national ecotourism plan 2016 2025 volume 3
Mount Kinabalu
Sabah
Source :www.wildtrips.com.sg
Volume 3
1
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016-2025
Volume 3 : Guidelines
MINISTRY OF TOURISM AND CULTURE
MALAYSIA
No. 2, Tower 1, Jalan P5/6
Presint 5
62200 Putrajaya
June 2016
About This Report…
The National Ecotourism Plan (NEP) 2016-2025
consists of 3 volumes:
1
Volume 1
Main Report
Volume 1 contains the recommendations of this
Plan. Recommendations are divided into two major
categories, which are Strategies and Actions; and
Ecotourism Clusters. An Implementation Action Plan
maps the recommendations in a timeline to show
which actions should be prioritised in order for other
actions to take place.
2
Volume 2
Technical Report
The second volume of the report contains the outline of
the study process, as well as a comprehensive analysis
of the state of the ecotourism industry in Malaysia. The
indings of the analysis was used as the basis for the
formulation of recommendations. An examination of
the various deinitions of ecotourism, existing relevant
policies and plans, and current state of ecotourism
marketing, investments and concessions are among
the key contents of this volume.
3
Volume 3
Guidelines
The third volume of this Plan contains the appendices,
which includes the guidelines and contents of recent
review of the 1996 National Ecotourism Plan. The
guidelines make up the irst section, and are included
to help guide development and activities in ecotourism
areas. The second section contains the review of the
1996 National Ecotourism Plan. The third section of
this volume is a list of references.
Volume 3
5
CHAPTER 1
Ecotourism Guidelines
Content
6
Page
Content
Page
A1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Guidelines for Regional Site Planning &
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
15
15
15
15
16
A3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Guidelines for Ensuring Local Community Participation
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
26
26
26
26
26
A2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Guidelines for Architectural & Landscape Design
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
References
22
22
22
22
22
25
A4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Guidelines for Managing Tenders & Bids
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
27
27
27
27
27
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
Content
Page
Content
Page
A5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
Guidelines on Assessing Tourism Potential on Sites
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
References
29
29
29
29
29
30
B5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
Guidelines on Managing Health & Safety
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
References
48
48
48
48
48
49
A6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
Guidelines for Developing Ecolodges in National Parks
Introduction
Objective
Planning, Design and Construction
Operation
Community Development
Conservation Role
31
31
31
32
33
36
37
C1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Guidelines on Marine Parks & Islands
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
50
50
50
50
50
B1
38
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Guidelines on Carrying Capacity & the Limits of
Acceptable Change
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
References
C2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Guidelines on National Parks, Reserves & Other Forest
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
52
52
52
52
52
B2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Guidelines for Developing Ecolodges in National Parks
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
42
42
42
42
42
C3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Guidelines on Mangrove Sites
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
54
54
54
54
54
B3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Guidelines on Managing Health & Safety
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
43
43
43
43
43
B4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
Guidelines on Solid Waste Management
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
References
46
46
46
46
46
47
38
38
38
38
41
Volume 3
7
Content
Content
Page
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Guidelines on Recreational Forest Reserves
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
56
56
56
56
56
D2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Guidelines for Minimising Negative Environmental Impacts
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
65
65
65
65
65
C5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
Guidelines on Limestone Hills & Cave Sites
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
57
57
57
57
57
D3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Guidelines for Minimising Negative Cultural Impacts
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
67
67
67
67
67
C6
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Guidelines on Rivers, Waterfalls & Lakes
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
59
59
59
59
59
D4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Guidelines for Monitoring Local Community Participation
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
69
69
69
69
69
C7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
Guidelines on Beach Sites
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
61
61
61
61
61
D5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
Guidelines for Infrastructure, Amenities & Maintanance
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
References
70
70
70
70
70
73
C8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
Guidelines on Montane Areas
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
62
62
62
62
62
D1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Guidelines for Monitoring Site Development
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
63
63
63
63
63
C4
8
Page
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
CHAPTER 2
Assessment of the State of Implementation of the 1996 National
Ecotourism Plan
Content
A2.1
A2.2
A2.3
A2.4
A2.5
A2.6
A2.7
A2.8
Review on the 37 Issues
Review on Action Plan
Action Plan on Implementing the National Ecotourism Plan
Action Plan on Site Planning & Management
Action Plans on Institutional Strengthening &
Capacity Building
Review on the 25 Guidelines of the National
Ecotourism Plan 1996
Guidelines on Categorising Sites & Activities Guidelines on
Carrying Capacity & Limit of
Acceptable Change
Page
76
96
97
104
117
Content
A2.9
A2.10
A2.11
Page
127
129
141
Guideline on Ecosystem
Guidelines on Speciic Practices
Review on Priority Projects
125
126
127
Volume 3
9
List of Figures
Contents
A1.1
A1.2
A2.3
A1.4
A2.1
Key Management Plan for Regional Planning of an
Ecotourism Site; Example of Endau-Rompin
National Park
Development / Management Zones – Example:
Endau-Rompin National Park
Simple Version of Site Zoning Plan
Example sketches of environmental guidelines
The Ecotourism Guidelines by Categories
List of Tables
Page
Contents
16
A1.1
17
A1.2
A1.3
17
65
125
A1.4
A2.1
A2.2
A2.3
A2.4
A2.5
A2.6
A2.7
A2.8
A2.9
A2.10
A2.11
A2.12
A2.13
10
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
Page
Development / Management Zones – Example:
Endau-Rompin National Park
Format for Inventory of Ecotourism Attractions
Guidelines Applicable according for Site
Characteristics
Guidance
17
Review of issues highlighted in the 1996 National
Ecotourism Plan
National Ecotourism Plan 1996 Action Plans
Action Plans for Implementing the National
Ecotourism Plan, 1996
The Action Plan for the Site Planning and
76
Management of the National Ecotourism Plan, 1996
Areas Protected Since 1995
Interventions on Ecotourism Sites
Legal Status of Ecotourism Sites
The Action Plan for the Site Planning and
Management of the National Ecotourism Plan, 1996
Guideline 14 Interpretation, Education and Guide
Training Assessment
Guideline 15 Codes of Ethics within the Profession
The Implementation of Code of Conduct
The Implementation of Code of Ethics
The Review of the Priority Projects
19
21
16
96
97
104
106
108
109
117
131
133
134
135
141
List Of Acronyms
A
ACB
ACE
ADEX
AHP
APAP
ASEAN
ATSP
-
B
BA
BIMP-EAGA BOT
BSIP
C
-
CBET
CCA
CESA
CFS
CITES
-
COAC
CPTED
CRAM
CRNP
CSP
CSR
CTI-CFF
-
CTMPAS
CUZ
-
D
DCG
DEMA
DID
DMO
DOC
DOE
DRT
DVMC
DVRTP
DWNP
ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity
Adventure, Culture and Ecotourism
Asia Dive Expo
ASEAN Heritage Park
Asian Protected Areas Partnership
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASEAN Tourism Strategic Plan
Borneo Adventure
Brunei Darussalam-Indonesia-MalaysiaPhilippines East ASEAN Growth Area
Built Operate and Transfer
Business Study and Implementation Plan
Community-Based Ecotourism
Community Conserved Areas
Coastal Environmentally Sensitive Areas
Central Forest Spine
Convention On International Trade In Endangered
Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora
Centre for Orang Asli Concerns
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
Car Rental Association Malaysia
Coral Reef National Park
Commercial Services Programme
Corporate Social Responsibility
Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries
and Food Security
Coral Triangle MPA System
Community Use Zones
E
EAA
EAFM
EAIC
ECER
EEZ
EIA
ELITE
EOI
EPP
EPU
ETP
-
The Ecotourism Association of Australia
Ecosystem Approach to Management of Fisheries
Enforcement Agency Integrity Commission
East Coast Economic Region
Exclusive Economic Zone
Environmental Impact Assessment
Expressway Lingkaran Tengah
Expression of Interest
Entry Point Projects
Economic Planning Unit
Economic Transformation Programme
FAM Trip
FDI
FGD
FHDC
FINAS
FIT
FLEGT-VPA
-
FMU
FORMADAT
-
FRIM
-
Familiarisation Trip
Foreign Direct Investment
Focus Group Discussion
Fraser’s Hill Development Corporation
National Film Development Corporation Malaysia
Free Independent Traveller
Forest Legality Enforcement Governance and TradeVoluntary Partnership Agreement
Forest Management Unit
Alliance of the Indigenous Peoples of Borneo
Highlands Forum
Forest Research Institute Of Malaysia
-
General Border Committee
Global Environment Facility
Greenhouse Gases
Geographic Information System
Goods and Services Tax
Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria
Government Transformation Programme
-
High Conservation Value Forest
Hindu Kush-Karakorum-Himalaya
Hotel Operators Association
Heart of Borneo
-
Intensive English Communication Skills Programme
The International Ecotourism Society
Iskandar Malaysia
Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle
Iskandar Regional Development Authority
Investment Tax Allowance
International Union for Conservation of Nature
F
G
GBC
GEF
GHG
GIS
GST
GSTC
GTP
H
-
Destination Coordination Groups
Diving Equipment & Marketing Association
Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Destination Management Organisation
Department of Conservation
Department of Environment
Diving Resort Travel
Danum Valley Management Committee
Danum Valley Research & Training Programme
Department of Wildlife and National Parks
HCVF
HKKH
HOA
HoB
I
ICSP
IES
IM
IMT-GT
IRDA
ITA
IUCN
Volume 3
11
J
JAKOA
JKKK
JKR
JPBD
JPSM
JSIC
-
Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli
Village Development and Security Committee
Jabatan Kerja Raya
Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa
Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia
Johor State Investment Centre
KBJ
KEJORA
KePKAS
KETENGAH
KIA
KiTA
-
KKLW
KLIA
KOKTAS
KOPEL
KPKT
KPSAS
-
KTCC
KTMB
KUNITA
-
Koperasi Bersatu Jaya
Lembaga Kemajuan Johor Tenggara
Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Environment Sabah
Lembaga Kemajuan Terengganu Tengah
Kuching International Airport
Kinabatangan – Corridor of Life Tourism Operators
Association
Ministry of Rural and Regional Development
Kuala Lumpur International Airport
Koperasi Serbaguna Kakitangan Taman Sabah
Koperasi Pelancongan Misowalai Homestay
Ministry of Housing and Local Government
Kementerian Perancangan Sumber dan Alam
Sekitar Sarawak
Kuala Terengganu City Centre
Kereta Api Tanah Melayu Berhad
Kumpulan Wanita Nelayan
K
L
LAC
LADA
LEAP
LIDR
LKSW
-
Malaysia International Expo
Mixed Martial Arts
Malaysia Mega Biodiversity Hub
Multimedia University
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
Malaysian Nature Society
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Culture, Arts and Tourism
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Higher Education
Ministry of Transportation
Ministry of Tourism and Culture
Ministry of Tourism
Memorandum of Understanding
Marine Protected Area
Majlis Perbandaran Taiping
Ministry of Resource Planning & Environment
Malaysia Sport Tourism Council
Malaysia Timber Council
Malaysia Timber Certiication Scheme
Ministry of Tourism and Environmental Development
Malaysian Tourist Guides Council
Malaysia Tourism Promotion Board
Malaysia Convention & Exhibition Bureau
Malaysia Tourism Quality Assurance
-
National Property Information Centre
Nature Based Tourism
Northern Corridor Economic Region
Northern Corridor Implementation Agency
National Ecotourism Plan
Nature Education Research Centre
National Ecotourism Steering Committee
National Ecotourism Committee
National Forest Policy
Non-Governmental Organisation
National Key Economic Area
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Park
National Policy on Biological Diversity
National Physical Plan
North-South Expressway
N
-
Limits of Acceptable Change
Langkawi Development Authority
Land Empowerment Animals People
Lankayan Island Dive Resort
Lower Kinabatangan Segama Wetlands
MAB
MADA
MAH
MAHO
MATTA
MCG
MDEC
MEA
MESCOT
-
METT
MICE
MIDA
-
Man and Biosphere
Lembaga Kemajuan Pertanian Muda
Malaysian Association of Hotels
Malaysian Association of Hotel Owners
Malaysian Association of Tour & Travel Agents
Malaysian Culture Group
Multimedia Development Corporation
Malaysian Ecotourism Association
Model for Ecologically Sustainable Community
Tourism
Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool
Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions
Malaysian Investment Development Authority
M
12
MIDE
MMA
MMBH
MMU
MNRE
MNS
MOA
MOCAT
MOF
MOHE
MOT
MOTAC
MOTOUR
MOU
MPA
MPT
MRPE
MSTC
MTC
MTCS
MTED
MTGC
MTPB
MYCEB
MYTQA
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
NAPIC
NBT
NCER
NCIA
NEP
NERC
NESC
NETC
NFP
NGO
NKEA
NOAA
NP
NPBD
NPP
NSE
List Of Acronyms
P
PA
PABC
PATA
PDS
PEFC
PEMANDU
PERHILITAN
-
PEWANIS
PHM
PILA
PKENP
PKNP
PL
PLC
PLUS
PPCEC
-
PRF
PS
PSF
-
R
RCM
RECODA
REDD
-
ReHUB
ROI
-
S
SAP
SCORE
SDC
SEARRP
SEATRU
SEDC
SEDIA
SFC
SFD
SIA
SIMCA
SJER
SKM
SL
SME
-
Protected Area
Protected Areas and Biodiversity Conservation
Paciic Asia Travel Association
Product Development Strategies
Endorsement of Forest Certiication
Performance Management & Delivery Unit
Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman
Negara
Pengusaha Wanita Setiu
Persatuan Homestay Malaysia
Perhentian Island Ladies Association
Perlis State Economic Development Corporation
Pahang State Development Corporation
Primary Linkage
Public Listed Company
Projek Lebuhraya Usaha Sama Berhad
Pulau Perhentian Community Ecotourism
Co-operative
Permanent Reserve Forests
Pioneer Status
Peat Swamp Forest
Reef Check Malaysia
Regional Corridor Development Authority
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest
Degradation
Real Estate Hub
Return On Investment
Special Area Plan
Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy
Sabah Development Corridor
South East Asia Rainforest Research Programme
Sea Turtle Research Unit
Sarawak Economic Development Corporation
Sabah Economic Development and Investment
Authority
Sarawak Forestry Corporation
Sarawak / Sabah Forestry Department
Social Impact Assessment
Sugud Islands Marine Conservation Area
South Johor Economic Region
Suruhanjaya Koperasi Malaysia
Secondary Linkage
Small Medium Enterprise
SOSEK
MALINDO
SPA
SSIC
SSJTCC
-
Committee on Social Economic Malaysia - Indonesia
-
SSL
SSTVP
STF
STPC
SWD
-
Strategic Plan of Action
Selangor State Investment Centre Berhad
Sabah Sarawak Joint Tourism Cooperation &
Collaboration
Sutera Sanctuary Lodge
Sarawak Sea Turtle Volunteer Programme
Special Tourism Fund
State Tourism Promotion Corporation
Sabah Wildlife Department
-
Tourism Concession
Turtle Conservation Society
Thailand Dive Expo
Traditional Ecological Knowledge
Terengganu Nature Guide Association
Unit Peneraju Agenda Bumiputera
Tourist Guide Association
Tourism, Hotel Investment, Networking Conference
Tourist Information Centre
The International Ecotourism Society
Tourism Infrastructure Fund
Taman Negara National Park
Terms of Reference
Totally Protected Areas
Tourism Planning Research Group, UTM
Tungog Rainforest Eco Camp
Tourist Safety and Security Network
UKAS
UNDP
UNEP
UNESCO
-
UNWTO
UPEN
USAID
USM
USP
UTM
-
Unit Kerjasama Awam Swasta
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Environment Programme
United Nations Educational, Scientiic and Cultural
Organisation
United Nations World Tourism Organisation
Unit Perancangan Ekonomi Negeri
U.S. Agency for International Development
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Unique Selling Proposition
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
-
World Federation of Tourist Guide Associations
World Wide Fund for Nature
T
TC
TCS
TDEX
TEK
TENAGA
TERAJU
TGA
THNC
TIC
TIES
TIF
TNNP
TOR
TPA
TPRG
TREC
TSSN
U
W
WFTGA
WWF
Volume 3
13
14
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
CHAPTER 1
Ecotourism Guidelines
Volume 3
15
ECOTOURISM GUIDELINES
Preface
Appendix 1 comprises of a compilation
of guidelines for ecotourism sites.
Prepared by experts, these guidelines
are developed from the guidelines
originally prv epared for the National
Ecotourism
Plan
1996.
Where
necessary, they have been revised and
strengthened, taking into consideration
the most recent updates and trends in
ecotourism development.
The aims of these ecotourism guidelines
are:
•
•
•
•
To address speciic activities and
functions in all ecotourism areas.
To
guide
management
and
monitoring of sites in speciic
practices.
To form basis for standards of best
practice.
To be the foundation for subsequent
evaluation and improvement.
SECTION
SECTION A
SECTION B
SECTION C
SECTION D
16
In the 1996 Plan, the guidelines were
categorized in the following groups:
1. Categorizing Sites and Activities.
2. Carrying Capacity and Limits of
Acceptable Change.
3. Guidelines on Ecosystems.
4. Speciic Practices.
For this study, the categorization has
been adjusted. The guidelines are
now listed according to the life cycle
of an ecotourism site i.e. planning,
management and operation stages.
The guidelines are now grouped in
the following manner and with subsets
guidelines:
ECOTOURISM SITE LIFECYCLE
Regional, site planning and development
Site management
Guidelines on ecosystems
Monitoring and review
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
GUIDELINES
A1-A6
B1-B5
C1-C8
D1-D5
In general, the guidelines form a basis
for planning, design, development,
management
and
operation
of
ecotourism sites. Each guideline
speciies the target audience, and the
scope of the guideline is focused for
the speciic purposes. The guidelines
can however be used by any interested
party who ind the information useful.
Each guideline is presented in a
standardized format with the following
main headings:
1. Introduction to the Guide.
2. Speciication of the target audience
for whom the guide is made.
3. The objective of the guide.
4. The Guidance.
A1
GUIDELINES FOR REGIONAL SITE
PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
1.1
Introduction
This guideline serves to aid decision
makers, landowners and planners for
proper site selection, e-zoning and
planning, layout design, infrastructure
and utilities layout, earth works and
others related to land uses and special
requirements.
The
development
planning guidelines lists the basic criteria
of having a sustainable design that has
a positive effect on the sites.
1.2
Target Audience
Planners for planning the use of the site
and its natural resources for ecotourism
State and Local Authorities pertaining
to approvals for land requirement,
site location selection, and road and
infrastructure development. Land owner
and developers in determining the scale
of development, the zoning plans and
development component
National / State Technical department
that are involved directly or indirectly
within the allocated area for ecotourism
development.
1.3
Objective
To streamline the overall planning and
positioning of a tourism development
component of an ecotourism product
within the regional and site setting
without resulting in negative implications
towards the natural resources and
environment.
Volume 3
17
1.4
Guidance
1.4.1
Regional Planning
Planning of an ecotourism site needs
to extend beyond the site itself into
a wider context, to include the site’s
surrounding region. This is required as
a means to deine the environmental
goals of an ecotourism site as part
of the main component of a region’s
natural resources planning. Ecotourism
sites located within protected areas and
naturally rich zones should be planned
holistically and integrate the following
components in the management zone
framework:
1. To ensure ecotourism sites are
serviced with good key gateway
towns
2. To ensure the ecotourism resources
are totally protected (core protection
area)
3. To protect the site’s integrity as a
national ecotourism site in the long
run
4. To provide ample buffers to the
ecotourism site from adjacent
nonforested uses
5. To provide alternative attractions
within the surrounding areas such
as nature experience zones and
adventure parks which target lowmedium margin / high volume
mass tourism market and domestic
tourists
6. To accommodate wildlife corridors
and potential lora and fauna
connections
7. To provide connectivity to other
symbiotically important ecosystems
(riparian reserves and coastal
areas)
An example of a wider region planning
for ecotourism sites is shown in the key
management zone for Endau Rompin
National Park (refer Figure A1.1).
Figure A1.1: Key Management Plan for Regional Planning of an Ecotourism Site; Example of Endau-Rompin National
Park
Source: Strategic Implementation Plan for Endau-Rompin National Park Tourism Development, ECERDC.
18
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
1.4.2
Site planning in the form of a Development Zoning Plan
The site will be classiied or categorised
into different areas based on the type of
use and planned development. Types of
management zones can be demarcated
(example proposed by the Strategic
Implementation Plan for Taman Negara
Endau Rompin Tourism Development)
as listed below and elaborated in Table
A1.1.
Zoning can be assisted with the
application
of
the
Geographic
Information System (GIS) as a tool
to classify and demarcate areas with
sensitive environments. Location of
facilities and construction sites are
to utilise the area with minimal tree
clearing to avoid unnecessary felling
and the use of heavy machineries. The
details of the management zones are
as shown in Figure A1.2. Figure A1.3
provides a simpler version of ecotourism
site zoning, which provides the basis
for planning, although it might not be
suficient enough.
Table A1.1: Development / Management Zones – Example: Endau-Rompin National Park.
MANAGEMENT
ZONE
Absolute
Protection Zone
Strictly
Controlled Low
Impact
Ecotourism
Zone
Controlled Low
Impact
Ecotourism
Zone
Ecotourism and
Science
Research Base
Camp Zone
FUNCTION
Areas within the ecotourism site whereby protection
is of utmost importance for conserving and
maintaining the ecological integrity of the ecosystem
for the benefit of global and national conservation,
science and people.
Areas that allow a controlled and limited number of
ecotourism visitors and scientists. Advanced
booking, permits and guides are necessary to
access the trails and river corridors beyond the main
ecotourism base camp zone.
Areas that allow a limited number of ecotourism
visitors and scientists. Permits and guides are
necessary to access the trails and river corridors
adjacent to the main ecotourism base camp zone.
Areas that allow development of base camp
accommodations for ecotourism visitors and
scientists, as well as associated facilities for
administration personnel at each of the three main
base camps to the Park. Recreational and
environmental education activities within the zone,
which are not conflicting with the conservation
objectives of the park, are to be readily accessible
and promoted.
LESSER TOURISTS
A sustainable site plan should be
developed for each ecotourism site
that results in minimum environmental
impacts and should be incorporated
in the Management Plan for each
site. The preparation of the plan is a
collaborative approach which involves
landscape
architects,
architects,
engineers,
environmental
experts,
botanist, biologist, and local community
stakeholders such as the Orang Asli and
State land owners at the early stage.
This will give wellcoordinated inputs
based on their expertise to facilitate the
development of a comprehensive and
sustainable site plan.
Source: Strategic Implementation Plan for Endau-Rompin National Park Tourism Development,
ECERDC
Figure A1.2: Development / Management Zones – Example: Endau-Rompin National Park
Source: Strategic Implementation Plan for Endau-Rompin National Park Tourism Development, ECERDC
Figure A2.3: Simple Version of Site Zoning Plan
Volume 3
19
1.4.3
Planning for Sustainable Tourism Support and Infrastructure
Nature is tied to its own independent
rhythm that progresses and changes
all the time. It cannot be synchronised
to suit peak seasons just to ensure
visitors can enjoy all the splendour it
has to offer. In cases where human
intervention is forced upon nature, it
is almost certain that the outcome is
always catastrophic. For example, such
negative impacts in ecotourism sites
are visible where engineering attempts
to raise the water level by damming is
done to enable all year round boating
experience for visitors. In doing so,
nature’s rhythm is broken and the local
lora and fauna and local communities
are severely affected when the wet
and dry seasons cannot be mitigated
by the ecosystem services provided
by lakes, wetlands and waterways. For
ecotourism to be sustainably executed,
the local phenology must be respected
and maintained.
20
Ecotourism cannot arrange nature to
make holidaymaking pleasurable all
the time. It arranges events so that
visitors are balanced and enlightened
by the natural cycle of life. All 50 sites
proposed by the 2013 Review Plan
respects the phenology of individual
sites. It recognises that not all sites can
be accessed or fully showcased all year
around due to biological, monsoonal
and geological inluences.
In other words, it should never be the
intention for somebody to visit a natural
area for the interest of tourism facilities
or services.
Increasing number of visitor, extension of
visitor season, increases in the duration
of stay and installation of various
features such as boardwalks, hides,
viewing towers, visitor centres and ecolodges are likely to have, if unmitigated,
a range of adverse environmental
impacts. vThese might include:
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
1. Direct habitat loss; There will be direct
loss of habitat and displacement
and fatalities of associated species
(fatalities being more signiicant
for less mobile species) resulting
from necessary site clearance and
construction.
2. Disturbance; Effects of disturbance
on biodiversity are hard to measure.
Certain species and habitats are
more vulnerable to disturbance than
the others are, whether during the
construction phase or the operational
stage of the project (e.g. disturbance
caused by visitors). Disturbance
effects would need to be managed
using the latest indings from
research on disturbance effects on
the component species, extrapolating
from the best available parallel studies
where speciic studies have not been
undertaken.
3. Construction works; Construction
works would have to be timed where
possible to avoid key breeding periods
of speciic species which do not breed
year-round. Substrate compaction
would have to be avoided or limited.
Any installations adjacent to rivers or
on steep hillsides would need to be
carefully assessed in terms of their
likely inluence on sedimentation and
erosion dynamics.
4. Hydrological Change; The whole forest
ecosystem, particularly the habitat
along the river corridors, is particularly
vulnerable to looding and to more
subtle changes in the hydrological
regime. Scheduled inspections and
audits on the building, equipment or
any facilities with a standard form of
records will help continue to control
the physical development impacts to
the existing ecology and monitor any
changes to the environment. Each
should implement similar monitoring
methods for easy reference and data
collection.
1.4.4
Producing an Inventory of Ecotourism Attraction
A very important task for the
administration of a protected area
in ecotourism product planning is
conducting a detailed inventory of the
ecotourism attractions found in the area.
This inventory must be as complete and
detailed as possible, but it should not be
perceived as an exhaustive, scientiic list
of all the species of plants and animals
in that area or as a complete catalogue
of ruins of buildings and other cultural
artefacts in the case of an archaeological
site.
Rather, the inventory must be seen as
description of those features in the area
that constitute the main attractions to
tourists. The language used in preparing
inventories should be simple, easily
understood by the layman and not overly
technical or scientiic.
The following format is suggested in
preparing an inventory of ecotourism
attractions as shown in Table A1.2.
Table A1.2: Format for Inventory of Ecotourism Attractions
POINTS
1 to 8
COVERAGE
Basic features.
FORMAT FOR INVENTORY OF ECOTOURISM ATTRACTIONS
1. Name and status (protected category) of the site
2. Geographical location (including a location sketch, latitude, longitude, altitude above sea level)
3. Extent of area (hectares)
4. Means of access and entry points
5. Internal circulation
5.1 Vehicular roads and parking areas
5.2 Pedestrian paths, walks and trails
5.3 Equestrian trails
5.4 Bicycle or off-road vehicle routes
5.5 Water routes
6. Brief description of overall visual resources
6.1 Basic terrain varieties: abrupt topography, moderate slopes, practically flat, etc.
6.2 Variety of geomorphological features: jagged peaks, rounded hills, cliffs, ravines, caves, islands, etc.
6.3 Variety of hydrological features: sea, rivers, beaches, lakes, lagoons, reservoirs, waterfalls, hot springs, etc.
6.4 Variety of vegetation patterns: highly or moderately varied, practically uniformed
6.5 Effects of land uses (lack or presence of discordant visual elements: buildings, utility lines, deforested areas, highways, etc.)
7. Climate patterns
7.1. Temperature
7.2. Precipitation
7.3. Winds (speed, direction)
7.4. Humidity
7.5. Air pressure
7.6. Cloudiness
8. Comfort indexes: hot, warm, fresh, cool, extremely cold, humid and dry.
Volume 3
21
POINTS COVERAGE
FORMAT FOR INVENTORY OF ECOTOURISM ATTRACTIONS
Material that may include 9. Natural attractions
9 & 10
9.1 Geological / geomorphological features
flagship attractions and
complementary
• Mountains
attractions.
• Inter montane valleys, basins, plains
• Ravines, gorges
• Cliffs
• Boulders, balancing rocks, etc.
• Caves
• Sand dunes, sand banks, etc.
• Fossils
• Islands
• Coral reefs
• Capes, peninsulas, points
• Bays, inlets, coves, straits, etc.
• Beaches
9.2 Hydrological resources
• Oceanic water
• Rivers, streams, underwater currents, etc.
• Lakes, ponds, reservoirs, etc.
• Estuarine waters (freshwater, brackish, coastal lagoons, wetlands, marshes)
• Springs (hot, cold, sulphurous, etc.)
• Waterfalls
9.3 Biological resources
• Flora
o Main vegetation types: lowland rainforest, hill forest, montane forest, mangroves, grassland, etc.)
o Main species (most interesting, rarest, most beautiful, most characteristic of the area, etc.)
o Specific individual trees (with exact location)
• Fauna (species checklists, singling out target species)
o Invertebrates
o Fishes
o Reptiles and amphibians
o Birds
o Mammals
10. Cultural heritage attractions
10.1. Archaeological features
10.2. Local folklore or culture: ethnic groups, villages, architecture, dress, marketplace, food, dance and music, handicrafts, traditions, ceremonies, etc.
10.3. Historical and architectural landmarks
Supporting attractions.
11. Supporting attractions and tourism physical facilities.
11
1.1.1. Interpretative facilities and services: visitor centre, nature trails, guided walks, museum, reference book collection, video and slide-show facilities,
pamphlets, brochures
1.1.2. Transportation: boat rides, house-riding, canopy walkways, etc.
1.1.3. Infrastructure: lodging facilities, restaurants, canteens, souvenir shops, etc.
22
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
1.4.5
Determining sets of Guidelines Applicable to Each Site
In the following key, the site
must be interpreted broadly,
meaning that not only the area
within the boundary of land being
applied for (e.g., ownership,
development of tourism project,
etc.), but also the neighbouring
areas likely to be affected in any
way by the activity or proposal.
Source:www.benleow.com
Design of landscape feature is applied to the design of the welcoming
signage.
Table A1.3: Guidelines Applicable according for Site Characteristics
REF
1.
2.
3.
SITE CHARACTERISTICS
a. The site is entirely land-based
b. The site involves mainly river/lake tourism
c. The site involves mainly marine tourism
a. The site has significant limestone or cave areas and may also have other habitats
b. The site does not contain significant limestone or caves
a. The site includes at least some natural forest, whether it is disturbed or not (dry land forest, swamp forest, mangroves) and may include other vegetation types as
well
b. The site has no natural forest
a. The site is mainly lowland swamp, including mangroves
4.
b. This site is mainly dry lowland (below 750 metres, 2500 feet)
c. The site is mainly montane (above 750 metres, 2500 feet)
5.
a. The site includes natural vegetation other than forest (e.g., natural swamps, naturally occurring scrub or grassland)
b. The site has no natural vegetation
6.
8.
A1-A5, B1-B5, C5, D1-D5
See Ref 3
see Ref 4
see Ref 5
A1-A5, B1-B5, C3, C8, D1D5
A1-A5, B1-B5, C3, D1-D5
A1-A5, B1-B5, C2, C8, D1D5
A1-A5, B1-B5, C3, C8, D1D5
A1-A5, B1-B5, D1-D5
c. The site is coastal mainland, not an island
A1-A5, B1-B5, C2, C6, D1D5
A1-A5, B1-B5, C4, C6, C7,
D1-D5
A1-A5, B1-B5, C1,C7, D1D5
see Ref 8
a. The site includes mangrove forest
A1-A5, B1-B5, C3, D1-D5
a. The site is based upon a river but involves a combination of land and water based activities
a. The site and activities are water based
7.
GUIDELINES
APPLICABLE
see Ref 2
see Ref 6
see Ref 7
b. The site is an island at sea, or a reef
b. The site does not include mangrove
A1-A5, B1-B5, D1-D5
Volume 3
23
A2
GUIDELINES FOR ARCHITECTURAL AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN
2.1
2.4
Introduction
Guidance
This guideline serves as a code in physical
development for planning, design and
construction of infrastructure, building,
structures, utilities and landscape
design. This guideline is aligned with
the Uniform Building By- Law Act, which
integrates basic requirements to ensure
that the structure is safe and comfortable
for public use. The development
planning and design guidelines provide
the basic needs of having a sustainable
design that react positively to the site’s
inluences, the landscape character, the
building functions and user needs. The
guidelines aim to reduce the negative
impact of ecotourism to the environment
and local culture surrounding ecotourism
sites.
Target Audience
4. Ecotourism Site Management and
Maintenance Service providers; in
order to guide their management
physical plan and the quality of
service expectation that suits the
image of the Ecotourism Master
plan.
2.3
Objective
The Objectives are:
1. To ensure physical development has
minimal social and environmental
impact on site and its value.
2. To
ensure
an
appropriate
architectural design be implemented
accordingly and achieve its quality
level.
3. To promote construction method
24
Architectural Shape & Building
technology
This should relect the local climate,
architecture and cultural value. The
construction materials and design
element should be of environmentally
friendly products. Recycled materials
from natural product waste are highly
encouraged.
2.2
1. Professionals: Planners, Architects,
Landscape Architects, Engineers.
2. Local / State Authority as reference
in revising their architectural and
development plans.
3. Construction
industry
service
providers; in guiding their method of
strategy and method of construction.
2.4.1
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
and quality landscape design which
will provides comfort, safety and
enjoyment to the visitors.
1. Provide an architectural approach
consistent
with
environmental
philosophies
and
scientiic
principles. Avoid
inappropriate
merging of styles and use simple
design solutions wherever possible.
2. Building structures should be
compatible with the landscape,
while the heights of buildings should
be below the tree line or screened
by topographical features.
3. Avoid erecting concrete buildings
whenever
possible.
Concrete
structures are an eyesore in the
natural environment.
4. Promote Malaysian culture in the
decoration of the resort, e.g.: use
batik paintings.
5. Healthful Interior Environment;
ensure
that
materials
and
building systems do not emit toxic
substances and gasses into the
interior atmosphere. Clean and
revitalise interior air with iltration
and plantings.
6. Energy Eficiency; ensure that
building’s use of energy is minimal.
Use cooling, heating and lighting
systems that conserve or eliminate
energy use.
7. Environmental Form; the design
has to be related to the ecology of
the site, the nature of the region, the
climate, and the inhabitant’s culture
and needs.
8. Few ecological factors that can be
applied:
•
•
•
•
Cooling energy; gas-motor
chiller, cooling towers, etc.
Heat energy; Solar thermal
systems, etc.
Electrical energy; Wind energy
generator, photovoltaic, etc.
Water;
Pure/waste
water,
rainwater.
Viewing shelter made from sustainable materials such Tent cottages are made from bamboo which is locally sourced
as bamboo and palm fronds blend harmoniously with material and the fastest growing plant in the world.
the natural environment.
Observation hut attached to a tree for watching wildlife.
Volume 3
25
2.4.2
Landscape design
1. Use native or local plants in
landscape areas and plants with low
water consumption.
2. Design proper circulation to protect
the natural landscape by directing
visitors onto designated trails,
thereby helping to avoid disturbance
of fragile vegetation and prevent
erosion.
3. Design road and infrastructure
Boardwalk with highlighted
steps provides a safe path for
jungle trekking activities.
to consider wildlife connectivity /
corridors in the form of viaducts,
tunnels, riparian reserves alike.
4. Create
attractions
for
forest
exploration and adventure by
designating proper circulation of
low human impact to the natural
environment with elements such as
nature trail and canopy walk.
5. Design boardwalk to bring the visitor
7. Structural diversity; to achieve
richest wildlife habitat opportunities,
designers should seek to achieve
diverse vertical structure by including
the full range of vegetative layers
present in the native community from tree canopy where applicable,
through mid-layer and understory
species.
Canopy walkways give a thrilling experience and breathtaking view of the forest Fenced pathway with directional signage gives a guided exploration
at a high elevation.
of the forest whilst avoiding disturbance to its vegetation and its
ecosystem.
The `tree friendly’
canopy walkway is
designed without
rigging steel cables
directly on the trees.
26
and the interpreted feature together
in such a way that park features and
scenery can be enjoyed.
6. Gateways should project a sense
of the natural environment that
lies beyond the entry point and a
theme that is echoed consistently
throughout the park, and assist the
casual visitor with a sense of feeling
at home in the landscape.
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
Provision of adequate
facilities at nature
reserves attracts
passive recreational
activities and invaluable
educational experience
to the younger
generation.
2.4.3
2.4.5
Design for people
Minimum safety requirements
1. Recognise the optimal sociological
use-limits of the site as well as
safety convenient factors, suitable
siting of buildings depends on
functional considerations. Manmade
structures should interfere as little as
possible with the natural ecosystem.
2. The size and capacity of park
facilities could be determined
based on limiting factors such as
space, water and energy availability,
ecological vulnerability of area,
access and general site conditions.
The landscape character of the site
must not include urban features
causing the cultural landscape
to lose its sense of place in the
historical context.
3. Facilities for the disabled should
be provided where possible.
However, the rugged nature of
The building safety code should not
only guarantee the safety but at the
same time serve as a regulation that its
into various situations that could affect
construction work. The code should
contain basic principles and guidelines
to be followed in order to achieve
safety yet permits creative thinking and
some ecotourism sites and activities
precludes access for disabled
persons.
4. Accessibility to recreational trails
is particularly important. Park
designers should consider the
basic elements of designing and
constructing park facilities to make
them accessible to disabled persons
and provide education on wildlife,
native cultural resources, historic
features or natural features to
visitors.
5. Involve
local
community
in
operations
and
interpretation
to foster local pride and visitor
exposure to traditional values and
techniques.
Passive solar system design
This system requires the identiication
of a passive solar system that best suits
the microclimate and the loor plan; the
design should look into the size and
location of windows, door, skylight and
solar chimneys so that it is suited to the
plan and site location. The selection of
2.5
References
Ministry of Culture, Art and Tourism.
(1996). National Ecotourism Plan. http://
www.motac.gov.my/en/.../27-nationaleco-tourism-plan-part-1
Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment. (2012). Environmental
Best Practices Booklet. http://www.
dmpm.nre.gov.my/
2.4.4
innovation on the part of the designer
that will enlighten the best feature of the
ecology. The codes should also provide
suficient details to guide and control
the non-technical builder to develop a
safe structure and control the impacts of
construction on the environment.
Department
of
National
Parks,
Recreation, Sport and Racing. (June
2014). Best Practice Ecotourism
Development Guidelines. State of
Queensland.
Osman Mohd Tahir, Mohd Nazri Saidon,
Arnis Aziz (2010). Sustainable Design
Facilities for Ecotourism Development in
Kota Marudu, Sabah. Faculty of Design
and Architecture, Universiti Putra
Malaysia.
exterior materials should not only work
well with the external environment
but also have thermal and insulation
properties for the exterior surfaces.
Rooms and zones should be sized to
minimize unwanted iniltration of heat.
Volume 3
27
A3
GUIDELINES FOR ENSURING LOCAL
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
3.1
3.4
Introduction
Guidance
Active local participation and also gaining
direct beneits are two major principles
of ecotourism. Ecotourism that does
not beneit local communities directly or
indirectly may not achieve the strategy
set out to elevate the socio-economic
condition of the population within the
protected and ecotourism areas. A
clear planning framework is needed to
guide all stakeholders in planning and
managing ecotourism sites in relation to
this.
3.2
Target Audience
Site authority / managers, private
investors,
planners,
regulating
government agencies.
3.3
Objective
To ensure economic and equitable social
beneits through local participation,
existing social and community structure
should be embedded into any new
ecotourism plan at the earliest stage.
Participation of local communities in economic activities
can promote the local culture, and at the same time to
improve the living standard of locals.
28
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
A plan and framework to encourage
local community participation should be
developed and highlight the following
aspects:
1. Identiies a list of economic activities
that can be participated by the local
community and develop capital
inance mechanism for them to
participate.
2. Identiies potential local leaders
and communal committee with a
drive to be the representatives in all
stakeholder forums and communal
participation initiatives.
3. Researches and gather feedback
from locals on what might be viewed
positively or negatively to ensure the
plan achieves realistic goals.
4. Seeks out potential ecotourism
products and services that provide
equitable gender opportunities to
women.
5. Offers concession, capital funding
or assistance to local community
to solely or co-manage ecotourism
sites or speciic activities.
6. Explores various options for skill
training to ensure locals adaptation
to employment demand.
7. Empowers
locals
for
selfdetermination and to move up the
economical chain eventually by
running their own businesses or
become the partners.
8. Addresses the issue of inlation and
minimizes economic leakages to
outsiders.
9. Identiies potential direct, indirect and
induced negative social and cultural
impacts to the local community
and use the indings to formulate
controls and capacity limits. This
process should be preceded by a
Social Impact Assessment (SIA).
10. Includes
ecological
and
environmental awareness training
program to ensure the locals do no
longer practice any activities that
will damage or degrade ecotourism
assets.
Concession, capital funding and/or assistance are
provided to locals who can solely or co-manages
ecotourism sites or speciic activities.
A4
GUIDELINES ON MANAGING TENDERS AND BIDS
4.1
4.4
Introduction
Guidance
The management of tenders and bids
involves the planning, operational and
monitoring process of contract services
and supplies to be carried out in a fair
manner. Most ecotourism sites, operating
4.2
Target Audience
Site authority / managers and inancial
administrators responsible for the sites.
under the government inancial treasury
procedures, obtain the services in a fair,
competitive manner.
4.4.1
Selection Criteria
The selection criteria should be spelled
out so that the basis for selection
is understood well in advance. Site
authority / managers should ensure
that the criteria for selection are in
full public knowledge and also the
potential bidders. If services rendered
have standard rates, the bid managers
may follow the existing ‘queue’ system
where interested bidders are required to
register with the site authority / managers
or the technical project managers and
the award of works are commissioned
on a rotation basis.
4.3
Objective
To manage tenders and bids in a
responsible and cost-effective manner
to reduce or avoid burdens upon
existing staff, to allow local economic
development and to ensure beneits to
local communities.
Volume 3
29
4.4.2
4.4.5
Local Community Involvement
Relaxation on the Electronic
Tenders and Bids
The concept of ecotourism is enhanced
by giving preference of economic
beneits to local companies especially
those operated by local community
or native cooperatives. The tender
should indicate the preference of local
companies. The concept of ‘Gotong-
royong’ where there is a cooperative
effort by local communities, as allowed
within the government treasury circulars
should be continued in order to enhance
marginalised local economy and the
sharing of beneit to a wider local
communities.
4.4.3
Analysis of Positive and
Negative Impact
In doing the analysis before the tender
award, two independent subcommittees
should be formed for evaluation and
analysis of technical and inancial
impacts. The minimal cost bids should
not be the main criteria for decision of
award. The higher authority, based on
the recommendations of the two subcommittees, makes the inal decision
for the award. The second best bid
should be reserved and be awarded
should the irst bidder withdraw or is
later terminated for any reasons e.g.
incompetency. This system is to ensure
smooth low of service award so as not
to repeat the whole process of bidding,
evaluation and award.
4.4.4
Assurance of Non-Contradiction
to other Legislation and
Guidelines
1. All services should adhere to the
site legislation and related policies
of the governing body.
2. In
ensuring
enforcement
of
guidelines, all guidelines of this
plan should be incorporated into the
contracts and agreements.
30
3. All plans for tenders should
complement and fall within the
overall management objectives and
plans of the ecotourism site.
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
The new inancial policy of conducting
tender awards on-line may not give an
equal chance to all petty traders within
the vicinity of ecotourism sites as they
may lack access to the information
and communication technology. Site
authority/managers should be aware
of this problem and should allow this
procurement process to be done
manually in order to ensure local
economy participation. If this process is
not allowed within the standard treasury
procedures, site authority/managers
should get special approvals so as to
ensure that local community traders/
contractors have equal opportunities to
participate.
A5
GUIDELINES ON ASSESSING TOURISM POTENTIAL ON SITES
5.1
5.4
Introduction
Guidance
This guideline serves as a way for
stakeholders to assess the tourism
potential of a site.
A checklist containing the various key
components should be developed to
assist stakeholders in developing the
ecotourism concept of a potential site.
Examples of key components that
should be considered in the checklist
are as follows:
5.2
1. Ecotourism Site Recognition
• Is there any recognition for the site?
(UNESCO, Ramsar, International
Bird Area, etc.)
2. Current Tourism Status
• Is the ecotourism site a tourism site
or recreational site?
3. Current Target Market
• Is the ecotourism site target market
to onl
Sabah
Source :www.wildtrips.com.sg
Volume 3
1
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016-2025
Volume 3 : Guidelines
MINISTRY OF TOURISM AND CULTURE
MALAYSIA
No. 2, Tower 1, Jalan P5/6
Presint 5
62200 Putrajaya
June 2016
About This Report…
The National Ecotourism Plan (NEP) 2016-2025
consists of 3 volumes:
1
Volume 1
Main Report
Volume 1 contains the recommendations of this
Plan. Recommendations are divided into two major
categories, which are Strategies and Actions; and
Ecotourism Clusters. An Implementation Action Plan
maps the recommendations in a timeline to show
which actions should be prioritised in order for other
actions to take place.
2
Volume 2
Technical Report
The second volume of the report contains the outline of
the study process, as well as a comprehensive analysis
of the state of the ecotourism industry in Malaysia. The
indings of the analysis was used as the basis for the
formulation of recommendations. An examination of
the various deinitions of ecotourism, existing relevant
policies and plans, and current state of ecotourism
marketing, investments and concessions are among
the key contents of this volume.
3
Volume 3
Guidelines
The third volume of this Plan contains the appendices,
which includes the guidelines and contents of recent
review of the 1996 National Ecotourism Plan. The
guidelines make up the irst section, and are included
to help guide development and activities in ecotourism
areas. The second section contains the review of the
1996 National Ecotourism Plan. The third section of
this volume is a list of references.
Volume 3
5
CHAPTER 1
Ecotourism Guidelines
Content
6
Page
Content
Page
A1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Guidelines for Regional Site Planning &
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
15
15
15
15
16
A3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Guidelines for Ensuring Local Community Participation
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
26
26
26
26
26
A2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Guidelines for Architectural & Landscape Design
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
References
22
22
22
22
22
25
A4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Guidelines for Managing Tenders & Bids
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
27
27
27
27
27
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
Content
Page
Content
Page
A5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
Guidelines on Assessing Tourism Potential on Sites
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
References
29
29
29
29
29
30
B5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
Guidelines on Managing Health & Safety
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
References
48
48
48
48
48
49
A6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
Guidelines for Developing Ecolodges in National Parks
Introduction
Objective
Planning, Design and Construction
Operation
Community Development
Conservation Role
31
31
31
32
33
36
37
C1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Guidelines on Marine Parks & Islands
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
50
50
50
50
50
B1
38
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Guidelines on Carrying Capacity & the Limits of
Acceptable Change
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
References
C2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Guidelines on National Parks, Reserves & Other Forest
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
52
52
52
52
52
B2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Guidelines for Developing Ecolodges in National Parks
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
42
42
42
42
42
C3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Guidelines on Mangrove Sites
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
54
54
54
54
54
B3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Guidelines on Managing Health & Safety
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
43
43
43
43
43
B4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
Guidelines on Solid Waste Management
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
References
46
46
46
46
46
47
38
38
38
38
41
Volume 3
7
Content
Content
Page
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Guidelines on Recreational Forest Reserves
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
56
56
56
56
56
D2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Guidelines for Minimising Negative Environmental Impacts
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
65
65
65
65
65
C5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
Guidelines on Limestone Hills & Cave Sites
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
57
57
57
57
57
D3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Guidelines for Minimising Negative Cultural Impacts
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
67
67
67
67
67
C6
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Guidelines on Rivers, Waterfalls & Lakes
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
59
59
59
59
59
D4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Guidelines for Monitoring Local Community Participation
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
69
69
69
69
69
C7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
Guidelines on Beach Sites
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
61
61
61
61
61
D5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
Guidelines for Infrastructure, Amenities & Maintanance
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
References
70
70
70
70
70
73
C8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
Guidelines on Montane Areas
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
62
62
62
62
62
D1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Guidelines for Monitoring Site Development
Introduction
Target Audience
Objective
Guidance
63
63
63
63
63
C4
8
Page
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
CHAPTER 2
Assessment of the State of Implementation of the 1996 National
Ecotourism Plan
Content
A2.1
A2.2
A2.3
A2.4
A2.5
A2.6
A2.7
A2.8
Review on the 37 Issues
Review on Action Plan
Action Plan on Implementing the National Ecotourism Plan
Action Plan on Site Planning & Management
Action Plans on Institutional Strengthening &
Capacity Building
Review on the 25 Guidelines of the National
Ecotourism Plan 1996
Guidelines on Categorising Sites & Activities Guidelines on
Carrying Capacity & Limit of
Acceptable Change
Page
76
96
97
104
117
Content
A2.9
A2.10
A2.11
Page
127
129
141
Guideline on Ecosystem
Guidelines on Speciic Practices
Review on Priority Projects
125
126
127
Volume 3
9
List of Figures
Contents
A1.1
A1.2
A2.3
A1.4
A2.1
Key Management Plan for Regional Planning of an
Ecotourism Site; Example of Endau-Rompin
National Park
Development / Management Zones – Example:
Endau-Rompin National Park
Simple Version of Site Zoning Plan
Example sketches of environmental guidelines
The Ecotourism Guidelines by Categories
List of Tables
Page
Contents
16
A1.1
17
A1.2
A1.3
17
65
125
A1.4
A2.1
A2.2
A2.3
A2.4
A2.5
A2.6
A2.7
A2.8
A2.9
A2.10
A2.11
A2.12
A2.13
10
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
Page
Development / Management Zones – Example:
Endau-Rompin National Park
Format for Inventory of Ecotourism Attractions
Guidelines Applicable according for Site
Characteristics
Guidance
17
Review of issues highlighted in the 1996 National
Ecotourism Plan
National Ecotourism Plan 1996 Action Plans
Action Plans for Implementing the National
Ecotourism Plan, 1996
The Action Plan for the Site Planning and
76
Management of the National Ecotourism Plan, 1996
Areas Protected Since 1995
Interventions on Ecotourism Sites
Legal Status of Ecotourism Sites
The Action Plan for the Site Planning and
Management of the National Ecotourism Plan, 1996
Guideline 14 Interpretation, Education and Guide
Training Assessment
Guideline 15 Codes of Ethics within the Profession
The Implementation of Code of Conduct
The Implementation of Code of Ethics
The Review of the Priority Projects
19
21
16
96
97
104
106
108
109
117
131
133
134
135
141
List Of Acronyms
A
ACB
ACE
ADEX
AHP
APAP
ASEAN
ATSP
-
B
BA
BIMP-EAGA BOT
BSIP
C
-
CBET
CCA
CESA
CFS
CITES
-
COAC
CPTED
CRAM
CRNP
CSP
CSR
CTI-CFF
-
CTMPAS
CUZ
-
D
DCG
DEMA
DID
DMO
DOC
DOE
DRT
DVMC
DVRTP
DWNP
ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity
Adventure, Culture and Ecotourism
Asia Dive Expo
ASEAN Heritage Park
Asian Protected Areas Partnership
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASEAN Tourism Strategic Plan
Borneo Adventure
Brunei Darussalam-Indonesia-MalaysiaPhilippines East ASEAN Growth Area
Built Operate and Transfer
Business Study and Implementation Plan
Community-Based Ecotourism
Community Conserved Areas
Coastal Environmentally Sensitive Areas
Central Forest Spine
Convention On International Trade In Endangered
Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora
Centre for Orang Asli Concerns
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
Car Rental Association Malaysia
Coral Reef National Park
Commercial Services Programme
Corporate Social Responsibility
Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries
and Food Security
Coral Triangle MPA System
Community Use Zones
E
EAA
EAFM
EAIC
ECER
EEZ
EIA
ELITE
EOI
EPP
EPU
ETP
-
The Ecotourism Association of Australia
Ecosystem Approach to Management of Fisheries
Enforcement Agency Integrity Commission
East Coast Economic Region
Exclusive Economic Zone
Environmental Impact Assessment
Expressway Lingkaran Tengah
Expression of Interest
Entry Point Projects
Economic Planning Unit
Economic Transformation Programme
FAM Trip
FDI
FGD
FHDC
FINAS
FIT
FLEGT-VPA
-
FMU
FORMADAT
-
FRIM
-
Familiarisation Trip
Foreign Direct Investment
Focus Group Discussion
Fraser’s Hill Development Corporation
National Film Development Corporation Malaysia
Free Independent Traveller
Forest Legality Enforcement Governance and TradeVoluntary Partnership Agreement
Forest Management Unit
Alliance of the Indigenous Peoples of Borneo
Highlands Forum
Forest Research Institute Of Malaysia
-
General Border Committee
Global Environment Facility
Greenhouse Gases
Geographic Information System
Goods and Services Tax
Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria
Government Transformation Programme
-
High Conservation Value Forest
Hindu Kush-Karakorum-Himalaya
Hotel Operators Association
Heart of Borneo
-
Intensive English Communication Skills Programme
The International Ecotourism Society
Iskandar Malaysia
Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle
Iskandar Regional Development Authority
Investment Tax Allowance
International Union for Conservation of Nature
F
G
GBC
GEF
GHG
GIS
GST
GSTC
GTP
H
-
Destination Coordination Groups
Diving Equipment & Marketing Association
Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Destination Management Organisation
Department of Conservation
Department of Environment
Diving Resort Travel
Danum Valley Management Committee
Danum Valley Research & Training Programme
Department of Wildlife and National Parks
HCVF
HKKH
HOA
HoB
I
ICSP
IES
IM
IMT-GT
IRDA
ITA
IUCN
Volume 3
11
J
JAKOA
JKKK
JKR
JPBD
JPSM
JSIC
-
Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli
Village Development and Security Committee
Jabatan Kerja Raya
Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa
Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia
Johor State Investment Centre
KBJ
KEJORA
KePKAS
KETENGAH
KIA
KiTA
-
KKLW
KLIA
KOKTAS
KOPEL
KPKT
KPSAS
-
KTCC
KTMB
KUNITA
-
Koperasi Bersatu Jaya
Lembaga Kemajuan Johor Tenggara
Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Environment Sabah
Lembaga Kemajuan Terengganu Tengah
Kuching International Airport
Kinabatangan – Corridor of Life Tourism Operators
Association
Ministry of Rural and Regional Development
Kuala Lumpur International Airport
Koperasi Serbaguna Kakitangan Taman Sabah
Koperasi Pelancongan Misowalai Homestay
Ministry of Housing and Local Government
Kementerian Perancangan Sumber dan Alam
Sekitar Sarawak
Kuala Terengganu City Centre
Kereta Api Tanah Melayu Berhad
Kumpulan Wanita Nelayan
K
L
LAC
LADA
LEAP
LIDR
LKSW
-
Malaysia International Expo
Mixed Martial Arts
Malaysia Mega Biodiversity Hub
Multimedia University
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
Malaysian Nature Society
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Culture, Arts and Tourism
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Higher Education
Ministry of Transportation
Ministry of Tourism and Culture
Ministry of Tourism
Memorandum of Understanding
Marine Protected Area
Majlis Perbandaran Taiping
Ministry of Resource Planning & Environment
Malaysia Sport Tourism Council
Malaysia Timber Council
Malaysia Timber Certiication Scheme
Ministry of Tourism and Environmental Development
Malaysian Tourist Guides Council
Malaysia Tourism Promotion Board
Malaysia Convention & Exhibition Bureau
Malaysia Tourism Quality Assurance
-
National Property Information Centre
Nature Based Tourism
Northern Corridor Economic Region
Northern Corridor Implementation Agency
National Ecotourism Plan
Nature Education Research Centre
National Ecotourism Steering Committee
National Ecotourism Committee
National Forest Policy
Non-Governmental Organisation
National Key Economic Area
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Park
National Policy on Biological Diversity
National Physical Plan
North-South Expressway
N
-
Limits of Acceptable Change
Langkawi Development Authority
Land Empowerment Animals People
Lankayan Island Dive Resort
Lower Kinabatangan Segama Wetlands
MAB
MADA
MAH
MAHO
MATTA
MCG
MDEC
MEA
MESCOT
-
METT
MICE
MIDA
-
Man and Biosphere
Lembaga Kemajuan Pertanian Muda
Malaysian Association of Hotels
Malaysian Association of Hotel Owners
Malaysian Association of Tour & Travel Agents
Malaysian Culture Group
Multimedia Development Corporation
Malaysian Ecotourism Association
Model for Ecologically Sustainable Community
Tourism
Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool
Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions
Malaysian Investment Development Authority
M
12
MIDE
MMA
MMBH
MMU
MNRE
MNS
MOA
MOCAT
MOF
MOHE
MOT
MOTAC
MOTOUR
MOU
MPA
MPT
MRPE
MSTC
MTC
MTCS
MTED
MTGC
MTPB
MYCEB
MYTQA
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
NAPIC
NBT
NCER
NCIA
NEP
NERC
NESC
NETC
NFP
NGO
NKEA
NOAA
NP
NPBD
NPP
NSE
List Of Acronyms
P
PA
PABC
PATA
PDS
PEFC
PEMANDU
PERHILITAN
-
PEWANIS
PHM
PILA
PKENP
PKNP
PL
PLC
PLUS
PPCEC
-
PRF
PS
PSF
-
R
RCM
RECODA
REDD
-
ReHUB
ROI
-
S
SAP
SCORE
SDC
SEARRP
SEATRU
SEDC
SEDIA
SFC
SFD
SIA
SIMCA
SJER
SKM
SL
SME
-
Protected Area
Protected Areas and Biodiversity Conservation
Paciic Asia Travel Association
Product Development Strategies
Endorsement of Forest Certiication
Performance Management & Delivery Unit
Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman
Negara
Pengusaha Wanita Setiu
Persatuan Homestay Malaysia
Perhentian Island Ladies Association
Perlis State Economic Development Corporation
Pahang State Development Corporation
Primary Linkage
Public Listed Company
Projek Lebuhraya Usaha Sama Berhad
Pulau Perhentian Community Ecotourism
Co-operative
Permanent Reserve Forests
Pioneer Status
Peat Swamp Forest
Reef Check Malaysia
Regional Corridor Development Authority
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest
Degradation
Real Estate Hub
Return On Investment
Special Area Plan
Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy
Sabah Development Corridor
South East Asia Rainforest Research Programme
Sea Turtle Research Unit
Sarawak Economic Development Corporation
Sabah Economic Development and Investment
Authority
Sarawak Forestry Corporation
Sarawak / Sabah Forestry Department
Social Impact Assessment
Sugud Islands Marine Conservation Area
South Johor Economic Region
Suruhanjaya Koperasi Malaysia
Secondary Linkage
Small Medium Enterprise
SOSEK
MALINDO
SPA
SSIC
SSJTCC
-
Committee on Social Economic Malaysia - Indonesia
-
SSL
SSTVP
STF
STPC
SWD
-
Strategic Plan of Action
Selangor State Investment Centre Berhad
Sabah Sarawak Joint Tourism Cooperation &
Collaboration
Sutera Sanctuary Lodge
Sarawak Sea Turtle Volunteer Programme
Special Tourism Fund
State Tourism Promotion Corporation
Sabah Wildlife Department
-
Tourism Concession
Turtle Conservation Society
Thailand Dive Expo
Traditional Ecological Knowledge
Terengganu Nature Guide Association
Unit Peneraju Agenda Bumiputera
Tourist Guide Association
Tourism, Hotel Investment, Networking Conference
Tourist Information Centre
The International Ecotourism Society
Tourism Infrastructure Fund
Taman Negara National Park
Terms of Reference
Totally Protected Areas
Tourism Planning Research Group, UTM
Tungog Rainforest Eco Camp
Tourist Safety and Security Network
UKAS
UNDP
UNEP
UNESCO
-
UNWTO
UPEN
USAID
USM
USP
UTM
-
Unit Kerjasama Awam Swasta
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Environment Programme
United Nations Educational, Scientiic and Cultural
Organisation
United Nations World Tourism Organisation
Unit Perancangan Ekonomi Negeri
U.S. Agency for International Development
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Unique Selling Proposition
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
-
World Federation of Tourist Guide Associations
World Wide Fund for Nature
T
TC
TCS
TDEX
TEK
TENAGA
TERAJU
TGA
THNC
TIC
TIES
TIF
TNNP
TOR
TPA
TPRG
TREC
TSSN
U
W
WFTGA
WWF
Volume 3
13
14
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
CHAPTER 1
Ecotourism Guidelines
Volume 3
15
ECOTOURISM GUIDELINES
Preface
Appendix 1 comprises of a compilation
of guidelines for ecotourism sites.
Prepared by experts, these guidelines
are developed from the guidelines
originally prv epared for the National
Ecotourism
Plan
1996.
Where
necessary, they have been revised and
strengthened, taking into consideration
the most recent updates and trends in
ecotourism development.
The aims of these ecotourism guidelines
are:
•
•
•
•
To address speciic activities and
functions in all ecotourism areas.
To
guide
management
and
monitoring of sites in speciic
practices.
To form basis for standards of best
practice.
To be the foundation for subsequent
evaluation and improvement.
SECTION
SECTION A
SECTION B
SECTION C
SECTION D
16
In the 1996 Plan, the guidelines were
categorized in the following groups:
1. Categorizing Sites and Activities.
2. Carrying Capacity and Limits of
Acceptable Change.
3. Guidelines on Ecosystems.
4. Speciic Practices.
For this study, the categorization has
been adjusted. The guidelines are
now listed according to the life cycle
of an ecotourism site i.e. planning,
management and operation stages.
The guidelines are now grouped in
the following manner and with subsets
guidelines:
ECOTOURISM SITE LIFECYCLE
Regional, site planning and development
Site management
Guidelines on ecosystems
Monitoring and review
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
GUIDELINES
A1-A6
B1-B5
C1-C8
D1-D5
In general, the guidelines form a basis
for planning, design, development,
management
and
operation
of
ecotourism sites. Each guideline
speciies the target audience, and the
scope of the guideline is focused for
the speciic purposes. The guidelines
can however be used by any interested
party who ind the information useful.
Each guideline is presented in a
standardized format with the following
main headings:
1. Introduction to the Guide.
2. Speciication of the target audience
for whom the guide is made.
3. The objective of the guide.
4. The Guidance.
A1
GUIDELINES FOR REGIONAL SITE
PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
1.1
Introduction
This guideline serves to aid decision
makers, landowners and planners for
proper site selection, e-zoning and
planning, layout design, infrastructure
and utilities layout, earth works and
others related to land uses and special
requirements.
The
development
planning guidelines lists the basic criteria
of having a sustainable design that has
a positive effect on the sites.
1.2
Target Audience
Planners for planning the use of the site
and its natural resources for ecotourism
State and Local Authorities pertaining
to approvals for land requirement,
site location selection, and road and
infrastructure development. Land owner
and developers in determining the scale
of development, the zoning plans and
development component
National / State Technical department
that are involved directly or indirectly
within the allocated area for ecotourism
development.
1.3
Objective
To streamline the overall planning and
positioning of a tourism development
component of an ecotourism product
within the regional and site setting
without resulting in negative implications
towards the natural resources and
environment.
Volume 3
17
1.4
Guidance
1.4.1
Regional Planning
Planning of an ecotourism site needs
to extend beyond the site itself into
a wider context, to include the site’s
surrounding region. This is required as
a means to deine the environmental
goals of an ecotourism site as part
of the main component of a region’s
natural resources planning. Ecotourism
sites located within protected areas and
naturally rich zones should be planned
holistically and integrate the following
components in the management zone
framework:
1. To ensure ecotourism sites are
serviced with good key gateway
towns
2. To ensure the ecotourism resources
are totally protected (core protection
area)
3. To protect the site’s integrity as a
national ecotourism site in the long
run
4. To provide ample buffers to the
ecotourism site from adjacent
nonforested uses
5. To provide alternative attractions
within the surrounding areas such
as nature experience zones and
adventure parks which target lowmedium margin / high volume
mass tourism market and domestic
tourists
6. To accommodate wildlife corridors
and potential lora and fauna
connections
7. To provide connectivity to other
symbiotically important ecosystems
(riparian reserves and coastal
areas)
An example of a wider region planning
for ecotourism sites is shown in the key
management zone for Endau Rompin
National Park (refer Figure A1.1).
Figure A1.1: Key Management Plan for Regional Planning of an Ecotourism Site; Example of Endau-Rompin National
Park
Source: Strategic Implementation Plan for Endau-Rompin National Park Tourism Development, ECERDC.
18
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
1.4.2
Site planning in the form of a Development Zoning Plan
The site will be classiied or categorised
into different areas based on the type of
use and planned development. Types of
management zones can be demarcated
(example proposed by the Strategic
Implementation Plan for Taman Negara
Endau Rompin Tourism Development)
as listed below and elaborated in Table
A1.1.
Zoning can be assisted with the
application
of
the
Geographic
Information System (GIS) as a tool
to classify and demarcate areas with
sensitive environments. Location of
facilities and construction sites are
to utilise the area with minimal tree
clearing to avoid unnecessary felling
and the use of heavy machineries. The
details of the management zones are
as shown in Figure A1.2. Figure A1.3
provides a simpler version of ecotourism
site zoning, which provides the basis
for planning, although it might not be
suficient enough.
Table A1.1: Development / Management Zones – Example: Endau-Rompin National Park.
MANAGEMENT
ZONE
Absolute
Protection Zone
Strictly
Controlled Low
Impact
Ecotourism
Zone
Controlled Low
Impact
Ecotourism
Zone
Ecotourism and
Science
Research Base
Camp Zone
FUNCTION
Areas within the ecotourism site whereby protection
is of utmost importance for conserving and
maintaining the ecological integrity of the ecosystem
for the benefit of global and national conservation,
science and people.
Areas that allow a controlled and limited number of
ecotourism visitors and scientists. Advanced
booking, permits and guides are necessary to
access the trails and river corridors beyond the main
ecotourism base camp zone.
Areas that allow a limited number of ecotourism
visitors and scientists. Permits and guides are
necessary to access the trails and river corridors
adjacent to the main ecotourism base camp zone.
Areas that allow development of base camp
accommodations for ecotourism visitors and
scientists, as well as associated facilities for
administration personnel at each of the three main
base camps to the Park. Recreational and
environmental education activities within the zone,
which are not conflicting with the conservation
objectives of the park, are to be readily accessible
and promoted.
LESSER TOURISTS
A sustainable site plan should be
developed for each ecotourism site
that results in minimum environmental
impacts and should be incorporated
in the Management Plan for each
site. The preparation of the plan is a
collaborative approach which involves
landscape
architects,
architects,
engineers,
environmental
experts,
botanist, biologist, and local community
stakeholders such as the Orang Asli and
State land owners at the early stage.
This will give wellcoordinated inputs
based on their expertise to facilitate the
development of a comprehensive and
sustainable site plan.
Source: Strategic Implementation Plan for Endau-Rompin National Park Tourism Development,
ECERDC
Figure A1.2: Development / Management Zones – Example: Endau-Rompin National Park
Source: Strategic Implementation Plan for Endau-Rompin National Park Tourism Development, ECERDC
Figure A2.3: Simple Version of Site Zoning Plan
Volume 3
19
1.4.3
Planning for Sustainable Tourism Support and Infrastructure
Nature is tied to its own independent
rhythm that progresses and changes
all the time. It cannot be synchronised
to suit peak seasons just to ensure
visitors can enjoy all the splendour it
has to offer. In cases where human
intervention is forced upon nature, it
is almost certain that the outcome is
always catastrophic. For example, such
negative impacts in ecotourism sites
are visible where engineering attempts
to raise the water level by damming is
done to enable all year round boating
experience for visitors. In doing so,
nature’s rhythm is broken and the local
lora and fauna and local communities
are severely affected when the wet
and dry seasons cannot be mitigated
by the ecosystem services provided
by lakes, wetlands and waterways. For
ecotourism to be sustainably executed,
the local phenology must be respected
and maintained.
20
Ecotourism cannot arrange nature to
make holidaymaking pleasurable all
the time. It arranges events so that
visitors are balanced and enlightened
by the natural cycle of life. All 50 sites
proposed by the 2013 Review Plan
respects the phenology of individual
sites. It recognises that not all sites can
be accessed or fully showcased all year
around due to biological, monsoonal
and geological inluences.
In other words, it should never be the
intention for somebody to visit a natural
area for the interest of tourism facilities
or services.
Increasing number of visitor, extension of
visitor season, increases in the duration
of stay and installation of various
features such as boardwalks, hides,
viewing towers, visitor centres and ecolodges are likely to have, if unmitigated,
a range of adverse environmental
impacts. vThese might include:
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
1. Direct habitat loss; There will be direct
loss of habitat and displacement
and fatalities of associated species
(fatalities being more signiicant
for less mobile species) resulting
from necessary site clearance and
construction.
2. Disturbance; Effects of disturbance
on biodiversity are hard to measure.
Certain species and habitats are
more vulnerable to disturbance than
the others are, whether during the
construction phase or the operational
stage of the project (e.g. disturbance
caused by visitors). Disturbance
effects would need to be managed
using the latest indings from
research on disturbance effects on
the component species, extrapolating
from the best available parallel studies
where speciic studies have not been
undertaken.
3. Construction works; Construction
works would have to be timed where
possible to avoid key breeding periods
of speciic species which do not breed
year-round. Substrate compaction
would have to be avoided or limited.
Any installations adjacent to rivers or
on steep hillsides would need to be
carefully assessed in terms of their
likely inluence on sedimentation and
erosion dynamics.
4. Hydrological Change; The whole forest
ecosystem, particularly the habitat
along the river corridors, is particularly
vulnerable to looding and to more
subtle changes in the hydrological
regime. Scheduled inspections and
audits on the building, equipment or
any facilities with a standard form of
records will help continue to control
the physical development impacts to
the existing ecology and monitor any
changes to the environment. Each
should implement similar monitoring
methods for easy reference and data
collection.
1.4.4
Producing an Inventory of Ecotourism Attraction
A very important task for the
administration of a protected area
in ecotourism product planning is
conducting a detailed inventory of the
ecotourism attractions found in the area.
This inventory must be as complete and
detailed as possible, but it should not be
perceived as an exhaustive, scientiic list
of all the species of plants and animals
in that area or as a complete catalogue
of ruins of buildings and other cultural
artefacts in the case of an archaeological
site.
Rather, the inventory must be seen as
description of those features in the area
that constitute the main attractions to
tourists. The language used in preparing
inventories should be simple, easily
understood by the layman and not overly
technical or scientiic.
The following format is suggested in
preparing an inventory of ecotourism
attractions as shown in Table A1.2.
Table A1.2: Format for Inventory of Ecotourism Attractions
POINTS
1 to 8
COVERAGE
Basic features.
FORMAT FOR INVENTORY OF ECOTOURISM ATTRACTIONS
1. Name and status (protected category) of the site
2. Geographical location (including a location sketch, latitude, longitude, altitude above sea level)
3. Extent of area (hectares)
4. Means of access and entry points
5. Internal circulation
5.1 Vehicular roads and parking areas
5.2 Pedestrian paths, walks and trails
5.3 Equestrian trails
5.4 Bicycle or off-road vehicle routes
5.5 Water routes
6. Brief description of overall visual resources
6.1 Basic terrain varieties: abrupt topography, moderate slopes, practically flat, etc.
6.2 Variety of geomorphological features: jagged peaks, rounded hills, cliffs, ravines, caves, islands, etc.
6.3 Variety of hydrological features: sea, rivers, beaches, lakes, lagoons, reservoirs, waterfalls, hot springs, etc.
6.4 Variety of vegetation patterns: highly or moderately varied, practically uniformed
6.5 Effects of land uses (lack or presence of discordant visual elements: buildings, utility lines, deforested areas, highways, etc.)
7. Climate patterns
7.1. Temperature
7.2. Precipitation
7.3. Winds (speed, direction)
7.4. Humidity
7.5. Air pressure
7.6. Cloudiness
8. Comfort indexes: hot, warm, fresh, cool, extremely cold, humid and dry.
Volume 3
21
POINTS COVERAGE
FORMAT FOR INVENTORY OF ECOTOURISM ATTRACTIONS
Material that may include 9. Natural attractions
9 & 10
9.1 Geological / geomorphological features
flagship attractions and
complementary
• Mountains
attractions.
• Inter montane valleys, basins, plains
• Ravines, gorges
• Cliffs
• Boulders, balancing rocks, etc.
• Caves
• Sand dunes, sand banks, etc.
• Fossils
• Islands
• Coral reefs
• Capes, peninsulas, points
• Bays, inlets, coves, straits, etc.
• Beaches
9.2 Hydrological resources
• Oceanic water
• Rivers, streams, underwater currents, etc.
• Lakes, ponds, reservoirs, etc.
• Estuarine waters (freshwater, brackish, coastal lagoons, wetlands, marshes)
• Springs (hot, cold, sulphurous, etc.)
• Waterfalls
9.3 Biological resources
• Flora
o Main vegetation types: lowland rainforest, hill forest, montane forest, mangroves, grassland, etc.)
o Main species (most interesting, rarest, most beautiful, most characteristic of the area, etc.)
o Specific individual trees (with exact location)
• Fauna (species checklists, singling out target species)
o Invertebrates
o Fishes
o Reptiles and amphibians
o Birds
o Mammals
10. Cultural heritage attractions
10.1. Archaeological features
10.2. Local folklore or culture: ethnic groups, villages, architecture, dress, marketplace, food, dance and music, handicrafts, traditions, ceremonies, etc.
10.3. Historical and architectural landmarks
Supporting attractions.
11. Supporting attractions and tourism physical facilities.
11
1.1.1. Interpretative facilities and services: visitor centre, nature trails, guided walks, museum, reference book collection, video and slide-show facilities,
pamphlets, brochures
1.1.2. Transportation: boat rides, house-riding, canopy walkways, etc.
1.1.3. Infrastructure: lodging facilities, restaurants, canteens, souvenir shops, etc.
22
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
1.4.5
Determining sets of Guidelines Applicable to Each Site
In the following key, the site
must be interpreted broadly,
meaning that not only the area
within the boundary of land being
applied for (e.g., ownership,
development of tourism project,
etc.), but also the neighbouring
areas likely to be affected in any
way by the activity or proposal.
Source:www.benleow.com
Design of landscape feature is applied to the design of the welcoming
signage.
Table A1.3: Guidelines Applicable according for Site Characteristics
REF
1.
2.
3.
SITE CHARACTERISTICS
a. The site is entirely land-based
b. The site involves mainly river/lake tourism
c. The site involves mainly marine tourism
a. The site has significant limestone or cave areas and may also have other habitats
b. The site does not contain significant limestone or caves
a. The site includes at least some natural forest, whether it is disturbed or not (dry land forest, swamp forest, mangroves) and may include other vegetation types as
well
b. The site has no natural forest
a. The site is mainly lowland swamp, including mangroves
4.
b. This site is mainly dry lowland (below 750 metres, 2500 feet)
c. The site is mainly montane (above 750 metres, 2500 feet)
5.
a. The site includes natural vegetation other than forest (e.g., natural swamps, naturally occurring scrub or grassland)
b. The site has no natural vegetation
6.
8.
A1-A5, B1-B5, C5, D1-D5
See Ref 3
see Ref 4
see Ref 5
A1-A5, B1-B5, C3, C8, D1D5
A1-A5, B1-B5, C3, D1-D5
A1-A5, B1-B5, C2, C8, D1D5
A1-A5, B1-B5, C3, C8, D1D5
A1-A5, B1-B5, D1-D5
c. The site is coastal mainland, not an island
A1-A5, B1-B5, C2, C6, D1D5
A1-A5, B1-B5, C4, C6, C7,
D1-D5
A1-A5, B1-B5, C1,C7, D1D5
see Ref 8
a. The site includes mangrove forest
A1-A5, B1-B5, C3, D1-D5
a. The site is based upon a river but involves a combination of land and water based activities
a. The site and activities are water based
7.
GUIDELINES
APPLICABLE
see Ref 2
see Ref 6
see Ref 7
b. The site is an island at sea, or a reef
b. The site does not include mangrove
A1-A5, B1-B5, D1-D5
Volume 3
23
A2
GUIDELINES FOR ARCHITECTURAL AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN
2.1
2.4
Introduction
Guidance
This guideline serves as a code in physical
development for planning, design and
construction of infrastructure, building,
structures, utilities and landscape
design. This guideline is aligned with
the Uniform Building By- Law Act, which
integrates basic requirements to ensure
that the structure is safe and comfortable
for public use. The development
planning and design guidelines provide
the basic needs of having a sustainable
design that react positively to the site’s
inluences, the landscape character, the
building functions and user needs. The
guidelines aim to reduce the negative
impact of ecotourism to the environment
and local culture surrounding ecotourism
sites.
Target Audience
4. Ecotourism Site Management and
Maintenance Service providers; in
order to guide their management
physical plan and the quality of
service expectation that suits the
image of the Ecotourism Master
plan.
2.3
Objective
The Objectives are:
1. To ensure physical development has
minimal social and environmental
impact on site and its value.
2. To
ensure
an
appropriate
architectural design be implemented
accordingly and achieve its quality
level.
3. To promote construction method
24
Architectural Shape & Building
technology
This should relect the local climate,
architecture and cultural value. The
construction materials and design
element should be of environmentally
friendly products. Recycled materials
from natural product waste are highly
encouraged.
2.2
1. Professionals: Planners, Architects,
Landscape Architects, Engineers.
2. Local / State Authority as reference
in revising their architectural and
development plans.
3. Construction
industry
service
providers; in guiding their method of
strategy and method of construction.
2.4.1
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
and quality landscape design which
will provides comfort, safety and
enjoyment to the visitors.
1. Provide an architectural approach
consistent
with
environmental
philosophies
and
scientiic
principles. Avoid
inappropriate
merging of styles and use simple
design solutions wherever possible.
2. Building structures should be
compatible with the landscape,
while the heights of buildings should
be below the tree line or screened
by topographical features.
3. Avoid erecting concrete buildings
whenever
possible.
Concrete
structures are an eyesore in the
natural environment.
4. Promote Malaysian culture in the
decoration of the resort, e.g.: use
batik paintings.
5. Healthful Interior Environment;
ensure
that
materials
and
building systems do not emit toxic
substances and gasses into the
interior atmosphere. Clean and
revitalise interior air with iltration
and plantings.
6. Energy Eficiency; ensure that
building’s use of energy is minimal.
Use cooling, heating and lighting
systems that conserve or eliminate
energy use.
7. Environmental Form; the design
has to be related to the ecology of
the site, the nature of the region, the
climate, and the inhabitant’s culture
and needs.
8. Few ecological factors that can be
applied:
•
•
•
•
Cooling energy; gas-motor
chiller, cooling towers, etc.
Heat energy; Solar thermal
systems, etc.
Electrical energy; Wind energy
generator, photovoltaic, etc.
Water;
Pure/waste
water,
rainwater.
Viewing shelter made from sustainable materials such Tent cottages are made from bamboo which is locally sourced
as bamboo and palm fronds blend harmoniously with material and the fastest growing plant in the world.
the natural environment.
Observation hut attached to a tree for watching wildlife.
Volume 3
25
2.4.2
Landscape design
1. Use native or local plants in
landscape areas and plants with low
water consumption.
2. Design proper circulation to protect
the natural landscape by directing
visitors onto designated trails,
thereby helping to avoid disturbance
of fragile vegetation and prevent
erosion.
3. Design road and infrastructure
Boardwalk with highlighted
steps provides a safe path for
jungle trekking activities.
to consider wildlife connectivity /
corridors in the form of viaducts,
tunnels, riparian reserves alike.
4. Create
attractions
for
forest
exploration and adventure by
designating proper circulation of
low human impact to the natural
environment with elements such as
nature trail and canopy walk.
5. Design boardwalk to bring the visitor
7. Structural diversity; to achieve
richest wildlife habitat opportunities,
designers should seek to achieve
diverse vertical structure by including
the full range of vegetative layers
present in the native community from tree canopy where applicable,
through mid-layer and understory
species.
Canopy walkways give a thrilling experience and breathtaking view of the forest Fenced pathway with directional signage gives a guided exploration
at a high elevation.
of the forest whilst avoiding disturbance to its vegetation and its
ecosystem.
The `tree friendly’
canopy walkway is
designed without
rigging steel cables
directly on the trees.
26
and the interpreted feature together
in such a way that park features and
scenery can be enjoyed.
6. Gateways should project a sense
of the natural environment that
lies beyond the entry point and a
theme that is echoed consistently
throughout the park, and assist the
casual visitor with a sense of feeling
at home in the landscape.
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
Provision of adequate
facilities at nature
reserves attracts
passive recreational
activities and invaluable
educational experience
to the younger
generation.
2.4.3
2.4.5
Design for people
Minimum safety requirements
1. Recognise the optimal sociological
use-limits of the site as well as
safety convenient factors, suitable
siting of buildings depends on
functional considerations. Manmade
structures should interfere as little as
possible with the natural ecosystem.
2. The size and capacity of park
facilities could be determined
based on limiting factors such as
space, water and energy availability,
ecological vulnerability of area,
access and general site conditions.
The landscape character of the site
must not include urban features
causing the cultural landscape
to lose its sense of place in the
historical context.
3. Facilities for the disabled should
be provided where possible.
However, the rugged nature of
The building safety code should not
only guarantee the safety but at the
same time serve as a regulation that its
into various situations that could affect
construction work. The code should
contain basic principles and guidelines
to be followed in order to achieve
safety yet permits creative thinking and
some ecotourism sites and activities
precludes access for disabled
persons.
4. Accessibility to recreational trails
is particularly important. Park
designers should consider the
basic elements of designing and
constructing park facilities to make
them accessible to disabled persons
and provide education on wildlife,
native cultural resources, historic
features or natural features to
visitors.
5. Involve
local
community
in
operations
and
interpretation
to foster local pride and visitor
exposure to traditional values and
techniques.
Passive solar system design
This system requires the identiication
of a passive solar system that best suits
the microclimate and the loor plan; the
design should look into the size and
location of windows, door, skylight and
solar chimneys so that it is suited to the
plan and site location. The selection of
2.5
References
Ministry of Culture, Art and Tourism.
(1996). National Ecotourism Plan. http://
www.motac.gov.my/en/.../27-nationaleco-tourism-plan-part-1
Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment. (2012). Environmental
Best Practices Booklet. http://www.
dmpm.nre.gov.my/
2.4.4
innovation on the part of the designer
that will enlighten the best feature of the
ecology. The codes should also provide
suficient details to guide and control
the non-technical builder to develop a
safe structure and control the impacts of
construction on the environment.
Department
of
National
Parks,
Recreation, Sport and Racing. (June
2014). Best Practice Ecotourism
Development Guidelines. State of
Queensland.
Osman Mohd Tahir, Mohd Nazri Saidon,
Arnis Aziz (2010). Sustainable Design
Facilities for Ecotourism Development in
Kota Marudu, Sabah. Faculty of Design
and Architecture, Universiti Putra
Malaysia.
exterior materials should not only work
well with the external environment
but also have thermal and insulation
properties for the exterior surfaces.
Rooms and zones should be sized to
minimize unwanted iniltration of heat.
Volume 3
27
A3
GUIDELINES FOR ENSURING LOCAL
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
3.1
3.4
Introduction
Guidance
Active local participation and also gaining
direct beneits are two major principles
of ecotourism. Ecotourism that does
not beneit local communities directly or
indirectly may not achieve the strategy
set out to elevate the socio-economic
condition of the population within the
protected and ecotourism areas. A
clear planning framework is needed to
guide all stakeholders in planning and
managing ecotourism sites in relation to
this.
3.2
Target Audience
Site authority / managers, private
investors,
planners,
regulating
government agencies.
3.3
Objective
To ensure economic and equitable social
beneits through local participation,
existing social and community structure
should be embedded into any new
ecotourism plan at the earliest stage.
Participation of local communities in economic activities
can promote the local culture, and at the same time to
improve the living standard of locals.
28
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
A plan and framework to encourage
local community participation should be
developed and highlight the following
aspects:
1. Identiies a list of economic activities
that can be participated by the local
community and develop capital
inance mechanism for them to
participate.
2. Identiies potential local leaders
and communal committee with a
drive to be the representatives in all
stakeholder forums and communal
participation initiatives.
3. Researches and gather feedback
from locals on what might be viewed
positively or negatively to ensure the
plan achieves realistic goals.
4. Seeks out potential ecotourism
products and services that provide
equitable gender opportunities to
women.
5. Offers concession, capital funding
or assistance to local community
to solely or co-manage ecotourism
sites or speciic activities.
6. Explores various options for skill
training to ensure locals adaptation
to employment demand.
7. Empowers
locals
for
selfdetermination and to move up the
economical chain eventually by
running their own businesses or
become the partners.
8. Addresses the issue of inlation and
minimizes economic leakages to
outsiders.
9. Identiies potential direct, indirect and
induced negative social and cultural
impacts to the local community
and use the indings to formulate
controls and capacity limits. This
process should be preceded by a
Social Impact Assessment (SIA).
10. Includes
ecological
and
environmental awareness training
program to ensure the locals do no
longer practice any activities that
will damage or degrade ecotourism
assets.
Concession, capital funding and/or assistance are
provided to locals who can solely or co-manages
ecotourism sites or speciic activities.
A4
GUIDELINES ON MANAGING TENDERS AND BIDS
4.1
4.4
Introduction
Guidance
The management of tenders and bids
involves the planning, operational and
monitoring process of contract services
and supplies to be carried out in a fair
manner. Most ecotourism sites, operating
4.2
Target Audience
Site authority / managers and inancial
administrators responsible for the sites.
under the government inancial treasury
procedures, obtain the services in a fair,
competitive manner.
4.4.1
Selection Criteria
The selection criteria should be spelled
out so that the basis for selection
is understood well in advance. Site
authority / managers should ensure
that the criteria for selection are in
full public knowledge and also the
potential bidders. If services rendered
have standard rates, the bid managers
may follow the existing ‘queue’ system
where interested bidders are required to
register with the site authority / managers
or the technical project managers and
the award of works are commissioned
on a rotation basis.
4.3
Objective
To manage tenders and bids in a
responsible and cost-effective manner
to reduce or avoid burdens upon
existing staff, to allow local economic
development and to ensure beneits to
local communities.
Volume 3
29
4.4.2
4.4.5
Local Community Involvement
Relaxation on the Electronic
Tenders and Bids
The concept of ecotourism is enhanced
by giving preference of economic
beneits to local companies especially
those operated by local community
or native cooperatives. The tender
should indicate the preference of local
companies. The concept of ‘Gotong-
royong’ where there is a cooperative
effort by local communities, as allowed
within the government treasury circulars
should be continued in order to enhance
marginalised local economy and the
sharing of beneit to a wider local
communities.
4.4.3
Analysis of Positive and
Negative Impact
In doing the analysis before the tender
award, two independent subcommittees
should be formed for evaluation and
analysis of technical and inancial
impacts. The minimal cost bids should
not be the main criteria for decision of
award. The higher authority, based on
the recommendations of the two subcommittees, makes the inal decision
for the award. The second best bid
should be reserved and be awarded
should the irst bidder withdraw or is
later terminated for any reasons e.g.
incompetency. This system is to ensure
smooth low of service award so as not
to repeat the whole process of bidding,
evaluation and award.
4.4.4
Assurance of Non-Contradiction
to other Legislation and
Guidelines
1. All services should adhere to the
site legislation and related policies
of the governing body.
2. In
ensuring
enforcement
of
guidelines, all guidelines of this
plan should be incorporated into the
contracts and agreements.
30
3. All plans for tenders should
complement and fall within the
overall management objectives and
plans of the ecotourism site.
NATIONAL ECOTOURISM PLAN 2016 - 2025
The new inancial policy of conducting
tender awards on-line may not give an
equal chance to all petty traders within
the vicinity of ecotourism sites as they
may lack access to the information
and communication technology. Site
authority/managers should be aware
of this problem and should allow this
procurement process to be done
manually in order to ensure local
economy participation. If this process is
not allowed within the standard treasury
procedures, site authority/managers
should get special approvals so as to
ensure that local community traders/
contractors have equal opportunities to
participate.
A5
GUIDELINES ON ASSESSING TOURISM POTENTIAL ON SITES
5.1
5.4
Introduction
Guidance
This guideline serves as a way for
stakeholders to assess the tourism
potential of a site.
A checklist containing the various key
components should be developed to
assist stakeholders in developing the
ecotourism concept of a potential site.
Examples of key components that
should be considered in the checklist
are as follows:
5.2
1. Ecotourism Site Recognition
• Is there any recognition for the site?
(UNESCO, Ramsar, International
Bird Area, etc.)
2. Current Tourism Status
• Is the ecotourism site a tourism site
or recreational site?
3. Current Target Market
• Is the ecotourism site target market
to onl