4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
30
4.1 Introduction 30
4.2 Comparison of AC Breakdown Voltage Between Base Oil and Fe
3
O
4
Nanofluid 30
4.3 Results of Fe
3
O
4
Nanofluids AC Breakdown Voltage Under Moisture Effect
32 4.4 The Effect of Different Size of Probes During
Ultrasonication Processes 35
4.5 Physical Change During Preparation of Nanofluids 36
4.6 Summary 37
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
38
5.1 Conclusions 38
5.2 Recommendations 39
REFERENCES 40
APPENDICES 44
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE
PAGE
2.1 Analysis of transformer oil based nanofluids system in
literacture 11
3.1 List of the probes made of Titanium
23 3.2
The list of the percentage mass fraction of water to the total concentration of nanofluid
26
4.1 The breakdown voltage result for base oil and Fe
3
O
4
nanofluid 30 4.2
Results of Fe
3
O
4
nanofluids AC breakdown voltage under moisture Effect
32 4.3
The differences motion of vibration produced by two types of probes in oil
35 4.4
The physical change during preparation of nanofluid 37
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE
PAGE
2.1 Material of nanoparticles in transformer oil
5 2.2
Insulating oil in an electrical power transformer 7
2.3 BDV testing instrument
8 2.4
Solid nanoparticles 10
2.5 Magnetic stirrer
13 2.6
OPG-100A insulating oil tester 14
2.7 Comparison AC breakdown voltage of mineral oil and SiO
2
nanoflluids 15
3.1 Flowchart of the methodology
18 3.2
Flowchart of a preparation procedure for mineral oil based Nanofluids
21 3.3
Iron Oxide Nanopowder, Fe
3
O
4
21 3.4
Weighing of nanopowder by using a Digital analytical balance 22
3.5 Mixing of Oleic acid with mineral oil
22 3.6
40mm probes made of Titanium 23
3.7 The ultra-sonication treatment process
24 3.8
The vacuum drying oven process 25
3.9 The process of dropping water into the nanofluids
25 3.10
Megger oil tester OTS60PB 27
3.11 A list of electrode shapes and gap spacing for
standard testing specifications 27
3.12 The setting of the gap distance between the both electrodes
28 3.13
The placed of the sample in the test vessel 29
3.14 Figure 3.14: The selecting the IEC 156 at the options menu
Display 29
4.1 Graph of Comparison of Average Breakdown Voltage
between Base Oil and Fe
3
O
4
Nanofluid 30
4.2 Graph of breakdown voltage of Fe
3
O
4
nanofluids under moisture effect
33 4.3
The graph of comparison of Average AC breakdown voltage between base oil and the percentage of water presence
in the Fe
3
O
4
nanofluid 34
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
HV - High Voltage
IEC - International Eletrotechnical Comission
AC - Alternating Current
DC - Direct Current
EHV - Extra High Voltage
nm -
nanometer BDV -
Breakdown voltage PVD -
Physical Vapor Diposition g
- gram
kV -
kilovolt mm -
milimeter l
- liter
kPa - kilopascal
MF - Mass fraction
M -
Mass PFAE -
Palm Fatty Acid Easter
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE
PAGE A
Calculation of Mass Fraction of Water to the Total Concentration of Nanofluid
44
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
