Social Class In The Princess Casamassima Novel By Henry James

vii ABSTRACT

This skipsi entitled “Social Class in The Princess Casamassima Novel by Henry James” is analyzing the social problem which focuses on the social class that exists in The Princess Casamassima. The aim of this research is to find out the effect of the social class towards the social condition in the novel The Princess Casamassima. In conducting the research comparative method is used to explain the effect of social class and to relate the problem with the social condition at that time.

In this research the data found is fifteen (15) data which shows the effect of social class in society. The social class effect towards the main character first is the effect of social class in dealing with society. Second is the effect of social class in getting the education and job field. Third is the effect of social class in getting the marriage. Then, the last is the effect of social class in political position. The result of the discussion found that the power and dominance of the upper class makes their treatment towards the lower class arbitrary for example in giving the low wages. Thus, the lower class cannot meet their ends therefore they want to revolt the upper class to demand justice by forming the democratic movement together with the lower middle class. However, they cannot run the movement without help from the upper class since the lower class has no money.

viii ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul “Social Class in The Princess Casamassima Novel by

Henry James”, skripsi ini menganalisis masalah sosial yang terjadi dalam novel

The Princess Casamassima terutama masalah kelas sosial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan efek dari adanya pengkelasan sosial dalam masyarakat terhadap keadaan sosial dalam novel tersebut. Dalam melakukan penelitian ini penulis menggunakan metode deskriptif komparatif untuk menjabarkan dan menjelaskan efek dari kelas sosial yang terjadi dalam novel dan merelasikannya dengan keadaan sosial yang terjadi pada masyarakat pada zaman saat novel tersebut dibuat.

Dalam penelitian ini penulis menemukan lima belas (15) data yang menunjukan efek dari adanya kelas sosial dalam novel. Efek dari kelas sosial yang terjadi pertama adalah efek pada karakter utama dan kelas bawah yang ada dalam novel dalam berhadapan dengan perlakuan dan keputusan masyarakat terutama perlakuan masyarakat kelas atas. Kedua efek dari kelas sosial adalah dalam mendapatkan pendidikan dan pekerjaan. Ketiga efek dari kelas sosial adalah dalam masalah pernikahan. Dan terakhir efek dari kelas sosial adalah dalam menentukan posisi dalam dunia politik.

Berdasarkan hasil penelitian penulis menemukan bahwa kekuasaan dan dominasi dari masyarakat kelas atas telah membuat mereka berbuat semena – mena dalam memperlakukan masyarakat kelas bawah, sebagai contoh dalam memberikan upah kerja, para pekerja hanya mendapatkan upah yang rendah. Hal ini kemudian menyebabkan masyarakat kelas bawah ersama dengan kelas menengah bawah tidak dapat memenuhi kebutuhan hidup mereka sehingga dengan kondisi yang seperti ini mereka ingin menuntut keadilan dengan cara mendirikan gerakan demokratik.

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1Background to the Study

Literature is a medium used by the author in conveying his idea and opinion to express his point of view towards life. Through literature the author could write the condition that happen around the society he lives in. As Wellek and Warren (1977, p 94) stated, literature reserve about life and life, in most part, is part of the real society. Therefore, literary work is the reflection of the real life. It can describe the events in our life, and also contains the cultural and social background which indicates that literature and society is closely related because literature expresses the situations and problems existing in society.

The social problem often occurs in literary works as can be found in the novel. The story in a novel describes the situation and the social problem happening in the society at a particular time. The social problem in the novel usually illustrates about poverty, gender, discrimination and social class, for example Henry James in his novel The Princess Casamassima telling about the social classes.

In the novel The Princess Casamassima, Henry James writes about the social class struggle among the society in London. The main character, Hyacinth Robinson, struggles to be accepted in the society and to achieve better condition socially and economically because Hyacinth belongs to the lower class and there

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are the different social treatment for upper class and lower class in the Princess Casamassima.

The issue about the social class has raised the writer’s curiosity to analyze it and to find out the effect of social class to the social condition in The Princess Casamassima. In this research Marxist theory is considered appropriate in analyzing the class struggle problems.

There are some researchers using Marxist theory in analyzing their studies. The previous analysis used Marxist theory is written by Krishnawaty from English Department, Indonesia University of Computer. In her skripsi entitled “The Representation of Ideology of Doris Lessing in Good Terrorist Novel” she tells that Marxism considered as the ideology of the author. Besides, there is also a skipsi by Anggi Anggraeni Ramadliyantie entitled “Patron Slave Relationship in the Novel: Girl with a Pearl Earring by Tracy Chevalier (A Study of Marxist Feminism Theory)”, which tells about the condition of woman as a slave and her research emphasizes on the Marxist feminism analysis.

Different from the previous research, this research attempts to analyze the social condition focusing on social classes and its effect towards the social condition in The Princess Casamassima by using Marxist theory. Therefore, this research is entitled ‘Social Classes in The Princess Casamassima by Henry James’.

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1.2Research Question

1. How does the social class in ‘The Princess Casamassima’ and its relation with the social condition at that time?

2. To what extent does the social class affect the social condition in The Princess Casamassima?

1.3Objectives

1 To find out the relation of social class in The Princess Casamassima with the social condition at that time.

2 To find out the effect of the social classes towards the social condition in The Princess Casamassima.

1.4Significance to Knowledge

This skripsi analyzes the social problem which is social classes existing in The Princess Cassamasima by using Marxist theory. This research can be used as the source for the next researcher who is interested in analyzing the social problems that exist in novel or literary work. Personally, this research helps the writer to understand the social problem that happens in the society.

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1.5Theoretical Framework

Since this research analyzes the social classes in Henry James’s The Princess Cassamasima, therefore sociological approach is used. The society also has a great role in shaping the literary work as Wellek and Warren state that the social problems, of the work can be analyzed as part of literary analysis. The sociological approach in analyzing the content of the novel is known as the analysis of the external elements of literature. Besides, to understand the social class in The Princess Casamassima Marxist theory is considered appropriate to be used.

According to Peter Barry (2002) Marxism see struggles among the social class to get higher position (2002, p 157). It means that Marxist theory analyzed the struggles that happen among the class of society to get better life for whatever status they have because the more money someone has, the more respect and power they can get in the society. In this case, struggles between the upper, middle and lower class.

Marxist theory is also used in analyzing how the history of society in at that time when the novel produced affects the literary work since Marxism always focuses on the history behind the work itself, such as the time when the novel publishes. As Barry (2002) states that one method of what Marxist critics do is to explain the nature of a whole literary genre in terms of social period which produced it (2002, p 167). The Marxist theory is also employed to find out the social condition in Britain when the novel produced.

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In order to find out the social class in The Princess Casamassima the intrinsic element is used as the tools of the analysis which focuses on conflict. According to Laurence Perrin conflict is a class of actions, ideas, desires, or wills (1988, p 42). Perrin also divided conflict into four; man versus man, man versus society, man versus nature and man versus self. However, in this research the writer only limited the data to two conflicts that are man versus man and man versus society because the most conflict which occurs in the novel is only both of it.

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Figure 1.1

LITERATURE

Intrinsic Element

Marxist Theory Extrinsic Element

Conflict

Sociological Approach

Social Class in The Princess Casamassima

Plot

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

This chapter explains the literature and sociological theories. Both theories are used in collecting and analyzing the data.

2.1 Literature

Literature is work of written expression as Mario Klarer (1998) stated that literature is referred to as the entirety of written expression, with the restriction that not every written document can be categorized as literature in the more exact sense of the word (1998, p 1). It means that not all text documents can be said as literature, one of genre of text which can be said as the literary text is fiction; novel.

2.1.1 Novel

Novel is a literary work that is written more than hundred pages, novel also known as a work of fiction. E. M. Forster stated in Ian Milligan that novel should contain more than 50,000 words in length (1983, p 14). It implies that because the story in novel describes a lot of event experienced by the characters so novel written in many pages. Besides, Jeremy Hawthorn (2001, p4) stated that novel is a fictitious prose narrative or tale of considerable length in which characters and actions which is the representative of the real life of past or present

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times are portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity. It means that novel is a reflection of the story in real life which appears in literary work. From both statements we can conclude that novel is written in a long length because it describes about the event that happened in real life in which it is presented by the experience of the characters.

2.1.2 Plot

Plot is the chronological event which is experienced by the characters in novel, Hawthorn argues that ‘plot is an ordered, organized sequence of events and actions’ (2001, p 96). Therefore, plot is the pattern of the way of how the story is being told. Ian Milligan states that plot is

composed of all the elements which, taken together, suggest the direction, or tendency of the work. It is the way in which the author has arranged his material so that it can be seen as having an analyzable form or meaning (1983, p 143)

The elements of the plot are the sequence of the events which creates the story. Plot is also the idea of the author in novel in which every word that he writes has the meaning in creating the story or meaning which we can interpret. Mario Klarer also states that plot is the logical interactions of the various thematic elements of a text which lead to a change of the original situation as presented at the outset of the narrative (1998, p 15). Both Klarer and Milligan agree that plot is the sequence in which the story is being told and there are elements of plot which form the story.

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According to Klarer (1998, p 15) there are four elements of plot; exposition is where the character is introduced in the beginning or the introduction of the story, complication is the indication of the raised conflicts which will lead to the main problem, then climax is when the characters face the main conflict and they have to decide their decision which will lead to the resolution. The resolution is the result of the decision that the characters take and the story ends.

As mentioned above, the main problem in a story begins in complication where there appear the conflicts faced by the characters. According to Laurence Perrin, conflict is a class of actions, ideas, desires, or wills (1988, p 42). Thus, conflict is the essence of fiction and it is the main problem of the story which will lead to the main problem of the story.

Furthermore, Perrin also divides conflict into four; first is man versus man, conflict that puts one person against another. Second is man versus society where one person has to face the society, for example when the characters have to face the values and rules that exist in society. The third there is man versus nature conflict where one have to face the force of nature. The last is man versus self conflict where one has to face that the enemies is within himself.

2.2 Literature and Society

Talking about literature cannot be separated from society because literature is closely related with the society, Wellek and Warren say that ‘literature is a social institution’ (1977, p 94). It means that literature can become an image

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of society like in literary works, such as novel which can become the illustration of a certain society. It is mentioned by Umar Junus (1986) that “karya sastera dilihat sebagai dokumen sosiobudaya, yang mencatat kenyataan sosiobudaya suatu masyarakat pada suatu masa tertentu” (1986, p 3). Besides, Lucien Goldmans (1964) also states that novel is a social chronicle (1964, p 4). Therefore, novel can be a story of the certain society and also can be a historical document because it describes the situation when the novel is produced and the society where the author lives.

Wellek and Warren say that the author is not only influenced by society, he influences it. Art not merely reproduces life but also shapes it (1977, p 102). From the statement above we can draw a conclusion that it is not only society which affects the work of author but also the work itself which can affect the society. Thus, the work can create a new trend in a society.

Moreover, literature belongs to the society in which there are existences of certain society value and social problems. The social problems that occur in society can become an interesting issue that the author might raise in their works. Therefore, literature is closely related with society since it explains the phenomenon that occurs in the society. One of the social phenomenon that exist in literary works is social class which can be further studied using Marxist theory.

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2.2.1 Marxist Theory

Marxism is known as the school of thought of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels about the inequality in the society which covers the economic terms between the company or land owner and workers. According to Peter Barry, the aim of Marxism is to make the classless society, based on the common ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange (2002, p 156). Thus, according to Marxist theory a fair society is society where there is equality and fair treatment from the employers towards employee. The position of someone in society is also determined by their social class.

Social class is a grouping of people based on their occupation and position in society. D Stanley Eitzen and Maxine Baca Zinn (1991) stated that social class is a complex concept that centers on the distribution on the economic resources (1991, p 231). It means that the social class is based on how much money that one’s had in society also determines the society treatment towards somebody.

Marx argues that all mental (ideological) systems are the products of real society and real economic existence. The material interests of the dominant social class determine how people see human existence, individual and collectives (Shelden and Widdowson, 1993, p 71).

From the excerpt above we can see that the social status has a certain role in determining someone’s position in society. The power in society is held by the upper class and upper middle class who have a lot of money so that they can get the privilege. Furthermore Ralf Dahrendorf in Giddens mention;

Classes are constituted by the relationship of groupings of individuals to the ownership of private property in the means of production. This yields a

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model of class relations which is basically dichotomous; all class societies are built around a primary line of division between two antagonistic classes, one dominant and the other subordinate. (1994, p 37)

The excerpt means that the social class appears because there is a difference income and property which one has. Besides, the division of social class is separated into four groups groups, the upper class which contains of aristocrat and the wealthy people, the upper middle class who has a lot of money or own a company, lower middle class and the lower class consisting of little merchant, workers and poor people. Thus, the upper class and upper middle class that is wealthy and has power in society is known as the dominant one and then the lower middle class and lower class containing of workers who works for the upper class is known as the subordinate one because they are dependent on the upper class. Thus, their dominancy among the society becomes obvious either in economic and political aspects. Royle mentions;

Instead of multiplicity of status groups within the social hierarchy, bonded together by community, deference and paternalism, horizontal cases to and control over economic resources, in conflict with one another about the distribution not only of economic but also of political, social and ideological power. (1987, p 83)

They exercise their power on the lower class and it makes the lower class suffer because their actions in society are restricted to the rule of upper class. In economic aspects we can see their dominancy towards the lower class or working class as the oppressed party; they work very hard for the landowners and

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employers of company and only get low wages which is not enough to meet their ends since the upper class only thinking about their own profit. As Barry stated;

…workers are bereft of their full humanity, and are thought of as ‘hands’ or ‘the labour force’, so that, for instance, the effects of industrial closures are calculated in purely economic terms. People, in a word, become things (2002, p 157).

It implies that the employees are only tools for the employers to get a lot of profit for their own benefit and make their company succeed. Besides, the workers do not get fair payments for their work and dedication in developing the company. In class society, the upper class is become the oppressor and the lower class is the oppressed as mentioned by Shelden and Widdowson (1993)

Marx was arguing that what we call ‘culture’ is not an independent reality but is inseparable from the historical conditions in which human being create their material lives, the relations of exploitation and domination which govern the social and economic order of a particular phase of human history will in some sense ‘determined’ the whole cultural life of the society (1993, p 71).

Moreover, Giddens (1994) also stated that

Any and every ‘economic’ phenomenon is at the same time always a social phenomenon, and the existence of a particular kind of ’economy’ presupposes a definite kind of society (1994, p 10)

From both statements we can draw the conclusion that the relation between the domination and exploitation of the upper class towards the lower class has a certain role in shaping the society and developing the socio economic history. The domination of upper class in society is not only in economic field but also in the political field where they also controlled the society as the government. Giddens

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(1994, p 6) stated that the ownership of property still largely determines political power. It implies that the power of governments is determined by those who have a lot of money.

The domination of upper class in society makes the lower class demand for changing because the power of upper class harmful for them. The lower class makes some movement in society by collecting people from their class to revolt the rule in society which is controlled by the upper class. The aim of revolution is to get their rights and fair treatment from the government and upper class. It is as form of their disappointments toward the government’s policy. Giddens mentions that the class engaging in a revolutionary struggle for power fights in the name of absolute human rights, presenting its ideas as ‘the only rational, universally valid ones’ (1994, p 44). It implies that the appearance of revolution is in order to get the fair treatment.

It concludes that Marxism sees the problem happened in society; the struggles among the people in class society economical and political terms. As mentioned by Barry;

Marxism sees progress as coming about through the struggle for power between different social classes. This view of history as class struggles (rather than as, for instance, a succession of dynasties, or as a gradual progress towards the attainment of national identity and sovereignty) regards it as ‘motored’ by the competition for economic, social, and political advantage. (2002, p 157)

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The people from all the social class wants to reach the higher position in society in order to get power and wealth and to reach such position they used all their effort to accomplish their ambition to reach the higher position in society.

2.3 Literature and History

The function of literature also can be as the social document. The history describes the society. It has been mentioned before that literary work can be a historical document in yielding the outlines of social history (Wellek and Warren, 1977, p 103). Literary work can illustrate the condition of certain society. We can see that there are many literary works that illustrates the condition such as in The Princess Casamassima by Henry James which illustrates the struggles of lower middle class and lower class in London to fight for their rights and the rising of democratic movements in the late eighteen centuries.

Here, the writer will focused to explain the social class which occurs in the time in which the novel is produced since this research analyzed the social class problems. The society in Britain in late nineteen century is also divided people into their position. Robert Colls and Phillip Dodd mention a capacious liberalism remained the dominant force within the political culture between 1880 and 1920 (1986, p 29). It means that the problem in Britain in late eighteen century is about the existence of liberal or democratic movements that formed by the lower class as reaction towards the dominance power of upper class in controlling the society. In which their treatment towards the lower class is considered arbitrary. As Colls

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and Dodd states ‘Liberal freedom was cast as the English, in history, clawing back margins of freedom from an arbitrary State’ (1986, p 32). One of the upper class policies which are considered harm to the lower class is in the education field.

The privilege in getting the education at that time for the lower class seems impossible. Although education is a right of everyone to get lower class cannot get good education since the cost is expensive and they do not have money to pay. Eitzen and Zinn (1991, p 205) mentioned that better-off people can purchase good education, good medical care, comfortable homes, fine vacations, expert services of all kinds, safe and satisfying occupations which poor people cannot because they had no money. Moreover, Joseph Barker in Royle states that education was not easily come by because;

Almost the only opportunity I had of learning anything, except what I might learn at home, was by attending the Sunday-school. when we had work, we had no time to go to school; and when we had not work, we had nothing with which to pay school wages, so that a Sunday-school was our only resource. (1987, p 349)

From the excerpts above we can see that the opportunity of the lower class to get education seems impossible because to get education they have to work to get money so that they can pay for the school fees. However, they have to work every day in a week except Sunday so they only can learn on the Sunday-school. Thus, they only get a little knowledge and still they cannot get a better job since they do not have good education which they need to apply to company. ‘…it was the basis of a progressive society in which the poor would be equipped to play their allotted

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part’ (Royle, 1987, p 386) it means that education is really important for the lower class to get a good job.

The problems of the society at that time are not only about the condition of the lower class which cannot get education and job but also their position in getting marriage. Since, women at that time looking for a man who has a good job and position in society it limits the opportunity of the man from lower class to get woman they loved. David Waldron Smithers states that man were largely judge by their wealth and position and ladies by the profitable marriage they secured (1981, p 23). It implies that woman looks for a man from his background and position in society since they think marriage as the opportunity to improve their social status and to assure their future. This matter prevails for both the lower class and upper class women. As for the upper class marriage is seen as the way to pretend their aristocracy as Rolye mentions ”…together with the junior members of aristocratic families who might expect to have to seek fortunes through marriage, political office or the professions”. It means that the upper class woman or for the young man of the families which will not get the legacy from their family the way to get them stand in the aristocracy is by marrying the aristocrat family or get good position in the governments.

Here, we can conclude that at that time in the class society in Britain the power is held by the upper class especially the aristocrat. Since, they are having power in society they can get all the privilege while the lower class has to work hard to get it. Besides, the position of someone can determine the society opinion

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especially in getting the marriage since the people at that time see the marriage as the way out to get a better position or to pretend their position in society.

19 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter describes about the research objects and methodology used in analyzing the data.

3.1 Research Object

This study is conducted to analyze the social problem appearing in novel The Princess Casamassima by Henry James. The social problem analyzed id focused on the social class problems.

3.2 Research Method

The research method used in this research is descriptive comparative in analyzing the data. According to Nyoman Kutha Ratna (2004) descriptive comparative method is used in analyzing the data by describing and comparing (2004, p 53). This method is used to compare the analysis of social class in the novel and in the history of the time represented in it. Moreover, descriptive comparative is intended to figure out the basic answer towards causality aspects by analyzing the factors that causes certain phenomenon (Nazir in Sari, 2007, p 26). Thus, this method can find out the cause of the existence of the social class in this research.

20 3.3 Data Collection

The process of collecting the data for this research is first the writer searched the novel and the writer choses The Princess Casamassima, one of Henry James’s novels since, this novel exists of some social problems happened in the late eighteen centuries. Second, the writer read the whole novel comprehensively, and then the writer found the major social problem appearing in the novel which is social class. The analysis focuses on social class effect and its relation with the social condition at that time. Third, the writer makes a limitation of the data which would be analyzed through conflict. Then, the social class problems appearing in the novel is related to literary theory.

3.4 Data Analysis

The data analysis shows the effect of the social classes towards the society in the novel; the social class has made some difficulties for the lower class such as in getting job, in getting education, and in getting marriage. In analyzing the data Marxism theory and sociological theory is used to explain the phenomenon that happened because of the social class.

21 Example;

Below is the conversation between Miss Pynsent and Mrs. Bowerbank. They are talking about Hyacinth father, Miss Pynsent does not want the lady have a low opinion about Hyacinth because his father is a Lord.

„I suppose we oughtn’t to forget that his father was very high,’ she suggested, appealingly, with her hands clasped tightly in her lap.

„His father? Who knows who he was? He doesn’t set up for having a father, does he?’

From the conversation above we can see that Mrs Bowerbank see Hyacinth as a child who does not have a father because her mother killed his father and giving birth to Hyacinth in prison and also because Hyacinth is considered as illegitimate child of Lord Frederick. Here, the society has a role in deciding someone’s position. In Hyacinth case since he is an illegitimate child and society has a low opinion about this therefore the society put him in the lower class.

40 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter deals with the conclusion from the discussions in this research and the suggestion of this research for the next scholars who is interested in the social analysis.

5.1 Conclusions

From the discussion in chapter IV, we can conclude in the novel class society in The Princess Casamassima there are four classes the upper class which consists of aristocrat and the wealthy people, lower middle class and lower class consisting of workers and poor people. Thus, in society the power is hold by the upper class whose dominance is in economic and political aspects since they have the power their treatment towards the lower middle and lower class is considered arbitrary.

In this research, there were 15 data indicating the conflict which affected by the social class. There were 2 data shows the effect in dealing with the society, 2 data shows the effect in getting education and job field, 3 data shows the effect in getting marriage, and 9 data shows effect in the political position. The represented data show that:

1. The effect in dealing with society is only represented by 2 data. The data shows that the society can determine the position of someone. In

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Hyacinth case, since he is an illegitimate child of Lord Frederick and the society has low opinion toward the illegitimate child, the society put him in lower class. Therefore, Hyacinth feels and experiences the hardest way in dealing with society as the lower class, for instance the arbitrary treatment that he and people in his class get from the government and upper class.

2. 2 data show the effect of social class in getting education and job field. The lower class also cannot get good education since they do not have enough money to purchase it. Thus, they cannot get a good job to improve their life.

3. There are 3 data indicating the effect of social class in getting marriage. The position of someone can determine his chance to get woman that he love since women at that time looking for a man who has position in society to their social status. Therefore, it is limited the chance of lower class to love a woman.

4. There are 8 data indicating the effect of social class in political position. Since, the dominance of upper class in holding the economic and political aspects makes their treatment towards the lower class arbitrary. Therefore, the lower class who suffers because of upper class treatment demands for justice. To realize their goals, they form a democratic community to revolt the upper class so that they can have their rights in society.

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The social class effect in The Princess Casamassima shows the lower class struggles to get a better position in society. The condition that is illustrated in novel also illustrates the social condition in late eighteen centuries where the upper class dominance in society makes the lower class suffer and they want to roll over the upper class dominance which later their action leads into the revolution era.

5.2 Suggestions

There are several suggestions in analyzing the novel. The following are the suggestions;

1. In studying the novel, there are two elements intrinsic and extrinsic element. The intrinsic deals with the content of the novel while the extrinsic deals with the outside aspects of the novel which affected the form of the novel. Here, the researchers have to aware of both aspects because both is still have the relation.

2. The social problems in the novel also include the content and the social condition at that time. Therefore, we can analyze the sociology of the novel from both aspects, intrinsic and extrinsic element.

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3. In studying the sociology of novel we have to see either the social aspects appearing in novel, the social aspects of the author, and the social condition when the novel is published.

4. For the next researcher, since this research is only focused on the effect of the social class in the novel, the next researcher who interested in analyzing the sociological aspects of the novel can study the sociological aspects of the author for instance. Besides, the social aspects in the novel can also affect the treatment not only in dealing with society and determined the political position of someone but also can include the feminism aspects or discrimination.

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CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

The social class in the novel has a certain effect to the social condition. The effect of distribution of social class makes a different social treatment towards the upper class and lower class. Society praise more to the aristocracy and their treatment towards the lower class seems unfair. Here in the novel The Princess Casamassima, the writer attempts to find out how are the effect of social class towards the characters and the effect of social class towards its relation to the society of the time represented in the novel.

4.1 The Effect of Social Class in Dealing with Society

The society has a role in deciding the social class position of someone. In Hyacinth case, although he has an aristocrat blood but still he is an illegitimate child of Lord Frederick. His mother, French artist, killed his father so Hyacinth was born in prison while his mother served her punishment. Therefore, the society put him as the lower class because he is an illegitimate child and because his foster mother comes from lower class also. As his background is an illegitimate child of a landlord he feels sympathized for himself since the society has a low

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opinion of illegitimate child. Thus, he also feels sympathized for those who come from a lower class.

When Hyacinth was not letting his imagination wander among the haunts of the aristocracy, and fancying himself stretched in the shadow of the ancestral beech, reading the first page of the Revue des Due Mondes, he was occupied with contemplations of a very different kind; he was absorbed in the struggles and sufferings of the millions whose life flowed in the same current as his, and who, though they constantly excited his disgust, and made him shrink and turn away, had the power to chain his sympathy, to make it glow to a kind of ecstasy, to convince him, to the time at least, that the real success in the world would be do something with them and for them. (James, 1886, p 111 - 112)

Hyacinth sometimes imagines himself as descendant of an aristocrat as illustrates ‘…the haunts of the aristocracy, and fancying himself stretched in the shadow of ancestral beech’ (James, 1886, p 111 - 112). Besides, when he is not thinking about the aristocracy, he thinks about his fate and those who come from same class as him ‘he was absorbed in the struggles and sufferings of the millions whose life flowed in the same current as his’ (James, 1886, p 111 - 112). The fact that his father is an aristocrat make Hyacinth feels proud, but since he is an illegitimate child the society has low consideration about illegitimate child which put him in the lower class. Therefore, he feels sympathized for people in his class since he is in the same position as them.

The lower class suffers because the government’s policy does not support the rights of lower class. It makes the upper class oppresses the lower class by

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giving them low wages. They work for the upper class but they still do not get enough wages and get arbitrary treatment; the workers become a slave of the object..(Giddens, 1994, p 11). It implies that the upper class does treat the workers as a slave and does not even appreciate their work. In the class society, people who come from lower class always become the sufferer one because they do not have any power to fight against the arbitrary government. Giddens mentions the worker payment becomes an ever cheaper than the goods he creates (1994, p 11). From this statement it is true that the worker only gest a low wage while the price of the goods they produce is even more expensive. As a result, although the workers have worked very hard, they cannot make a better living for their family because the price of the goods is high and their wages are not enough to pay the high living cost.

The problems above are also experienced by Hyacinth in which although he tries very hard to get better living he still in his position as the lower class. Thus, in class society when someone is in lower class, no matter how hard they try to get a better life, they still cannot reach that position although Hyacinth has an opinion that someday they can make a change to the time at least, that the real success in the world would be do something with them and for them (James, 1886, p 111 - 112).

We can conclude that the society can determine the position of someone. In Hyacinth case the society has put him in the lower class although he has an

25

aristocrat blood. It is because Hyacinth is only an illegitimate child in which the society has a low opinion about this matter. Hyacinth’s position as the lower class makes him see and experience some problems in dealing with the society for instance the arbitrary treatment that he and the people from his class get from the government and upper class especially in economic terms. Therefore, the social class affected Hyacinth’s in dealing with the society.

4.2 The Effect of Social Class in Education and Job Field

The effect of the position of Hyacinth in the story makes him cannot get the same privilege as the upper class. Although he is an illegitimate child of Lord Frederick, but his foster mother cannot give him a good education because she is only a poor dressmaker. Therefore, Hyacinth cannot get a good job as stated in the conversation below between Hyacinth and Millicent Henning, his childhood friends. Millicent thinks that Hyacinth would be someone who can succeed in the future and when they met again she is surprised that Hyacinth only becomes a bookbinder.

„You might be, really, for all the tea you drink! Why didn’t you go for some high profession?’

„How was I to go in? Who the devil was to help me?’ (James, 1886, p 61)

Here, we can see that Millicent was surprised that Hyacinth does not improve his social position by getting a good job. Her disappointment can be seen in her previous statement „…it isn’t where I should looked to find you,’ (James,

26

1886, p 61). Her disappointment may be because when they were child, all of people around them have said that Hyacinth is a son of Lord Fredrick. Thus, she expects that Hyacinth to be someone that has better position than he is now, as a bookbinder.

However at that time, someone who comes from the lower class is hard to get a good job if they do not have a good education and position in society. According to Wellek and Warren, the lower class had a little opportunity for education (1977, p 96). It indicates that Hyacinth who comes from a lower class could not get a good job because he does not go to school. We can see from the statement „How was I to go in?’ It indicates that at that time people who can get education are only people who have money as Eitzen and Zinn (1991, p 205) mentioned that better-off people can purchase good education, good medical care, comfortable homes, fine vacations, expert services of all kinds, safe and satisfying occupations and which poor people cannot because they had no money. It means that Hyacinth does not have any qualification to get good job since he has no money to get education.

It concludes that if someone like Hyacinth wants to improve his life he has to have good education while to get this, they have to come from upper class or at least they have a connection with people who has power in society as Hyacinth stated ‘Who the devil was to help me?’. It means that he and his family do not have someone who recommends. Thus, one of the effects of the social class is only people who come from upper and middle class that could get the education in

27

classes’ society and it also shows that people who come from the lower class cannot get a good job because they do not get education.

The hardest ways in searching a job is because education is not only felt by Hyacinth but also by those who come from lower class as presented in the following statement

There were members of the clubs who were apparently always in the enjoyment of involuntary leisure – narrating the vainest peregrinations in search of a job, the cruelest rebuffs, the most vivid anecdotes of the insolence of office. (James, 1886, p 237)

In the democratic community where Hyacinth becomes a member there are a lot of people who have the same fate as him. They come from the same class where they also feel the hardest way in getting job because they do not have education ‘in search of a job, the cruelest rebuffs’. It implies that they get bad treatment from the staff of the office which rejects them because they do not have the qualification.

The data shows that people in the lower class do not have a chance to get education so that they can not get a good job and they cannot improve their life to be better. Nevertheless, education is a right for everyone to have it, Royle states that education is part of society, not a separate level by which society can be moved (1987, p 385). In the reality not all people can have education it is because of the class society a person is trapped in their social class. There is inequality between upper class and lower class’s right.

28

We can conclude that the social class can also affect the lower class in getting the education; since the lower class do not have enough money to pay the education fee. Thus, they cannot have a good job to improve their life, in Hyacinth case he only becomes a bookbinder and not as a clerk as Millicent expected „I should have thought you’d be a clerk at a banker’. It is because Hyacinth’s foster mother cannot give him good education because she does not have money. Besides education, the effect of social class existence in society also can determine the marriage of someone.

4.3 The Effect of Social Class in Marriage

The social class of someone also has a role in deciding the relationship of someone and their marriage. In Hyacinth case, he realizes his position as the lower class makes the limitation of his chance to get a woman he loved and as women at that time chose the man from upper class to get the social status. Therefore he has no confidence to make relationship with woman as he stated below.

„Does who expect me? I should like to see the woman who does!’ (James, 1886, p 105)

It is Hyacinth statement to Miss Pynsent his foster mother. Miss Pynsent asks about marriage to Hyacinth and about His relation with Millicent Henning, Miss Pynsent wants to know whether he is in a serious relationship with Millicent or not. However, from the statement ‘Does who expect me?’, we can see that

29

Hyacinth does not have any confidence in marriage because he believes that all woman want to get a man with a good occupation and can give them good future.

Marriage at that time has been considered as a way for woman to raise their social status and get a good future. Thus, woman should marry well, which means married to a man who has position and social status. As Smithers states man were largely judge by their wealth and position and ladies by the profitable marriage they secured (1981, p 23).

The phenomenon above also shown in The Princess Casamassima as Hyacinth stated ‘one of these days she’ll marry an alderman’ (James, 1886, p 107). Hyacinth sees that most women wish to marry someone with a better position and job, and there are no women wishing to marry him. So, if Hyacinth wants to marry someone he has to work to collect some money. If he has no money, there no is one that wants to marry him.

Since Hyacinth comes from the lower class, he does not have confidence in getting a relationship with a woman because he does not have position and money. Below is Hyacinth statement which illustrates his low confidence to ask Millicent a date since Millicent wants to go to theater a place where only people with money who come there

„I’m sorry to say she won’t go there. She wants something in the Strand: that’s a great point. She wants very much to see the Pearl of Paraguay. I don’t wish to pay anything, if possible; I am sorry to say I haven’t a penny. But as you know people at the other theatres, and I have heard you say that you do each other little favours, from place to place – a charge de

30

revanche, as the French say – it occurred to me that you might be able to get me an order. The piece has been running a long time, and most people (except poor devils like me) must have seen it: therefore there probably isn’t a rush.’ (James, 1886, p 124)

Hyacinth is ashamed that he could not take Millicent Henning on a date to the fancy theatre because he has no money. He also never goes to a theatre as he mentions that ‘…and most people (except poor devils like me) must have seen it’ (James, 19886, p 124). It implies that people from lower class rarely go to entertainment place since they do not have money. We can conclude that at that time people who can get such privilege like going to the theatre and other entertainment place is an upper class.

The data shows that there is nothing that the lower class can offer to the women at that time since they cannot give what women wants and cannot guarantee a good future. As Hyacinth does not have any confidence to confess his love to woman he loved because he does not have something to promise the woman a good future. From the data above we also can see that it is true that because of his status, Hyacinth has a limitation of chance to love a woman since woman at that time see marriage as an opportunity to raise their social status as mentioned above. Thus, through marriage someone can change their status in society.

31

4.4 The Effect of Social Class in Political Position

As the climax of the effect of the existence of class society is in the political aspect. The dominance power of the government and upper class in treating the lower middle class and lower class makes the lower middle class and the lower class suffers and demands for justice. The existence of social classes is considered as something unfair for lower class because the high classes have power either in economic and political aspect. They used their power in controlling the aspects of life of society. Therefore, the lower class wants to change the structure of society so that they can get their rights in conveying their opinion and in getting the fair wage for their hard work. To achieve their goal, they make a democratic movement to revolt to the government and upper class. As illustrates from the statement below;

„He doesn’t know, and – if you will allow me to say so – I don’t think you know. How should you? I am one of many thousands of young men of my class – you know, I suppose, what that is – in worse brains certain ideas are fermenting. There is nothing original about me at all. I am very young and ignorant; it’s only a few months since I began to talk of the possibility of social revolution with men who have considered the whole ground much more than I have done. I’m a mere particle in the immensity of the people. All I pretend to is my good faith, and a great desire that justice shall be done.’ (James, 1886, p 150)

From the statement above we can see that the democratic community consists of those who feel oppressed by the upper class. Hyacinth joins the group because he feels the same fate with those men who experience injustice. Although Hyacinth is inexperience, he thinks that join the democratic community and make a plan to do a social revolution is the right way to do a justice.

32

The economic force from the upper class is one of the most influential reasons for the formation of democratic community. Giddens mentioned that the political power was directly contingent upon an expressive of the division of society into stable economic orders (1994, p 4-5) it implies that the dominance of government and upper class leads into the economic control by them in society in order to take a lot of benefit for themselves. Because of that, lower middle class together with the lower class makes the democratic movement to roll over the dominance of upper class and make a fair society. As stated by Captain Sholto who is suspected the movement.

„About the lower orders, the rising democracy, the spread of nihilism, and all that’

„The lower orders? Does she think we belong to them?’ (James, 1886, p 140)

It is the conversation between Millicent and captain Sholto in which he suspected Millicent and Hyacinth belong to the democratic movement. From the statement of captain Sholto ‘About the lower orders, the rising democracy, the spread of nihilism,’we can see the terms ‘nihilism’ is means that the democratic community formed by the lower middle class and lower class aimed to make the classless society since ‘nihilism’ itself means that there is no limitation in society it implies from the purpose of democratic movement in the novel. Besides, the upper class thinks that the democratic movement is as the ‘lower order’. It is because although the upper class knows that the aim of the democratic movement is to roll their power in society, it is not influence them to think about it seriously since they has wealth and the lower class do not.

33

Hence, the lower class is always be careful in holding the existence of the community since they do not want the upper class to know what they are doing in which can ruin their plan.

„…Seriously, as you say, it’s perfectly conceivable. I am not in the least surprised at the aristocracy being curious to know what we are up to, and wanting very much to look into it; in their place I should be very uneasy, and if I were a woman with angelic manners very likely I too should be glad to get hold of a soft, susceptible little bookbinder, and pump him dry, bless his heart!’ (James, 1886, p 160)

It is the conversation between Hyacinth with Paul Muniment. From the statement, we can see that the movements of the community always being watched by the upper class „the aristocracy being curious to know what we are up to’ (James, 1886, p 160). It indicates that the upper class has a curiosity of the group made by the lower class. The upper class has feel threaten because they are afraid that the lower class can obstruct their way in controlling the society and threat their power. We can see from Muniment statement „in their place I should be very uneasy’ (James, 1886, p 160) from the statements Muniments imagines if he were in the upper class position he would feel uneasy and want to know what are lower class up to. In this case Hyacinth should be aware of everyone from the upper class since they are suspected every move of the lower class as stated by Mr. Muniment ‘if I were a woman with angelic manners very likely I too should be glad to get hold of a soft, susceptible little bookbinder, and pump him dry, bless his heart!’ (James, 1886, p 160). From the statement we can see that even a woman who has a good manner also curious to know the movement of lower class

34

because they afraid the lower class will take over their power. In the fact there are some parties in the upper class in which sees this movement as something impossible to be done.

For some party of upper class they think that the democratic movement which form by the lower class is means nothing; however, for several parties they see it as the opportunity to strengthen their position. Therefore, they start to collect people from lower class.

„I was looking for anything that would turn up, that might take her fancy. Don’t you understand that I’m always looking? There was a time when I went in immensely for illuminated missals, and another when I collected horrible ghost-stories (she wanted to cultivate a belief in ghosts), all for her. The day I saw she was turning her attention to the rising democracy I began to collect little democrats. That’s how I collected you’. (James, 1886, p 304)

It is the statement of captain Sholto who is the right hand man of Princess Casamassima. From the statements we can see that he would do anything the princess order. As we can see when the Princess is interested in the democratic movement issues, he begins to collect the lower people like Hyacinth to become their tools to reach their goal in reforming the power of noble people in Britain government and getting society’s reliance. Besides, the lower class cannot run the democratic movement by themselves since their do not have a good financial therefore they still need the upper class to support their financial. Thus, the democratic movement not only parts of the lower class to demands their right but also a tool for the upper class to still stay in their position.

35

„I have no such pretensions, and my good old friend is laughing at me. Of course that is very easy; for what, in fact, can be more absurd, on the face of it, than for a woman with a title, with diamonds, with a carriage, with servants, with a position, as they call it, to sympathise with the upward struggles of those who are below? “Give all that up, and we’ll believe you,” you have a right to say. I am ready to give them up the moment it will help the cause; I assure you that’s the least difficulty. I don’t want to teach, I want to learn; and, above all, I want to know a quoi m’en tenir. Are we on the eve of great changes, or are we not? Is everything that is gathering force, underground, in the dark, in the night, in little hidden rooms, out of sight of governments and policemen and idiotic “statesmen” – heaven save them! – is all this going to burst forth some fine morning and set the world on fire? Or is it on sputter out and spend itself in vain conspiracies, be dissipated in strerile heroism and abortive isolated movements? I want to know a quoi m’en tenir.’ (James, 1886, p 153)

It is princess Casamassima statements. From the statements we can see that the princess interested to know what the democratic movements up to and how they run the community ‘I don’t want to teach, I want to learn; and, above all, I want to know a quoi m’en tenir’ (James, 1886, 153). The princess wants to learn what the lower class is up to and she will help them so that they can run the democracy ‘I am ready to give them up the moment it will help the cause; (James, 1886, 153). She also hopes that it will bring the changes in society and will not be fiddlesticks movement.

Princess Casamassima is a Lady but since she comes from Italy she had no power in society. Since, Britain society is controlled by the aristocrat people who had power for a long time so that princess Casamassima can do nothing in political aspects. Therefore, princess Casamassima use lower class to strengthen her position since she sees opportunity from the democratic movements that the other party do not.

36

„It is more strange than I can say. Nothing of it appears above the surface; but there is an immense underworld, peopled with a thousands forms of revolutionary passions and devotion. The manner in which it is organised is what astonished me; I knew that, or thought I knew it, in a general way, but the reality was a revelation. And on top of it all, society lives! People go and come, and buy and sell, and drink and dance, and make money and make love, and seem to know nothing and suspect nothing and think of nothing; and iniquities flourish, and the misery of half the world is prated about as a “necessary evil,” and generations rot away and starve, in the midst of it, and day follows day, and everything is for the best in the best of possible worlds. All that is one half of it; the other half is that everything is doomed! In silence, in darkness, but under the feet of each one of us, the revolution lives and works. It is a wonderful, immeasurable trap, on the lid of which society performs its antics. When once the machinery is complete, there will be a great rehearsal. That rehearsal is what they want me for. The invisible, impalpable wires are everywhere, passing through everything, attaching themselves to objects in which one would never think of looking for them. What could be more strange and incredible, for instance, than that they should exist just here?’ (James, 1886, p 287 - 288) From the statement above we can see that there are many people want the changes and the democratic movement will lead to the revolution. It makes princess Casamassima amazed of how the community runs their plan without upper class known ‘In silence, in darkness, but under the feet of each one of us, the revolution lives and works’. Their plan every step that they will take to roll over the upper class neatly and once they do the plan there will be a great changes in society which can make the aristocrat shocked because they never imagine the great revolt from the lower class ‘It is a wonderful, immeasurable trap, on the lid of which society performs its antics. When once the machinery is complete, there will be a great rehearsal.’ (James, 1886, p 287 -288).

Princess Cassamassima can see the immeasurable movements of the lower middle class and the lower class that can used to strengthen her position

37

politically. Thus, princess Casamassima gives the financial support to the movement but actually she exploits them. As illustrates below the princess Casamassima exploit lower people like Hyacinth to get what she wants.

He was not in the least a natural human being, but had a hundred affectations and attitudes, the result of never having been obliged to put his hand on anything; having no serious taste and yet being born to a little „position.’ The Princess remarked that she was so glad Hyacinth had no position, had been forced to do something else in life but amuse himself; that was the way she liked her friends now. (James, 1886, p 310)

This is the statement of Princess Casamassima that she is glad she has Sholto who is able to do anything for her and he does not have position that could make her order anything without get interruption. Then, now she has Hyacinth who has no position „she was so glad Hyacinth had no position, had been forced to do something else in life but amuse himself; that was the way she liked her friends now’ (James, 1886, p 310). The position of someone can determined what they want to do the upper class can get whatever they want since they have everything power and wealth. Here, princess Casamassima can get what she want since she has people who will do anything as her order.

The movement that conducts by the lower class with the help of upper class still makes the lower class not satisfied since they are used as a tool to expand the upper class power. Thus, they still cannot get a significant change since in the end they trapped in the other power.

„Oh, all the straw one chews, to cheat one’s appetite; all the rot one dabbles in, because it may lead to; something which it never does lead to;

38

all the beastly buncombe (you know) that you and I myself have poured out, damme, with an elloquance worthy of a better cause. Don’t you remember what I’ve said to you – all as my own opinion – about the impending change of the relations of class with class? Impending fiddlesticks! I believe those that are on top of the heap are better than those that are under it, that they mean to stay there, and that if they are not a pack of poltroons they will.’ (James, 1886, p 302)

This statement indicates that although they already dedicate themselves to work for the upper class but they still do not get what they should get ‘something which it never does lead to’ (James, 1886, p 302). Captain Sholto has worked for the Princess for a long time and he see that what he doing is only the same as labors who work for their employers. From his experiences, he can see that the relation between the classes in class society will always be the same since people always sees someone based on their position and society praise aristocracy much. Therefore, Sholto sees the democratic party as something useless because the lower class will not that easily to get what they want since they work under guidance of the upper class we can see it from his statement „Impending fiddlesticks!’ (James, 1886, p 302). It is because Sholto seen that the lower class is always dependent on the upper class so that they become the tool for the lower class to reach into position that the upper class want.

It conclude that although the lower class has formed the democratic movement to get a better position and to roll over the dominance of the upper class they still cannot reach a higher position in society since they still need help and financial support from the upper class. Hence, the characteristic of class

39

society is where the power is held by the upper class and the lower class is dependent to the upper class power. As Dahrendorf in Giddens mentions;

Classes are constituted by the relationship of groupings of individuals to the ownership of private property in the means of production. This yields a model of class relations which is basically dichotomous; all class societies are built around a primary line of division between two antagonistic classes, one dominant and the other subordinate. (1994, p 37)

It implies that in the class society the society divided into two categories the dominant one and subordinate one. So although the lower class has work very hard to get the equality rights they still do not reach a significance change.

SOCIAL CLASS IN THE PRINCESS CASAMASSIMA NOVEL BY HENRY JAMES

SKRIPSI

Submitted to fulfill one of the requirements of Sarjana Sastra Degree

JUNIARTI EKA SAPITRI NIM 63706008

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER BANDUNG

44 REFERENCES

Barry, Peter. 2002. The Beginning Theory; an Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. Manchester University Press; Manchester.

Colls, Robert and Phillip Dodd. 1986. Englishness Politics and Culture 1880 – 1920. Croom Helm Ltd: Kent.

Eitzen, D. Stanley and Maxine Baca Zinn. 1991. In Conflict and Order Understanding Society. Simon & Schuster, Inc; Massachusetts.

Giddens, Anthony, 1994. Capitalism and Modern Social Theory An Analysis of Marx, Durkheim and Max Webber. Cambridge University Press: New York.

Goldman, Lucien. 1964. Towards the Soiology of the Novel. Tavistock Publications.

James, Henry. 1886. The Princess Casamassima. The Millenium Library: UK.

Hawthorn, Jeremy. 2001. Studying the Novel: Forth Edition. Oxford University Press: New York

Junus, Umar. 1986. Sosiologi Sastera; Persoalan Teori dan Metode. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka; Selangor.

Klarer, Mario. 1998. An Introduction to Literary Studies. Routledge: London.

Krishnawati. 2009. “The Representation of Ideology of Doris Lessing in Good Terrorist Novel”. UNIKOM: Bandung.

Milligan, Ian. 1983. The Novel in English An Introduction. Macmillan Publishers LTD: London

Perrin, Laurence. 1988. Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense (Fifth Edition). Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc: USA

45

Ramadliyantie, Anggi Anggraeni. 2009. “Patron Slave Relationship in the Novel: Girl with a Pearl Earring by Tracy Chevalier (A Study of Marxist Feminism Theory)”. UNIKOM: Bandung.

Ratna, Nyoman Kutha. 2007. Teori, Metode dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra: Edisi Revisi. Pustaka Pelajar: Yogyakarta.

Royle, Edward. 1987. Modern Britain A Social History 1750 – 1985. Edward Arnold Ltd: London

Sari, Retno P. 2006. “Analisis Sintaksis dan Semantis Beban Informasi Pada Beberapa Cerita Anak – Anak dan Terjemahannya: Tinjauan Terjemahan Komunikatif”. Bandung: UNIKOM. Unpublished Paper.

Selden, Raman and Peter Widdowson. 1993. A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory (Third Edition). Harvester Wheatsheaf: Hertfordshire.

Smithers, David Waldron. 1981. Jane Austen in Kent. Hurtwood Publications.

Wellek, Rene and Austin Warren. 1977. Theory of Literature. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc; USA.

ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research entitled Social Class in The Princess Casamassima Novel by Henry James is submitted to fulfill one of the requirements of Sarjana Sastra Degree. Thus, the writer would like to appreciate and express the deepest acknowledgements for the following people:

1. Prof. Dr. Moh. Tadjuddin, M.A as the Dean of Faculty of Letters Unikom,

2. Retno Purwani Sari, S.S.,M.Hum., as the Head of English Department, 3. Dr. Nia Kurniasih as the first advisor. Thank you for guiding me in

writing this skripsi,

4. Nungki Heriyati S.S., M.A as the second advisor. Thank you very much for your patient in guiding and advising me in writing this skripsi, 5. All lecturers in UNIKOM, especially in English Department for

teaching and sharing all the knowledge.

The writer expects that this skripsi will be useful especially for the writer, and generally for the readers. Hopefully, by reading this skripsi, the readers can understand about the social class problems. The writer is also looking forward for the critics and advices.

Bandung, July 2010

DECLARATION OF OWNERSHIP

I hereby certify that this skripsi entitled “Social Class in The Princess Casamassima Novel by Henry James” is honestly my own work. I am fully aware that I have quoted some statements and ideas from various sources, and they are properly acknowledged in the text.

Bandung, July 2010

xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES

1. Appendix 1 : All Corpuses 47

SOCIAL CLASS IN THE PRINCESS CASAMASSIMA NOVEL BY HENRY JAMES

SKRIPSI

Submitted to fulfill one of the requirements of Sarjana Sastra Degree

JUNIARTI EKA SAPITRI NIM 63706008

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER BANDUNG

44 REFERENCES

Barry, Peter. 2002. The Beginning Theory; an Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. Manchester University Press; Manchester.

Colls, Robert and Phillip Dodd. 1986. Englishness Politics and Culture 1880 – 1920. Croom Helm Ltd: Kent.

Eitzen, D. Stanley and Maxine Baca Zinn. 1991. In Conflict and Order Understanding Society. Simon & Schuster, Inc; Massachusetts.

Giddens, Anthony, 1994. Capitalism and Modern Social Theory An Analysis of Marx, Durkheim and Max Webber. Cambridge University Press: New York.

Goldman, Lucien. 1964. Towards the Soiology of the Novel. Tavistock Publications.

James, Henry. 1886. The Princess Casamassima. The Millenium Library: UK. Hawthorn, Jeremy. 2001. Studying the Novel: Forth Edition. Oxford University

Press: New York

Junus, Umar. 1986. Sosiologi Sastera; Persoalan Teori dan Metode. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka; Selangor.

Klarer, Mario. 1998. An Introduction to Literary Studies. Routledge: London. Krishnawati. 2009. “The Representation of Ideology of Doris Lessing in Good

Terrorist Novel”. UNIKOM: Bandung.

Milligan, Ian. 1983. The Novel in English An Introduction. Macmillan Publishers LTD: London

Perrin, Laurence. 1988. Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense (Fifth Edition). Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc: USA

45

Ramadliyantie, Anggi Anggraeni. 2009. “Patron Slave Relationship in the Novel: Girl with a Pearl Earring by Tracy Chevalier (A Study of Marxist Feminism Theory)”. UNIKOM: Bandung.

Ratna, Nyoman Kutha. 2007. Teori, Metode dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra: Edisi Revisi. Pustaka Pelajar: Yogyakarta.

Royle, Edward. 1987. Modern Britain A Social History 1750 – 1985. Edward Arnold Ltd: London

Sari, Retno P. 2006. “Analisis Sintaksis dan Semantis Beban Informasi Pada Beberapa Cerita Anak – Anak dan Terjemahannya: Tinjauan Terjemahan Komunikatif”. Bandung: UNIKOM. Unpublished Paper.

Selden, Raman and Peter Widdowson. 1993. A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory (Third Edition). Harvester Wheatsheaf: Hertfordshire.

Smithers, David Waldron. 1981. Jane Austen in Kent. Hurtwood Publications. Wellek, Rene and Austin Warren. 1977. Theory of Literature. Harcourt Brace

ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research entitled Social Class in The Princess Casamassima Novel by Henry James is submitted to fulfill one of the requirements of Sarjana Sastra Degree. Thus, the writer would like to appreciate and express the deepest acknowledgements for the following people:

1. Prof. Dr. Moh. Tadjuddin, M.A as the Dean of Faculty of Letters Unikom,

2. Retno Purwani Sari, S.S.,M.Hum., as the Head of English Department, 3. Dr. Nia Kurniasih as the first advisor. Thank you for guiding me in

writing this skripsi,

4. Nungki Heriyati S.S., M.A as the second advisor. Thank you very much for your patient in guiding and advising me in writing this skripsi, 5. All lecturers in UNIKOM, especially in English Department for

teaching and sharing all the knowledge.

The writer expects that this skripsi will be useful especially for the writer, and generally for the readers. Hopefully, by reading this skripsi, the readers can understand about the social class problems. The writer is also looking forward for the critics and advices.

Bandung, July 2010

DECLARATION OF OWNERSHIP

I hereby certify that this skripsi entitled “Social Class in The Princess Casamassima Novel by Henry James” is honestly my own work. I am fully aware that I have quoted some statements and ideas from various sources, and they are properly acknowledged in the text.

Bandung, July 2010

xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES

1. Appendix 1 : All Corpuses 47 2. Appendix 2 : Analyzed Corpuses 54