line expresses metaphor because he waits one of the good things from sea is whitecap.

6) And the long red barns boats- until there are only boats and whitecaps and whitecaps and white clouds and a blue-green sea off to the blue sky

It expresses metaphor because it describes the situation when go there, there is a strange view because he did not find anybody, only long red barns boats there like people never going there

7) Wind from the onion fields is welcomer than any sweetness. It expresses metaphor because it describes that wind from onion field is able more to calm down heart than any sweetness 8) We stand and breath as we stand on a shore and breath the

This line expresses simile because there is a comparison between onion field and sea that describes the same beautiful things from both of nature

The meaning of this poem is the meaning of each stanza. The first stanza describes his position and characteristic of the sea and onion field. In this line, he shows something beautiful of both place, our nature has equal amazing view therefore in this line compares two place with equal beautification that things are anyone waited to see. The second stanza is additional line to content of this poem that has purpose to describe or show the situation in that place by writing “ the long red barns boats, whitecaps and white clouds” this stanza describes good nature with clear skies but no one coming there. Then the third stanza describes he got satisfied with what he found and he watched. This stanza shows that nature is able more to calm down heart and thought than any sweetness in this world, it shows that is the best thing to see than anything else.

3.2 The Curse

The theme of this poem is religion that describes religion by writing God in that line.

The figurative language of this poem is metaphor, simile, metonymy and personification

1) Hell is a red barn on the hill

This line expresses metaphor because it compares hell and red barn. This line shows red barn is a place that has no useful and red as we know, giving a meaning that red is symbol of fire or hell, and hill has a meaning that people always want to get top things in their life. Without realize, most people only look for the unworthy things

2) With another hill behind the barn of dung

This line expresses metaphor because it compares hill which has barn and another barn. This shows that beside bad person there is bad person and both will go to same place

3) The road is stone and dust

This line expresses metaphor because it compares the road and stone and dust. It means the road isn’t good

4) And in the roads are happy- herns

This line expresses metaphor because it describes the road and happy-herns. it means in the bad road (sadness sorrow) always there is happiness inside

5) A hound, bones of cattle, flies

This line expresses personification because it describes it can fly. As inanimate object is impossible happen. Meaning of this line is go away or die

6) Suddenly on Sunday morning

This line expresses metonymy because it is the name of something that is symbolized a holy day for Christian

7) Out of the dew and stillness, a voice

This line expresses personification because it describes the inanimate object can speak like human being.. Dew is chosen because people believe that God always is above. It means God is speaking

8) Out of the barn God- damning cow at milking

This line expresses personification because it describes precede that nature has given a curse that is signed by damning. It means an anger of God at people who only want catch things in the world

This line expresses personification because it describes dew can speak like human being. As inanimate object, dew cannot do it. This line means that the curse will exist to human who is trying to uncared the voice (message) and just run away

The Meaning of this poem is meaning of each stanza. The first stanza describes the position of place will human be. It shows the place human does not want to go but without realize, they are going to there. Hell is made for bad people. Hell is located on the hill that also describes the place far inland for good people. Then in the second stanza describes that God is speaking and cursing in Sunday morning that the day is known is holy day for Christian. God is speaking and giving message that human cannot run away from Him and letting that hell is waiting

3.3 As easily as trees

The theme of this poem is death that is signed with “he might sleep” this theme describes human habit.

The figurative language is metaphor, simile, and personification

1) As easily as trees have dropped their leaves, so easily a man This line expresses simile because there is a comparison which compares between tree and man that drop what they have 2) so unreluctantly, might drop all rags, ambitions, regrets

This line expresses simile which compares between tree and man that drop the parts of them. This describes that man without doubt to drop their bad things, forget what they want and their regret. It shows that man can do that easily

3) Today and lie in eaves in sun

This line expresses personification because it describes tree can do the same things like human do. As inanimate object it is impossible, but in this line tree is only used as description. It means man has no consistency.

4) So he might sleep while they began

This line expresses metaphor because it compares between tree and man. This line describes that man often forget his ambition until they lay in bury or in the other word is die. In other case, trees is growing the leaves

5) Falling or blown, to cover him

This line expresses metaphor because it compares tree and man. It describes that man is died while trees are growing new leaves. It means leaves drop and cover his bury

The meaning of this poem is that man has a habit like trees that easily to drop what he have and only has ambitions without do something so there is only regret until death comes, he just can lay his ambitions also his regrets in the same place that is bury.

3.4 Earthworm

The theme of this poem is death, it describes that earthworm is died, in some lines show where earthworm’s body is broken in the beaks of birds, we know generally that earthworms are food of birds.

The figurative language is metaphor, personification and hyperbole.

1) My spanding fork turning the earth turns

This line expresses personification because it describes a fork turning as inanimate object which can dig soil alone because we also know that is impossible.

2) This fellow out-without touching him this time

This line expresses personification because it describes the fork has done it. As inanimate object it is impossible to happen 3) Robbed of all resistance to his progress

This line expresses personification because describes the fork is able to get the earthworm from soil as inanimate object it is impossible. The meaning of rob is take earthworm’s life

4) He squirms awhile in the too easy air

This line expresses metaphor because it shows the differences of earthworm’s house and air outside. This shows that he live awhile before becoming a bird food

5) Before an ancient and implicit purpose

This line expresses hyperbole because there is overstatement from this line that shows he (earthworm) will be a history due to a food for bird

6) Start him traveling in one direction

This line expresses metaphor because it shows earthworm in soil and live as usual. This line describes earthworm can move freely

7) Reaching out, contracting, reaching out, contracting

This line expresses metaphor because it compares between in soil and outside there. This line describes how is earthworm moving freely

8) A clean and glistening earth-pink

This line expresses metaphor because it compares soil and outside world of earthworm. Soil has clean air which knows the best place for breathing

9) He has turned more earth than I have with my fork

This line expresses metaphor because it compares the other fork and his fork. it describes that his fork is not the first to do that but the other one ever did

This lie expresses metaphor because it compares earthworm and men. It describes that earthworm has lived in soil than all men

11) Breaking the earth in spring men break his body

This line expresses personification because it describes the fork as subject which is able to dig soil to take worm

12) And it is broken in the beaks of birds

This line expresses hyperbole because there is overstatement that shows earthworm becomes food for birds and died

The meaning of this poem is the meaning of each stanza. In the first stanza describes an earthworm is taken by fork. it explains his pity feeling critically by using “robbed” in this line. Then in the second stanza describes that earthworm only has short life because he has to become food for bird by using “ implicit purpose” that has meaning it is a destiny. Then for showing earthworm’s life, as everyone knows that earthworm lives in soil with his way of walking is squirms, this line explains directly by using “reaching out and contracting” in soil. And also mention soil as his house by using “earth-pink” in it. The last stanza describes his reason for not blaming one by using sentence “ he has turned more earth than I have with my fork”, it clearly explained that is people do generally for feed their birds. In this line mention that earthworm has to die in beaks of bird.

4. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 4.1Conclusion

Having finished analyzing Robert Francis’s selected poems, the writer concludes that Robert Francis’s poem content the death theme that gives message to the reader and also write poems with expressing his experience of life. All of the types of figurative language in that poems are metaphor, simile, personification, hyperbole and metonymy.

Theme of the first poem based on experience. The figurative language of the poem is metaphor, simile, and personification. The meaning of the poem is to describe nature that are the sea and onion field that has same beautification. Theme of the second poem is about religion. The figurative language of the poem is metaphor, simile, metonymy and personification. Meaning of the poem is God’s cursing bad human that only look for the things in the world ( the transitory world ). Theme of the third poem is death. The figurative language of the poem is metaphor, simile, personification. The meaning of the poem is made to describe human habit that only dreaming but undo something until give the regret in his death. The last poem has theme and it is about death that described by earthworm but it caused by people. The figurative language is metaphor, personification, hyperbole. The meaning of the poem is earthworm’s life is in hand human. Earthworm lives only for food of birds.

This poem is aimed to show that the poet did not want to blame one because he had killed, and it is because human do generally.

4.2Suggestion

From the conclusion, the writer knows this writing has not yet been perfect. So, based on the conclusion, the writer hopes that those who are interested in poetry. It is suggested that the readers have to read and learn poetry and search the material to understand poetry because poetry is interesting subject to analyze as a part of literature in general.

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1Definition of Literature

Moody (1968:2) says literature springs from our inborn love of telling story, of arranging words in pleasing patterns, of expressing in word some special aspect of our human experience. It is usually set down in printed characters for us to read, though some forms of it are performed on certain social occasion. There are number of different branches such as Drama, Poetry, the Novel, the Short story; all these are works of the imagination or the capacity for invention. The greatest pleasure and satisfaction to be found in literature occur where it brings us back to the realities of human situation, problems, feelings and relationships.

Taylor (1981:1) Literature, like other arts, is essentially an imaginative act, that is, an act of the writer’s imagination in selecting, ordering and interpreting life-experience, in the case of literature, words are the medium of expression and it makes little difference whether those words are recorded in the living memory of a people or by some mechanical means such as writing, sound recording, etc.

2.2 Definition of Poetry

Wordsworth defined poetry as the “The spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility”. Poetry is a part of writing which has substances of feeling and emotions. The substances express by carefully selected words and become an aesthetics opus.

Miller (1981: 44) said, “poetry is the kind poets writes”. To define poetry is not easy because not everything can be named or explained. so it is enough to sharpen your perception as a reader and to permit a fuller understanding of what it is in the poem that gives pleasure and creates form and meaning. Literature is a term used to describe written or spoken material.

Harry (972:214) says, “poetry is a literary work in metrical form or patterned language.tha art of rhythmical composition, written or spoken is designed to produce pleasure through beautiful, elevated, imaginative, or profound thought”.

Barber (1083: 4) says, “ poetry I literature written I verse but poetry too is fiction: when a poet offers us events, moods, attitudes, emotions, or whatever, he does not invite us to believe that they are the transcription of something that has happened; rather he invites us to experience them”.

Poetry also observes a sense of pattern that put into consideration of the words that connect to each other, either in terms of sound or original meanings.

Edgar (1993:5) says, “poems are often about subjects that never experienced directly.” This statement shows if the experience of the poem to recapture, understand the language, ideas, attitudes, and frames of references that will make the poem come alive and he according to him,

only a short poem could sustain the level of emotion in the reader that was generated by all good poetry.

Robert (1993:547) said that poetry and poem describe a wide variety of subjects. The poem, however, is in itself concerned with the figurative and slippery nature of truth and knowledge, the disappearance of hard fact in fiction and dream, the inability of the wandering mind to envision a paradise other than a glimpse.

2.3 Scope of Poetry

Poetry has Structures which is called method of poetry. Structure and style are the principal devices of poetry and its language is far more condensed and intensified. Pronounciation device is meaning that poet wants to be tells is the language. Language of poetry is unique. When analyzing the structure of a poem, the best method to is to deduce and state the idea or attitude being expressed by each component part. An understanding of the relationship of parts to each other discloses the structure of the work, while the progression of ideas or responses, which intensify them points directly to the theme, therefore the analysis toward poetry is based on theme, Figurative language and meaning.

2.3.1. Theme

Theme is the abstract idea that the subject matter examplifies that also a part of meaning. The main idea of poetry is so strong shoves in soul of poet. The character of theme is direct, objective, specific. Theme of

poetry has to be connected to the poet, with imagined concepts, therefore theme is specific (poet), but objective (for the reader) and direct (original). Common themes of poem include love, death, experience, justice, religion. The theme of poem may be stated explicitly, but more often it is implicit, and must be determined by a close reading.

2.3.2 Figurative Language

Figurative language which is originally detected and described language in literal, can be found and illustrated in English literature if it looks hard enough.

According to Oxford Dictionary “Figurative language is ways to using language to convey or suggest a meaning beyond the literal meaning of the words”. Figurative language surprises the reader because the statement or idea expressed does not make sense on the surface level, and, since literal meaning is denied, an act of imagination is required before the intended meaning becomes clear. The sense must be inferred from some naturally relevant association, comparison, substitution, contrast or inversion of image and idea. The point most often being emphasized by a figure speech is the common factor or relationship which exists between the images involved, that quality attribute which they have or do not have in common”. (Taylor:165)

Here are the most of important kind of figurative language which encounter in passage of literary writing:

a. Metaphor

A metaphor implies that one thing is like another. It does this by stating that one thing is another. Generally speaking, it makes a comparison between one thing which would not normally be thought of as similar to each other. Metaphor is in a sense more unconscious that simile and is deeply embedded in the choice of sword, controlled by the predominant idea. Metaphorical uses of words and phrases are usually included within the wider concept of ‘figurative language’. This term, like so many literary terms, is so general and complex that it would be idle to try to find a single unambiguous meaning for it:

The fringed curtains of thine eye advance She was an angel in my sorrow

This second sentence shows that she was an angel who came or presents to his life to bring joyful, happiness even attraction

b. Simile

A simile states that one thing is like another. Generally speaking, it makes a comparison between two things which would not normally be regarded as similar to each other. Simile and metaphor are two linguistic devices, both involving the use of comparison, which will often be met. Simile is usually introduced by word such as like or as:

Her mouth is sharp like a knife My love is like a rose, a red rose

This second sentence describes that his love one is beautiful and good smell but perhaps has a heart which is able to hurt him same as rose thorn

c. Personification

A personification is a metaphor which attributes human characteristics to non-human things or to abstract qualities.

The term ‘personification’ is used for metaphor which states or assumes that a non-human thing or quality is a person:

The stars are dancing above my head now My city disappear without soul

The first sentence describes that someone is getting dizzy and the second sentence describes that his city did not placed by anyone else.

d. Hyperbole

A statement is made emphatic by overstatement. The poet needs to make the writing over in order to get attention from the reader. In generally, overstatement is able to get in daily language:

I need you and it’s killing me when you are away When I am without you, I am insecure

The first sentence shows that the man will die if the girl goes away and almost close to the third sentence that shows the man will always sad or stress unless his girl leaves him

e. Metonymy

Metonymy is a figurative language characterized by the use of the name of one thing in place of the name something that is symbolized :

Her daddy bought him a nike.

Nike is one of branded sport shoes

f. Litotes

Litotes is an understatement in an affirmative is expressed by negative of its contrary, often used for emphasis or ironically. To make it clear :

If you don’t mind you can use my ancient car

This line shows that it does not want to tell the truth, this is trying to show be low profile

g. Synecdoche

Waluyo (1987: 85) says synecdoche is manifestation reflected a part is used to tell the whole. This is derived in part pro toto (to tell a part to a whole) and totem pro parte (to tell a whole to a part).

The farmers work hard but still have shack without window, they live in infliction life

This sentence shows that all farmers is in infliction life, it’s true that the farmers work hard and perhaps only have shack, but it’s not all live in infliction life.

2.3.3 Meaning

There is two kind of meaning in semantics, they are linguistics meaning and speaker meaning. Linguistics meaning is simply meaning of that expression in some form of a language. Speaker meaning is what speaker means producing an utterance. Speaker meaning consist of literal meaning and non literal meaning.

a. Literal meaning

Literal meaning means what our words mean, the meaning of the utterance is the lexical meaning or literal meaning.

b. Non literal meaning

According to saeed (2003: 15) non literal uses of language are traditionally called figurative and are described by host of rhetorical terms including metaphor, simile, personification, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, and litotes.

Before taking the meaning of poem it is much better to read repeatedly to understand the poem because a poem may have different meanings for different reader. The meaning of poetry can be found after the three kinds of meaning, those are general meaning, detailed meaning, and intention. The general meaning is whole meaning from the one until last line of poetry. The detailed meaning is a meaning from one stanza to another stanza of every line of poem. The last that intention, it is an experience or feeling when reading the poem. Intention is to give a clear

explanation of how to do something; to give a detailed impression of life in a certain city; to explain the motives behind a person’s actions; to ridicule something which is unworthy or undesirable; to share with us certain very precious feelings; to cause us to admire something beautiful; to evoke pity for someone in unfortunate circumstance. The function of intention is to understand and explain a poet’s purpose, the intention depends on the reader because variety of point of view in getting the meaning to explain to ourselves that we have caught the writer’s aim. If we feel some certainty about this, it perhaps some evidence that the writer’s communication has been successful.

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of Study

Literature, we may agree that is a writing which expresses and communicates thoughts, feelings, and attitudes toward life. According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, literature is writing in prose and verse; especially: writings having excellence of form or expression and expressing ideas of permanent or universal interest. Writing is not only a matter of ideas and inspiration, but also of practice and technique because due to literature can only come alive through the creative imaginations without this all the technical in the world is useless, So that in writing poetry also has technique of creating poetry. There are some definitions of literature according to linguist.

Welleck and Warren (1956:5) say, “Literature is a creative activity and art without artistic values literature would be just another kind writing, along with scientific, works, reports, etc”. Ress (1973:3) says that literature is a permanent expression in words of some thoughts or feeling or idea about life and the world. Literature also the writing or the study of books, valued as works of arts (drama, fiction, essay, poetry, biography, contrasted with technical books and journalism). The main generic of literature today is poetry, drama and the novel.

Taylor (1997: 15) says, literature like other arts is essentially an imaginative act of the writer’s imagination in selecting, ordering, and

interpreting life experiences’. It links us with broader cultural, philosophic, and religious world of which we are a part.

Roberts and Jacobs (1995:2) say that literature is classified into four genres: prose, fiction, poetry, drama, and nonfiction prose. Robert (199: 642) says, the origin of the word of poem derives from the Greek word

poiema, that is, “something made or fashioned (in the world)”- a meaning

that applies to both poetry and poems. Actually, poems are imaginative works expressed in words that with utmost compression, force, economy.

Perinne (1974:553) says, “poetry might be defined as a kind of language that says more and says it more intensely than doe’s ordinary language”. Charles barber (1083: 4) states, “poem is written in verse”. A poem is a piece of creative writing in verse; special one is expressing deep feelings. Poetry expresses a conversation or interchanges that are grounded in the most deeply felt experiences of human beings.

Miller (1981: 44) said, “poetry is the kind poets writes”. To define poetry is not easy because not everything can be named or explained. so it is enough to sharpen your perception as a reader and to permit a fuller understanding of what it is in the poem that gives pleasure and creates form and meaning. Literature is a term used to describe written or spoken material.

1.2Problem of Study

The writer wants to know what are written by Robert Francis in those dealing with the aspects of the poem such as poems whether there are themes, language and messages or meaning.

1.3Scope of Study

The scope of the study has an important role in the writing of the paper. It is used to limit the problem therefore the topic in this paper is more focused. The writer just focuses this paper on analyze of Robert Francis’s Poems

1.4Objective of Study

There are the purpose of the study raised by the writer : 1. To find out the theme of Robert Francis’s poems 2. To find out the language of Robert Francis’s poems 3. To find out the message or of Robert Francis’s poems 4. As one of terms for graduating.

1.5Significance of Study

The writer writes this imperfect paper and she tries to give the best in typing and hopes this can be useful for the students or readers who want to more understand or clear comprehension in learning poems and this paper can help them as reference of study either.

1.6Method of the Study

The writer used the library research and intrinsic approach in this paper. Library research is a kind of method research that is used to find a certain data and information by searching and collecting some books which are relevant to the topic and intrinsic approach is used to find out the data from the text and sorting the data which has collected and continued by analyzing.

ABSTRACT

This paper entitled “An Analysis of Robert Francis’s Poems”, takes four Robert’s poems then analyzes the theme, figurative language, and meaning of four poems. This paper uses library research that refers to book. On the whole, it is found experience theme, religion theme, and 2 of death themes and found 17 cases of metaphor, 9 cases of personification, 3 cases of simile, 2 cases of hyperbole and 1 case of metonymy. The meaning of first poem is about comparison between beautification of two nature viewing, the meaning of second poem is about the curse like the hell, the meaning of third poem is about similarity between a man and trees then, the meaning of fourth poem is about the earthworm’s destiny

ABSTRAK

Kertas karya ini berjudul “analisis puisi-puisi Robert francis” mengambil empat puisi Robert kemudian menganalisis tema, majas, dan arti di dalam 4 puisi. Kertas karya ini menggunakan perpustakaan yang mengarah kepada buku dan mengambil empat puisi Robert. Dalam keseluruhan kertas karya, ditemukan tema tentang pengalaman, ketuhanan, dan 2 tema kematian dan ditemukan 17 majas metaphor, 9 majas personifikasi, 3 majas simile, 2 majas hiperbola, dan majan metonimi. Makna dari puisi pertama adalah tentang perbandingan antara dua keindahan pemandangan di alam, makna dari puisi kedua adalah sebuah kutukan yang berupa neraka, makna dari puisi ketiga adalah persamaan antara manusia dan pepohonan, kemudian makn dari puisi keempat adalah tentang kematian cacing tanah.

THE ANALYSIS OF ROBERT FRANCIS’S POEMS

A PAPER

WRITTEN BY

MERCY SARAH SWATY

REG.NO : 122202024

DIPLOMA-III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDY

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN

Approved by

19580517 198503 1 003

Drs. Siamir Marulafau, M.Hum

Submitted to Faculty of Culture Study, University of Sumatera Utara In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Diploma (D-III) in English

Approved by

Head of Diploma III English Study Program,

19521126198112 1 001

Dr. Matius. C.A. Sembiring,M.A

Approved by the Diploma III of English Study Program Faculty of Culture Study, University of Sumatera Utara As a Paper for the Diploma (D-III) Examination

Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Diploma III(D-III) of English Study Program, Faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara.

The examination is held on

Faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara Dean,

NIP.19511013197603 1 001 Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A

Board of Examinery :

1. Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. (Head of ESP)

2. Drs. Siamir Marulafau, M.Hum

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I am, MERCY SARAH SWATY, declare that I am the sole of author of this paper.

Except where reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material publish elsewhere or extracted in whole or in paper from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the man text of this paper. This paper has not been summitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed : Date :

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : MERCY SARAH SWATY

Title of paper : AN ANALYSIS OF ROBERT FRANCIS’S POEMS Qualification : D-III/ Ahli Madya

Study Program: English

I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discreation of the libertarian of the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of Letter USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia

Signed : Date :

ABSTRACT

This paper entitled “An Analysis of Robert Francis’s Poems”, takes four Robert’s poems then analyzes the theme, figurative language, and meaning of four poems. This paper uses library research that refers to book. On the whole, it is found experience theme, religion theme, and 2 of death themes and found 17 cases of metaphor, 9 cases of personification, 3 cases of simile, 2 cases of hyperbole and 1 case of metonymy. The meaning of first poem is about comparison between beautification of two nature viewing, the meaning of second poem is about the curse like the hell, the meaning of third poem is about similarity between a man and trees then, the meaning of fourth poem is about the earthworm’s destiny

ABSTRAK

Kertas karya ini berjudul “analisis puisi-puisi Robert francis” mengambil empat puisi Robert kemudian menganalisis tema, majas, dan arti di dalam 4 puisi. Kertas karya ini menggunakan perpustakaan yang mengarah kepada buku dan mengambil empat puisi Robert. Dalam keseluruhan kertas karya, ditemukan tema tentang pengalaman, ketuhanan, dan 2 tema kematian dan ditemukan 17 majas metaphor, 9 majas personifikasi, 3 majas simile, 2 majas hiperbola, dan majan metonimi. Makna dari puisi pertama adalah tentang perbandingan antara dua keindahan pemandangan di alam, makna dari puisi kedua adalah sebuah kutukan yang berupa neraka, makna dari puisi ketiga adalah persamaan antara manusia dan pepohonan, kemudian makn dari puisi keempat adalah tentang kematian cacing tanah.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I do would like to thank and praise to God for always being here, blessing me more and more and giving me health and strength to finish my paper as one of terms to get Diploma III from faculty of culture studies, University of Sumatera Utara.

Then, I do would like to thank you to my beloved ones, to my gorgeous mother,

Jojor Tina Malau and my great father, Jasmen Rajagukguk for always giving me loves, prays and advices and also strengthen me to through all.

To my beloved sister and brothers, Valent Pradifta Rajagukguk, Dian Rajagukguk and Jimmy Rajagukguk, thank you very much for your support and your advices and also for entertaining me in my sadness and any troubles. To Dr.Matius C.A.Sembiring,M.A as the Head of Diploma III English study program, who gives me knowledge.

To Drs.Siamir Marulafau, M.Hum as my supervisor, who takes time to criticism my paper.

To Dra.Siti Norma, M.Hum as my reader who takes time to recheck my paper. To Dr.Syahron Lubis, M.A as the Dean of Faculty of Culture study.

To all lecturers in Diploma III English for teaching me, motivating me and helping me until finish my study.

To my dearest ones, Eka yuni sari, Elisa putri, and Florencia mp, Rotua meyly, and Winda Tambunan for giving support, advices and cares and always beside me to finish my study.

To my all friends in class B, thank you for our togetherness, may God always bless us and meet us in better future.

Finally, I am at my last session in this paper, then, my pleasure any constructive criticism and suggestion toward this paper

Medan, 28 July 2015 The Writer

Mercy Sarah Swaty Reg. No. 122202024

TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHOR’S DECLARATION……….i COPYRIGHT DECLARATION……….ii ABSTRACT………...iii ABSTRAK………..iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………..v

TABLE OF CONTENTS………..vi

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of Study……….1

1.2Problem of Study………...3

1.3Objective of Study……….3

1.4Scope of Study………....3

1.5Significance of Study………...3

1.6Method of Study………...….4

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERTURE 2.1 Definition of Literature……….5

2.2 Definition of Poetry………...5

2.3 Scope of Poetry………..6

2.3.1 Theme………..7

2.3.2 Figurative Language………..8

2.3.3 Meaning ……….12

3. ANALYSIS 3.1 Onion Fields………..14

3.2 The curse………...17

3.3 As easily as trees………...19

3.4 Earthworm………21

4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 4.1 Conclusion………24

4.2 Suggestion……….25

REFERENCES……….26

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : MERCY SARAH SWATY

Title of paper : AN ANALYSIS OF ROBERT FRANCIS’S POEMS

Qualification : D-III/ Ahli Madya

Study Program: English

I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discreation of the libertarian of the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of Letter USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia

Signed :

iii ABSTRACT

This paper entitled “An Analysis of Robert Francis’s Poems”, takes four Robert’s poems then analyzes the theme, figurative language, and meaning of four poems. This paper uses library research that refers to book. On the whole, it is found experience theme, religion theme, and 2 of death themes and found 17 cases of metaphor, 9 cases of personification, 3 cases of simile, 2 cases of hyperbole and 1 case of metonymy. The meaning of first poem is about comparison between beautification of two nature viewing, the meaning of second poem is about the curse like the hell, the meaning of third poem is about similarity between a man and trees then, the meaning of fourth poem is about the earthworm’s destiny

ABSTRAK

Kertas karya ini berjudul “analisis puisi-puisi Robert francis” mengambil empat puisi Robert kemudian menganalisis tema, majas, dan arti di dalam 4 puisi. Kertas karya ini menggunakan perpustakaan yang mengarah kepada buku dan mengambil empat puisi Robert. Dalam keseluruhan kertas karya, ditemukan tema tentang pengalaman, ketuhanan, dan 2 tema kematian dan ditemukan 17 majas metaphor, 9 majas personifikasi, 3 majas simile, 2 majas hiperbola, dan majan metonimi. Makna dari puisi pertama adalah tentang perbandingan antara dua keindahan pemandangan di alam, makna dari puisi kedua adalah sebuah kutukan yang berupa neraka, makna dari puisi ketiga adalah persamaan antara manusia dan pepohonan, kemudian makn dari puisi keempat adalah tentang kematian cacing tanah.

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I do would like to thank and praise to God for always being here, blessing me more and more and giving me health and strength to finish my paper as one of terms to get Diploma III from faculty of culture studies, University of Sumatera Utara.

Then, I do would like to thank you to my beloved ones, to my gorgeous mother,

Jojor Tina Malau and my great father, Jasmen Rajagukguk for always giving me loves, prays and advices and also strengthen me to through all.

To my beloved sister and brothers, Valent Pradifta Rajagukguk, Dian Rajagukguk and Jimmy Rajagukguk, thank you very much for your support and your advices and also for entertaining me in my sadness and any troubles. To Dr.Matius C.A.Sembiring,M.A as the Head of Diploma III English study program, who gives me knowledge.

To Drs.Siamir Marulafau, M.Hum as my supervisor, who takes time to criticism my paper.

To Dra.Siti Norma, M.Hum as my reader who takes time to recheck my paper. To Dr.Syahron Lubis, M.A as the Dean of Faculty of Culture study.

To all lecturers in Diploma III English for teaching me, motivating me and helping me until finish my study.

To my dearest ones, Eka yuni sari, Elisa putri, and Florencia mp, Rotua meyly, and Winda Tambunan for giving support, advices and cares and always beside me to finish my study.

To my all friends in class B, thank you for our togetherness, may God always bless us and meet us in better future.

Finally, I am at my last session in this paper, then, my pleasure any constructive criticism and suggestion toward this paper

Medan, 28 July 2015 The Writer

Mercy Sarah Swaty Reg. No. 122202024

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION……….i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION……….ii

ABSTRACT………...iii

ABSTRAK………..iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………..v

TABLE OF CONTENTS………..vi

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of Study……….1

1.2Problem of Study………...3

1.3Objective of Study……….3

1.4Scope of Study………....3

1.5Significance of Study………...3

1.6Method of Study………...….4

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERTURE 2.1 Definition of Literature……….5

2.2 Definition of Poetry………...5

2.3 Scope of Poetry………..6

2.3.1 Theme………..7

2.3.2 Figurative Language………..8

2.3.3 Meaning ……….12

3. ANALYSIS 3.1 Onion Fields………..14

3.2 The curse………...17

3.3 As easily as trees………...19

3.4 Earthworm………21

4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 4.1 Conclusion………24

4.2 Suggestion……….25

REFERENCES……….26

APPENDICES………..30