Grammatical Intricacy And Lexical Density In Scientific And Narrative Texts
APPENDICES
Appendix 1
Grammatical Intricacy
Text 1: Transportation Technology
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Sentence
Transportation development in Indonesia had
much to do with big changes in world
transportation technology.
Transportation inventions developed in the West
were introduced in colonies since the end of 19th
century.
Automobile invention by Gottlied Daimler in
1887 was land transportation technology
invention
that had changed the world transportation history.
In Indonesia, automobile was brought by
Europeans in the early of the 20th century.
Only Europeans and certain domestic people, like
regent, who owned the vehicles.
The
supporting
factors
of
motorcycle
development in Indonesia are as follows:
1) European and American automotive
industry development in 1960s
2) Japanese
automotive
technology
development in 1970s
3) Road expansion and construction
In the 1980s Japanese motorcycle technology
competed with European’s and American’s.
Vehicle technology applied in public transport in
1970s
replaced the traditional means.
The increasing number of vehicle use in 1980s,
traffic jam was then the main concern in many big
cities in Indonesia.
However, there was also positive impact of motor
vehicle utilization, like the road construction.
Public transport that could transport the people
more easily into many areas, inter-district, interprovince or inter-island
was the example.
Another important land transportation mean was
rail transport.
Clause
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This mean had developed since colonial time
through many railroad constructions in some
areas in Indonesia.
Since Indonesian independence, railway network
was only in Java, West Sumatra, South Sumatra
and Lampung.
While, tram was all eliminated in the early 1970s.
In colonial time, railway industry was owned by
the state and private sectors.
But after Indonesian independence, all railway
industry was under the government using colonial
technology and management.
Railway travel increase between 1950s to 1970s
wasn’t kept up with technology and service
development.
Some changes started in 1970s
when locomotive had bigger power
to draw larger and more coaches.
Besides, the number of passengers increased
along with the increase of public mobility since
the end of 1970s.
In the end of 1980s, there started railway
expansion and service improvement.
Electric and diesel train were increased due to the
increasing development in Jakarta, Bogor,
Tangerang and Bekasi (Jabotabek).
In case of technology development, PT INKA in
Medium could produce its own train spare parts
and components.
Almost all coaches in 1990s were made in local
garages in Indonesia.
If land transport was the public need,
then as a maritime country, water transport in
Indonesia depended much on technology
development.
Like railway industry, sea transport in Indonesia
until the middle of 1960s much depended on the
colonial sea voyage.
However, marine industry still had important role
like to carry had pilgrim
before replaced with air transport in 1980s.
Most of the ships and sea transport technology in
Indonesia were imported.
But, maritime technology development also held
in Indonesia through PT PAL in Surabaya
that could serve as the medium of technology
development in sea transport sector in Indonesia.
Marine transport served as public transport and
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goods transport.
Other than container technology, modern
technology was also used in oil and natural gas
shipment.
Air transport development also rapidly increased
from time to time.
After the independence, there were more
opportunities
to create a national aircraft.
An awareness that Indonesia was
an archipelago country opened eyes to the need
for air transport for the governance matters,
economic development and defense and security.
The significant development of flight transport
defined by the following factors:
1) Increasing number of passenger or goods
since 1970s
2) Increasing number of airports and operational
capacity
3) Pioneer airport build in some provinces
Since 1980s Halim Perdana Kesumah as an
international airport and Kemayoran as a
domestic airport were incorporated into one single
airport Soekarno-Hatta
that served as international and domestic airport.
Some other international airports in other regions
were then opened as well.
Garuda Indonesia was the first national flight
company
that field on 26 January 1949
using DC3
bought by Aceh people
and named Seulawah.
In 1970s some other state-owned and private
flight companies were built.
As an effort to develop the flight technology and
industry, initiated by BJ Habibie,
Nurtanio Aircraft Industry was built on 28 April
1976 in Bandung.
This company then changed name into Nusantara
Aircraft Industry.
Since 1976, the new horizon of modern and
complete aircraft industry in Indonesia opened.
In this period, all aspects of structure,
infrastructure, human resource, law and
regulation related with
and supporting aircraft industry were managed.
IPTN developed a concept of progressive
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technology and industry transfer.
The concept gave optimal result in aero
technology mastering in relatively short period,
24 years.
Through a cooperation with some international
flights, especially Cassa (Spain), IPTN succeeded
in assembling and producing several types of
aircraft and helicopter, like CN-235.
Since the end of 1980s, IPTN started to cooperate
with some foreign aircraft building company
to make some aircraft components.
In 1995, IPTN produced N-250
and succeeded to fly it for the first time.
This IPTN product was expected
to be able to compete in the global market with
other aircraft models.
But unfortunately, Indonesian flight industry
development experienced rapid deterioration
after IPTN was announced deficit.
Beside, IPTN couldn’t compete in the tight and
difficult production competition with other
international aircraft companies.
On 24 August 2000, IPTN was restructured
and changed name into PT Dirgantara Indonesia
(PTDI).
PTDI doesn’t only produce aircrafts,
but also weaponry and provide aircraft
maintenance service.
Besides, PTDI serves as the subcontractor of
world big aircraft industries like Boeing, General
Dynamic, Fokker, etc.
PTDI have ever had 16 thousands workers.
But due to economic crisis, it is now only 4000.
Text 2. The Impact of Science and Technology Development to the Life of
Indonesian People
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Text
Science and technology are the important aspect
for Indonesia
to compare and keep up with other countries.
The goal is clean,
increasing science quality development
and improving economic sector through
technology application in the industrialization
process.
Clause
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Research institutes especially those in industry
sector played very important role
to deliver Indonesia into industrial country.
However, economic advantage shown
in
development program
influenced the environment.
Mining exploration like coal, lead, oil, gold,
copper and sand since 1970s polluted the lake,
river, coral reef and flora-fauna diversity.
In the forestry sector, illegal logging in
Kalimantan and Sumatra had broken ecology
system,
and forest fire that lead to extreme climate
change.
Indonesian government had made policy of
selected logging and reforestation
but in reality most were disobeyed.
It can be seen from the reforestation project
along 1980s – 1990s
that weren’t optimal
for there were still many bare lands.
This much influenced the soil fertility.
Environmental disaster due to forest burning was
like those in Kalimantan, Sumatra and Papua
within 1990s.
Even until now, there are still forest fire in
Kalimantan and Riau
that creates smoke pollution.
This pollution not only disturbed Indonesian
people but also neighboring countries like
Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei Darussalam.
Besides, forest habitat also was threatened.
Industrialization phenomenon was marked with
the booming of industrial factories due to
economic development during New Order era.
Those factories created environment pollution as
well.
In 1970s there were indications of unprocessed
industrial waste
that polluted the agricultural field, fish pond and
river like those in Semarang in 1977 and in
Sidoarjo, East Java in 1980s.
Industrial waste in Jakarta Gulf in 1980s also
polluted marine life.
Industrial pollution also brought disaster to the
people like that in North Sumatra.
A paper factory had operated since 1989
caused erosion, flood and Lake Toba
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sedimentation.
It was because uncontrolled logging for paper
material.
Meanwhile, agricultural industry also caused
trouble.
During Green Revolution in 1980s there was a
dilemma,
in one side the program created remarkable
agricultural production
but in other side, this program threatened
ecosystem due to the use of pesticide and
abnormal cultivating period.
Pesticide really increased the production in 1980
but the product would be very dangerous to
consume
since it contained toxic and harmful chemical
substance.
Science and technology development caused
environmental pollution life style.
Since 1970s modernization supported by
economic improvement
had changed Indonesian people life style.
The consumption of several goods like plastic,
refrigerator, air conditioning, pesticide, battery
and perfume could endanger people life
accumulatively.
Besides, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) content in
some of those goods could damage the ozone
layer
which protects the earth from sun’s ultra violet.
The increasing automobile and motorcycle use
also polluted the air from their exhausts and
noises.
That pollution could endanger people health,
physically or psychologically.
In essence, all of those troubles closely related
with the improper technology application and
poor effort in conserving the environment in
Indonesia.
To overcome, in 1978 there formed a ministry of
environment in Indonesia.
Email Salim then appointed as state minister of
environmental supervision and development.
Then there came many non-governmental
organization (NGO) concerning in environmental
matters in Indonesia.
Communication, information and transportation
technology revolution in the 20th century also
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developed
and brought big impacts to Indonesian people.
Palapa satellite launch in 1976 had brought new
era of telecommunication and information world
in Indonesia.
The role of this satellite technology largely
supported the development of information
industry, like television.
The establishment of TVRI in 1962 until the
emergence of private television in the end of
1980s and 1990s had changed largely, not only
Indonesian information media, but also the social
life.
Other than giving information, television also
had become entertainment industry
that was cheap and consumable anytime by the
people of any ages.
Foreign shows were consumed daily.
In New Order era, the censorship institutes were
Information Department and Film Censorship
Agency (BSF).
But, the roles of those institutes were no longer
effective in Reform Order.
Consequently, there came social pathology like
consumptives, violence and crime activity as the
impacts of uneducated television show.
Press freedom after the reform was misused as a
total freedom
to express anything at their pleasure.
Media freedom, especially television was after
the issuance of Law No. 32 Year 2002 about
broadcasting.
In the introduction there was stated
“…broadcast freedom is guaranteed by the
government”.
But, this law also requires the mass media to
have moral and religious norms.
As what is stated “…enforcing religious norms,
truth, justice, moral and ethics…”
It means mass media like television should
consider religious norms, truth, justice, moral and
ethics in their presentation.
Article 5 of that broadcasting law also prohibits
violence and immoral presentation/show.
After the era of newspaper, radio and television,
computer then took turns
to have an important role in delivering the
information.
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In the 1990s, internet enabled the people to
access information
and to communicate effectively and efficiently.
Internet communication and information
technology
succeeded
in
penetrating
geographical, nation, racial, norm boundaries.
Other than its advantages, internet also gave
negative impact
that could disturb human life development.
Cultural globalization, for example, enabled
everyone to easily access
and adopt knowledge, culture and other foreign
values.
Those values were packed, produced and
commercialized massively and freely to all
around the world through internet.
In this case, we should be able to filter the
positive value
to enrich our national value
and to deny the values
that don’t match our norms and cultures.
New technology in the society is unavoidable.
It even created social change.
Compared to the past time,
current technology change is so rapid.
Social change also races with the impact of the
technology application.
In the end, there is wider gap between the
technology development and social change.
This gap clearly gives troubles to Indonesian
people.
Text 3. Law Kawar
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South to Aceh, in the area where the Karos live,
there is a small lake
called Lau Kawar.
It had been a prosperous village, full of fertile
rice-fields,
while the inhabitants were very-industrious in
ploughing them.
Through working together, they often got a
good harvest.
Nobody expected
that the village would sink into the earth
and become a lake.
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People said
it was because of a neglected old woman.
The story runs as follows.
One day the villagers got a very good harvest.
There was very much rice,
every corn-house was filled to the ridge
and there was still more.
Out of thankfulness they decided to give a
party, bigger as usual.
The day before the party, the housewives
worked together in preparing delicious food
as was their habit for such opportunities.
They did their utmost
to make the feast successful.
And when the preparing for the party was done
for feast itself
they dressed themselves in beautiful dresses.
They gathered in the centre of the village
and there was gayety everywhere.
Young people danced at the rhythm of the
music
which could be heard far and wide.
Every villager was present, expect one old
woman
who was not able to walk.
She stayed alone at home
as her son with his wife and son had left for the
feasting-place.
The daughter in law had left especially without
any food
as there was much cooked in the feasting-place.
Actually the old woman herself longed for
joining the party,
but as said before she was old
and could not walk that distance from home to
the feasting-place.
Therefore she was to stay at home alone.
Being alone, she kept thinking, imagined how
gay the villagers were at the party.
As she was too weak,
she only lay on a mat which was spread at the
floor of the room.
Her thoughts went to the past,
when she was young
and she herself every year took part in the feast
after harvest was done.
How lucky she then was!
Every happening crossed her mind.
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Now she was laying there,
all alone, helpless, dreaming about the past
which would never come again.
What she experienced now was the bitterness of
loneliness around her.
She had nobody to speak to.
Nobody cared for her.
Everybody let her suffer from loneliness!
At mealtime the feasting-party gathered in the
open air
which was fresh and very pleasant.
Everybody enjoyed the meal
and every time the gay tune of the feastingpeople filled the air,
because there was always anything,
a joke of whatever to laugh at
while they were enjoying the meal.
In such circumstance nobody thought about the
old woman at home.
The old woman felt hungry,
but nobody came to bring her some food.
She waited and waited but in vain.
At last she got up
and tried to reach the kitchen
although very difficult, looked into every pan
but found nothing.
Her daughter in law especially did not cook that
day
because there would be plenty of food at the
party.
Deeply disappointed the old women tried to
reach her mat,
tears flowing over her wrinkled cheeks,
while she was thinking about her past.
“They have forgotten
that I am still there,”
she whispered,
“they are enjoying the party
while forgetting me in the hut without any food.
How cruel they are.”
When the meal at the party was over,
her son at once remembered his old mother.
He asked his wife
whether she had cooked for her
before they left.
On hearing this the wife was frightened to death
and hastily packed some food for the old
woman.
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She hastened
to find her son and said:
“Here, son, bring this parcel to your
grandmother!
Hurry! She would be very hungry.”
“Yes, mother,” the son answered and off
he went with the parcel.
When he reached the house
he cried,
“Granny, here, is some food for you!”
“Open the door, boy,”
the old woman answered.
“I cannot rise myself.”
The boy entered the room
and handed her the parcel.
Then off he went.
The old woman was very glad
because she was very hungry.
But, now great was her disappointed
when on opening the parcel,
she only saw some grains and pieces of fishbones without any meat.
It proved that before handing that parcel to the
grandmother
the naughty boy had eaten the greatest part of
the food.
The old woman did not expect
that this was done by her daughter in law,
who especially sent her rests of meal.
She felt very insulted by such treatment by her
daughter in law.
With tears she uttered a curse for her son and
his wife.
Not long after an earth-quake happened
accompanied by thunder, lighting and heavy
rain.
The feasting-people was panic stricken.
They ran here and there,
while crying out of fear.
Everybody tried to safe himself.
The earth was shaken
and only in some minutes the villages
disappeared leaving a big hole
which later on was filled with water and
became Lau Kawar.
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Text 4. Bawang Merah Bawang Putih
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Text
Once there lived in a village,
called Dadapan a widow whose name was Mak
Janda Dadapan.
Mak Janda Dadapan had two daughters, Bawang
Putih,
who was her step-daughter and Bawang Merah a
daughter of her own.
Mak Janda did not treat both girls in the same
way.
To her own daughter she was very tolerant,
Bawang Merah could do
and get everything she wanted
and did not like helping her mother in the
household.
To Bawang Putih her stepmother was very
severe.
This girl had to do everything in the household,
sweeping the floor, cooking food, washing
clothes, gathering wood for the kitchen and what
not all,
so that she in the evening was dog-tired and
quickly fell asleep.
One day as Bawang Putih had to wash clothes at
the river,
she was very tired
and did not notice that a piece of clothing was
dragged by the stream.
When the stepmother knew
that one piece of clothing was missing,
she become very angry
and beat Bawang Putih with a piece of rattan
stick black and blue.
Then she let her look for the piece of clothing at
the riverside.
With tears running over her cheeks Bawang
Putih returned to the river
and followed the stream.
Every time she met somebody
she asked for her missing piece of clothing.
At first she met a man
who was bathing his horse on the riverside.
“Uncle, Uncle,” she asked,
“have you seen a piece of clothing dragged by
the stream?”
“No, my child,” was the answer,
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“just ask the man
who is fishing down-stream.”
Again tears were rolling over her cheeks and
thereby
she was very hungry
as the stepmother had given her nothing
to eat the whole morning.
Then she met a man
who was fishing on the riverside.
“Uncle, Uncle,” she again asked,
”did you see a piece of clothing?”
“No, my child, go further down-stream,”
the man answered the same.
At last after having walked for some time,
she came near a wood
where she saw an old woman washing rice.
Bawang Putih asked again,
“Mother, have you seen a piece of clothing?”
“Yes, my dear, shortly before I saw a piece of
clothing, driving in the stream.
Come with me
I’ll give it to you.”
Then Bawang Putih followed the old woman to
her hut
while helping drag the old woman’s basket and
her pitcher.
Who was in fact the old woman?
People who lived in the neighborhood said the
woman being a demon,
called Nini Buto Ijo.
On arriving at Nini Buto Ijo’s house,
Bawang Putih was frightened on realizing
that she was in a demon’s house.
This she knew
when Nini Buto Ijo let her cook rice.
Any utensil was different from which she used at
home.
The ladle was made of human hands,
the mug of human skull, wood for cooking was
human bones.
Bawang Putih was very afraid
but she did not show it.
She did everything
that Ni Buto let her do
although she was trembling with fear.
She did not utter a word,
not with standing everything was strange and
frightening in that house.
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After the cooking followed the cleaning of the
house.
To Bawang Putih’s amazement she saw in the
jug instead of water human blood
and under a bank near the wall there were
shattered human bones.
When everything was done
Bawang Putih gathered all courage
to say to the demon,
“Mother, everything is ready.
May I get my piece of clothing and go home?”
“Well, my child,” the demon answered,
“It is already dark.
You will meet my brother on your way
and he would eat you up.
Thus stay here for the night
and return tomorrow home.”
“Yes, mother,” Bawang Putih answered.
“I’ll do.”
The next morning before down she was already
awake.
The demon gave her the piece of clothing and a
melon,
saying, “Go quickly now,
my brother is still asleep.”
Bawang Putih hastened home, glad
that she could leave the demon’s house.
She walked as quickly
she could home
and on coming home the stepmother took the
piece of clothing and the melon from Bawang
Putih’s hand.
Quickly she opened the melon
and what did she see?
Gold, silver and precious stones.
Seeing this Bawang Merah too wanted to go to
the demon’s hut.
But when she arrived there
and the demon let her help in the household,
she refused.
When she left,
the demon also gave her a melon
and on coming home she opened the fruit.
What did she see?
Different venomous creatures crawled out of it,
like snakes, millepedes and others
so that Bawang Merah ran away out of fear.
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Appendix 2
Lexical Density
Text 1. Transportation Technology
a. Land Transport
Transportation development in Indonesia had much to do with big changes
in world transportation technology. Transportation inventions developed in the
West were introduced in colonies since the end of 19th century.
Automobile invention by Gottlied Daimler in 1887 was land transportation
technology invention that had changed the world transportation history. In
Indonesia, automobile was brought by Europeans in the early of the 20th century.
Only Europeans and certain domestic people, like regent, who owned the
vehicles.
The supporting factors of motorcycle development in Indonesia are as
follows:
4) European and American automotive industry development in 1960s
5) Japanese automotive technology development in 1970s
6) Road expansion and construction
In the 1980s Japanese motorcycle technology competed with European’s
and American’s.
Vehicle technology applied in public transport in 1970s replaced the
traditional means. The increasing number of vehicle use in 1980s, traffic jam
was then the main concern in many big cities in Indonesia. However, there was also
positive impact of motor vehicle utilization, like the road construction. Public
transport that could transport the people more easily into many areas, interdistrict, inter-province or inter-island was the example.
Another important land transportation mean was rail transport. This
mean had developed since colonial time through many railroad constructions in
some areas in Indonesia. Since Indonesian independence, railway network was
only in Java, West Sumatra, South Sumatra and Lampung. While, tram was all
eliminated in the early 1970s. In colonial time, railway industry was owned by the
state and private sectors. But after Indonesian independence, all railway industry
was under the government using colonial technology and management.
Railway travel increase between 1950s to 1970s wasn’t kept up with
technology and service development. Some changes started in 1970s when
locomotive had bigger power to draw larger and more coaches. Besides, the
number of passengers increased along with the increase of public mobility since
the end of 1970s.
In the end of 1980s, there started railway expansion and service
improvement. Electric and diesel train were increased due to the increasing
development in Jakarta, Bogor, Tangerang and Bekasi (Jabotabek). In case of
technology development, PT INKA in Medium could produce its own train spare
parts and components. Almost all coaches in 1990s were made in local garages in
Indonesia.
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b. Sea Transport
If land transport was the public need, then as a maritime country, water
transport in Indonesia depended much on technology development. Like railway
industry, sea transport in Indonesia until the middle of 1960s much depended on
the colonial sea voyage. However, marine industry still had important role like to
carry had pilgrim before replaced with air transport in 1980s.
Most of the ships and sea transport technology in Indonesia were
imported. But, maritime technology development also held in Indonesia through
PT PAL in Surabaya that could serve as the medium of technology development in
sea transport sector in Indonesia. Marine transport served as public transport
and goods transport. Other than container technology, modern technology was
also used in oil and natural gas shipment.
c. Air Transport
Air transport development also rapidly increased from time to time. After
the independence, there were more opportunities to create a national aircraft. An
awareness that Indonesia was an archipelago country opened eyes to the need for
air transport for the governance matters, economic development and defense and
security.
The significant development of flight transport defined by the following
factors:
4) Increasing number of passenger or goods since 1970s
5) Increasing number of airports and operational capacity
6) Pioneer airport build in some provinces
Since 1980s Halim Perdana Kesumah as an international airport and
Kemayoran as a domestic airport were incorporated into one single airport
Soekarno-Hatta that served as international and domestic airport. Some other
international airports in other regions were then opened as well.
Garuda Indonesia was the first national flight company that field on 26
January 1949 using DC3 bought by Aceh people and named Seulawah. In 1970s
some other state-owned and private flight companies were built.
As an effort to develop the flight technology and industry, initiated by BJ
Habibie, Nurtanio Aircraft Industry was built on 28 April 1976 in Bandung. This
company then changed name into Nusantara Aircraft Industry. Since 1976, the
new horizon of modern and complete aircraft industry in Indonesia opened. In
this period, all aspects of structure, infrastructure, human resource, law and
regulation related with and supporting aircraft industry were managed. IPTN
developed a concept of progressive technology and industry transfer. The
concept gave optimal result in aero technology mastering in relatively short
period, 24 years.
Through a cooperation with some international flights, especially Cassa
(Spain), IPTN succeeded in assembling and producing several types of aircraft
and helicopter, like CN-235. Since the end of 1980s, IPTN started to cooperate
with some foreign aircraft building company to make some aircraft components.
In 1995, IPTN produced N-250 and succeeded to fly it for the first time. This IPTN
product was expected to be able to compete in the global market with other
aircraft models.
But unfortunately, Indonesian flight industry development experienced
rapid deterioration after IPTN was announced deficit. Beside, IPTN couldn’t
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compete in the tight and difficult production competition with other international
aircraft companies.
On 24 August 2000, IPTN was restructured and changed name into PT
Dirgantara Indonesia (PTDI). PTDI doesn’t only produce aircrafts, but also
weaponry and provide aircraft maintenance service. Besides, PTDI serves as the
subcontractor of world big aircraft industries like Boeing, General Dynamic,
Fokker, etc. PTDI have ever had 16 thousands workers. But due to economic crisis,
it is now only 4000.
Text 2: The Impact of Science and Technology Development to the Life of
Indonesian People
Science and technology are the important aspect for Indonesia to compare
and keep up with other countries. The goal is clean, increasing science quality
development and improving economic sector through technology application in
the industrialization process. Research institutes especially those in industry
sector played very important role to deliver Indonesia into industrial country.
However, economic advantage shown in development program influenced
the environment. Mining exploration like coal, lead, oil, gold, copper and sand
since 1970s polluted the lake, river, coral reef and flora-fauna diversity in
Kalimantan and Sumatra had broken ecology system and forest fire that lead to
extreme climate change.
Indonesian government had made policy of selected logging and
reforestation but in reality most were disobeyed. It can be seen from the
reforestation project along 1980s – 1990s that weren’t optimal for there were still
many bare lands. This much influenced the soil fertility. Environmental disaster
due to forest burning was like those in Kalimantan, Sumatra and Papua within
1990s. Even until now, there are still forest fire in Kalimantan and Riau that creates
smoke pollution. This pollution not only disturbed Indonesian people but also
neighboring countries like Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei Darussalam. Besides,
forest habitat also was threatened.
Industrialization phenomenon was marked with the booming of
industrial factories due to economic development during New Order era. Those
factories created environment pollution as well. In 1970s there were indications
of unprocessed industrial waste that polluted the agricultural field, fish pond and
river like those in Semarang in 1977 and in Sidoarjo, East Java in 1980s. Industrial
waste in Jakarta Gulf in 1980s also polluted marine life. Industrial pollution also
brought disaster to the people like that in North Sumatra. A paper factory had
operated since 1989 caused erosion, flood and Lake Toba sedimentation. It was
because uncontrolled logging for paper material.
Meanwhile, agricultural industry also caused trouble. During Green
Revolution in 1980s there was a dilemma, in one side the program created
remarkable agricultural production but in other side, this program threatened
ecosystem due to the use of pesticide and abnormal cultivating period. Pesticide
really increased the production in 1980 but the product would be very dangerous
to consume since it contained toxic and harmful chemical substance.
Science and technology development caused environmental pollution life
style. Since 1970s modernization supported by economic improvement had
changed Indonesian people life style. The consumption of several goods like
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plastic, refrigerator, air conditioning, pesticide, battery and perfume could
endanger people life accumulatively. Besides, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) content
in some of those goods could damage the ozone layer which protects the earth
from sun’s ultra violet. The increasing automobile and motorcycle use also
polluted the air from their exhausts and noises. That pollution could endanger
people health, physically or psychologically.
In essence, all of those troubles closely related with the improper
technology application and poor effort in conserving the environment in
Indonesia. To overcome, in 1978 there formed a ministry of environment in
Indonesia. Email Salim then appointed as state minister of environmental
supervision and development. Then there came many non-governmental
organization (NGO) concerning in environmental matters in Indonesia.
Communication, information and transportation technology revolution in
the 20th century also developed and brought big impacts to Indonesian people.
Palapa satellite launch in 1976 had brought new era of telecommunication and
information world in Indonesia. The role of this satellite technology largely
supported the development of information industry, like television. The
establishment of TVRI in 1962 until the emergence of private television in the end
of 1980s and 1990s had changed largely, not only Indonesian information media,
but also the social life.
Other than giving information, television also had become entertainment
industry that was cheap and consumable anytime by the people of any ages.
Foreign shows were consumed daily. In New Order era, the censorship institutes
were Information Department and Film Censorship Agency (BSF). But, the roles
of those institutes were no longer effective in Reform Order. Consequently, there
came social pathology like consumptives, violence and crime activity as the
impacts of uneducated television show. Press freedom after the reform was
misused as a total freedom to express anything at their pleasure.
Media freedom, especially television was after the issuance of Law No. 32
Year 2002 about broadcasting. In the introduction there was stated “…broadcast
freedom is guaranteed by the government”. But, this law also requires the mass
media to have moral and religious norms. As what is stated “…enforcing
religious norms, truth, justice, moral and ethics…” It means mass media like
television should consider religious norms, truth, justice, moral and ethics in their
presentation. Article 5 of that broadcasting law also prohibits violence and
immoral presentation/show.
After the era of newspaper, radio and television, computer then took turns
to have an important role in delivering the information. In the 1990s, internet
enabled the people to access information and to communicate effectively and
efficiently.
Internet communication and information technology succeeded in
penetrating geographical, nation, racial, norm boundaries. Other than its
advantages, internet also gave negative impact that could disturb human life
development.
Cultural globalization, for example, enabled everyone to easily access and
adopt knowledge, culture and other foreign values. Those values were packed,
produced and commercialized massively and freely to all around the world
through internet. In this case, we should be able to filter the positive value to
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enrich our national value and to deny the values that don’t match our norms and
cultures.
New technology in the society is unavoidable. It even created social
change. Compared to the past time, current technology change is so rapid. Social
change also races with the impact of the technology application. In the end, there
is wider gap between the technology development and social change. This gap
clearly gives troubles to Indonesian people.
Text 3. Law Kawar
South to Aceh, in the area where the Karos live, there is a small lake called
Lau Kawar. It had been a prosperous village, full of fertile rice-fields, while the
inhabitants were very-industrious in ploughing them. Through working together,
they often got a good harvest. Nobody expected that the village would sink into the
earth and become a lake. People said it was because of a neglected old woman.
The story runs as follows.
One day the villagers got a very good harvest. There was very much rice,
every corn-house was filled to the ridge and there was still more. Out of
thankfulness they decided to give a party, bigger as usual.
The day before the party, the housewives worked together in preparing
delicious food as was their habit for such opportunities. They did their utmost to
make the feast successful. And when the preparing for the party was done for
feast itself they dressed themselves in beautiful dresses. They gathered in the
centre of the village and there was gayety everywhere. Young people danced at the
rhythm of the music which could be heard far and wide.
Every villager was present, expect one old woman who was not able to
walk. She stayed alone at home as her son with his wife and son had left for the
feasting-place. The daughter in law had left especially without any food as there
was much cooked in the feasting-place. Actually the old woman herself longed for
joining the party, but as said before she was old and could not walk that distance
from home to the feasting-place. Therefore she was to stay at home alone. Being
alone, she kept thinking, imagined how gay the villagers were at the party. As she
was too weak, she only lay on a mat which was spread at the floor of the room.
Her thoughts went to the past, when she was young and she herself every year took
part in the feast after harvest was done. How lucky she then was! Every
happening crossed her mind. Now she was laying there, all alone, helpless,
dreaming about the past which would never come again. What she experienced
now was the bitterness of loneliness around her. She had nobody to speak to.
Nobody cared for her. Everybody let her suffer from loneliness!
At mealtime the feasting-party gathered in the open air which was fresh
and very pleasant. Everybody enjoyed the meal and every time the gay tune of the
feasting-people filled the air, because there was always anything, a joke of
whatever to laugh at while they were enjoying the meal.
In such circumstance nobody thought about the old woman at home. The
old woman felt hungry, but nobody came to bring her some food. She waited and
waited but in vain. At last she got up and tried to reach the kitchen although very
difficult, looked into every pan but found nothing. Her daughter in law especially
did not cook that day because there would be plenty of food at the party. Deeply
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disappointed the old women tried to reach her mat, tears flowing over her
wrinkled cheeks, while she was thinking about her past.
“They have forgotten that I am still there,” she whispered, “they are
enjoying the party while forgetting me in the hut without any food. How cruel
they are.”
When the meal at the party was over, her son at once remembered his old
mother. He asked his wife whether she had cooked for her before they left. On
hearing this the wife was frightened to death and hastily packed some food for the
old woman. She hastened to find her son and said: “Here, son, bring this parcel to
your grandmother! Hurry! She would be very hungry.”
“Yes, mother,” the son answered and off he went with the parcel. When he
reached the house he cried, “Granny, here, is some food for you!”
“Open the door, boy,” the old woman answered.
“I cannot rise myself.” The boy entered the room and handed her the
parcel. Then off he went.
The old woman was very glad because she was very hungry. But, now
great was her disappointed when on opening the parcel, she only saw some grains
and pieces of fish-bones without any meat. It proved that before handing that
parcel to the grandmother the naughty boy had eaten the greatest part of the
food. The old woman did not expect that this was done by her daughter in law,
who especially sent her rests of meal. She felt very insulted by such treatment by
her daughter in law. With tears she uttered a curse for her son and his wife.
Not long after an earth-quake happened accompanied by thunder,
lighting and heavy rain. The feasting-people was panic stricken. They ran here
and there, while crying out of fear. Everybody tried to safe himself. The earth was
shaken and only in some minutes the villages disappeared leaving a big hole
which later on was filled with water and became Lau Kawar.
Text 4. Bawang Putih and Bawang Merah
Once there lived in a village, called Dadapan a widow whose name was
Mak Janda Dadapan.
Mak Janda Dadapan had two daughters, Bawang Putih, who was her stepdaughter and Bawang Merah a daughter of her own. Mak Janda did not treat both
girls in the same way. To her own daughter she was very tolerant, Bawang Merah
could do and get everything she wanted and did not like helping her mother in the
household. To Bawang Putih her stepmother was very severe. This girl had to do
everything in the household, sweeping the floor, cooking food, washing clothes,
gathering wood for the kitchen and what not all, so that she in the evening was
dog-tired and quickly fell asleep.
One day as Bawang Putih had to wash clothes at the river, she was very
tired and did not notice that a piece of clothing was dragged by the stream. When
the stepmother knew that one piece of clothing was missing, she become very
angry and beat Bawang Putih with a piece of rattan stick black and blue. Then she
let her look for the piece of clothing at the riverside. With tears running over her
cheeks Bawang Putih returned to the river and followed the stream.
Every time she met somebody she asked for her missing piece of clothing.
At first she met a man who was bathing his horse on the riverside.
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“Uncle, Uncle,” she asked, “have you seen a piece of clothing dragged by
the stream?”
“No, my child,” was the answer, “just ask the man who is fishing downstream.”
Again tears were rolling over her cheeks and thereby she was very hungry
as the stepmother had given her nothing to eat the whole morning. Then she met a
man who was fishing on the riverside.
“Uncle, Uncle,” she again asked, ”did you see a piece of clothing?”
“No, my child, go further down-stream,” the man answered the same.
At last after having walked for some time, she came near a wood where she
saw an old woman washing rice.
Bawang Putih asked again, “Mother, have you seen a piece of clothing?”
“Yes, my dear, shortly before I saw a piece of clothing, driving in the
stream. Come with me I’ll give it to you.”
Then Bawang Putih followed the old woman to her hut while helping drag
the old woman’s basket and her pitcher. Who was in fact the old woman? People
who lived in the neighborhood said the woman being a demon, called Nini Buto
Ijo.
On arriving at Nini Buto Ijo’s house, Bawang Putih was frightened on
realizing that she was in a demon’s house. This she knew when Nini Buto Ijo let
her cook rice. Any utensil was different from which she used at home. The ladle
was made of human hands, the mug of human skull, wood for cooking was
human bones. Bawang Putih was very afraid but she did not show it. She did
everything that Ni Buto let her do although she was trembling with fear. She did not
utter a word, not withstanding everything was strange and frightening in that
house.
After the cooking followed the cleaning of the house. To Bawang Putih’s
amazement she saw in the jug instead of water human blood and under a bank
near the wall there were shattered human bones.
When everything was done Bawang Putih gathered all courage to say to the
demon, “Mother, everything is ready. May I get my piece of clothing and go
home?”
“Well, my child,” the demon answered, “It is already dark. You will meet
my brother on your way and he would eat you up. Thus stay here for the night and
return tomorrow home.”
“Yes, mother,” Bawang Putih answered. “I’ll do.”
The next morning before down she was already awake. The demon gave
her the piece of clothing and a melon, saying, “Go quickly now, my brother is still
asleep.”
Bawang Putih hastened home, glad that she could leave the demon’s house.
She walked as quickly she could home and on coming home the stepmother took
the piece of clothing and the melon from Bawang Putih’s hand. Quickly she
opened the melon and what did she see? Gold, silver and precious stones. Seeing
this Bawang Merah too wanted to go to the demon’s hut. But when she arrived
there and the demon let her help in the household, she refused.
When she left, the demon also gave her a melon and on coming home she
opened the fruit. What did she see? Different venomous creatures crawled out of
it, like snakes, millepedes and others so that Bawang Merah ran away out of fear.
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Appendix 1
Grammatical Intricacy
Text 1: Transportation Technology
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Sentence
Transportation development in Indonesia had
much to do with big changes in world
transportation technology.
Transportation inventions developed in the West
were introduced in colonies since the end of 19th
century.
Automobile invention by Gottlied Daimler in
1887 was land transportation technology
invention
that had changed the world transportation history.
In Indonesia, automobile was brought by
Europeans in the early of the 20th century.
Only Europeans and certain domestic people, like
regent, who owned the vehicles.
The
supporting
factors
of
motorcycle
development in Indonesia are as follows:
1) European and American automotive
industry development in 1960s
2) Japanese
automotive
technology
development in 1970s
3) Road expansion and construction
In the 1980s Japanese motorcycle technology
competed with European’s and American’s.
Vehicle technology applied in public transport in
1970s
replaced the traditional means.
The increasing number of vehicle use in 1980s,
traffic jam was then the main concern in many big
cities in Indonesia.
However, there was also positive impact of motor
vehicle utilization, like the road construction.
Public transport that could transport the people
more easily into many areas, inter-district, interprovince or inter-island
was the example.
Another important land transportation mean was
rail transport.
Clause
Independent Dependent
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18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
This mean had developed since colonial time
through many railroad constructions in some
areas in Indonesia.
Since Indonesian independence, railway network
was only in Java, West Sumatra, South Sumatra
and Lampung.
While, tram was all eliminated in the early 1970s.
In colonial time, railway industry was owned by
the state and private sectors.
But after Indonesian independence, all railway
industry was under the government using colonial
technology and management.
Railway travel increase between 1950s to 1970s
wasn’t kept up with technology and service
development.
Some changes started in 1970s
when locomotive had bigger power
to draw larger and more coaches.
Besides, the number of passengers increased
along with the increase of public mobility since
the end of 1970s.
In the end of 1980s, there started railway
expansion and service improvement.
Electric and diesel train were increased due to the
increasing development in Jakarta, Bogor,
Tangerang and Bekasi (Jabotabek).
In case of technology development, PT INKA in
Medium could produce its own train spare parts
and components.
Almost all coaches in 1990s were made in local
garages in Indonesia.
If land transport was the public need,
then as a maritime country, water transport in
Indonesia depended much on technology
development.
Like railway industry, sea transport in Indonesia
until the middle of 1960s much depended on the
colonial sea voyage.
However, marine industry still had important role
like to carry had pilgrim
before replaced with air transport in 1980s.
Most of the ships and sea transport technology in
Indonesia were imported.
But, maritime technology development also held
in Indonesia through PT PAL in Surabaya
that could serve as the medium of technology
development in sea transport sector in Indonesia.
Marine transport served as public transport and
Universitas Sumatera Utara
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
goods transport.
Other than container technology, modern
technology was also used in oil and natural gas
shipment.
Air transport development also rapidly increased
from time to time.
After the independence, there were more
opportunities
to create a national aircraft.
An awareness that Indonesia was
an archipelago country opened eyes to the need
for air transport for the governance matters,
economic development and defense and security.
The significant development of flight transport
defined by the following factors:
1) Increasing number of passenger or goods
since 1970s
2) Increasing number of airports and operational
capacity
3) Pioneer airport build in some provinces
Since 1980s Halim Perdana Kesumah as an
international airport and Kemayoran as a
domestic airport were incorporated into one single
airport Soekarno-Hatta
that served as international and domestic airport.
Some other international airports in other regions
were then opened as well.
Garuda Indonesia was the first national flight
company
that field on 26 January 1949
using DC3
bought by Aceh people
and named Seulawah.
In 1970s some other state-owned and private
flight companies were built.
As an effort to develop the flight technology and
industry, initiated by BJ Habibie,
Nurtanio Aircraft Industry was built on 28 April
1976 in Bandung.
This company then changed name into Nusantara
Aircraft Industry.
Since 1976, the new horizon of modern and
complete aircraft industry in Indonesia opened.
In this period, all aspects of structure,
infrastructure, human resource, law and
regulation related with
and supporting aircraft industry were managed.
IPTN developed a concept of progressive
Universitas Sumatera Utara
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
technology and industry transfer.
The concept gave optimal result in aero
technology mastering in relatively short period,
24 years.
Through a cooperation with some international
flights, especially Cassa (Spain), IPTN succeeded
in assembling and producing several types of
aircraft and helicopter, like CN-235.
Since the end of 1980s, IPTN started to cooperate
with some foreign aircraft building company
to make some aircraft components.
In 1995, IPTN produced N-250
and succeeded to fly it for the first time.
This IPTN product was expected
to be able to compete in the global market with
other aircraft models.
But unfortunately, Indonesian flight industry
development experienced rapid deterioration
after IPTN was announced deficit.
Beside, IPTN couldn’t compete in the tight and
difficult production competition with other
international aircraft companies.
On 24 August 2000, IPTN was restructured
and changed name into PT Dirgantara Indonesia
(PTDI).
PTDI doesn’t only produce aircrafts,
but also weaponry and provide aircraft
maintenance service.
Besides, PTDI serves as the subcontractor of
world big aircraft industries like Boeing, General
Dynamic, Fokker, etc.
PTDI have ever had 16 thousands workers.
But due to economic crisis, it is now only 4000.
Text 2. The Impact of Science and Technology Development to the Life of
Indonesian People
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Text
Science and technology are the important aspect
for Indonesia
to compare and keep up with other countries.
The goal is clean,
increasing science quality development
and improving economic sector through
technology application in the industrialization
process.
Clause
Independent Dependent
Universitas Sumatera Utara
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
Research institutes especially those in industry
sector played very important role
to deliver Indonesia into industrial country.
However, economic advantage shown
in
development program
influenced the environment.
Mining exploration like coal, lead, oil, gold,
copper and sand since 1970s polluted the lake,
river, coral reef and flora-fauna diversity.
In the forestry sector, illegal logging in
Kalimantan and Sumatra had broken ecology
system,
and forest fire that lead to extreme climate
change.
Indonesian government had made policy of
selected logging and reforestation
but in reality most were disobeyed.
It can be seen from the reforestation project
along 1980s – 1990s
that weren’t optimal
for there were still many bare lands.
This much influenced the soil fertility.
Environmental disaster due to forest burning was
like those in Kalimantan, Sumatra and Papua
within 1990s.
Even until now, there are still forest fire in
Kalimantan and Riau
that creates smoke pollution.
This pollution not only disturbed Indonesian
people but also neighboring countries like
Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei Darussalam.
Besides, forest habitat also was threatened.
Industrialization phenomenon was marked with
the booming of industrial factories due to
economic development during New Order era.
Those factories created environment pollution as
well.
In 1970s there were indications of unprocessed
industrial waste
that polluted the agricultural field, fish pond and
river like those in Semarang in 1977 and in
Sidoarjo, East Java in 1980s.
Industrial waste in Jakarta Gulf in 1980s also
polluted marine life.
Industrial pollution also brought disaster to the
people like that in North Sumatra.
A paper factory had operated since 1989
caused erosion, flood and Lake Toba
Universitas Sumatera Utara
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
sedimentation.
It was because uncontrolled logging for paper
material.
Meanwhile, agricultural industry also caused
trouble.
During Green Revolution in 1980s there was a
dilemma,
in one side the program created remarkable
agricultural production
but in other side, this program threatened
ecosystem due to the use of pesticide and
abnormal cultivating period.
Pesticide really increased the production in 1980
but the product would be very dangerous to
consume
since it contained toxic and harmful chemical
substance.
Science and technology development caused
environmental pollution life style.
Since 1970s modernization supported by
economic improvement
had changed Indonesian people life style.
The consumption of several goods like plastic,
refrigerator, air conditioning, pesticide, battery
and perfume could endanger people life
accumulatively.
Besides, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) content in
some of those goods could damage the ozone
layer
which protects the earth from sun’s ultra violet.
The increasing automobile and motorcycle use
also polluted the air from their exhausts and
noises.
That pollution could endanger people health,
physically or psychologically.
In essence, all of those troubles closely related
with the improper technology application and
poor effort in conserving the environment in
Indonesia.
To overcome, in 1978 there formed a ministry of
environment in Indonesia.
Email Salim then appointed as state minister of
environmental supervision and development.
Then there came many non-governmental
organization (NGO) concerning in environmental
matters in Indonesia.
Communication, information and transportation
technology revolution in the 20th century also
Universitas Sumatera Utara
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
developed
and brought big impacts to Indonesian people.
Palapa satellite launch in 1976 had brought new
era of telecommunication and information world
in Indonesia.
The role of this satellite technology largely
supported the development of information
industry, like television.
The establishment of TVRI in 1962 until the
emergence of private television in the end of
1980s and 1990s had changed largely, not only
Indonesian information media, but also the social
life.
Other than giving information, television also
had become entertainment industry
that was cheap and consumable anytime by the
people of any ages.
Foreign shows were consumed daily.
In New Order era, the censorship institutes were
Information Department and Film Censorship
Agency (BSF).
But, the roles of those institutes were no longer
effective in Reform Order.
Consequently, there came social pathology like
consumptives, violence and crime activity as the
impacts of uneducated television show.
Press freedom after the reform was misused as a
total freedom
to express anything at their pleasure.
Media freedom, especially television was after
the issuance of Law No. 32 Year 2002 about
broadcasting.
In the introduction there was stated
“…broadcast freedom is guaranteed by the
government”.
But, this law also requires the mass media to
have moral and religious norms.
As what is stated “…enforcing religious norms,
truth, justice, moral and ethics…”
It means mass media like television should
consider religious norms, truth, justice, moral and
ethics in their presentation.
Article 5 of that broadcasting law also prohibits
violence and immoral presentation/show.
After the era of newspaper, radio and television,
computer then took turns
to have an important role in delivering the
information.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
74.
75
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
In the 1990s, internet enabled the people to
access information
and to communicate effectively and efficiently.
Internet communication and information
technology
succeeded
in
penetrating
geographical, nation, racial, norm boundaries.
Other than its advantages, internet also gave
negative impact
that could disturb human life development.
Cultural globalization, for example, enabled
everyone to easily access
and adopt knowledge, culture and other foreign
values.
Those values were packed, produced and
commercialized massively and freely to all
around the world through internet.
In this case, we should be able to filter the
positive value
to enrich our national value
and to deny the values
that don’t match our norms and cultures.
New technology in the society is unavoidable.
It even created social change.
Compared to the past time,
current technology change is so rapid.
Social change also races with the impact of the
technology application.
In the end, there is wider gap between the
technology development and social change.
This gap clearly gives troubles to Indonesian
people.
Text 3. Law Kawar
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Sentence
South to Aceh, in the area where the Karos live,
there is a small lake
called Lau Kawar.
It had been a prosperous village, full of fertile
rice-fields,
while the inhabitants were very-industrious in
ploughing them.
Through working together, they often got a
good harvest.
Nobody expected
that the village would sink into the earth
and become a lake.
Clause
Independent Dependent
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9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
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15.
16.
17.
18.
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24.
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People said
it was because of a neglected old woman.
The story runs as follows.
One day the villagers got a very good harvest.
There was very much rice,
every corn-house was filled to the ridge
and there was still more.
Out of thankfulness they decided to give a
party, bigger as usual.
The day before the party, the housewives
worked together in preparing delicious food
as was their habit for such opportunities.
They did their utmost
to make the feast successful.
And when the preparing for the party was done
for feast itself
they dressed themselves in beautiful dresses.
They gathered in the centre of the village
and there was gayety everywhere.
Young people danced at the rhythm of the
music
which could be heard far and wide.
Every villager was present, expect one old
woman
who was not able to walk.
She stayed alone at home
as her son with his wife and son had left for the
feasting-place.
The daughter in law had left especially without
any food
as there was much cooked in the feasting-place.
Actually the old woman herself longed for
joining the party,
but as said before she was old
and could not walk that distance from home to
the feasting-place.
Therefore she was to stay at home alone.
Being alone, she kept thinking, imagined how
gay the villagers were at the party.
As she was too weak,
she only lay on a mat which was spread at the
floor of the room.
Her thoughts went to the past,
when she was young
and she herself every year took part in the feast
after harvest was done.
How lucky she then was!
Every happening crossed her mind.
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46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
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60.
61.
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67.
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70.
71.
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74.
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79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
Now she was laying there,
all alone, helpless, dreaming about the past
which would never come again.
What she experienced now was the bitterness of
loneliness around her.
She had nobody to speak to.
Nobody cared for her.
Everybody let her suffer from loneliness!
At mealtime the feasting-party gathered in the
open air
which was fresh and very pleasant.
Everybody enjoyed the meal
and every time the gay tune of the feastingpeople filled the air,
because there was always anything,
a joke of whatever to laugh at
while they were enjoying the meal.
In such circumstance nobody thought about the
old woman at home.
The old woman felt hungry,
but nobody came to bring her some food.
She waited and waited but in vain.
At last she got up
and tried to reach the kitchen
although very difficult, looked into every pan
but found nothing.
Her daughter in law especially did not cook that
day
because there would be plenty of food at the
party.
Deeply disappointed the old women tried to
reach her mat,
tears flowing over her wrinkled cheeks,
while she was thinking about her past.
“They have forgotten
that I am still there,”
she whispered,
“they are enjoying the party
while forgetting me in the hut without any food.
How cruel they are.”
When the meal at the party was over,
her son at once remembered his old mother.
He asked his wife
whether she had cooked for her
before they left.
On hearing this the wife was frightened to death
and hastily packed some food for the old
woman.
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85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96
97
98
99
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
She hastened
to find her son and said:
“Here, son, bring this parcel to your
grandmother!
Hurry! She would be very hungry.”
“Yes, mother,” the son answered and off
he went with the parcel.
When he reached the house
he cried,
“Granny, here, is some food for you!”
“Open the door, boy,”
the old woman answered.
“I cannot rise myself.”
The boy entered the room
and handed her the parcel.
Then off he went.
The old woman was very glad
because she was very hungry.
But, now great was her disappointed
when on opening the parcel,
she only saw some grains and pieces of fishbones without any meat.
It proved that before handing that parcel to the
grandmother
the naughty boy had eaten the greatest part of
the food.
The old woman did not expect
that this was done by her daughter in law,
who especially sent her rests of meal.
She felt very insulted by such treatment by her
daughter in law.
With tears she uttered a curse for her son and
his wife.
Not long after an earth-quake happened
accompanied by thunder, lighting and heavy
rain.
The feasting-people was panic stricken.
They ran here and there,
while crying out of fear.
Everybody tried to safe himself.
The earth was shaken
and only in some minutes the villages
disappeared leaving a big hole
which later on was filled with water and
became Lau Kawar.
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Text 4. Bawang Merah Bawang Putih
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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11.
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13.
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Text
Once there lived in a village,
called Dadapan a widow whose name was Mak
Janda Dadapan.
Mak Janda Dadapan had two daughters, Bawang
Putih,
who was her step-daughter and Bawang Merah a
daughter of her own.
Mak Janda did not treat both girls in the same
way.
To her own daughter she was very tolerant,
Bawang Merah could do
and get everything she wanted
and did not like helping her mother in the
household.
To Bawang Putih her stepmother was very
severe.
This girl had to do everything in the household,
sweeping the floor, cooking food, washing
clothes, gathering wood for the kitchen and what
not all,
so that she in the evening was dog-tired and
quickly fell asleep.
One day as Bawang Putih had to wash clothes at
the river,
she was very tired
and did not notice that a piece of clothing was
dragged by the stream.
When the stepmother knew
that one piece of clothing was missing,
she become very angry
and beat Bawang Putih with a piece of rattan
stick black and blue.
Then she let her look for the piece of clothing at
the riverside.
With tears running over her cheeks Bawang
Putih returned to the river
and followed the stream.
Every time she met somebody
she asked for her missing piece of clothing.
At first she met a man
who was bathing his horse on the riverside.
“Uncle, Uncle,” she asked,
“have you seen a piece of clothing dragged by
the stream?”
“No, my child,” was the answer,
Clause
Independent Dependent
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32.
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70.
“just ask the man
who is fishing down-stream.”
Again tears were rolling over her cheeks and
thereby
she was very hungry
as the stepmother had given her nothing
to eat the whole morning.
Then she met a man
who was fishing on the riverside.
“Uncle, Uncle,” she again asked,
”did you see a piece of clothing?”
“No, my child, go further down-stream,”
the man answered the same.
At last after having walked for some time,
she came near a wood
where she saw an old woman washing rice.
Bawang Putih asked again,
“Mother, have you seen a piece of clothing?”
“Yes, my dear, shortly before I saw a piece of
clothing, driving in the stream.
Come with me
I’ll give it to you.”
Then Bawang Putih followed the old woman to
her hut
while helping drag the old woman’s basket and
her pitcher.
Who was in fact the old woman?
People who lived in the neighborhood said the
woman being a demon,
called Nini Buto Ijo.
On arriving at Nini Buto Ijo’s house,
Bawang Putih was frightened on realizing
that she was in a demon’s house.
This she knew
when Nini Buto Ijo let her cook rice.
Any utensil was different from which she used at
home.
The ladle was made of human hands,
the mug of human skull, wood for cooking was
human bones.
Bawang Putih was very afraid
but she did not show it.
She did everything
that Ni Buto let her do
although she was trembling with fear.
She did not utter a word,
not with standing everything was strange and
frightening in that house.
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71.
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108.
After the cooking followed the cleaning of the
house.
To Bawang Putih’s amazement she saw in the
jug instead of water human blood
and under a bank near the wall there were
shattered human bones.
When everything was done
Bawang Putih gathered all courage
to say to the demon,
“Mother, everything is ready.
May I get my piece of clothing and go home?”
“Well, my child,” the demon answered,
“It is already dark.
You will meet my brother on your way
and he would eat you up.
Thus stay here for the night
and return tomorrow home.”
“Yes, mother,” Bawang Putih answered.
“I’ll do.”
The next morning before down she was already
awake.
The demon gave her the piece of clothing and a
melon,
saying, “Go quickly now,
my brother is still asleep.”
Bawang Putih hastened home, glad
that she could leave the demon’s house.
She walked as quickly
she could home
and on coming home the stepmother took the
piece of clothing and the melon from Bawang
Putih’s hand.
Quickly she opened the melon
and what did she see?
Gold, silver and precious stones.
Seeing this Bawang Merah too wanted to go to
the demon’s hut.
But when she arrived there
and the demon let her help in the household,
she refused.
When she left,
the demon also gave her a melon
and on coming home she opened the fruit.
What did she see?
Different venomous creatures crawled out of it,
like snakes, millepedes and others
so that Bawang Merah ran away out of fear.
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Appendix 2
Lexical Density
Text 1. Transportation Technology
a. Land Transport
Transportation development in Indonesia had much to do with big changes
in world transportation technology. Transportation inventions developed in the
West were introduced in colonies since the end of 19th century.
Automobile invention by Gottlied Daimler in 1887 was land transportation
technology invention that had changed the world transportation history. In
Indonesia, automobile was brought by Europeans in the early of the 20th century.
Only Europeans and certain domestic people, like regent, who owned the
vehicles.
The supporting factors of motorcycle development in Indonesia are as
follows:
4) European and American automotive industry development in 1960s
5) Japanese automotive technology development in 1970s
6) Road expansion and construction
In the 1980s Japanese motorcycle technology competed with European’s
and American’s.
Vehicle technology applied in public transport in 1970s replaced the
traditional means. The increasing number of vehicle use in 1980s, traffic jam
was then the main concern in many big cities in Indonesia. However, there was also
positive impact of motor vehicle utilization, like the road construction. Public
transport that could transport the people more easily into many areas, interdistrict, inter-province or inter-island was the example.
Another important land transportation mean was rail transport. This
mean had developed since colonial time through many railroad constructions in
some areas in Indonesia. Since Indonesian independence, railway network was
only in Java, West Sumatra, South Sumatra and Lampung. While, tram was all
eliminated in the early 1970s. In colonial time, railway industry was owned by the
state and private sectors. But after Indonesian independence, all railway industry
was under the government using colonial technology and management.
Railway travel increase between 1950s to 1970s wasn’t kept up with
technology and service development. Some changes started in 1970s when
locomotive had bigger power to draw larger and more coaches. Besides, the
number of passengers increased along with the increase of public mobility since
the end of 1970s.
In the end of 1980s, there started railway expansion and service
improvement. Electric and diesel train were increased due to the increasing
development in Jakarta, Bogor, Tangerang and Bekasi (Jabotabek). In case of
technology development, PT INKA in Medium could produce its own train spare
parts and components. Almost all coaches in 1990s were made in local garages in
Indonesia.
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b. Sea Transport
If land transport was the public need, then as a maritime country, water
transport in Indonesia depended much on technology development. Like railway
industry, sea transport in Indonesia until the middle of 1960s much depended on
the colonial sea voyage. However, marine industry still had important role like to
carry had pilgrim before replaced with air transport in 1980s.
Most of the ships and sea transport technology in Indonesia were
imported. But, maritime technology development also held in Indonesia through
PT PAL in Surabaya that could serve as the medium of technology development in
sea transport sector in Indonesia. Marine transport served as public transport
and goods transport. Other than container technology, modern technology was
also used in oil and natural gas shipment.
c. Air Transport
Air transport development also rapidly increased from time to time. After
the independence, there were more opportunities to create a national aircraft. An
awareness that Indonesia was an archipelago country opened eyes to the need for
air transport for the governance matters, economic development and defense and
security.
The significant development of flight transport defined by the following
factors:
4) Increasing number of passenger or goods since 1970s
5) Increasing number of airports and operational capacity
6) Pioneer airport build in some provinces
Since 1980s Halim Perdana Kesumah as an international airport and
Kemayoran as a domestic airport were incorporated into one single airport
Soekarno-Hatta that served as international and domestic airport. Some other
international airports in other regions were then opened as well.
Garuda Indonesia was the first national flight company that field on 26
January 1949 using DC3 bought by Aceh people and named Seulawah. In 1970s
some other state-owned and private flight companies were built.
As an effort to develop the flight technology and industry, initiated by BJ
Habibie, Nurtanio Aircraft Industry was built on 28 April 1976 in Bandung. This
company then changed name into Nusantara Aircraft Industry. Since 1976, the
new horizon of modern and complete aircraft industry in Indonesia opened. In
this period, all aspects of structure, infrastructure, human resource, law and
regulation related with and supporting aircraft industry were managed. IPTN
developed a concept of progressive technology and industry transfer. The
concept gave optimal result in aero technology mastering in relatively short
period, 24 years.
Through a cooperation with some international flights, especially Cassa
(Spain), IPTN succeeded in assembling and producing several types of aircraft
and helicopter, like CN-235. Since the end of 1980s, IPTN started to cooperate
with some foreign aircraft building company to make some aircraft components.
In 1995, IPTN produced N-250 and succeeded to fly it for the first time. This IPTN
product was expected to be able to compete in the global market with other
aircraft models.
But unfortunately, Indonesian flight industry development experienced
rapid deterioration after IPTN was announced deficit. Beside, IPTN couldn’t
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compete in the tight and difficult production competition with other international
aircraft companies.
On 24 August 2000, IPTN was restructured and changed name into PT
Dirgantara Indonesia (PTDI). PTDI doesn’t only produce aircrafts, but also
weaponry and provide aircraft maintenance service. Besides, PTDI serves as the
subcontractor of world big aircraft industries like Boeing, General Dynamic,
Fokker, etc. PTDI have ever had 16 thousands workers. But due to economic crisis,
it is now only 4000.
Text 2: The Impact of Science and Technology Development to the Life of
Indonesian People
Science and technology are the important aspect for Indonesia to compare
and keep up with other countries. The goal is clean, increasing science quality
development and improving economic sector through technology application in
the industrialization process. Research institutes especially those in industry
sector played very important role to deliver Indonesia into industrial country.
However, economic advantage shown in development program influenced
the environment. Mining exploration like coal, lead, oil, gold, copper and sand
since 1970s polluted the lake, river, coral reef and flora-fauna diversity in
Kalimantan and Sumatra had broken ecology system and forest fire that lead to
extreme climate change.
Indonesian government had made policy of selected logging and
reforestation but in reality most were disobeyed. It can be seen from the
reforestation project along 1980s – 1990s that weren’t optimal for there were still
many bare lands. This much influenced the soil fertility. Environmental disaster
due to forest burning was like those in Kalimantan, Sumatra and Papua within
1990s. Even until now, there are still forest fire in Kalimantan and Riau that creates
smoke pollution. This pollution not only disturbed Indonesian people but also
neighboring countries like Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei Darussalam. Besides,
forest habitat also was threatened.
Industrialization phenomenon was marked with the booming of
industrial factories due to economic development during New Order era. Those
factories created environment pollution as well. In 1970s there were indications
of unprocessed industrial waste that polluted the agricultural field, fish pond and
river like those in Semarang in 1977 and in Sidoarjo, East Java in 1980s. Industrial
waste in Jakarta Gulf in 1980s also polluted marine life. Industrial pollution also
brought disaster to the people like that in North Sumatra. A paper factory had
operated since 1989 caused erosion, flood and Lake Toba sedimentation. It was
because uncontrolled logging for paper material.
Meanwhile, agricultural industry also caused trouble. During Green
Revolution in 1980s there was a dilemma, in one side the program created
remarkable agricultural production but in other side, this program threatened
ecosystem due to the use of pesticide and abnormal cultivating period. Pesticide
really increased the production in 1980 but the product would be very dangerous
to consume since it contained toxic and harmful chemical substance.
Science and technology development caused environmental pollution life
style. Since 1970s modernization supported by economic improvement had
changed Indonesian people life style. The consumption of several goods like
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plastic, refrigerator, air conditioning, pesticide, battery and perfume could
endanger people life accumulatively. Besides, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) content
in some of those goods could damage the ozone layer which protects the earth
from sun’s ultra violet. The increasing automobile and motorcycle use also
polluted the air from their exhausts and noises. That pollution could endanger
people health, physically or psychologically.
In essence, all of those troubles closely related with the improper
technology application and poor effort in conserving the environment in
Indonesia. To overcome, in 1978 there formed a ministry of environment in
Indonesia. Email Salim then appointed as state minister of environmental
supervision and development. Then there came many non-governmental
organization (NGO) concerning in environmental matters in Indonesia.
Communication, information and transportation technology revolution in
the 20th century also developed and brought big impacts to Indonesian people.
Palapa satellite launch in 1976 had brought new era of telecommunication and
information world in Indonesia. The role of this satellite technology largely
supported the development of information industry, like television. The
establishment of TVRI in 1962 until the emergence of private television in the end
of 1980s and 1990s had changed largely, not only Indonesian information media,
but also the social life.
Other than giving information, television also had become entertainment
industry that was cheap and consumable anytime by the people of any ages.
Foreign shows were consumed daily. In New Order era, the censorship institutes
were Information Department and Film Censorship Agency (BSF). But, the roles
of those institutes were no longer effective in Reform Order. Consequently, there
came social pathology like consumptives, violence and crime activity as the
impacts of uneducated television show. Press freedom after the reform was
misused as a total freedom to express anything at their pleasure.
Media freedom, especially television was after the issuance of Law No. 32
Year 2002 about broadcasting. In the introduction there was stated “…broadcast
freedom is guaranteed by the government”. But, this law also requires the mass
media to have moral and religious norms. As what is stated “…enforcing
religious norms, truth, justice, moral and ethics…” It means mass media like
television should consider religious norms, truth, justice, moral and ethics in their
presentation. Article 5 of that broadcasting law also prohibits violence and
immoral presentation/show.
After the era of newspaper, radio and television, computer then took turns
to have an important role in delivering the information. In the 1990s, internet
enabled the people to access information and to communicate effectively and
efficiently.
Internet communication and information technology succeeded in
penetrating geographical, nation, racial, norm boundaries. Other than its
advantages, internet also gave negative impact that could disturb human life
development.
Cultural globalization, for example, enabled everyone to easily access and
adopt knowledge, culture and other foreign values. Those values were packed,
produced and commercialized massively and freely to all around the world
through internet. In this case, we should be able to filter the positive value to
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enrich our national value and to deny the values that don’t match our norms and
cultures.
New technology in the society is unavoidable. It even created social
change. Compared to the past time, current technology change is so rapid. Social
change also races with the impact of the technology application. In the end, there
is wider gap between the technology development and social change. This gap
clearly gives troubles to Indonesian people.
Text 3. Law Kawar
South to Aceh, in the area where the Karos live, there is a small lake called
Lau Kawar. It had been a prosperous village, full of fertile rice-fields, while the
inhabitants were very-industrious in ploughing them. Through working together,
they often got a good harvest. Nobody expected that the village would sink into the
earth and become a lake. People said it was because of a neglected old woman.
The story runs as follows.
One day the villagers got a very good harvest. There was very much rice,
every corn-house was filled to the ridge and there was still more. Out of
thankfulness they decided to give a party, bigger as usual.
The day before the party, the housewives worked together in preparing
delicious food as was their habit for such opportunities. They did their utmost to
make the feast successful. And when the preparing for the party was done for
feast itself they dressed themselves in beautiful dresses. They gathered in the
centre of the village and there was gayety everywhere. Young people danced at the
rhythm of the music which could be heard far and wide.
Every villager was present, expect one old woman who was not able to
walk. She stayed alone at home as her son with his wife and son had left for the
feasting-place. The daughter in law had left especially without any food as there
was much cooked in the feasting-place. Actually the old woman herself longed for
joining the party, but as said before she was old and could not walk that distance
from home to the feasting-place. Therefore she was to stay at home alone. Being
alone, she kept thinking, imagined how gay the villagers were at the party. As she
was too weak, she only lay on a mat which was spread at the floor of the room.
Her thoughts went to the past, when she was young and she herself every year took
part in the feast after harvest was done. How lucky she then was! Every
happening crossed her mind. Now she was laying there, all alone, helpless,
dreaming about the past which would never come again. What she experienced
now was the bitterness of loneliness around her. She had nobody to speak to.
Nobody cared for her. Everybody let her suffer from loneliness!
At mealtime the feasting-party gathered in the open air which was fresh
and very pleasant. Everybody enjoyed the meal and every time the gay tune of the
feasting-people filled the air, because there was always anything, a joke of
whatever to laugh at while they were enjoying the meal.
In such circumstance nobody thought about the old woman at home. The
old woman felt hungry, but nobody came to bring her some food. She waited and
waited but in vain. At last she got up and tried to reach the kitchen although very
difficult, looked into every pan but found nothing. Her daughter in law especially
did not cook that day because there would be plenty of food at the party. Deeply
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disappointed the old women tried to reach her mat, tears flowing over her
wrinkled cheeks, while she was thinking about her past.
“They have forgotten that I am still there,” she whispered, “they are
enjoying the party while forgetting me in the hut without any food. How cruel
they are.”
When the meal at the party was over, her son at once remembered his old
mother. He asked his wife whether she had cooked for her before they left. On
hearing this the wife was frightened to death and hastily packed some food for the
old woman. She hastened to find her son and said: “Here, son, bring this parcel to
your grandmother! Hurry! She would be very hungry.”
“Yes, mother,” the son answered and off he went with the parcel. When he
reached the house he cried, “Granny, here, is some food for you!”
“Open the door, boy,” the old woman answered.
“I cannot rise myself.” The boy entered the room and handed her the
parcel. Then off he went.
The old woman was very glad because she was very hungry. But, now
great was her disappointed when on opening the parcel, she only saw some grains
and pieces of fish-bones without any meat. It proved that before handing that
parcel to the grandmother the naughty boy had eaten the greatest part of the
food. The old woman did not expect that this was done by her daughter in law,
who especially sent her rests of meal. She felt very insulted by such treatment by
her daughter in law. With tears she uttered a curse for her son and his wife.
Not long after an earth-quake happened accompanied by thunder,
lighting and heavy rain. The feasting-people was panic stricken. They ran here
and there, while crying out of fear. Everybody tried to safe himself. The earth was
shaken and only in some minutes the villages disappeared leaving a big hole
which later on was filled with water and became Lau Kawar.
Text 4. Bawang Putih and Bawang Merah
Once there lived in a village, called Dadapan a widow whose name was
Mak Janda Dadapan.
Mak Janda Dadapan had two daughters, Bawang Putih, who was her stepdaughter and Bawang Merah a daughter of her own. Mak Janda did not treat both
girls in the same way. To her own daughter she was very tolerant, Bawang Merah
could do and get everything she wanted and did not like helping her mother in the
household. To Bawang Putih her stepmother was very severe. This girl had to do
everything in the household, sweeping the floor, cooking food, washing clothes,
gathering wood for the kitchen and what not all, so that she in the evening was
dog-tired and quickly fell asleep.
One day as Bawang Putih had to wash clothes at the river, she was very
tired and did not notice that a piece of clothing was dragged by the stream. When
the stepmother knew that one piece of clothing was missing, she become very
angry and beat Bawang Putih with a piece of rattan stick black and blue. Then she
let her look for the piece of clothing at the riverside. With tears running over her
cheeks Bawang Putih returned to the river and followed the stream.
Every time she met somebody she asked for her missing piece of clothing.
At first she met a man who was bathing his horse on the riverside.
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“Uncle, Uncle,” she asked, “have you seen a piece of clothing dragged by
the stream?”
“No, my child,” was the answer, “just ask the man who is fishing downstream.”
Again tears were rolling over her cheeks and thereby she was very hungry
as the stepmother had given her nothing to eat the whole morning. Then she met a
man who was fishing on the riverside.
“Uncle, Uncle,” she again asked, ”did you see a piece of clothing?”
“No, my child, go further down-stream,” the man answered the same.
At last after having walked for some time, she came near a wood where she
saw an old woman washing rice.
Bawang Putih asked again, “Mother, have you seen a piece of clothing?”
“Yes, my dear, shortly before I saw a piece of clothing, driving in the
stream. Come with me I’ll give it to you.”
Then Bawang Putih followed the old woman to her hut while helping drag
the old woman’s basket and her pitcher. Who was in fact the old woman? People
who lived in the neighborhood said the woman being a demon, called Nini Buto
Ijo.
On arriving at Nini Buto Ijo’s house, Bawang Putih was frightened on
realizing that she was in a demon’s house. This she knew when Nini Buto Ijo let
her cook rice. Any utensil was different from which she used at home. The ladle
was made of human hands, the mug of human skull, wood for cooking was
human bones. Bawang Putih was very afraid but she did not show it. She did
everything that Ni Buto let her do although she was trembling with fear. She did not
utter a word, not withstanding everything was strange and frightening in that
house.
After the cooking followed the cleaning of the house. To Bawang Putih’s
amazement she saw in the jug instead of water human blood and under a bank
near the wall there were shattered human bones.
When everything was done Bawang Putih gathered all courage to say to the
demon, “Mother, everything is ready. May I get my piece of clothing and go
home?”
“Well, my child,” the demon answered, “It is already dark. You will meet
my brother on your way and he would eat you up. Thus stay here for the night and
return tomorrow home.”
“Yes, mother,” Bawang Putih answered. “I’ll do.”
The next morning before down she was already awake. The demon gave
her the piece of clothing and a melon, saying, “Go quickly now, my brother is still
asleep.”
Bawang Putih hastened home, glad that she could leave the demon’s house.
She walked as quickly she could home and on coming home the stepmother took
the piece of clothing and the melon from Bawang Putih’s hand. Quickly she
opened the melon and what did she see? Gold, silver and precious stones. Seeing
this Bawang Merah too wanted to go to the demon’s hut. But when she arrived
there and the demon let her help in the household, she refused.
When she left, the demon also gave her a melon and on coming home she
opened the fruit. What did she see? Different venomous creatures crawled out of
it, like snakes, millepedes and others so that Bawang Merah ran away out of fear.
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