analisis proses penerjemahan dari ucapan Moana di Moana Film Subtitle - UDiNus Repository
1 CHAPTER II”
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE”
To make it easy to understand, the researcher used several theories in this
chapter to analyze the data. Theories it self is based on the field of translation that is
very important to support the analysis in this study. The literature review involved
here include previous research, tran slation, the process of translation, Subtitling and
translation techniques.
2.1
Previous research
In order to support this research, there is a previous research taken from
Arina Khiranis (2015) entitled A alysis Of Te h i ues Used I T a slati g Idio s
Fo
E glish To I do esia As Fou d I ALL AMERICAN GIRL Novel her research
focuses on analyzing idioms from source language with the translation in target
language. She applies the theo
of t a slatio te h i ues p oposed
Vi a a d
Darbelnet which categorized in two models; direct and oblique translation. Direct
translation can be applied in borrowing, calque, and literal translation. While,
oblique translation can be applied in transposition, modulation, equivalence, and
adaptation. In her result shows that she only uses two techniques in analyzing her
data, they are modultion and transposition.
The strong point of this previous reseach is the researcher used Vinay and
Darbel et s theo
as the f a e o k i a al zi g the t a slatio te h i ue. It is
different from the other reseacher in general because there are many reseachers
used Moli a a d Al i s s theo
as the f a e o k i
a al zi g the t a slatio
technique. The weak points of this previous research are, there is no explanation
about the novel, the research is too thin because there are only 13 sheet of page,
the conclusion is not clear and there is no suggestion.
The differences between the previous research and mine is the previous
esea h fo uses o a al zi g idio
is fo uses i e e
usi g Vi a a d Da el et s theo . While
i e
utte a es of Moli a usi g Moli a a d Al i s theo . While, the
similarities between the previous research and mine is using translation technique as
the topic of the research.
2.2
Theoretical Review
Review of related literature contains statements and theory related to this
analysis. To avoid duplication and plagiarism, the literature review is needed. The
researcher found some related researches and theories from
some aspects such as
translation and translation techniques. The main theories used in this research is
translation techniques by Molina and Albir.
2.2.1
Translation
Based on Oxford Dictionary, translation is the process of translating words
o te t f o
o e la guage i to a othe . Ne
ak
:
, states
e de i g the
meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the
te t . This defi itio st esses o
e de i g
ea i g of the sou e la guage text into
the target language text as what is intended by the author.
There are many definitions of translation from experts. They define
translation in many ways.
Nida a d Ta e
:
defi e t a slatio
as t a slati g o sists i
reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source
la guage
essage . La so
:
i
Milka Ch tia
defi es that,
t a slatio s o sist of t a sfe i g the
ea i g of a la guage i to the e epto
language . On the other hand, Catford
sa s t a slatio is a ope atio
performed on languages, a process of substituting a text in one language for a text
in another . Catfo d
i Ha to o
:
also si ila l states translation is
the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual
material in another language (TL) .
From those definitions above, it can be said that translation is the process of
transferring message and thoughts, the process of translating words or text from one
language into another, from SL (source language) into TL (target language), and in the
form of written or spoken. For example, translating English into Bahasa Indonesia or
Bahasa Indonesia into English. In transferring the meaning of source language into
target language, it must be clearly. Because, the clear meaning can be understand
by the readers easily.
2.2.2
Translation Process
The process of translation can be defined as the activity of translation.
There is a translation process which consists of some steps in doing of translating.
According to Nida and Taber (1974: 33), there are three stages in the process of
translation, they states as follows:
The second system of translation consist of a more elaborate procedure comprising
three stages: (1) analysis, in which the surface structure, i.e. message as given in
language A is analyzed in terms of the grammatical relationship and the meaning of
the words and combination of words. (2) Transfer, in which the analyzed material is
transferred in the mind of translator from language A to language B. And (3)
restructuring, in which the transferred material is restricted in order to make final
message fully acceptable in the receptor language.
Newmark (1988:19) defines that translation has four processes, as follows:
1. The Source Language Text Level
This level as known asks the level of language where the translator begins and
which he/she continually (but not continuously) go back to. At this level, a
t a slato t a sposes the “L g a
a
lause a d g oups i to thei TL ead
equivalents and he/she translates the lexical units into the sense that appears
immediately appropriate in the context of the sentence.
2. The Referential Level
This level is the level objects and events, real or imaginary, which he/she
progressively has to visualize and build up. This level is an essential part, first of
the comprehension, then of reproduction process.
3. The Cohesive Level
This level is more general and grammatical which traces the train of thought, the
feeling tone (positive or negative) and the various presuppositions of the SL
(Source Language) text. This level encompasses both comprehension and
reproduction. It presents an overall picture, to which a translator may have to
adjust the language level.
4. The Level of Naturalness
This level is only concerned with reproduction in which a common language
appropriate to the writer or speaker in a certain situation. In this level, the
translator has to ensure: (1) his translation makes sense; and (2) it reads
naturally, that it is written ordinary language, the common grammar, idioms and
words that meet that kind of situation.
2.2.3
Subtitling
Cowie (1997:161) states that subtitling is the process of providing
synchronized captions for film and television dialogue (and more recently for live
ope a . Mea
hile, O Co
el
:
states that su titli g is defi ed as
supplementing the original voice soundtrack by adding written text. From those
definitions, it can be concluded that subtitling is the process of transfering messages
from the source languge (spoken language) into target language in the form of write
/ text to be displayed simultaneously at the time of the spoken language. Making a
subtitle is not an easy task, because it is limited by two factors, they are media
factor and time factor. Media factor means that the translated text will be displayed
on the screen with a much narrower space than any book or novel. While, Time
factor means that the translator is faced with the difficulties of the provisions
appearing in the subtitling time. Gottlieb in Naomi Ventria (2009), states that
subtitles are displayed in the bottom of screen and in the middle position, first line
is consider of 40 characters and the second line is shorter than the first one,
including of space and punctuation. For one line, the minimum duration is 3 second
and the maximum duration is 5 second. While, For two line the duration is 7 second
a d the
a i u
du atio is
se o d. Based o O Co
el
:
, “u titles
exist in two forms, they are:
1. Closed Subtitle, this type of subtitle is optional, means that the text of subtitle
can be turn on/off or selected by the viwers. This type is usually aimed to the
people who have the hearing disorders to got a information.
2. Open Subtitle, called as Open because the subtite text merges with the movie,
so the text cannot be turned off by the viewer. This type is used to translate the
language of the foreign movie that shown in cinemas or television with the
original soundtrack.
2.2.4
Translation Techniques
There are eighteen (18) t a slatio te h i ues ased o Moli a a d Al i s
(2002:509) theory, such as adaptation, amplification, borrowing, calque,
compensation,
description,
discursive
creation,
establish
generalization,
linguistic
equivalent,
amplification,
linguistic
compression,
literal,
modulation, particularization, reduction, substitution, transposition, and
variation. Those techniques are used to transfer a message from SL (Source
Language) into TL (Target Language) which is applied in to words, phrase, clause,
or sentence. There are eighteen types of translation technique, such as:
1.
Adaptation
It is a technique in process of translating use subject-predicate structure
that replaces the elements of the existing culture source language (SL) with
elements culture that are similar and there on the target language (TL). This can
be done because the source language culture elements not found in the target
language, or culture elements in the target language is more familiar to reader
of the target. The technique is the same as the equivalent culture techniques,
e.g. : his leg felt like a stone(SL) : tungkai kakinya seperti terpaku(TL),
(yopi1987.blogspot.co.id).
2.
Amplification
It is a technique in process of translating that use explication pharaphrasing,
to inform an implisit in source language (SL), e.g. : There are many Indonesian at
the
ship(SL)
:
Banyak
warga
negara
Indonesia
di
kapal
itu(TL),
(yopi1987.blogspot.co.id).
3.
Borrowing
It is a translation technique done with borrowed words or phrase from source
language. the loan can be pure (pure borrowing) without adjustments or
naturalized lending (borrowing naturalized) with adjustments in spelling or
pronounciation target language official dictionary on the benchmark wheter the
word or phrase is a loan or not, e.g. : dispenser(SL) : dispenser(TL) (pure
borrowing),
music(SL)
:
musik(TL)
(borrowing
naturalized),
(ihsania.blog.uns.ac.id).
4.
Calque
It is a calque means literal translation of a foreign word or phrase; it can be
lexical or structural. Lexical calques, e.g. : He is the new assistant manager(SL) :
Dia adalah asisten manajer yang baru(TL), (ihsania.blog.uns.ac.id).
5.
Compensation
It is a translation technique performed by transfering message from the other
parts of translation, e.g. : a pair of scissors(SL) : sebuah gunting(TL),
(linguistik-penerjemahan.blogspot.co.id).
6.
Description
It is a translation technique performrd by replace a term or expression with
a description of its form or and function, e.g. I like panneton(SL) : Saya suka
panneton, kue tradisional Italia yang dimakan saat tahun baru(TL),
(ihsania.blog.uns.ac.id).
7.
Discursive creation
It is to establish a temporary equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of
context,
e.g.
:
husband
for
a
year(SL)
:
suami
semesta(TL),
(linguistik-penerjemahan.blogspot.co.id).
8.
Established equivalence
It is to use a term or expression recognized (by dictionaries or language in
use) as an equivalence in the TL, e.g. : sincerely yours(SL) : hormat kami(TL),
(yopi1987.blogspot.co.id).
9.
Generalization
It is a translation technique used the more common term in the target
language (TL) for source language (SL) more specific. This is done because the
target language has no specific counterpart. The technique is similar to the
technique of acceptace, e.g. : becak(SL) : vehicle(TL), (yopi1987.blogspot.co.id).
10. Linguistic Amplification
It is a translation technique which is used to add linguistic element. This is
often used in consecutive interpreting and dubbing, e.g. : everything is up to
you!(SL) : semuanya terserah anda sendiri!(TL), (yopi1987.blogspot.co.id).
11. Linguistic Compression
It is a translation which is used to synthesize linguistic element in the TT. This
is often used in simultaneous interpreting and in sub-titling, e.g. : are you
sleepy?(SL) : ngantuk?(TL), (ihsania.blog.uns.ac.id).
12. Literal translation
It is a translation technique which is used to translate a word or an expression
word for word, e.g. : the President gave the present to Michael last week(SL) :
Presiden
memberi
hadiah
itu
pada
Michael
minggu
lalu(TL),
(ihsania.blog.uns.ac.id)..
13. Modulation
It is a translation technique which is used to change the point of view, focus
or cognitive category in relation to the ST ; it can be lexical or structural, e.g. :
o ody
does ’t
like
it “L
:
se ua
orang
menyukainya(TL),
(ihsania.blog.uns.ac.id).
14. Particularization
It is a translation technique which is used to use a more precise or concrete
term,
e.g.
:
air
transportation(SL)
:
pesawat(TL),
(linguistik-penerjemahan.blogspot.co.id).
15. Reduction
It is a translation technique which is used to supress an SL information item in
the TL e.g. the month of fasting(SL) : Ramadhan(TL), (yopi1987.blogspot.co.id).
16. Subtitution (Linguistic, paralinguistic)
It is a translation technique which is used to change linguistic element for
paralinguistic element ( intonation, gestures) or vice versa, e.g. : to translate the
Arab gesture of putting your hand on your heart(SL) : Thank you(TL),
(linguistik-penerjemahan.blogspot.co.id).
17. Transposition
It is a translation technique which is used to change a grammatical category,
shift from plural into singular in the target language, and singular in the plural.
The shift from active to passive tense and the passive to active in the target
language.
e.g.
:
adept(SL)
:
sangat
trampil(TL),
(linguistik-penerjemahan.blogspot.co.id).
18.
Variation
It is a translation technique which is used to change linguistic or
paralinguistic element (intonation, gestures) that affect aspects of linguistic
variation: change of textual tone, style, social dialect, 26 geographical dialect,
e.g. : give it to me now!(SL) : berikan barang itu ke gue sekarang!(TL),
(yopi1987.blogspot.co.id).
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE”
To make it easy to understand, the researcher used several theories in this
chapter to analyze the data. Theories it self is based on the field of translation that is
very important to support the analysis in this study. The literature review involved
here include previous research, tran slation, the process of translation, Subtitling and
translation techniques.
2.1
Previous research
In order to support this research, there is a previous research taken from
Arina Khiranis (2015) entitled A alysis Of Te h i ues Used I T a slati g Idio s
Fo
E glish To I do esia As Fou d I ALL AMERICAN GIRL Novel her research
focuses on analyzing idioms from source language with the translation in target
language. She applies the theo
of t a slatio te h i ues p oposed
Vi a a d
Darbelnet which categorized in two models; direct and oblique translation. Direct
translation can be applied in borrowing, calque, and literal translation. While,
oblique translation can be applied in transposition, modulation, equivalence, and
adaptation. In her result shows that she only uses two techniques in analyzing her
data, they are modultion and transposition.
The strong point of this previous reseach is the researcher used Vinay and
Darbel et s theo
as the f a e o k i a al zi g the t a slatio te h i ue. It is
different from the other reseacher in general because there are many reseachers
used Moli a a d Al i s s theo
as the f a e o k i
a al zi g the t a slatio
technique. The weak points of this previous research are, there is no explanation
about the novel, the research is too thin because there are only 13 sheet of page,
the conclusion is not clear and there is no suggestion.
The differences between the previous research and mine is the previous
esea h fo uses o a al zi g idio
is fo uses i e e
usi g Vi a a d Da el et s theo . While
i e
utte a es of Moli a usi g Moli a a d Al i s theo . While, the
similarities between the previous research and mine is using translation technique as
the topic of the research.
2.2
Theoretical Review
Review of related literature contains statements and theory related to this
analysis. To avoid duplication and plagiarism, the literature review is needed. The
researcher found some related researches and theories from
some aspects such as
translation and translation techniques. The main theories used in this research is
translation techniques by Molina and Albir.
2.2.1
Translation
Based on Oxford Dictionary, translation is the process of translating words
o te t f o
o e la guage i to a othe . Ne
ak
:
, states
e de i g the
meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the
te t . This defi itio st esses o
e de i g
ea i g of the sou e la guage text into
the target language text as what is intended by the author.
There are many definitions of translation from experts. They define
translation in many ways.
Nida a d Ta e
:
defi e t a slatio
as t a slati g o sists i
reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source
la guage
essage . La so
:
i
Milka Ch tia
defi es that,
t a slatio s o sist of t a sfe i g the
ea i g of a la guage i to the e epto
language . On the other hand, Catford
sa s t a slatio is a ope atio
performed on languages, a process of substituting a text in one language for a text
in another . Catfo d
i Ha to o
:
also si ila l states translation is
the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual
material in another language (TL) .
From those definitions above, it can be said that translation is the process of
transferring message and thoughts, the process of translating words or text from one
language into another, from SL (source language) into TL (target language), and in the
form of written or spoken. For example, translating English into Bahasa Indonesia or
Bahasa Indonesia into English. In transferring the meaning of source language into
target language, it must be clearly. Because, the clear meaning can be understand
by the readers easily.
2.2.2
Translation Process
The process of translation can be defined as the activity of translation.
There is a translation process which consists of some steps in doing of translating.
According to Nida and Taber (1974: 33), there are three stages in the process of
translation, they states as follows:
The second system of translation consist of a more elaborate procedure comprising
three stages: (1) analysis, in which the surface structure, i.e. message as given in
language A is analyzed in terms of the grammatical relationship and the meaning of
the words and combination of words. (2) Transfer, in which the analyzed material is
transferred in the mind of translator from language A to language B. And (3)
restructuring, in which the transferred material is restricted in order to make final
message fully acceptable in the receptor language.
Newmark (1988:19) defines that translation has four processes, as follows:
1. The Source Language Text Level
This level as known asks the level of language where the translator begins and
which he/she continually (but not continuously) go back to. At this level, a
t a slato t a sposes the “L g a
a
lause a d g oups i to thei TL ead
equivalents and he/she translates the lexical units into the sense that appears
immediately appropriate in the context of the sentence.
2. The Referential Level
This level is the level objects and events, real or imaginary, which he/she
progressively has to visualize and build up. This level is an essential part, first of
the comprehension, then of reproduction process.
3. The Cohesive Level
This level is more general and grammatical which traces the train of thought, the
feeling tone (positive or negative) and the various presuppositions of the SL
(Source Language) text. This level encompasses both comprehension and
reproduction. It presents an overall picture, to which a translator may have to
adjust the language level.
4. The Level of Naturalness
This level is only concerned with reproduction in which a common language
appropriate to the writer or speaker in a certain situation. In this level, the
translator has to ensure: (1) his translation makes sense; and (2) it reads
naturally, that it is written ordinary language, the common grammar, idioms and
words that meet that kind of situation.
2.2.3
Subtitling
Cowie (1997:161) states that subtitling is the process of providing
synchronized captions for film and television dialogue (and more recently for live
ope a . Mea
hile, O Co
el
:
states that su titli g is defi ed as
supplementing the original voice soundtrack by adding written text. From those
definitions, it can be concluded that subtitling is the process of transfering messages
from the source languge (spoken language) into target language in the form of write
/ text to be displayed simultaneously at the time of the spoken language. Making a
subtitle is not an easy task, because it is limited by two factors, they are media
factor and time factor. Media factor means that the translated text will be displayed
on the screen with a much narrower space than any book or novel. While, Time
factor means that the translator is faced with the difficulties of the provisions
appearing in the subtitling time. Gottlieb in Naomi Ventria (2009), states that
subtitles are displayed in the bottom of screen and in the middle position, first line
is consider of 40 characters and the second line is shorter than the first one,
including of space and punctuation. For one line, the minimum duration is 3 second
and the maximum duration is 5 second. While, For two line the duration is 7 second
a d the
a i u
du atio is
se o d. Based o O Co
el
:
, “u titles
exist in two forms, they are:
1. Closed Subtitle, this type of subtitle is optional, means that the text of subtitle
can be turn on/off or selected by the viwers. This type is usually aimed to the
people who have the hearing disorders to got a information.
2. Open Subtitle, called as Open because the subtite text merges with the movie,
so the text cannot be turned off by the viewer. This type is used to translate the
language of the foreign movie that shown in cinemas or television with the
original soundtrack.
2.2.4
Translation Techniques
There are eighteen (18) t a slatio te h i ues ased o Moli a a d Al i s
(2002:509) theory, such as adaptation, amplification, borrowing, calque,
compensation,
description,
discursive
creation,
establish
generalization,
linguistic
equivalent,
amplification,
linguistic
compression,
literal,
modulation, particularization, reduction, substitution, transposition, and
variation. Those techniques are used to transfer a message from SL (Source
Language) into TL (Target Language) which is applied in to words, phrase, clause,
or sentence. There are eighteen types of translation technique, such as:
1.
Adaptation
It is a technique in process of translating use subject-predicate structure
that replaces the elements of the existing culture source language (SL) with
elements culture that are similar and there on the target language (TL). This can
be done because the source language culture elements not found in the target
language, or culture elements in the target language is more familiar to reader
of the target. The technique is the same as the equivalent culture techniques,
e.g. : his leg felt like a stone(SL) : tungkai kakinya seperti terpaku(TL),
(yopi1987.blogspot.co.id).
2.
Amplification
It is a technique in process of translating that use explication pharaphrasing,
to inform an implisit in source language (SL), e.g. : There are many Indonesian at
the
ship(SL)
:
Banyak
warga
negara
Indonesia
di
kapal
itu(TL),
(yopi1987.blogspot.co.id).
3.
Borrowing
It is a translation technique done with borrowed words or phrase from source
language. the loan can be pure (pure borrowing) without adjustments or
naturalized lending (borrowing naturalized) with adjustments in spelling or
pronounciation target language official dictionary on the benchmark wheter the
word or phrase is a loan or not, e.g. : dispenser(SL) : dispenser(TL) (pure
borrowing),
music(SL)
:
musik(TL)
(borrowing
naturalized),
(ihsania.blog.uns.ac.id).
4.
Calque
It is a calque means literal translation of a foreign word or phrase; it can be
lexical or structural. Lexical calques, e.g. : He is the new assistant manager(SL) :
Dia adalah asisten manajer yang baru(TL), (ihsania.blog.uns.ac.id).
5.
Compensation
It is a translation technique performed by transfering message from the other
parts of translation, e.g. : a pair of scissors(SL) : sebuah gunting(TL),
(linguistik-penerjemahan.blogspot.co.id).
6.
Description
It is a translation technique performrd by replace a term or expression with
a description of its form or and function, e.g. I like panneton(SL) : Saya suka
panneton, kue tradisional Italia yang dimakan saat tahun baru(TL),
(ihsania.blog.uns.ac.id).
7.
Discursive creation
It is to establish a temporary equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of
context,
e.g.
:
husband
for
a
year(SL)
:
suami
semesta(TL),
(linguistik-penerjemahan.blogspot.co.id).
8.
Established equivalence
It is to use a term or expression recognized (by dictionaries or language in
use) as an equivalence in the TL, e.g. : sincerely yours(SL) : hormat kami(TL),
(yopi1987.blogspot.co.id).
9.
Generalization
It is a translation technique used the more common term in the target
language (TL) for source language (SL) more specific. This is done because the
target language has no specific counterpart. The technique is similar to the
technique of acceptace, e.g. : becak(SL) : vehicle(TL), (yopi1987.blogspot.co.id).
10. Linguistic Amplification
It is a translation technique which is used to add linguistic element. This is
often used in consecutive interpreting and dubbing, e.g. : everything is up to
you!(SL) : semuanya terserah anda sendiri!(TL), (yopi1987.blogspot.co.id).
11. Linguistic Compression
It is a translation which is used to synthesize linguistic element in the TT. This
is often used in simultaneous interpreting and in sub-titling, e.g. : are you
sleepy?(SL) : ngantuk?(TL), (ihsania.blog.uns.ac.id).
12. Literal translation
It is a translation technique which is used to translate a word or an expression
word for word, e.g. : the President gave the present to Michael last week(SL) :
Presiden
memberi
hadiah
itu
pada
Michael
minggu
lalu(TL),
(ihsania.blog.uns.ac.id)..
13. Modulation
It is a translation technique which is used to change the point of view, focus
or cognitive category in relation to the ST ; it can be lexical or structural, e.g. :
o ody
does ’t
like
it “L
:
se ua
orang
menyukainya(TL),
(ihsania.blog.uns.ac.id).
14. Particularization
It is a translation technique which is used to use a more precise or concrete
term,
e.g.
:
air
transportation(SL)
:
pesawat(TL),
(linguistik-penerjemahan.blogspot.co.id).
15. Reduction
It is a translation technique which is used to supress an SL information item in
the TL e.g. the month of fasting(SL) : Ramadhan(TL), (yopi1987.blogspot.co.id).
16. Subtitution (Linguistic, paralinguistic)
It is a translation technique which is used to change linguistic element for
paralinguistic element ( intonation, gestures) or vice versa, e.g. : to translate the
Arab gesture of putting your hand on your heart(SL) : Thank you(TL),
(linguistik-penerjemahan.blogspot.co.id).
17. Transposition
It is a translation technique which is used to change a grammatical category,
shift from plural into singular in the target language, and singular in the plural.
The shift from active to passive tense and the passive to active in the target
language.
e.g.
:
adept(SL)
:
sangat
trampil(TL),
(linguistik-penerjemahan.blogspot.co.id).
18.
Variation
It is a translation technique which is used to change linguistic or
paralinguistic element (intonation, gestures) that affect aspects of linguistic
variation: change of textual tone, style, social dialect, 26 geographical dialect,
e.g. : give it to me now!(SL) : berikan barang itu ke gue sekarang!(TL),
(yopi1987.blogspot.co.id).