Predicting Tendency to Addiction Based on the Resiliency of Male Students
South Journals Publication (SJP)
(Online Publication)
http://www.southjournals.com
South Journal of Educational Psychology and Counseling
http://southjournals.com/ojs-2.4.5/index.php/sjepc
Predicting Tendency to Addiction Based on the Resiliency of Male
Students
Nadia Mohmmadi*1, Ali Ayeneand2, Atefe Shafiey dastgerdi 3
1
2
3
(M.A of Family Counseling, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Iran)
(M.A in Rehabilitation Counseling, Allameh Tabataba' i University, Iran)
(M.A Student of Counseling, Azad University, Khomini Shahr Branch, Khomini
Shahr, Iran).
*Corresponding author: Nadia Mohmmadi
Abstract: The present study sought to Predicting tendency to addiction based on the
resiliency of male students in city of Shiraz. Methods/Statistical analysis: This study
is a correlative one. In order to collect data, a sample consisted of 400 secondary
school students in Shiraz was selected through stratified random sampling method.
The instruments used to achieve the objectives of research were: Connor-Davidson’s
(2003) resilience scale and Farchad’s scale (2006) for tendency to addiction; to
analyze the data, descriptive statistical methods such as calculation of mean and
standard deviation, as well as parameters of inferential statistics such as Pearson
correlation test and multiple simultaneous regressions were used. Findings: The
results showed that there is a negative significant relationship between resilience and
tendency to addiction; and resilience can predict the tendency to addiction. Therefore,
resilience has an important role in the prediction of readiness to addiction; thus, we can
expect that we can prevent addiction to drug by training these skills to adolescents and
their parents.
Keywords: Resilience, tendency to addiction, adolescents
To cite this paper: Mohammadi,N ,et al .(2017). Predicting tendency to addiction based on the resiliency of male
students. South journal of Educational Psychology and Counseling, 4, 1, 85-91.
85
1. Introduction
Addiction or drug dependence is considered as one of the problems in the global
society and our country, which threatens many people, especially young people; it is
defined as the impulsive and uncontrollable desires to reach drug abuse that an
individual in spite of the awareness of its negative health and social consequences,
continues the use of it [1]. Addiction to drugs and psychotropic substances after the
road accidents, events, cardiovascular diseases, and depression is in the fourth rank in
the classification of diseases. In young people 18 to 30 years old, after road accidents,
addiction to drug is in the second rank in the classification of diseases [2]. According
to the statistics presented by the formal officials, there are 1.35 million people in the
country, who are drug depended or drug addicted that with regard to 3.6 people per
family in Iran, it means that about 5 million people of the total population of the
country are annually engaged with disorders of drug abuse directly [3].
Addiction is a psychological, social and economic disease which is resulted from
unnatural and illegal use of substances such as alcohol, opium, hashish and causes
psychological or physiological dependence in the addicted person and negatively
affects his/her physical, psychological and social performance. Addiction is a psychosocial phenomenon that the reasons of its advent lie in the family relations,
relationship with others, economic and cultural conditions, and the psychological
characteristics of the addicted person [4]. Also, addiction is a brain disease which
includes malfunctions and morphological changes in the neuronal systems that
regulate the sensitivity to reward and pleasure [5]. Addicts, due to bio-neurological
changes that affect the processes of decision-making and self-control, do not the
ability to avoid activities that lead to negative results, so in all researches done on the
consequences of substance abuse, the cognitive functions must be considered [6].
Drug addiction is one of the larger issues of the world today that threats the health of
the millions of people. In 2002 WHO declared that there is no problem that threatens
the world as much as addiction in the current century, and addiction along with World
War and even more damaging than it has caused the death and homelessness.
Unfortunately, taking into account the special situation of our country, Iran, drug
abuse crisis has become a national threat and this destructive problem threatens the
health of society’s individuals especially adolescents and young adults [7]. Drug
addiction is a phenomenon which requires a complex approach in psychological
training and research and needs full respect; since drug abuse can create different
impacts on the performance of an individual, we must obtain more information about
their effects on individuals’ behavior and performance. Among these effects that drug
abuse can have on people’s behavior, we can refer to reducing or increasing the
individual’s strength against events that are addressed as resilience. Resilience is
considered one of the effective factors in adolescents’ tendency to addiction.
Resilience is the ability to adapt successfully to the threatening conditions [8].
Resilience is the individual’s ability to establish psycho-biological balance at
hazardous conditions [9]. [10] Define the resilience as the skills, characteristics and
capabilities that enable the individual to be adapted to personalities, problems and
challenges.
Evidence shows that resilient people are less likely attracted by high-risk behaviors
[11]. Also, resilience is associated with positive emotions that play a protective role
against depression and drug abuse [12]. In this regard, studies have shown that drug
abuse is associated with poor resilience and low mental health [13]. Another research
has shown that people who have high resilience, better health, higher self-esteem, and
86
higher parental support are less prone to drug use [14]. [15] Found that there is a
negative correlation between resilience and readiness for addiction. Also, [16] showed
that there is a relationship between resilience and attitude to drug use. [17] In a
research under the title of “the relationship of attachment styles and resilience with
tendency to substance abuse” found that there is a negative relationship between
resilience and positive tendency to drug abuse. The results of regression analysis
showed that resilience can predict the tendency to drug abuse in university students.
In this regard, [18] in a research under the title of “the relationship between
addiction, resilience and emotional components among students of Sharif University”
found that the subjects with lower resilience had higher possibility of drug abuse, that
is, there was a negative relationship between resilience and drug use.
Addiction to drug is one of the main causes of the spread of diseases such as AIDS
and hepatitis, as well as malfunctions and morphological changes of the neuronal
systems regulating the sensitivity to reward and pleasure [5]. In addition, drug abuse
has some social and economic damages for society of which we can refer to the
elimination of a part of the community’s active power and brain. On the one hand,
despite the measures taken against such actions like the execution of smugglers, not
only planting but also production of drugs and addiction to them is increasingly
growing, and each day, more diverse products such as crystal (crystal
methamphetamine), glass (smokable form of methamphetamine), rocket fuel, etc that
their super-tragic consequences suffer human being are entered into market [19] Thus,
according to the importance of variables such as resilience, and from one hand,
according to status of addiction and drug dependence in the training of young
generation, paying attention to these variables can lead to identify and clarify the
importance of the role of the intervening variables, and on the other hand, result in a
strong background for doing interventions in the field of the prevention of drugs.
Therefore, the aim of this study was to Predicting tendency to addiction based on the
resiliency of male students in city of Shiraz.
2. Materials and Methods
The present study is a descriptive-correlative one, and its population consists of all
secondary school male students enrolled in 2014-2015 academic year that 368
individuals of them were selected based on Morgan table. The sampling method used
was the stratified random sampling method, and due to the possible loss, in total 400
individuals were tested. To test the hypotheses, Pearson correlation coefficient and
simultaneous multiple regression were used.
2.1. Instruments of collecting data
2.1.1. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)
This scale has 25 items that measure resilience structure in a five-degree Likert scale,
and each item is scored based on a Likert scale from zero (completely false) to 4
(always true), and the range of scores is 0-100.The results of the primary study related
to the psychological characteristics of this scale in normal and patient samples have
confirmed its reliability and validity [9]. [20] performed this scale on 248 individuals
and obtained its reliability equal to 0.89 by internal consistency of Cronbach’s alpha
test, and its validity equal to 0.87 using the factor analysis method and standardized it
to be used in Iran. In this study, the reliability was obtained equal to 0.81 using
Cronbach’s alpha.
2.1.2. Questionnaire of tendency to addiction
The questionnaire has 16 items and its overall goal is to measure the rate of tendency
to addiction from three social, individual and environment dimensions in different
people. This questionnaire was designed by [21]. Response to the questionnaire was
87
as Likert scale (from 1=very low to 5=very high). Items 1 to 5 measure the
environmental dimension; items 6 to 9 measure the individual dimension and items 10
top 16 measure the social dimension. Thus, in order to obtain the overall score of
questionnaire, we add up the score of all items together. Obviously, these points will
range from 16 to 80; and the higher the score, the higher the tendency of the
respondent to addiction will be and vice versa. The reliability of this questionnaire
was calculated equal to 0.79 by [22] in a study (thesis) on Payam-e Noor University
students using Cronbach’s alpha. In the present study, the reliability was obtained
equal to 0.83 using Cronbach’s alpha.
3. Results and Discussion
The descriptive findings of the research variables are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. The descriptive findings of the research sub-scales
Statistical parameters Scale
Number
Mean
Standard deviation
400
55.14
13.27
Resilience
400
30.64
6.52
Tendency to addiction
Table 2. Pearson correlation test between resilience and tendency to addiction
Statistical parameters Variables
Correlation coefficient
R2
-0.12
0.02
Resilience
Tendency to addiction
Sig
0.02
In accordance with the table, there is a significant negative correlation between
resilience and tendency to addiction (P
(Online Publication)
http://www.southjournals.com
South Journal of Educational Psychology and Counseling
http://southjournals.com/ojs-2.4.5/index.php/sjepc
Predicting Tendency to Addiction Based on the Resiliency of Male
Students
Nadia Mohmmadi*1, Ali Ayeneand2, Atefe Shafiey dastgerdi 3
1
2
3
(M.A of Family Counseling, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Iran)
(M.A in Rehabilitation Counseling, Allameh Tabataba' i University, Iran)
(M.A Student of Counseling, Azad University, Khomini Shahr Branch, Khomini
Shahr, Iran).
*Corresponding author: Nadia Mohmmadi
Abstract: The present study sought to Predicting tendency to addiction based on the
resiliency of male students in city of Shiraz. Methods/Statistical analysis: This study
is a correlative one. In order to collect data, a sample consisted of 400 secondary
school students in Shiraz was selected through stratified random sampling method.
The instruments used to achieve the objectives of research were: Connor-Davidson’s
(2003) resilience scale and Farchad’s scale (2006) for tendency to addiction; to
analyze the data, descriptive statistical methods such as calculation of mean and
standard deviation, as well as parameters of inferential statistics such as Pearson
correlation test and multiple simultaneous regressions were used. Findings: The
results showed that there is a negative significant relationship between resilience and
tendency to addiction; and resilience can predict the tendency to addiction. Therefore,
resilience has an important role in the prediction of readiness to addiction; thus, we can
expect that we can prevent addiction to drug by training these skills to adolescents and
their parents.
Keywords: Resilience, tendency to addiction, adolescents
To cite this paper: Mohammadi,N ,et al .(2017). Predicting tendency to addiction based on the resiliency of male
students. South journal of Educational Psychology and Counseling, 4, 1, 85-91.
85
1. Introduction
Addiction or drug dependence is considered as one of the problems in the global
society and our country, which threatens many people, especially young people; it is
defined as the impulsive and uncontrollable desires to reach drug abuse that an
individual in spite of the awareness of its negative health and social consequences,
continues the use of it [1]. Addiction to drugs and psychotropic substances after the
road accidents, events, cardiovascular diseases, and depression is in the fourth rank in
the classification of diseases. In young people 18 to 30 years old, after road accidents,
addiction to drug is in the second rank in the classification of diseases [2]. According
to the statistics presented by the formal officials, there are 1.35 million people in the
country, who are drug depended or drug addicted that with regard to 3.6 people per
family in Iran, it means that about 5 million people of the total population of the
country are annually engaged with disorders of drug abuse directly [3].
Addiction is a psychological, social and economic disease which is resulted from
unnatural and illegal use of substances such as alcohol, opium, hashish and causes
psychological or physiological dependence in the addicted person and negatively
affects his/her physical, psychological and social performance. Addiction is a psychosocial phenomenon that the reasons of its advent lie in the family relations,
relationship with others, economic and cultural conditions, and the psychological
characteristics of the addicted person [4]. Also, addiction is a brain disease which
includes malfunctions and morphological changes in the neuronal systems that
regulate the sensitivity to reward and pleasure [5]. Addicts, due to bio-neurological
changes that affect the processes of decision-making and self-control, do not the
ability to avoid activities that lead to negative results, so in all researches done on the
consequences of substance abuse, the cognitive functions must be considered [6].
Drug addiction is one of the larger issues of the world today that threats the health of
the millions of people. In 2002 WHO declared that there is no problem that threatens
the world as much as addiction in the current century, and addiction along with World
War and even more damaging than it has caused the death and homelessness.
Unfortunately, taking into account the special situation of our country, Iran, drug
abuse crisis has become a national threat and this destructive problem threatens the
health of society’s individuals especially adolescents and young adults [7]. Drug
addiction is a phenomenon which requires a complex approach in psychological
training and research and needs full respect; since drug abuse can create different
impacts on the performance of an individual, we must obtain more information about
their effects on individuals’ behavior and performance. Among these effects that drug
abuse can have on people’s behavior, we can refer to reducing or increasing the
individual’s strength against events that are addressed as resilience. Resilience is
considered one of the effective factors in adolescents’ tendency to addiction.
Resilience is the ability to adapt successfully to the threatening conditions [8].
Resilience is the individual’s ability to establish psycho-biological balance at
hazardous conditions [9]. [10] Define the resilience as the skills, characteristics and
capabilities that enable the individual to be adapted to personalities, problems and
challenges.
Evidence shows that resilient people are less likely attracted by high-risk behaviors
[11]. Also, resilience is associated with positive emotions that play a protective role
against depression and drug abuse [12]. In this regard, studies have shown that drug
abuse is associated with poor resilience and low mental health [13]. Another research
has shown that people who have high resilience, better health, higher self-esteem, and
86
higher parental support are less prone to drug use [14]. [15] Found that there is a
negative correlation between resilience and readiness for addiction. Also, [16] showed
that there is a relationship between resilience and attitude to drug use. [17] In a
research under the title of “the relationship of attachment styles and resilience with
tendency to substance abuse” found that there is a negative relationship between
resilience and positive tendency to drug abuse. The results of regression analysis
showed that resilience can predict the tendency to drug abuse in university students.
In this regard, [18] in a research under the title of “the relationship between
addiction, resilience and emotional components among students of Sharif University”
found that the subjects with lower resilience had higher possibility of drug abuse, that
is, there was a negative relationship between resilience and drug use.
Addiction to drug is one of the main causes of the spread of diseases such as AIDS
and hepatitis, as well as malfunctions and morphological changes of the neuronal
systems regulating the sensitivity to reward and pleasure [5]. In addition, drug abuse
has some social and economic damages for society of which we can refer to the
elimination of a part of the community’s active power and brain. On the one hand,
despite the measures taken against such actions like the execution of smugglers, not
only planting but also production of drugs and addiction to them is increasingly
growing, and each day, more diverse products such as crystal (crystal
methamphetamine), glass (smokable form of methamphetamine), rocket fuel, etc that
their super-tragic consequences suffer human being are entered into market [19] Thus,
according to the importance of variables such as resilience, and from one hand,
according to status of addiction and drug dependence in the training of young
generation, paying attention to these variables can lead to identify and clarify the
importance of the role of the intervening variables, and on the other hand, result in a
strong background for doing interventions in the field of the prevention of drugs.
Therefore, the aim of this study was to Predicting tendency to addiction based on the
resiliency of male students in city of Shiraz.
2. Materials and Methods
The present study is a descriptive-correlative one, and its population consists of all
secondary school male students enrolled in 2014-2015 academic year that 368
individuals of them were selected based on Morgan table. The sampling method used
was the stratified random sampling method, and due to the possible loss, in total 400
individuals were tested. To test the hypotheses, Pearson correlation coefficient and
simultaneous multiple regression were used.
2.1. Instruments of collecting data
2.1.1. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)
This scale has 25 items that measure resilience structure in a five-degree Likert scale,
and each item is scored based on a Likert scale from zero (completely false) to 4
(always true), and the range of scores is 0-100.The results of the primary study related
to the psychological characteristics of this scale in normal and patient samples have
confirmed its reliability and validity [9]. [20] performed this scale on 248 individuals
and obtained its reliability equal to 0.89 by internal consistency of Cronbach’s alpha
test, and its validity equal to 0.87 using the factor analysis method and standardized it
to be used in Iran. In this study, the reliability was obtained equal to 0.81 using
Cronbach’s alpha.
2.1.2. Questionnaire of tendency to addiction
The questionnaire has 16 items and its overall goal is to measure the rate of tendency
to addiction from three social, individual and environment dimensions in different
people. This questionnaire was designed by [21]. Response to the questionnaire was
87
as Likert scale (from 1=very low to 5=very high). Items 1 to 5 measure the
environmental dimension; items 6 to 9 measure the individual dimension and items 10
top 16 measure the social dimension. Thus, in order to obtain the overall score of
questionnaire, we add up the score of all items together. Obviously, these points will
range from 16 to 80; and the higher the score, the higher the tendency of the
respondent to addiction will be and vice versa. The reliability of this questionnaire
was calculated equal to 0.79 by [22] in a study (thesis) on Payam-e Noor University
students using Cronbach’s alpha. In the present study, the reliability was obtained
equal to 0.83 using Cronbach’s alpha.
3. Results and Discussion
The descriptive findings of the research variables are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. The descriptive findings of the research sub-scales
Statistical parameters Scale
Number
Mean
Standard deviation
400
55.14
13.27
Resilience
400
30.64
6.52
Tendency to addiction
Table 2. Pearson correlation test between resilience and tendency to addiction
Statistical parameters Variables
Correlation coefficient
R2
-0.12
0.02
Resilience
Tendency to addiction
Sig
0.02
In accordance with the table, there is a significant negative correlation between
resilience and tendency to addiction (P