Design of application based on ergonomic aspect for lighting in workplace.
2012 Southeast Asian Network of Ergonomics Societies Conference (SEANES)
Design of Application based on Ergonomic Aspect
for Lighting In Workplace
Alit Swamardika IB., N. Adiputra, DP. Sutjana, Linawati
Doctoral Programme of Ergonomic
Faculty of Medicine, University of Udayana,
Bali Indonesia
alit_bbc@yahoo.com
Abstract—Good lighting is needed for optimal visual condition in
the workplace. Therefore some factors to have the optimal visual
should be considered. To compute lighting in the workplace
manually, this will require long working time and would be
monotonous. Thus an application should be designed to resolve
lighting problems in the workplace.
In this paper, the
application is designed based on ergonomics aspects.
Keywords-lighting; application; software; ergonomics aspects;
workplace.
To overcome these problems, software based on
ergonomics aspect is designed. The application is able to
accommodate all the standards.
II.
A.
Materials
The material in this paper is to design an application
based on ergonomic aspect to have good lighting in
workplace.
B.
I.
BACKGROUND
Artificial lighting can be used to improve the visual image
of the room, especially at night. Utilization of lighting is both
supporting the function room and people activities in room. In
addition lighting creates aesthetic comfort and safety in the
room. The lighting in the room causes an orientation room and
mass definition. Therefore there will be understanding about
condition of a room, then appropriate action when performing
any activity can be decided. The fulfillment of the functional
in lighting design should meet quality of those aesthetics, the
comfort and security standards [1].
In the process of lighting design, when the designer has
made the concept of lighting, the designer must be able to meet
the standard quantity that is prescribed and in accordance with
the provisions of the respective room. Influential factors in
calculating the quantity of lighting room is a standard technical
lighting; spacious room; lamp lumen data; light loss factor can
be recovered; light loss factor is a result which cannot be
restored; and the coefficient of armature. [1].
In calculating the quantity of lighting a space, the designer
using the mathematical calculation by inserting those factors
into mathematical formulas. This resulted in the process of
design becomes inefficient and monotonous if a designer to
calculate the quantity of lighting a building with a lot of room,
function and characteristics of the different technical
requirements. It makes the designer often to do design without
the use of calculations in accordance with the technical
standards. From observations that has been done, is found that
in designing the lighting of a room, a designer determines the
quantity of light based on an estimation only [2-3].
Copyright of this paper
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Method
The methods used are the literature review.
III.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Design of Lighting Systems
The definition of the design in the field of engineering as
given by Fielden is; “Engineering design is the use of scientific
principles, technical information and imagination in the
definition of mechanical structure, machine or system to
perform function with maximum economy and efficiency”.
This definition is spatially narrow since it only discussed
the design of engineering in relation to sense of economic
aspect and efficiency. In fact, a design is very closely related to
a variety of other disciplines, and supports each other\'s overall
design process of a product or service [4].
Definition of system design by George M. Scott in his book
Principles of management information systems; “The design of
the system is determining how to achieve goals set which
involves the formation of (configuring) software and hardware
components of a system where after installation of the system
will meet the specifications made in the late phases of systems
analysis. "[5].
One of the characteristics of a human being is always
trying to create something good tools and other objects to help
them. To realize the tool or object, it is required a design. A
design should be oriented towards the needs and requirements
of the user. Those are similarly in designing a lighting system
[2].
When planning lighting system in the room, that must be
considered is the intensity of the illumination, the color of light
needed and the direction of lighting. The intensity of the light
2012 Southeast Asian Network of Ergonomics Societies Conference (SEANES)
will produce luminancy because of the influence of a factor
walls reflection and the floor of the room [3].
The light source is a unit of illumination complete
consisting of its equipment for the operation of both light and
electricity and to set up a distribution of light, positioning
lights, protects lights and connecting a lamp with a voltage
source. A few things to get attention for indoor lighting
designer among other things are [3]:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Economic. If the economic considerations are power (W)
then Luminous efficacy (lm/W) should be a
consideration.
Lifetime. The lifetime of the lamp can be made into
consideration replacement lights only when there are
dead lights and how economical replacement for groups.
An auxiliary tool required, for example: armature, and
controller.
The effects that might be brought about, among other
things: shadow, stroboskopis, and glare.
The walls color of the room. Because the reflection of
the walls color also affect the comfort.
To get an adequate quality of illumination then both a
source of illumination and environmental factors to be
considered. Therefore the lighting designer needs to have the
necessary data. The necessary data for planning a lighting
installation are [3]:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
The drawing of a room, the dimensions of a room, and
the plan of the layout of the lights.
Details of the construction of the ceiling.
Color and reflections from ceiling, wall, floor and Desk
Chair (furniture that is in the room).
The function of the room (a visual work that will be done
in the room).
Equipment machinery or equipment in the room.
The conditions of the rooms such as: temperature,
humidity, and dust.
The development of architecture allows room ceiling
varied, similarly color and materials used. It is related to
reflectance. The temperature is related to the use of the power
of the lamp. Tube Lamp usually operates in temperature of 25°
C in which lumen will be reduced by 1.5% every 1 C°. The
changes of this temperature do not influence significantly to the
fluorescent lamps and gas discharge lamps of high pressure.
The humidity affect the age of armature or equipment of the
lighting installation. Meanwhile the dust affects percentage of
the quantity of light up on the surface of the work areas.
B.
Flow of Calculating The Artificial Lighting
Lighting in a workplace should not tiring eyes. Too big
difference in illumination intensity between work area and its
surroundings should be avoided. The difference would need
strong accommodation of human eyes. A comparison between
the minimum and maximum illumination intensity in the work
areas should be at least 0.7. The comparison with its
surroundings should be at least 0.3. [3].
In addition, it should also consider the age of people who
work in the room or who will occupy that room. To be able to
work comfortably, a 60-years-old worker requires about
approximately 15 times more light than is required of a child
aged 10 years [6].
A diagram of the steps to calculate the lighting a room is
as follows:
- The function of room
- The dimention of
room
specify the minimum
illumination intensity
specify the type of
lamp
specify the type and the layout
of armature of a lamp
specify the colors of wall,
mebeluer, ceiling, floori
calculate the number of
lighting in room
Figure 1. The Steps to calculate the number of lighting in room
C. The Formulas To Calculate The Number Of Lights
The intensity of the illumination E is expressed in units of
lux, equal to the sum lm/m2. So the flux of the light needed for
a work of covering an area of A m2 is [3].
Ф = E x A lm
(1)
where is :
E = The intensity of illumination in work areas, in lux;
A = the dimension of room, in m2
The flux of light emitted lights not all reach the areas of
work, some of the flux emitted into the walls and the ceiling.
Therefore, to determine the flux of light needed to be reckoned
with their efficiency [3]:
g
o
(2)
Where is:
Фo = the flux of light emitted by all sources of light in the
room;
Фg = the flux of light that reaches the areas of work, directly
or indirectly after being reflected by a wall and the
ceiling.
To determine the efficiency of lighting, the factors to be
taken into account is:
a.
The efficiency of the armature (v);
2012 Southeast Asian Network of Ergonomics Societies Conference (SEANES)
b.
c.
The reflection factor of the walls (rw), the reflection
factor of the ceiling (rp), and the reflection factor of
(3)
the work areas(rm);
The formula of the efficiency of the armature v is: [3]:
the flux of light emitted by armature
v
the flux of light emitted by all sources of light
The factors of rw and rp each declare the reflected flux of
light received by the walls and the ceiling, and then reach the
areas of work. the reflection factor of the work areas(rm),
determined by the reflection of the floor and the reflection of
the wall between areas of work and the floor , generally value
of rm are chosen 0.1 [3].
The ceiling and the walls of colored light reflectance of 50 70 % , and dark-colored 10 - 20 %. The influences of the wall
and the ceiling on the direct lighting systems are smaller than
its influence on other lighting systems, for the light that falls on
the ceiling and walls are just a small part of the flux of light.
The room index k is a comparison between the size of a
square-shaped room [3]:
p.l
.
h( p l )
(4)
where is:
p = the length of the room, in m;
l = the width of the room, in m;
h = the height of the light source above the working area, in m.
The room index is necessary to know the needs of the
amount of illumination. The working areas are an imaginary
horizontal plane, generally is 0.8 m above the floor.
The depreciation factor d is
d
E in a state of being used
.
E in a state of being new
o
lamp
The room index.
k
n
(5)
On the installation of lighting system that has been used in
a long period of time, then the intensity of the lighting will be
decreased. Decrease in intensity can be caused by factors of
age and damage to the lights, luminer or the room
The intensity of illumination (E) in the state of being used
is the average of the intensity of illumination of an installation
with the lights and the armature, which is the usability has been
reduced due to dirty, have long used or because of other causes.
So in order to obtain the value of the efficiency of the lighting
in the circumstances is used, the value of efficiency obtained
from the table should be multiplied by a factor of depreciation.
To determine the number of lights a room can be calculated
as follows [3]:
E xA
.
x x d
(6)
lamp
D. Software To Calculate The Number Of The Lights
Software is a computer program that functions as an
interface to interaction between users and hardware. The
software can also be called as an interpreter the commands
executed a computer user to be forwarded or processed by
hardware. The software is divided into three programs: the
application program such as Microsoft office, the operating
system programs such as MS. Windows, and the language
programs such as Pascal [7].
Based on the description above, the software calculates the
number of lighting is an application that supports the
management of the data systems research and design the
system based on the principle of ergonomic. This software
containing features can accommodate the needs of data systems
lighting in generally and also be able to transform data so that
reduce the level of error in the calculation of the number of
lighting.
The basis of the design of this software application is a data
base, which the advantage among other things: reduction of the
duplication of data which prevents inconsistencies of data; the
ease, speed and efficiency of data calls or access; easy to
organize and manage large amounts of data; cause data to
become self-documented and self-descriptive; reduce the cost
of software development; increasing the factor of the safety
data [7].
The aspect of ergonomics in the design of software is a
collaboration of various disciplines, among others; Computer
science, cognitive psychology, social science, business, graphic
design, and ergonomics. In its application, all disciplines
resulted in a new concept, namely learn how humans interact
with computers, including tasks that become binding between
them [7].
On the design of the software, the programming language
used is Microsoft Visual Basic 6 (VB6), and is designed and
compiled entirely within the Microsoft Windows XP operating
system. The Program has created the main form, the form
Results Calculation.
All of its inputs of information or of data about the function
of space, the dimensions of space, the lights as well as the
reflection factors to be included. The display of form the menu
was in figure 2 at the bottom.
To make the user can use this software, you have to install
at first. Installation begins with suppress file setup.exe . Then a
dialog box will appear as hints the installation process. By
making software in the form setup, will make it easier to
distribute this software onto a user's computer to another.
2012 Southeast Asian Network of Ergonomics Societies Conference (SEANES)
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
Figure 2. Display of the software
IV.
CONCLUSION
From the discussion above, conclusion could be drawn as
follows; of the software that has been made, the results of
calculating the number of lights in accordance with the
technical formula thus becomes easier, faster, and the results
can be received by users.
P. Manurung, Desain Pencahayaan Arsitektural Konsep Pencahayaan
Artifisial pada Ruang Eksterior. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset, 2009.
Muhaimin, Teknologi Pencahayaan. Bandung: PT. Refika Aditama,
2001.
P. V. Harten and E. Setiawan, Instalasi Listrik Arus Kuat 2. Jakarta: CV.
Trimitra Mandiri, 1999.
S. Tahid and Y. D. Nurcahyanie, Konsep Teknologi dalam
Pengembangan Produk Industri. Jakarta: Prenada Media Group, 2007.
G. M. Scott, Principles of management information Systems. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1986.
Illumination Engineering Society, Lighting Your Way to Better Vision.
USA, 2009.
F. Sulianta, IT Ergonomics menjadi Sehat dan Produktif dalam Kantor
Berbasis Teknologi Informasi. Jakarta: PT. Elex Media Komputindo,
2010.
Design of Application based on Ergonomic Aspect
for Lighting In Workplace
Alit Swamardika IB., N. Adiputra, DP. Sutjana, Linawati
Doctoral Programme of Ergonomic
Faculty of Medicine, University of Udayana,
Bali Indonesia
alit_bbc@yahoo.com
Abstract—Good lighting is needed for optimal visual condition in
the workplace. Therefore some factors to have the optimal visual
should be considered. To compute lighting in the workplace
manually, this will require long working time and would be
monotonous. Thus an application should be designed to resolve
lighting problems in the workplace.
In this paper, the
application is designed based on ergonomics aspects.
Keywords-lighting; application; software; ergonomics aspects;
workplace.
To overcome these problems, software based on
ergonomics aspect is designed. The application is able to
accommodate all the standards.
II.
A.
Materials
The material in this paper is to design an application
based on ergonomic aspect to have good lighting in
workplace.
B.
I.
BACKGROUND
Artificial lighting can be used to improve the visual image
of the room, especially at night. Utilization of lighting is both
supporting the function room and people activities in room. In
addition lighting creates aesthetic comfort and safety in the
room. The lighting in the room causes an orientation room and
mass definition. Therefore there will be understanding about
condition of a room, then appropriate action when performing
any activity can be decided. The fulfillment of the functional
in lighting design should meet quality of those aesthetics, the
comfort and security standards [1].
In the process of lighting design, when the designer has
made the concept of lighting, the designer must be able to meet
the standard quantity that is prescribed and in accordance with
the provisions of the respective room. Influential factors in
calculating the quantity of lighting room is a standard technical
lighting; spacious room; lamp lumen data; light loss factor can
be recovered; light loss factor is a result which cannot be
restored; and the coefficient of armature. [1].
In calculating the quantity of lighting a space, the designer
using the mathematical calculation by inserting those factors
into mathematical formulas. This resulted in the process of
design becomes inefficient and monotonous if a designer to
calculate the quantity of lighting a building with a lot of room,
function and characteristics of the different technical
requirements. It makes the designer often to do design without
the use of calculations in accordance with the technical
standards. From observations that has been done, is found that
in designing the lighting of a room, a designer determines the
quantity of light based on an estimation only [2-3].
Copyright of this paper
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Method
The methods used are the literature review.
III.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Design of Lighting Systems
The definition of the design in the field of engineering as
given by Fielden is; “Engineering design is the use of scientific
principles, technical information and imagination in the
definition of mechanical structure, machine or system to
perform function with maximum economy and efficiency”.
This definition is spatially narrow since it only discussed
the design of engineering in relation to sense of economic
aspect and efficiency. In fact, a design is very closely related to
a variety of other disciplines, and supports each other\'s overall
design process of a product or service [4].
Definition of system design by George M. Scott in his book
Principles of management information systems; “The design of
the system is determining how to achieve goals set which
involves the formation of (configuring) software and hardware
components of a system where after installation of the system
will meet the specifications made in the late phases of systems
analysis. "[5].
One of the characteristics of a human being is always
trying to create something good tools and other objects to help
them. To realize the tool or object, it is required a design. A
design should be oriented towards the needs and requirements
of the user. Those are similarly in designing a lighting system
[2].
When planning lighting system in the room, that must be
considered is the intensity of the illumination, the color of light
needed and the direction of lighting. The intensity of the light
2012 Southeast Asian Network of Ergonomics Societies Conference (SEANES)
will produce luminancy because of the influence of a factor
walls reflection and the floor of the room [3].
The light source is a unit of illumination complete
consisting of its equipment for the operation of both light and
electricity and to set up a distribution of light, positioning
lights, protects lights and connecting a lamp with a voltage
source. A few things to get attention for indoor lighting
designer among other things are [3]:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Economic. If the economic considerations are power (W)
then Luminous efficacy (lm/W) should be a
consideration.
Lifetime. The lifetime of the lamp can be made into
consideration replacement lights only when there are
dead lights and how economical replacement for groups.
An auxiliary tool required, for example: armature, and
controller.
The effects that might be brought about, among other
things: shadow, stroboskopis, and glare.
The walls color of the room. Because the reflection of
the walls color also affect the comfort.
To get an adequate quality of illumination then both a
source of illumination and environmental factors to be
considered. Therefore the lighting designer needs to have the
necessary data. The necessary data for planning a lighting
installation are [3]:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
The drawing of a room, the dimensions of a room, and
the plan of the layout of the lights.
Details of the construction of the ceiling.
Color and reflections from ceiling, wall, floor and Desk
Chair (furniture that is in the room).
The function of the room (a visual work that will be done
in the room).
Equipment machinery or equipment in the room.
The conditions of the rooms such as: temperature,
humidity, and dust.
The development of architecture allows room ceiling
varied, similarly color and materials used. It is related to
reflectance. The temperature is related to the use of the power
of the lamp. Tube Lamp usually operates in temperature of 25°
C in which lumen will be reduced by 1.5% every 1 C°. The
changes of this temperature do not influence significantly to the
fluorescent lamps and gas discharge lamps of high pressure.
The humidity affect the age of armature or equipment of the
lighting installation. Meanwhile the dust affects percentage of
the quantity of light up on the surface of the work areas.
B.
Flow of Calculating The Artificial Lighting
Lighting in a workplace should not tiring eyes. Too big
difference in illumination intensity between work area and its
surroundings should be avoided. The difference would need
strong accommodation of human eyes. A comparison between
the minimum and maximum illumination intensity in the work
areas should be at least 0.7. The comparison with its
surroundings should be at least 0.3. [3].
In addition, it should also consider the age of people who
work in the room or who will occupy that room. To be able to
work comfortably, a 60-years-old worker requires about
approximately 15 times more light than is required of a child
aged 10 years [6].
A diagram of the steps to calculate the lighting a room is
as follows:
- The function of room
- The dimention of
room
specify the minimum
illumination intensity
specify the type of
lamp
specify the type and the layout
of armature of a lamp
specify the colors of wall,
mebeluer, ceiling, floori
calculate the number of
lighting in room
Figure 1. The Steps to calculate the number of lighting in room
C. The Formulas To Calculate The Number Of Lights
The intensity of the illumination E is expressed in units of
lux, equal to the sum lm/m2. So the flux of the light needed for
a work of covering an area of A m2 is [3].
Ф = E x A lm
(1)
where is :
E = The intensity of illumination in work areas, in lux;
A = the dimension of room, in m2
The flux of light emitted lights not all reach the areas of
work, some of the flux emitted into the walls and the ceiling.
Therefore, to determine the flux of light needed to be reckoned
with their efficiency [3]:
g
o
(2)
Where is:
Фo = the flux of light emitted by all sources of light in the
room;
Фg = the flux of light that reaches the areas of work, directly
or indirectly after being reflected by a wall and the
ceiling.
To determine the efficiency of lighting, the factors to be
taken into account is:
a.
The efficiency of the armature (v);
2012 Southeast Asian Network of Ergonomics Societies Conference (SEANES)
b.
c.
The reflection factor of the walls (rw), the reflection
factor of the ceiling (rp), and the reflection factor of
(3)
the work areas(rm);
The formula of the efficiency of the armature v is: [3]:
the flux of light emitted by armature
v
the flux of light emitted by all sources of light
The factors of rw and rp each declare the reflected flux of
light received by the walls and the ceiling, and then reach the
areas of work. the reflection factor of the work areas(rm),
determined by the reflection of the floor and the reflection of
the wall between areas of work and the floor , generally value
of rm are chosen 0.1 [3].
The ceiling and the walls of colored light reflectance of 50 70 % , and dark-colored 10 - 20 %. The influences of the wall
and the ceiling on the direct lighting systems are smaller than
its influence on other lighting systems, for the light that falls on
the ceiling and walls are just a small part of the flux of light.
The room index k is a comparison between the size of a
square-shaped room [3]:
p.l
.
h( p l )
(4)
where is:
p = the length of the room, in m;
l = the width of the room, in m;
h = the height of the light source above the working area, in m.
The room index is necessary to know the needs of the
amount of illumination. The working areas are an imaginary
horizontal plane, generally is 0.8 m above the floor.
The depreciation factor d is
d
E in a state of being used
.
E in a state of being new
o
lamp
The room index.
k
n
(5)
On the installation of lighting system that has been used in
a long period of time, then the intensity of the lighting will be
decreased. Decrease in intensity can be caused by factors of
age and damage to the lights, luminer or the room
The intensity of illumination (E) in the state of being used
is the average of the intensity of illumination of an installation
with the lights and the armature, which is the usability has been
reduced due to dirty, have long used or because of other causes.
So in order to obtain the value of the efficiency of the lighting
in the circumstances is used, the value of efficiency obtained
from the table should be multiplied by a factor of depreciation.
To determine the number of lights a room can be calculated
as follows [3]:
E xA
.
x x d
(6)
lamp
D. Software To Calculate The Number Of The Lights
Software is a computer program that functions as an
interface to interaction between users and hardware. The
software can also be called as an interpreter the commands
executed a computer user to be forwarded or processed by
hardware. The software is divided into three programs: the
application program such as Microsoft office, the operating
system programs such as MS. Windows, and the language
programs such as Pascal [7].
Based on the description above, the software calculates the
number of lighting is an application that supports the
management of the data systems research and design the
system based on the principle of ergonomic. This software
containing features can accommodate the needs of data systems
lighting in generally and also be able to transform data so that
reduce the level of error in the calculation of the number of
lighting.
The basis of the design of this software application is a data
base, which the advantage among other things: reduction of the
duplication of data which prevents inconsistencies of data; the
ease, speed and efficiency of data calls or access; easy to
organize and manage large amounts of data; cause data to
become self-documented and self-descriptive; reduce the cost
of software development; increasing the factor of the safety
data [7].
The aspect of ergonomics in the design of software is a
collaboration of various disciplines, among others; Computer
science, cognitive psychology, social science, business, graphic
design, and ergonomics. In its application, all disciplines
resulted in a new concept, namely learn how humans interact
with computers, including tasks that become binding between
them [7].
On the design of the software, the programming language
used is Microsoft Visual Basic 6 (VB6), and is designed and
compiled entirely within the Microsoft Windows XP operating
system. The Program has created the main form, the form
Results Calculation.
All of its inputs of information or of data about the function
of space, the dimensions of space, the lights as well as the
reflection factors to be included. The display of form the menu
was in figure 2 at the bottom.
To make the user can use this software, you have to install
at first. Installation begins with suppress file setup.exe . Then a
dialog box will appear as hints the installation process. By
making software in the form setup, will make it easier to
distribute this software onto a user's computer to another.
2012 Southeast Asian Network of Ergonomics Societies Conference (SEANES)
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
Figure 2. Display of the software
IV.
CONCLUSION
From the discussion above, conclusion could be drawn as
follows; of the software that has been made, the results of
calculating the number of lights in accordance with the
technical formula thus becomes easier, faster, and the results
can be received by users.
P. Manurung, Desain Pencahayaan Arsitektural Konsep Pencahayaan
Artifisial pada Ruang Eksterior. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset, 2009.
Muhaimin, Teknologi Pencahayaan. Bandung: PT. Refika Aditama,
2001.
P. V. Harten and E. Setiawan, Instalasi Listrik Arus Kuat 2. Jakarta: CV.
Trimitra Mandiri, 1999.
S. Tahid and Y. D. Nurcahyanie, Konsep Teknologi dalam
Pengembangan Produk Industri. Jakarta: Prenada Media Group, 2007.
G. M. Scott, Principles of management information Systems. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1986.
Illumination Engineering Society, Lighting Your Way to Better Vision.
USA, 2009.
F. Sulianta, IT Ergonomics menjadi Sehat dan Produktif dalam Kantor
Berbasis Teknologi Informasi. Jakarta: PT. Elex Media Komputindo,
2010.