TO EARTHQUAKE WITH SPATIAL PLANNING: Case Study of Bandung City

MENYINGKAP TABIR FENOMENA BENCANA SEISMIK DI ]NDONESIA:

Perspektif Pengurdngon Risiko Bencdna don Tsunomi

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REDUCI NG FATATITY RISKS

TO EARTHQUAKE WITH
SPATIAL PLANNING:
Case Study of Bandung City

I

Saut Sagala, I Wayan Sengara, Krishna

Pribadi, Made Suarjana, Hadian
Yasaditama, Aria Mariany

ABSTRAK

Dampak gempo bumi berokibot secoro longsung terhadop
kemungkinan terjodinyo cedero pada monusio dan korban iiwa. Oleh
kareno itu, oda kebutuhqn yong penting untuk mengurangi dampak
gempo bumi pado monusio, terutomo pado daerah perkotoon yang
berpenduduk podat yong renton terhodap bohaya gempo. Mokoloh ini

mendorong monfoot dari penerapqn

totq ruong sebogai

langkah

efektif dalom mengurongi risiko yong teriodi. Bandqng, ibukoto
Provinsi Jawa Bqrot sebagai saloh sotu kota yang poling padat
penduduknyo di tndonesio, rowon terhqdap bahayo seismik akibat
terpapqr oleh Sesar Lembong don odanya zono subduksi di Selatqn
lawa. Anslisis yang digunakon dalam penelition ini meliputi perkiraon
kematian qkibat gempo, peto spasiol kemotion gempo bumi don satu

set alot perencondon toto ruqng yang diusulkon dipakoi untuk
mengurongi risiko korban akibat gempo tersebut. Alot perencanaan
toto ruong yang dipilih berdosarkon efektivitasnya untuk mengurangi
korbon don penerapannyo sesuai dengon kondisi lndonesio.
Kata Kunci: Bandung; gempobumi; fotoliti; perencanoan toto ruang
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population can claim a large number of victims as recorded in Padang

Earthquakes contribute significant impacts

fatalities. Hence, there is a crucial need

to

human injury and

to reduce the impact of

to human being,'especially at densely populated

urban

areas that are prone to seismic hazards. This paper fosters the benefit

of applying

SPATIAL

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ABSTRACT

earthquakes

BAB 7, REDUCING FATALITY RISKS TO ERATHQUAKE WITH
PLANNTNG: Cose study of Bondung City

spatial planning as an effective measure

in

reducing

fatality risks. Bandung, the capital of West Java Province and one of

the most densely populated cities in lndonesia, is prone to seismic
hazards exposed by Lembang Fault and South Java subduction. The
analyses applied in this research include an estimate of earthquake
fatality, a spatial map of earthquake fatality and a set of spatial
planning tools that are proposed to reduce the earthquake fatality
risks. The spatial planning tools are selected on the basis of it's
effectiveness in reducing the fatality and it's applicability in

and Bantul in 2009 and 2006 respectively. This is considered as a
direct impact to the population. lt is realized that large percentages of
lndonesian cities are located along the ring of fire, stretched from
Sumatera, Java and Bali at west side

of lndonesian archipelago

and

some others area at eastern lndonesia. Some big cities are occupied
by more than 500,000 residents and many medium cities are occupied

between L00,000

-

500,000 residents. This situation suggests any

earthquake that occurs along

the ring of fire zone can put

the

population at risks.

To guide mitigation policy and emergency preparedness, it is
important to find out how the earthquakes can cause damages to
buildings, infrastructures and human casualties. Knowing the

lndonesian context.

potential impact will also be important for developing some measures
in reducing the risks. Sengara'et al (2012a) suggests "an urgent need

Keywords: Bandung; earthquake; fatality; planning; spatial

to develop fatality model to estimate human fatalities due to future
potential earthquakes as part of earthquake disaster risk assessment".

INTRODUCTION

Understanding where the current location of high potential fatality

Research on urban spatial planning in relation to earthquake impacts
is necessary in lndonesia. Between

zo}3-2}t2,there have been major

earthquake events in the country, including Mentawai (2010), West
Sumatera (2009), West Java (2009), Yogyakarta (2006), West Java

rate would allow policy makers, urban planners and citizens to
develop some actions, including the implementation of spatial
planning tools that limit the development to an earthquake prone
areas (Sagala and Bisri, 201-L). Dowrick (2003) argue damage scenarios

(2006), Nias (2005) and Aceh (200a) (Bappenas 2005; Bappenas 2009),

based on damage ratios or fatality rates will help to guide information

Some earthquakes are followed by major tsunamis that claimed very

destructive damages and huges human fatalities while some other can

on the potential outcomes of future earthquakes which is highly
relevant to planning spatial planning as well as some responses to

cause other cascading effects, such as landslides that burried villages

earthquakes irnpacts (Dowrick 2003). Hazard maps will emphasize the

including houses and people as observed in Tandikat after West

zones within existing urban areas that are prone

in 2009. Apart from
impacts earthquake can cause, earthquakes that affect large

hazards, and the areas that are limited to developed (Dowrick, 2003).

Sumatera Earthquake

r{9,

::l

large possibilities of

to

earthquake

It will provide local governments on guiding future development and

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for doing

some

hazard maps

in

an appropriate scale

for

spatial

planning is still limited in lndonesia. Hizbaron et al (2011) observation

on urban vulnerability in Bantul District suggests that the use of
hazard map with spatial plan is still limited even though the district
was hit by strong earthquake just a few years ago. ln some developed

countries, such as US and Japan, there has been some advanced
integration of earthquake fault and zone information with the use of
spatial planning. The City

of

Los Angeles which has

the history of

Nortridge Earthquake, prepared zoning manual that includes
earthquake zone as consideration (Buitrago 2005). ln Japan, the
development of hazard maps have been very intensive especially after

Hanshin-Awaji Kobe Earthquake (1995) and as an anticipation to
Tonankai Earthquake. ln some cities, the municipalities provide

detailed hazard maps that help the residents

to

Bandung City, the capital of West Java Province, is a home to around
2,5 million inhabitants. lt is also surrounded by many small scale cities

monitoring and evaluation regarding building safety.

of

BAB 7. REDUCING FATALITY RISKS TO ERATHQUAKE WITH SPATIAL
PLANNING: Case Study of Bsndung City

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making some insentives/dis-insentives.as well as

The existence

..::

understand the

hazard and risk level, such as Shinzuku City.

that depends on infrastructures and facilities provided in Bandung
City. This city is selected as the case study in this research for several

the city has developed tremendously that land
conversion is very high, including in North Bandung. Secondly, it
represents a highly densed populated city where the population
reasons. Firstly,

vulnerability

sources

of

is

definitely high (Figure 7.1). Third, it

seismic hazards:

(i)

is

very close to two

Lembang Fault and South Java

subduction. Bandung is also a tourism city that attracts many visitors
during the weekend and holiday seasons. The tourists take pleasure to

visit many tourist areas in Bandung City which are located in the
North Bandung. They also stay in some hotels, villas and guest houseg

located

in North

Bandung. The high demand

to North

Bandung

increases the land conversion despite it's function as a conservation
area as well as it's prone to seismic risks caused by Lembang Fault. As

usual, safety and environmental issues are

still below

economic

concern priority.

ln this

paper,

we developed scenarios of MMI based on two

earthquake sources with several scenarios. These MMI will be used to

deal with the building types in each location so that more precise
estimation will be obtained. The MMI scenarios are using the
scenarios that developed by Sengara

scenarios we obtained

et al (2012b). Based on these

the prediction of people killed at

several

building types in Kecamatan in Bandung for level 1. Using the same
scenarios, we obtain the prediction of people killed for two villages in
Bandung for level 2. The remaining parts of the paper will discuss the
Source: photo taken by Wimbordono (2012)

Figure 7.1.

Highly Densed Settlements in Bandung increasing the
Risk

Ttz:;.

to Earthquake

literature on spatial planning tools and earthquake zoning. This will be
followed by the discussion on the methodology, the selection of case

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BAB 7, REDUCING FATALITY

MENY!NGKAP TABIR FENOMENA BENCANA SEISMIK DI INDONESIA:

RISKS TO ERATHQUAKE WITH SPATIAL

PLANNING: Cose Study of Bondung City

study areas and the vulnerability in the case study area. Findings

Zoning will help for the decision and allocation and development plan

related with the implication.of fatality rbte and the spatial planning

(Kaiser et al. 1995). Burby and French (1981) discussed the land use

will be

management application in flooding through the implementation of

in the following section. Finally, some lessons
learned and recommendation are developed based on spatial

floodplain as well as calculation of benefit and cost for site selection.

planning tool analysis.

Furthermore, Burby (1998) noted land use zoning is still considered to

discussed

be very important for reducing social economy risks.

SPATIAT PLANNING TOOLS AND EARTHQUAKE ZONING

ln many cases, spatial

planning guidelines are used

to

introduce

structural measures in dealing with the disaster risks (Shen 2010).
Prevention through spatial planning is expected

to

urge that

no

construction shall be undertaken in areas which will potentially be
affected by disaster. ln lndonesia, the most recent Spatial Planning
Law No 26/2007 already includes an earthquake zone as a limited
area and therefore should be preserved either as an open space or for

some green area use. Furthermore, the law advocates the
conservation area includes "... disaster prone area..., i.€.....
earthquake prone area" (article 28). Based on lndonesia Spatial
Planning Law, some mitigation measures related to spatial planning
are included (1). the provision of public facility in dealing with
disaster, such as evacuation shelter, (2). the provision of earthquake

proof public facilities such as schools and hospitals, (3). the provision

of strong evacuation routes that will provide

access

in the case of

disaster (Act No 26/20071.

densities in hazardous areas, influencing the level of site plan review

that a proposed development project must undergo, providing
incentive to retrofit an existing building to resist,,forces associated,
controling changes in existing building occupancy in hazardous areas
and ultimately in the case of disaster, it provides and facilitates tl./e
post-disaster rebuilding process in severely damaged areas. The list of
zoning tools that are applicable for earthquake suggested by Schwab

(2003) includes nonconforming uses, performance standars, special
use permits, historic preservation, density controls, overlay zones,
setback, site plan reviews. Zoning would be an excellent tool to limit

the

development

at

disaster prone area.

ln an area

where

development has been very intensive, such as area with very less
open space, this tool seems

to be

less effective. Relocation could be

also a dillema since people have already strong attachment socially
and economically at their origin (Usamah and Haynes 201L).

ln the spatial planning literature, zoning is one of the most used tools

(Brody 2003; Burby 1998; Kaiser

ln some specific functions, Schwab (2003) notes that zoning is useful
for preventing new development in hazardous areas, minimizing

et al. 1995). Zoning allows to

distribute the land use classification and function. Schwab (2003)
proposes that zoning "is a versatile tool in Iurban planning] in dealing

with almost all natural hazards. Since it is dealing with natural
hazards, the hazard map should be used rather than a risk mdp.

Apart from zoning regulation, monitoring and evaluation related to
building permit, is equally important. ln Padang City, West Sumatera,
there has been an increasing interest by Padang Municipality to carry

out

inspection

earthquake.

lt

for

building permitted submitted after the 2009

is expected buildings will be more earthquake proof

structures if the residents are required to do so. However, the report
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that due to lacking of
monitoring and supervision many houses are still not built in
Padang Municipality suggested

earthquake proof.

Development of spatial ptanning that considers earthquake hazard
condition can be applied through integrating the information from

potential impact of the earthquake based on it's MMI (Modified
Mercally lntensity) zone and the buildings that are located in the area.

MMI provides the information of potential magnitude that might
occur in an area based on it's zonation. lt is also inline with the

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collect data and information regarding type

of

structure and

population for each type of structure.

Secondary survey was conducted through desk study and direct
survey to related government institution. The information collected

was population, number of building, historical earthquake disaster
including fatality, damage building, magnitude and location of
earthquake. The secondary survey was conducted by visiting
government offices

at national, provincial, district/city,

sub-district

and village level. The government office are BMKG, BNpB, Statistical
Agency (BPS), Ministry of Public Works (PU), BAppENAS, and Health

Government Law No 24/2OO7 on disaster management that suggests
an area that is considered prone to earthquake is within the MMI

Agency. The secondary data also can be collected by downloading

scale of Vll-Xll (article 53).

some documents in government/organization website such as BNpB,
BMKG, USGS, BPS, etc.

METHODOLOGY

This research basically integrates the earthquake damage model,
earthquake fatality model and spatial planning model. The damage
model was developed with two models. There are two models
developed

to

estimate fatality due

to

earthquake disaster,

i.e.

empirical and semi-empirical model. Empirical model, which is Level-l
model, considei only population, while semi-empirical, which is Level-

ll model, consider the type of structure.
Data collection was divided into two types, first, data collection for

vulnerability information, and second, data collection regarding
earthquake historical data to develop shake map. Survey was
conducted to collect raw data in order to develop the model and also
to develop fatality estimation based on certain earthquake scenario in
two villages in Bandung city. They are two types of survey, i.e. primary
and secondary survey. Secondary survey was conducted to gather
information regarding population. primary survey was conducted to

)

Primary survey was conducted to collect required data and
information in order to develop semi-empirical earthquake fatality
model (Level-ll model) to support the secondary data. The objective
of this survey was to undertake a detailed survey on damaged houses

in the selected area to determine the proportion of damage state
level for each structural type. Based on the previous study at national
level, Sengara et al (2012a). The surveyed area was selected based on
the worst case of damaged building and fatalities number.
Primary survey was also conducted to develop fatality estimation due

to certain

scenario

of

earthquake

in

Bandung

city.

Similar

methodology was used, except for the historical earthquake data.
Two villages were selected as case study areas to collect data and

information

for

developing fatality estimation due

earthquake scenario

in Bandung city, i.e.

to

certain

Cigadung and Sukahaji

villages. Each location represents different characteristic of
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PLANNING: Cose Study of Bondung City

and it is located on Bandung basin area. 800 respondents interviewed

the historical earthquake in
lndonesia is not available, the prediction of PGA and MMl,
earthquake source model for ground motion attenuation to

for those two villages (Table 7.1).

the site of interest is needed. This earthquake source

settlements. Cigadung village represents well-order settlement and its

location is near Lembang fault. Sukahaji viilage represents dense area

Since strong-motion records for

modeling requires analysis on mechanism of earthquake and

Table 7.1 Number of Respondents

properties of fault or source zone. For development of

PGA

and MMI distribution map for historical earthquakes needed
for damage model development, we adopt earthquake
source models from recently published research for each of

the historical earthquake under consideration.
Commonly, there are 2 types of earthquake source models:

a.

Subduction (Megathrust or Benioff)
Subduction source is modeled based on well-identified
seismotectonic data. Parameters of the source is used
for calculation of PGA are location, slope of subduction
(dip), moment magnitude, and rupture area. This source

is modeled as area in which the predicted earthquake

To develop earthquake fatality model, the development of PGA and

MMI was based on historical earthquakes. The methodologies which
are used are:
1.

Col I e cti n g h isto ricq I

e

a

rth

quo

ke occu rre n ces

To build an earthquake source model, we need earthquake

2.

occu

b.

rred.

Shallow Crustal

Shallow crustal is modeled as a line source where the
predicted earthquake occurred. This source has similar
parameters as subduction sources.

catalog data. The earthquake catalog provides time,
magnitude, depth and location of the earthquake
occurrences. The data is obtained or downloaded from

Both of these models were used for the developing MMI distribution
in this paper. The subduction refers to the source of earthquake from

institutional website such as BMKG and

Java Sea, while the shallow crustal refers to the potential earthquakes

USGS.

Determine earthquoke source model ond eorthquake

of Lembang Fault (Meilano et al. 2012)

'

porometers

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BAB 7. REDUCING FATALITY

MENYINGKAP TABIR FENOMENA BENCANA SEISMIK DI lNDONESIA:

RISKS TO ERATHQUAKE WITH SPATIAL

Perspektif Pengurongan Risiko Bencona don Tsunomi

3.

Estimqte PGA at Ease-rock using Deterministic Method

TableT.2 Empirical Formula to Determine Geometry

Peak ground acceleration (PGA) lad baserock (Site Class-B) is

of

Earthquake as function of magnitude (M)

calculated using most recent attenuation functions or ground

motion predictive equations (GMPEs) considered appropriate

to the source

mechanism. GMPEs options adopted in the

PGA estimate,

with reference to site class

SB

for

Shallow

crustal (Boore and Atkinson, 2O08; Campbell and Bozorgnia,

2008; Chiou and Youngs, 2008. Meanwhile for lnterface
Subduction (Megathrust) the reference include Geomqtrix
subduction (Youngs et al., L997), Atkinson-Boore

BC

rock ond

globol source subduction. (Atkinson and Boore, 2003) and
with vqrioble V,4s. (Zhao et al., 2006) and for Benioff sources
(deep intraslab), for deep background sources (Atkinson and
Boore, 2OO3), Geomatrix slqb seismicity rock, 1,997 srl. July 25

2006. (Youngs

et al., 1997), AB 2003 lntraslob

seismicity

worldwide dota region BC-rock condition. (Atkinson-and

MMlfor Earthquake Scenario in Bandung City
of

for earthquake scenario in Bandung
City, two earthquake models are used, first, Lembang Fault, and
second, from the subduction of Southern part of Java lsland.
Earthquake from Lembang Fault has scenario 5.5 magnitude (Team-9
Development

PGA and MMI

SNI Earthquake Map 2010). Earthciuake for Java subduction has two

scenarios, i.e. 8.1 magnitude (Team-9 SNI Earthquake Map 201"0) and

8.5 magnitude (worst

(6.7

<

M<

9.2\

Ground movement prediction (GMPE) is referred
(2005) for earthquake from fault and

to Zhao_crustal

to Zhao_interface (Zhao, dkk

2006) for earthquake form subduction. The transfer from PGA to MMI
is referred to Worden (2011l'.

Research Location

Boore, 2003)

PGA and

Subduksi

to

anticipate 9.0 magnitude
earthquake in Japan (2011). Geometry model of rupture area due to
earthquake magnitude was gained from empirical equation of
scenario,

Papazachos (2004) as shown in Table 7.2.

As mentioned above,

two levels of study was conducted. The level

L is

conducted in Bandung City with the unit analysis goes to Kecamatan

in Bandung. The level two is conducted in Cigadung and Sukahaji
Villages, Bandung City. The two locations were selected for each
location represents the different characteristics based on the types of

settlements and the sources of earthquake. Cigadung village
represents more well planned village in Bandung and it is located at
the North Bandung which is near to the Lembang Fault which is the
source of potential earthquake. Meanwhile, Sukahaji Village
represents densely populated houses and near Bandung Basin
(Cekungan Bandungl which is prone to the earthquakes.

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the border of Bandung City on the
northern side. lt shares.border with Bandung District, and it is also

Cigadung Village is located on

part of Northern Bandung Region (Kswossn Bandung Ufaro) which

dedicated as environmentally conserved areas

for

is

Bandung City,

Bandung Barat District and Bandung District. The village accounts for
2,46km2 size and consists of 15 neighorhood (RW). lt has a population

of

22,320 lives

in 2010 and the population density is considered

medium in Bandung City, around 9,050 people/km2 compared to the
average population density

in

Bandung City which is as many as

L4,228jiwa/km2.

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BAB 7. REDUCING FATALITY RISKS TO ERATHQUAKE WITH
PLANNING: Cose Study ol Bondung City

SPATIAL

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Earthquake Fatality Estimation in Bandung
The following section discusses the earthquake fatality estimation in
Bandung. The discussion will be divided into two level models. Level

1

will refer to a city-wide estimation while level 2 will be tested at two
villages in Bandung City.

Level L

Fatality estimation

for

Bandung City (Level 1) is derived from the

model that was developed at national level (Sengara et al. 2012a) that
refers to the previous major earthquakes in lndonesia. So, the data

settlements, commercials and small medium industry. lt consists of L0

for the simulation are basically from data of recent major
earthquakes in lndonesia. The graph in Figure 7.2 (solid blue line)
illustrates the relationship between MMI and the fatality r6te in

neighborhood with a total area of 0,96 km2. The village has a total

percentage. The figure suggests when the MMI reaches nearly 7, the

population of 22,452 people and considered to be high density which

fatality rate starts g.etting O.1%.fhis means, every 1",000 population,
potential of getting fatality will be L. The simulation suggests the

The second village, Sukahaji Village is located at the South West of
Bandung City. lt's land use is characterized by mix use of high density

is 23,301 people/km2.

used

range of MMI will be between 4-8.5.

Figure7.2

Case Study Areas: Cigadung Village (left) and Sukahaji

Village (right)

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BAB 7- REDUCING FATALITY RISKS TO ERATHQUAKE WITH SPATIAL
PLANNING: Case StudY of Bondung City

MENYINGKAP TABIR FENAMENA BENCANA SEISM]K DI INDONESIA:
Perspektif Pengurangon Risika Bencono don Tsunomi

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ldr.qii46tro

from Bandung Stdtisticol Agency

Figure 7.4 Vulnerability based on Population Density in Sub-District

Figure 7.3 Fatality Rate based on Worden Scenario

The results of fatality rate in Bandung City will be shown in the

Before calculating the fatality rate for Bandung City, it is important to
show the vulnerability of the city based on the population density

following figure (Figure 7.5 and 7.6).

{Figure 7.3). Since this is a preliminary model, the data focuses only on

a single aspect of vulnerability, i.e. population density. The simple
assumption to calculate the vulnerability is the more dense an area,
the higher the vulnerability. To obtain, a more rigorous result, there
should be more calculation that calculates a composite social
vulnerability, such as Social Vulnerability lndex (SoVl) (Cutter et al'
2003) to obtain better picture of vulnerability in Bandung City'

Figure 7.5

Estimation of Fatality Based Potentially induced by
Lembang Fault

MENYINGKAP TABIR FENOMENA BENCANA SEISMIK DI INDONESIA:
Perspektif Pengurongon Risiko Bencdno don Tsunami

Based on the simulation, Lembang Fault potentially

BAB 7, REDUCING FATALITY

"ffi

RISKS

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SPATIAL

will cause the

MMI between 7-8 in Bandung City. Using the MMI values into the
fatality rate model (Figure 7.2),lhe model obtained the total fatality
in Bandung would be 3,575 people.

The other simulation refers

to the fatality

based

on

Earthquake

Magnitude 8.5 Richter in Java Sea (Figure 7.6). These scenarios show
the potential of far and,near subduction which will cause different
values of MMI in the areas affected in Bandung City. lmpacts of Java
Subduction earthquake to Bandung (near and far) will cause between
5-7 MMl. ln the case of Java Far Subduction earthquake, potential
number of victim will be around 95. However, much higher impact will
be experienced when near subduction occurs, which potentially affect
1,223 people killed.

Source: Sengara et al (2012b)

Figure

7.6.

Estimation of Fatality Based Potentially induced byJava
Subduction Near and Far

Comparing

the fatality results from

Lembang Fault and

Java

Subduction, it is clear that the Lembang Fault will cause more fatality

impact. Several reasons account for this fact. First, the straight
distance between Lembang Fault to all sub-districts in Bandung City is
between 10-25 km. Thus, the MMI scenario in Bandung City due to
Lembang Fault is higher than the average MMI of Java Subduction

the large population located in North Bandung
contributes to the high total number of people killed. While the

scenarios. Second,

impact to overall Bandung City seems to be high, the estimation is still
rough since it has not included yet the building structures that fall on

(a.) Near

people which contributes a lot to the number of people injured and
killed. The level two scenario will explain this further.

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MENYINGKAP TABIR FENOMENA BENCANA SEISMIK DI INDONESIA:
perspektif pengurongan Rsiko Bencono don Tlunomi,,,....lr1or.;iilli',1

BAB 7. REDUCING FATALITY

RISKS TO ERATHQUAKE WITH SPATIAL

PLANNING: Cdse Study of Bondung City

Again, comparing results of Lembang Fault and Java Near Subduction,

Level 2

earlier, the building types consist of Unreinforced Maconry (URM),

the results show higher number of fatalities due to Lembang Fault.
Similar reason as in level 1 is also suggested, which is the near
distance to Lembang Fault. On the other hand, Java Far Subduction

Confined Masonry (CM) and Non Masonry (NM).

seems to cause the least potential number of victims.

Level 2 provides more detailed assessment since

it includes the types

of buildings as consideration for making the estimation. As discussed

SPATIAT PLAN NING I MPLICATION
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to conducting any policy. Unfortunately, detailed risk assessment is
very costly and technological. Hence, not many cities in lndonesia

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Figure 7 .7 .Estimate of Level 2 Fatality Model in Cigadung and Sukahaji

The villages, Cigadung and Sukahaji, experiences different values of
MMI in respect to Lembang Fault Earthquake. Cigadung, located near

the North Bandung, would experience substantially higher MMI than
Sukahaji. Thus, the total potential fatality in Cigadung would be 879 as

opposed to 405 in sukahaji. while there are more houses with better

construction in Cigadung (CM and NM types), the total fatality is
higher since it is very near to Lembang Fault. ln the case of Java Near
Subduction 8.5 Richter, the potential MMI caused is 6.5 in Cigadung
while in Sukahaji is 7. These cause a total of 188 fatality in cigadung
and 405 in Sukahaji,

have had conducted risk assessment in all disaster threats that they

identify the source of hazard. ln Bandung City, clearly this research
points out earthquake and it's secondary hazards (landslide and fires)
are the most threats.

To reduce the impacts of earthquakes in Bandung, there are some
policies that can be done from the spatial planning perspectives. The

first policy indeed the landuse zoning of Bandung City which should
consider the potential high damages caused by Lembang Fault. This
policy is also supported by the fact that conservation areas for
Bandung Region are in North Bandung which serve for water
catchment areas and fertile lands forforest use. Also, this is important
for reducing the run-off that contributes to the floods in South
Bandung. Unfortunately, zoning tends to be not working well since
development in North Bandung continues to take place. The fresh air,
nice view and mild climate attracts large developmentto take place in

North Bandung. Therefore, many luxurious villas, cafes, cottages, and

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BAB 7. REDUCING FATALTTY

MENYINGKAP TABIR FENOMENA BENCANA SEISMIK DI INDONESIA:
Perspektif Pengurangan Risiko Bencona don Tsunami

RISKS TO ERATHQUAKE WITH SPATIAL

PLANNING: Case Study of Eondung City

some exclusive hotels are located in North Bandung. For rich people
of Bandung, living in North Bandung would bb very attractive while for
poor people, the steep slopes in North Bandung provides some cheap

to

another aftershock. Density can be re-distributed through
development of high rise earthquake resistant building. On one hand
this will provide more space for rnany uses including evacuation, on

or potentially easier to be squatted, Rich people can try to
reduce their physical vulnerability through building with more

the other hand, the development of earthquake resistant buiding wiil

earthquake proof structures.

are commonly found.

lands

sustain better against earthquake as opposed

to URM buildings that

tl/2O!2by

ln some areas that are already developed, the government can apply

Bandung Municipality on building permit in fact already regulates that

nonconforming use (Schwab 2003). That is conducted by allowing the

building construction should take earthquake zonation into

existing use yet prohibiting the expanding, changing, or being rebuilt.

consideration. Thus, understanding the MMI zone, for example those

At least, in the

will be beneficial. The law says if the
location of the building is categorized at high earthquake zonation,
the permit fee will be higher which is disinsentives for the
development. This indicates that the municipality discourages the
development at areas prone to earthquake hazards. Nevertheless,

would be allowed when the earthquake resistant/proof construction
is applied. Yet, this policy has a potential leakage since it needs an

ln relation to zoning, the current local government law No

produced in this research,

how this information is being disseminated to people is still not clear.
Second policy would be density control. Bandung is noted as the most

densed metropolitan

in lndonesia.

Considering

the huge potential

impacts by earthquakes in North Bandung, the municipality has to

think about reducing the density in North Bandung, or

some

development moratorium until detailed earthquake risk assessment

is

carried out. ln other South Area, such as in Sukahaji Village, this policy

would be an option. ln fact, there has been a regulation on floor area

ration (FAR) in that the FAR should be at least 40o/o and maximum
60%. Therefore, it is expected that around 40-60% would be available

for open space. Unfortunately, another study on evacuation
simulation of open space in Sukahaji by Sagala and Saraswati
(submittedl found that the available space in Sukahaji Village is not
able to contain if there is an evacuation after an earthquake or prior

areas where MMI is high (above 7), development

intenstive monitoring and evaluation by the municipality staffs. The

it nearly impossible to do
intensive monitoring. lt also provides some space for morale hazards
between the officers and contractors/house owners that can cause

large extent such as Bandung would make

less stronger building inspection.

CONCLUSION

This paper has discussed the integration of earthquake damage
model, earthquake fatality and spatial planning implication. The
earthquake damage model was used to predict the potential
structural damages of the buildings which were subsequently used to
predict the number of fatalities. Understanding the number of
fatalities helps the policy makers, urban planners and local
communities the potential risks that might occur when an earthquake
happens. The spatial planning proposed in this research is mainly

through imposing zoning and limiting the development to the areas

that are highly exposed to seismic hazards, such as areas in North
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BAB 7. REDUCING FATAL|W RISKS TO ERATHQUAKE WITH
PLANNING: Cose Study of Bondung City

MENYINGKAP TABIR FENOMENA BENCANA SEISMIK DI INDANESIA:
Perspektif Pengurongdn Risiko Bencona don Tsunomi

SPATIAL

to apply, another approach
that could be applied in Bandung 'include the population density
control. Both of these approaches need to be supported by

.

monitoring in order to make sure that the policy is in place.

Campbell and Bozorgnia, 2008

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Cutter, S., Boruff, B., and Shirley, W. (2003). "Social Vulnerability to

Bandung. While zoning is very difficult

The authors are thankful to Trevor Allen, Hadi Ghasemi, and Hyeuk

for

reviewing and providing fruitful inputs during the
development of the model. Supports by research assistants at
Research Center for Disaster Mitigation-lnstitut Teknologi Bandung:

Ryu

lnln, Anin, Bayu, Addifa who has also assisted in editingthe paper, are
higly appreciated. The authors thank to Australia-lndonesia Facility for

Disaster Reduction (AIFDR) and lndonesian Disaster Management
Agency (BNPB) that has financially supported the study.

Burby, R., and French, S. (1981). "Coping with Floods: the Land Use

Management Paradox." Journal
As so

c i at i o

of

American Plonning

n, 47 (3), 289 -30O.

Environmental Hazards." Social Science Quarterly, 84(2),

t-

12.

Dowrick, D, (2003). Earthquoke Risk Reduction, Wiley.
Hizbaron, D., Baiquni, M., Sartohadi, J., and Rijanta. (2011). "Urban
Vulnerability in Bantul District, lndonesia - Towards Safer and
Sustainable Development." 1st World Sustainability Forum.

Kaiser, E., Godschalk, D., and Chapin Jr., F. (1995)

. Urbqn Lond

Use

Plonning, Joseph Henry Press.

Meilano, 1., Hasanuddin,2., Andreas, H., Gumilar, 1., Sarsito,

D.,

Hanifa, R., Rino, Harjono, H., Kato, T., Kimata, F., and Fukuda,

(2}t2l. "Slip Rate Estimation of the Lembang Fault West
Java from Geodetic Observltion." Journal of Disaster
Y.

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Principles

of

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Sementara Berbasis Sistem lnformasi Geografis pada
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Boore and Atkinson, 2008

Brody, S. (2003). "lmplementing

Research, !7(!1.

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Management Through Local Land Use PIanning." Population
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Burby, R. (1998). "Natural hazards and land use: An introduction."
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J.

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(2003). Plonning

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Post-Disaster Recovery ond

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Sengara, 1., Suarjana,

M., Pribadi, K., Adiputra,

(201,2a) "Development

of

1., and Sagala,

S.

Empirical Earthquake Fatality

Model in lndonesia." L5th World Conference on Earthquake
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Washington, D.C., 356.

#ffiw*

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MENYINGKAP TABIR FENOMENA BENCANA SEISM|K DI INDONESIA:
Perspektif Pengurdngon Risiko Bencona dan Tsundmi

Sengara,

1.,

.."*$*.%#ffi

Suarjana, M., Pribadi, K., and Sagala, S. (2012b). "Model

Estimasi Korban Jiwa akibat Gempa dengan Fungsi MMI di
Kota Bandung." PPMB lTB, Bandung.

Shen, X. (2010). "Flood Risk Perception and Communication within
Risk Management in Different Cultural Context," PhD Thesis,

United Nations University-EHS Bonn.

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M., and

Haynes,

K. (2OtI). "An examination of

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ANTISIPASI MENGHADAPI
KEMUNGKINAN ANCAMAN
BENCANA TSUNAMI DI
PULAU LOMBOK:
PERSPEKTIF SOSIAL

DEMOGRAFIS

Volcanology.

Soewartoyo

ABSTRAK
Sebagian besar wilayah kepulauan lndonesia merupakan kawasan
tektonik aktif, yang ditandai dengan banyaknya sumber gempa bumi

yang berasal dari wilayah ini, sebagian telah memicu gelombang
tsunami. Oleh karena itu diperlukan kewaspadaan dan kesiapan yang

tinggi, baik pada masyarakat maupun pemerintah,

untuk

mengantisipasi kemungkinan terjadinya bencana tsunami, pada
kawasan pasisir dan pantai di sejumlah daerah. Diperlukan adanya
kesadaran dan kawaspadaan pada masyarakat agar risiko yang akan

terjadi dapat dikurangi, terutama di wilayah-wilayah pesisir dan
pantai. Lombok sebagai Pulau yang memiliki penduduk padat di
wilayah Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) juga memiliki kerawanan
terhadap bahaya tsunami. Berdasarkan observasi terindikasi bahwa
kesiapan masyarakat pada umumnya masih perlu untuk ditingkatkan.

Sebagian besar masyarakat belum dapat memahami

apa

dan

bagaimana dampak dari bencana tsunami tersebut jika terjadi. Dari

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