SUCCESS 2013 Enterprise Strategies

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The world’s coasts and oceans are crucial to life on Earth;
they support livelihoods and are vital to the global economy in many ways. Coastal ecosystems exist at the interface
between terrestrial and marine environments and include
some of the most diverse and dynamic environments on
earth. Over 40% of the world’s population (2.7 billion people) currently lives in the coastal zone—and many coastal
areas will likely become even more heavily populated as the
number of people living on this planet moves past 10 billion before the end of the century. This narrow band of the
earth’s surface attracts human populations for many reasons,
including the rich bounty of ish protein that can be harvested from the sea. Coastal ecosystems provide habitat and
nurseries for the majority of commercially important marine ish and shellish species, and provide food security and
livelihoods for over one billion people.
Coastal ecosystems face a litany of problems associated with
human­induced pressures. One way to minimize these pressures while promoting livelihoods is through conservation
enterprise that is environmentally friendly and conserves
biodiversity. Conservation enterprise is a commercial enterprise that generates proit and equitable beneits through
promoting sustainable use in areas of high biodiversity.
They are enterprises that depend on biodiversity, natural resources, and ecosystem goods and services, and therefore
provide incentives to protect these resources from internal
and external threats. Income generated from conservation
enterprise motivates people to conscientiously protect biodiversity to maintain that income.
Examples of conservation enterprises include:
• Beekeeping in mangroves and other coastal areas
• Community­based ecotourism
• Shell jewelry crafts tied to marine conservation
• Sustainable aquaculture, including seaweed, sponge,
and sea cucumber farming
• Agroforestry
• Mangrove crab grow­out
• Oyster and cockle collection in coastal wetlands tied
to conservation actions
• Adding value to existing managed small­scale isheries
The case studies presented in Section 4 of this Review provide examples of such enterprises, products and services.
Common to all of them is that they are natural resource­
based and as a consequence, have particular characteristics
that differ from other enterprises. Being aware of these differences can help entrepreneurs overcome constraints.

54#

The main characteristics are:
• The seasonal nature of growth and production may
imply that collection and utilization of products are
seasonal and dependent on variable and often long
production cycles.
• The temporal element has many implications, such as
inancing periods and the need for stakeholder patience before revenue and proits are generated.
• Products are dependent on the integrity of the ecosystem goods and services. For example, oyster and
cockle collection requires clean water and a healthy
mangrove system, and as such their sustainable exploitation must be coupled with conservation.
• Trading of some products on a small­scale is usually informal, with many levels of unrecorded actors
and transactions.
• Products produced in remote locations results in long
distribution channels and high transportation costs.
• The poorest and most marginalized community members (including women, children, and elders) are often the most dependent on the harvesting of natural
resource­based products and at the same time most

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