FinancialReportingFraudAAAA2015-Prof Kamran
FINANCIAL REPORTING
FRAUD/MANIPULATION AND
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL
MONITORING
Kamran Ahmed
Professor of Accounting
DEFINITION OF FINANCIAL REPORTING (FR) FRAUD
The National Commission on Fraudulent Financial Reporting (1987): “intentional or
reckless misconduct, whether act or omission, that resulted in materially
misleading financial statement. It may entail gross and deliberate distortion of
corporate records and the misapplication of accounting principles” (p. 2).
The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (1988): “intentional, deliberate,
misstatement or omission of material facts, or accounting data, which is
misleading and, when considered with all the information made available, would
cause the reader to change or alter his or her judgement or decisions” (p. 12).
Statement of Auditing Standards (SAS) no. 99 issued by the Auditing Standards
Board of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) in 2002.
Financial statement fraud is defined as an intentional act that causes material
misstatements in financial transactions and reporting.
La Trobe Business School
2
DEFINITION OF FR FRAUD
REZAEE (2005)
(1) falsification, alteration, or manipulation of material financial records, supporting
documents, or business transactions,
(2) material intentional misstatements, omissions, or misrepresentations of events,
transactions, accounts or other significant information from which financial
statements are prepared,
(3) deliberate misapplication, intentional misinterpretation, and wrongful execution of
accounting standards, principles, policies and methods used to measure,
recognise, and report economic events and business transactions,
(4) intentional omissions and disclosures or presentation of inadequate disclosures
regarding accounting standards, principles, practices, and related financial
information,
(5) using aggressive accounting techniques through illegitimate earnings
management, and
(6) manipulation of accounting practices under the existing rulesbased accounting
standards.
La Trobe Business School
3
TYPES OF FR FRAUD
1. Fraudulent transactions in the accounts in various forms to deceive investors
2 Financial statement restatement: earnings restatement to mean a net change to the priorperiod’s
earnings shown only in the currentperiod comparatives (Ahmed and Goodwin, 2007, Accounting and
Finance). Three main categories of earnings restatements policy changes including adoption of
accounting standards, revisions in priorperiod estimates, and a catchall group called errors and
unknown.
3. Earnings Management Opportunistic Discretionary Accruals and Real Earnings Management
(overproduction/underproduction) reversal of sales/purchase etc.
4. Related Party Transactions: loans, advances between company and board members and other related
parties (e.g spouses)
5. Other types of FR Fraud Not complying with reporting requirements ( Timeliness, not complying with
relevant accounting standards intentionally or unintentionally
La Trobe Business School
4
REASONS FOR FR FRAUD: THEORETICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
Financial statement is manipulated to achieve expected target earnings (Burgstahler
& Dichev, 1997), maximise selfinterest (Degeorge, Patel, & Zeckhauser, 1999) and
fulfil individual desires for personal wealth, prestige and job security (Mak & Li,
2001). (agency conflict).
The presence of pressure, opportunity and rationalization are significant
to financial statement fraud occurrences (see Albrecht et al., 2004;
Hogan, Rezaee, Riley Jr, & Velury, 2008; Lou & Wang, 2011; Spathis,
Doumpos, and Zopounidis 2002; Stalebrink & Sacco, 2007; Turner, Mock,
& Srivastava, 2003). ( social rationalisation)
Fraudsters take advantage of the weaknesses in monitoring as an opportunity to
commit financial statement fraud. This is where the presence of an effective
corporate governance system is essential to eliminate its weakness (Albrecht,
Albrecht, & Albrecht, 2008), and mitigate financial statement fraud. ( regulation)
La Trobe Business School
5
DETECTING AND PREVENTING FR FRAUD
Macro Approach
Effective regulation and penalties by regulatory bodies. In some emerging
countries regulatory bodies take soft approach and don’t take preventive
measures.
Micro Approach (firm level)
Implementing Effective Governance and Internal Control System voluntarily
Mixed measures micro and macro approaches: Regulation such as corporate
governance requirements and disclosure provisions (e.g. SOX, 2002).
La Trobe Business School
6
DETECTING AND PREVENTING FR FRAUD
Detecting financial statement fraud is a complicated task demanded by financial
statement users. No easy solutions.
Improved accounting standards and principles have increased the opportunities
in determining loopholes in a complex financial statement (Kranacher, 2006).
Effective corporate governance structures and internal control system using
modern technologies.
Computerised technology has also created new forms of financial statement
fraud. It makes the process of furnishing and publishing false financial information
much more difficult to detect ( Zhou and Kapoor , 2011)
Although sophisticated software assistance can be beneficial, specialised
knowledge on financial statement fraud risk should not be ignored. Forensic
Auditing.
La Trobe Business School
7
DETECTING AND PREVENTING FR FRAUD
GOVERNANCE QUALITY AND FR FRAUD
Lower proportion of independent directors on the board (Beasley, 1996)
Firms with higher percentage of insiders on board (Dechow et al., 1996)
Lack of directors with financial expertise on the board (Agrawal & Chadha, 2005)
Infrequent number of board meetings (Xie et al., 2003)
Firms with lower directors’ remuneration (Brown & Caylor, 2004)
Lower proportions of independent director on the audit committee (Abbott et al.,
2002; Persons, 2005)
Lack of audit committee with accounting and financial expertise (Moyes & Hasan,
1996)
Few audit committee meetings (Owens-Jackson et al., 2009)
Higher amount of external audit fees (Srinidhi & Gul, 2006)
Use of non Big 4 audit firms (Lennox & Pittman, 2010)
Outsourcing of internal audit services (Coramet al., 2008)
La Trobe Business School
8
SUMMARY OF SELECTED LITERATURE ON CORPORATE
GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES AND FINANCIAL
STATEMENT FRAUD
AAAATableNov2015.docx
La Trobe Business School
9
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
Corporate governance structure and financial statement fraud: Evidence from Malaysia
We examine the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and financial
statement fraud in Malaysia.
Using a handcollected sample comprising 76 financial statement fraud and 76 nonfraud
firms over a period of 8 years from 2001 to 2008, we find significantly less likelihood of
financial statement fraud when firms have a smaller percentage of Malay directors on board,
inside directors, higher directors’ remuneration, higher percentage of audit committee
members with accounting and financial expertise, higher proportion of Malay in audit
committee, more frequent audit committee meetings, appoint Big 4 audit firms for external
auditing, lower external audit fees, and have not outsourced internal audit functions.
Fraud firms compared to the nonfraud firms, significantly increase the proportion of
independent directors on their boards, increase the frequency of board and audit committee
meetings and reduce duality when a financial statement fraud has been detected.
La Trobe Business School
10
THANK
YOU
Contact
CRICOS Provider 00115M
FRAUD/MANIPULATION AND
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL
MONITORING
Kamran Ahmed
Professor of Accounting
DEFINITION OF FINANCIAL REPORTING (FR) FRAUD
The National Commission on Fraudulent Financial Reporting (1987): “intentional or
reckless misconduct, whether act or omission, that resulted in materially
misleading financial statement. It may entail gross and deliberate distortion of
corporate records and the misapplication of accounting principles” (p. 2).
The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (1988): “intentional, deliberate,
misstatement or omission of material facts, or accounting data, which is
misleading and, when considered with all the information made available, would
cause the reader to change or alter his or her judgement or decisions” (p. 12).
Statement of Auditing Standards (SAS) no. 99 issued by the Auditing Standards
Board of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) in 2002.
Financial statement fraud is defined as an intentional act that causes material
misstatements in financial transactions and reporting.
La Trobe Business School
2
DEFINITION OF FR FRAUD
REZAEE (2005)
(1) falsification, alteration, or manipulation of material financial records, supporting
documents, or business transactions,
(2) material intentional misstatements, omissions, or misrepresentations of events,
transactions, accounts or other significant information from which financial
statements are prepared,
(3) deliberate misapplication, intentional misinterpretation, and wrongful execution of
accounting standards, principles, policies and methods used to measure,
recognise, and report economic events and business transactions,
(4) intentional omissions and disclosures or presentation of inadequate disclosures
regarding accounting standards, principles, practices, and related financial
information,
(5) using aggressive accounting techniques through illegitimate earnings
management, and
(6) manipulation of accounting practices under the existing rulesbased accounting
standards.
La Trobe Business School
3
TYPES OF FR FRAUD
1. Fraudulent transactions in the accounts in various forms to deceive investors
2 Financial statement restatement: earnings restatement to mean a net change to the priorperiod’s
earnings shown only in the currentperiod comparatives (Ahmed and Goodwin, 2007, Accounting and
Finance). Three main categories of earnings restatements policy changes including adoption of
accounting standards, revisions in priorperiod estimates, and a catchall group called errors and
unknown.
3. Earnings Management Opportunistic Discretionary Accruals and Real Earnings Management
(overproduction/underproduction) reversal of sales/purchase etc.
4. Related Party Transactions: loans, advances between company and board members and other related
parties (e.g spouses)
5. Other types of FR Fraud Not complying with reporting requirements ( Timeliness, not complying with
relevant accounting standards intentionally or unintentionally
La Trobe Business School
4
REASONS FOR FR FRAUD: THEORETICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
Financial statement is manipulated to achieve expected target earnings (Burgstahler
& Dichev, 1997), maximise selfinterest (Degeorge, Patel, & Zeckhauser, 1999) and
fulfil individual desires for personal wealth, prestige and job security (Mak & Li,
2001). (agency conflict).
The presence of pressure, opportunity and rationalization are significant
to financial statement fraud occurrences (see Albrecht et al., 2004;
Hogan, Rezaee, Riley Jr, & Velury, 2008; Lou & Wang, 2011; Spathis,
Doumpos, and Zopounidis 2002; Stalebrink & Sacco, 2007; Turner, Mock,
& Srivastava, 2003). ( social rationalisation)
Fraudsters take advantage of the weaknesses in monitoring as an opportunity to
commit financial statement fraud. This is where the presence of an effective
corporate governance system is essential to eliminate its weakness (Albrecht,
Albrecht, & Albrecht, 2008), and mitigate financial statement fraud. ( regulation)
La Trobe Business School
5
DETECTING AND PREVENTING FR FRAUD
Macro Approach
Effective regulation and penalties by regulatory bodies. In some emerging
countries regulatory bodies take soft approach and don’t take preventive
measures.
Micro Approach (firm level)
Implementing Effective Governance and Internal Control System voluntarily
Mixed measures micro and macro approaches: Regulation such as corporate
governance requirements and disclosure provisions (e.g. SOX, 2002).
La Trobe Business School
6
DETECTING AND PREVENTING FR FRAUD
Detecting financial statement fraud is a complicated task demanded by financial
statement users. No easy solutions.
Improved accounting standards and principles have increased the opportunities
in determining loopholes in a complex financial statement (Kranacher, 2006).
Effective corporate governance structures and internal control system using
modern technologies.
Computerised technology has also created new forms of financial statement
fraud. It makes the process of furnishing and publishing false financial information
much more difficult to detect ( Zhou and Kapoor , 2011)
Although sophisticated software assistance can be beneficial, specialised
knowledge on financial statement fraud risk should not be ignored. Forensic
Auditing.
La Trobe Business School
7
DETECTING AND PREVENTING FR FRAUD
GOVERNANCE QUALITY AND FR FRAUD
Lower proportion of independent directors on the board (Beasley, 1996)
Firms with higher percentage of insiders on board (Dechow et al., 1996)
Lack of directors with financial expertise on the board (Agrawal & Chadha, 2005)
Infrequent number of board meetings (Xie et al., 2003)
Firms with lower directors’ remuneration (Brown & Caylor, 2004)
Lower proportions of independent director on the audit committee (Abbott et al.,
2002; Persons, 2005)
Lack of audit committee with accounting and financial expertise (Moyes & Hasan,
1996)
Few audit committee meetings (Owens-Jackson et al., 2009)
Higher amount of external audit fees (Srinidhi & Gul, 2006)
Use of non Big 4 audit firms (Lennox & Pittman, 2010)
Outsourcing of internal audit services (Coramet al., 2008)
La Trobe Business School
8
SUMMARY OF SELECTED LITERATURE ON CORPORATE
GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES AND FINANCIAL
STATEMENT FRAUD
AAAATableNov2015.docx
La Trobe Business School
9
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
Corporate governance structure and financial statement fraud: Evidence from Malaysia
We examine the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and financial
statement fraud in Malaysia.
Using a handcollected sample comprising 76 financial statement fraud and 76 nonfraud
firms over a period of 8 years from 2001 to 2008, we find significantly less likelihood of
financial statement fraud when firms have a smaller percentage of Malay directors on board,
inside directors, higher directors’ remuneration, higher percentage of audit committee
members with accounting and financial expertise, higher proportion of Malay in audit
committee, more frequent audit committee meetings, appoint Big 4 audit firms for external
auditing, lower external audit fees, and have not outsourced internal audit functions.
Fraud firms compared to the nonfraud firms, significantly increase the proportion of
independent directors on their boards, increase the frequency of board and audit committee
meetings and reduce duality when a financial statement fraud has been detected.
La Trobe Business School
10
THANK
YOU
Contact
CRICOS Provider 00115M