The influence of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila on Mariam`s personality changes in khaled hosseini`s a thousand splendid suns.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRACT
Ratnaningsih, Paskalina Widiastuti (2009). The Influence of Jalil, Rasheed, and
Laila on Mariam’s Personality Changes in Khaled Hosseini’s A
Thousand Splendid Suns. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study
Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers
Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This study discusses a novel by Khaled Hosseini entitled A Thousand
Splendid Suns. This novel is very heartwarming due to the fascinating depiction of
human life. The writer chooses to analyze personality changes of Mariam, one of the
major characters, since there is an interesting description of Mariam’s personality
which changes from time to time because of significant people in Mariam’s life. The
significant people are Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila.
There are two problems analyzed in this thesis: (1) How are the characters of
Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila described in the novel? (2) How do Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila
influence Mariam’s personality changes in the novel?
This study used psychological approach since this study focused on
personality changes. The method used for the analysis was library research. A novel
entitled A Thousand Splendid Suns was the primary data in this study. The
secondary data were books on character, characterization, and personality changes
which were used to analyze the novel.
Based on the analysis, there are two main points which can be drawn from
this thesis. The first point is how the characters of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila are
described in the novel. Jalil is described as a handsome, loving, and selfish person.
Rasheed is described as an unattractive, partial, disparaging, roughshod, dishonest,
selfish, and hypocritical person. Laila is described as a beautiful, smart, brave,
loving, and appreciative person. The second point is the influence of Jalil, Rasheed,
and Laila on Mariam’s personality changes. Firstly, Jalil influences Mariam’s selfrespect and Mariams’s affection. Jalil makes Mariam have self-respect, but later he
makes Mariam lose her self-respect. Jalil also makes Mariam who is an affectionate
person become an unfriendly person. Secondly, Rasheed influences Mariam’s
reflection, Mariam’s self-respect, Mariam’s submissiveness, and Mariam’s
temperamental state. Rasheed makes Mariam who is an unreflective and not a hotheaded person become a reflective and a hot-headed person. Rasheed also makes
Mariam to have stronger lack of self-respect and become more submissive than
before she lives with Rasheed. Thirdly, Laila influences Mariam’s friendliness,
Mariam’s bravery, Mariam’s affection, and Mariam’s self-respect. Laila makes
Mariam who is not a friendly, brave, and affectionate person become a friendly,
brave, and affectionate person. Laila also makes Mariam have self-respect. From
those changes, Jalil and Rasheed make Mariam’s personality change for the better
and for the worse, quantitative and qualitative, and slow changes, whereas Laila
makes Mariam’s personality change just for the better, quantitative and qualitative,
and slow changes. Mariam’s personality changes are also related to the variations in
xiii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
personality change, such as: ages of change, kinds of people, and areas of personality
pattern.
This thesis provides suggestions for future researchers who are interested in
studying A Thousand Splendid Suns from other aspects. This thesis also provides
suggestions for English teachers to teach English by using A Thousand Splendid
Suns. Moreover, this thesis provides lesson plan for teaching English in Intensive
Reading II Class by using excerpts from chapter 15 of A Thousand Splendid Suns.
xiv
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRAK
Ratnaningsih, Paskalina Widiastuti (2009). The Influence of Jalil, Rasheed,
and Laila on Mariam’s Personality Changes in Khaled Hosseini’s A
Thousand Splendid Suns. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Bahasa Inggris,
Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu
Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Studi ini membicarakan sebuah novel berjudul A Thousand Splendid Suns.
Novel ini menarik karena ada penggambaran kehidupan manusia yang menarik.
Penulis memilih untuk menganalisa perubahan kepribadian Mariam, salah satu
tokoh utama, karena terdapat penggambaran yang menarik dari kepribadian
Mariam yang berubah dari waktu ke waktu karena orang-orang penting dalam
kehidupan Mariam. Orang-orang penting tersebut adalah Jalil, Rasheed, dan Laila.
Ada dua masalah yang dianalisa dalam skripsi ini: (1) Bagaimana tokoh
Jalil, Rasheed, dan Laila digambarkan di dalam novel? (2) Bagaimana Jalil,
Rasheed, dan Laila mempengaruhi perubahan kepribadian Mariam di dalam
novel?
Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi karena studi ini berpusat
pada perubahan kepribadian. Metode yang digunakan untuk analisis adalah studi
pustaka. Novel berjudul A Thousand Splendid Suns adalah data utama dalam
studi ini. Data sekunder adalah buku-buku mengenai tokoh, penokohan, dan
perubahan kepribadian yang digunakan untuk menganalisa novel ini.
Berdasarkan analisis, ada dua hal utama yang dapat ditarik dalam skripsi
ini. Hal pertama adalah bagaimana tokoh Jalil, Rasheed, dan Laila digambarkan
dalam novel ini. Jalil digambarkan sebagai orang yang tampan, penuh kasih, dan
egois. Rasheed digambarkan sebagai orang yang tidak menarik, memihak,
meremehkan, kasar, tidak jujur, egois, dan munafik. Laila digambarkan sebagai
orang yang cantik, pintar, berani, penuh kasih, dan menghargai. Hal kedua adalah
pengaruh Jalil, Rasheed, dan Laila pada perubahan kepribadian Mariam. Pertama,
Jalil mempengaruhi Mariam untuk menghargai diri sendiri dan kasih sayang
Mariam. Jalil membuat Mariam menghargai dirinya sendiri, tapi kemudian dia
membuat Mariam kehilangan penghargaan terhadap diri sendiri. Jalil juga
membuat Mariam yang seorang penuh kasih menjadi seorang yang tidak ramah.
Kedua, Rasheed mempengaruhi pemikiran Mariam, penghargaan Mariam
terhadap diri sendiri, ketundukan Mariam, dan keadaan Mariam yang cenderung
untuk marah. Rasheed membuat Mariam yang bukan seorang yang pemikir dan
bukan seorang pemarah menjadi orang yang pemikir dan lekas marah. Rasheed
juga membuat Mariam semakin kurang menghargai dirinya sendiri dan menjadi
semakin tunduk daripada sebelum dia hidup dengan Rasheed. Ketiga, Laila
mempengaruhi keramah-tamahan Mariam, keberanian Mariam, kasih sayang
Mariam, dan penghargaan Mariam terhadap diri sendiri. Laila membuat Mariam
yang tidak ramah, tidak berani, dan tidak penuh kasih sayang menjadi orang yang
ramah, berani, dan penuh kasih sayang. Laila juga membuat Mariam menghargai
xv
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
dirinya sendiri. Dari perubahan-perubahan tersebut, Jalil dan Rasheed membuat
kepribadian Mariam berubah menjadi lebih baik dan lebih buruk, perubahan
kuantitatif dan kualitatif, dan perubahan yang lambat, sedangkan Laila membuat
kepribadian Mariam berubah hanya untuk lebih baik, perubahan kuantitatif dan
kualitatif, dan perubahan yang lambat. Perubahan kepribadian Mariam juga
dihubungkan dengan variasi dalam perubahan kepribadian, seperti: umur
perubahan, jenis-jenis orang, dan bidang-bidang dari pola kepribadian.
Skripsi ini memberikan saran-saran bagi peneliti di masa datang yang
tertarik dalam mempelajari A Thousand Splendid Suns dari aspek lain. Skripsi ini
juga memberikan saran-saran bagi guru bahasa Inggris untuk mengajar bahasa
Inggris menggunakan A Thousand Splendid Suns. Di samping itu, skripsi ini
menyediakan rencana pembelajaran untuk mengajar bahasa Inggris di kelas
Intensive Reading II dengan menggunakan cuplikan-cuplikan bab 15 dari A
Thousand Splendid Suns.
xvi
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
THE INFLUENCE OF JALIL, RASHEED, AND LAILA
ON MARIAM’S PERSONALITY CHANGES
IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS
A Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Paskalina Widiastuti Ratnaningsih
Student Number: 041214088
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2009
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
THE INFLUENCE OF JALIL, RASHEED, AND LAILA
ON MARIAM’S PERSONALITY CHANGES
IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS
A Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Paskalina Widiastuti Ratnaningsih
Student Number: 041214088
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2009
i
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Keep on asking and it will be given to you; keep on seeking and you
will find; keep on knocking [reverently] and [the door] will be opened
to you.
Matthew 7:7
This thesis is dedicated to:
God, Jesus Christ, and Mother Mary
My beloved parents:
Ignatius Lagiman and Florentina Suratiyem
My brother:
Stefanus Brian Dwi Nugroho
My grandparents:
Suparno Warnotiyoso and Satirah Warnotiyoso
My close friends
Myself
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to those who have helped and
motivated me to finish this thesis.
Firstly, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to the Almighty Lord,
Jesus Christ, Holy Spirit, and Mother Mary who have given me blessing so that I can
finish this thesis. I thank them for teaching me life, showing me how to endure in the
hard times, and blessing me and my family. I also thank them for life experiences
which make my faith, hope and affection stronger from time to time and also for
timeless love to me. I also thank my guardian Saints and Angels for accompanying
me in this life, praying for me, and directing me to walk in fidelity.
Secondly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude for my major sponsor,
Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum., for her kindness, patience, suggestions, and
encouragement in finishing this thesis. Her continuous and valuable guidance has
motivated me during the completion of my study. My family and I pray for her
health, happiness, and success. I also would like to express my sincere gratitude for
my reader, Sister Margaret, FCJ for her generosity, support, and assistance for this
thesis. I thank her for correcting grammar in this thesis and teaching me grammar.
My family and I also pray for her health and happiness. Furthermore, I would like to
thank PBI lecturers that have guided and taught me during my study. I thank my
academic advisors, Drs. Pius Nurwidasa P, M.Ed. and Dr. Antonius Herujiyanto,
M.A. for their guidance in my study. I also thank PBI administration staff, mbak Tari
and mbak Dani, for helping me in administrative matters. Furthermore, I would like
vi
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
to thank Heri Widodo, S.Psi., M.Si. for giving me information related to personality
changes.
Thirdly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my father, Ignatius
Lagiman, and my mother, Florentina Suratiyem, for giving me support and prayer
during my study. I thank them for listening and understanding me during the
completion of this thesis. I thank them for providing me with the best education by
their hard work. I also thank them for teaching me how to face good and bad
situations in this life. Moreover, I thank them for always reminding me to keep my
faith and hope in Jesus Christ through real learning when we experience difficulties
in life. I thank them for teaching me the power of prayer. Prayers bestow miracles
and strengths. I also thank my brother, Stefanus Brian Dwi Nugroho, for his support,
assistance, and kindness in finishing this thesis. I thank him for his encouragement to
finish my study as soon as possible. I also would like to express my gratitude to my
grandfather, Suparno Warnotiyoso, and my grandmother, Satirah Warnotiyoso, for
their prayers and support during the completion of this thesis. I also would like to
express my gratitude to my family in Klaten and Cirebon for motivating me in
finishing my study.
Fourthly, I would like to thank my friends who have motivated me to finish
my study. My special thanks to people in my boarding house: Lusi, Agnes, mbak
Titik, mbak Imah, mbak Zaki, mbak Soyi, mbak Mislah, bu Niken, and dek Nisa. I
thank them for their support to finish my study and also for their friendship. I would
like to thank my friends in Babarsari boarding house: Amel Diaz, mbak Meda, kak
Nina, kak Elisabeth, and Moris. I also would like to thank mbak Mira for our
vii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
friendship. Furthermore, I would like to express my gratitude for all my friends from
Jambi who study in Yogyakarta. I thank them for their support in my study.
Fifthly, I would like to express my gratitude to friends in PBI: Anik, Alin,
Rina, Kenyar, Yanu, Ahmad, Albert, Adi, Evy, Novi, Hana, Rita, Yuni, Jati, Ine,
Tika, Indri, Riska, Pius, Ndari, Silvi, Santi, Voni, Festi, Heni, Gendis, Fidel, Ferdi,
mbak Upik, mbak Sasha, mbak Lidia, and mas Bowo. I also would like to thank my
SPD teammates (Anas, Lani, Danti, Riri, Yanu, and Bernard) for their support.
Sixthly, I would like to thank the people in Jambi, my hometown. I thank my
neighbors in Jambi, especially Mamak Ika’s family: Mamak, Bapak, Bang Ujang’s
family, Bang Ayik’s family, and Ayuk Ika for their prayers for my study. I also thank
my teachers and friends in SMP and SMA Xaverius I Jambi for giving me
knowledge in science and life. Thanks to the churchmen and churchwomen in
St.Theresia Church Jambi, especially Romo Marwoto and Romo Agus for their
prayers for me.
Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all people who cannot
be mentioned one by one. I thank them for their support and contributions to me
during the completion of my study.
Paskalina Widiastuti Ratnaningsih
viii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ..............................................................................................
i
APPROVAL PAGES...................................................................................
ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY .........................................
iv
PAGE OF DEDICATION...........................................................................
v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..........................................................................
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................
ix
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................
xiii
ABSTRAK ....................................................................................................
xv
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
1
A. Background of the Study .................................................
1
B. Problem Formulation ......................................................
4
C. Objectives of the Study ...................................................
4
D. Benefits of the Study .......................................................
4
E. Definition of Terms ........................................................
5
CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL REVIEW
7
A. Review of Related Theories .........................................
7
1. Theory of Character and Characterization .............
7
2. Theory of Criticism ................................................
9
ix
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3. Theory of Psychology ............................................
10
a. Characteristics of Change ................................
10
b. Variations in Personality Change ....................
12
c. Conditions Responsible for
Personality Change ..........................................
13
B. Theoretical Framework ................................................
15
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY
17
A. Object of the Study ......................................................
17
B. Approach of the Study .................................................
18
C. Method of the Study ....................................................
19
CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS
20
A. The Characteristics of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila ..........
20
1. The Characteristics of Jalil ....................................
20
a. Handsome ...........................................................
20
b. Loving ................................................................
21
c. Selfish .................................................................
24
2. The Characteristics of Rasheed ..............................
26
a. Unattractive ........................................................
26
b. Partial .................................................................
27
c. Disparaging ........................................................
29
d. Roughshod .........................................................
30
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
e. Dishonest ............................................................
34
f. Selfish .................................................................
35
g. Hypocritical .......................................................
36
3. The Characteristics of Laila ...................................
38
a. Beautiful .............................................................
38
b. Smart ..................................................................
39
c. Brave ..................................................................
40
d. Loving ................................................................
43
e. Appreciative .......................................................
45
B. The Influence of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila
on Mariam’s Personality Changes ...............................
46
1. The Influence of Jalil on
Mariam’s Personality Changes ..............................
47
a. Mariam’s Self-Respect .......................................
47
b. Mariam’s Affection ............................................
49
2. The Influence of Rasheed
on Mariam’s Personality Changes .........................
53
a. Mariam’s Reflection ..........................................
54
b. Mariam’s Self-Respect ......................................
56
c. Mariam’s Submissiveness ..................................
58
d. Mariam’s Temperamental State .........................
62
xi
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3. The Influence of Laila
on Mariam’s Personality Changes .........................
64
a. Mariam’s Friendliness.........................................
64
b. Mariam’s Bravery ...............................................
68
c. Mariam’s Affection.............................................
70
d. Mariam’s Self-Respect .......................................
75
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
79
A. Conclusions ..................................................................
79
B. Suggestions ..................................................................
82
1. Suggestions for Future Researchers .......................
82
2. Suggestions for English Teachers :
Teaching Intensive Reading by Using
A Thousand Splendid Suns ...................................
83
REFERENCES ............................................................................................
87
APPENDICES
Appendix A : The Summary of A Thousand Splendid Suns .................
89
Appendix B : Biography ........................................................................
93
Appendix C : Syllabus of Intensive Reading II .....................................
94
Appendix D : Lesson Plan .....................................................................
96
Appendix E : The Implementation of
Teaching Intensive Reading II ........................................
xii
99
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRACT
Ratnaningsih, Paskalina Widiastuti (2009). The Influence of Jalil, Rasheed, and
Laila on Mariam’s Personality Changes in Khaled Hosseini’s A
Thousand Splendid Suns. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study
Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers
Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This study discusses a novel by Khaled Hosseini entitled A Thousand
Splendid Suns. This novel is very heartwarming due to the fascinating depiction of
human life. The writer chooses to analyze personality changes of Mariam, one of the
major characters, since there is an interesting description of Mariam’s personality
which changes from time to time because of significant people in Mariam’s life. The
significant people are Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila.
There are two problems analyzed in this thesis: (1) How are the characters of
Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila described in the novel? (2) How do Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila
influence Mariam’s personality changes in the novel?
This study used psychological approach since this study focused on
personality changes. The method used for the analysis was library research. A novel
entitled A Thousand Splendid Suns was the primary data in this study. The
secondary data were books on character, characterization, and personality changes
which were used to analyze the novel.
Based on the analysis, there are two main points which can be drawn from
this thesis. The first point is how the characters of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila are
described in the novel. Jalil is described as a handsome, loving, and selfish person.
Rasheed is described as an unattractive, partial, disparaging, roughshod, dishonest,
selfish, and hypocritical person. Laila is described as a beautiful, smart, brave,
loving, and appreciative person. The second point is the influence of Jalil, Rasheed,
and Laila on Mariam’s personality changes. Firstly, Jalil influences Mariam’s selfrespect and Mariams’s affection. Jalil makes Mariam have self-respect, but later he
makes Mariam lose her self-respect. Jalil also makes Mariam who is an affectionate
person become an unfriendly person. Secondly, Rasheed influences Mariam’s
reflection, Mariam’s self-respect, Mariam’s submissiveness, and Mariam’s
temperamental state. Rasheed makes Mariam who is an unreflective and not a hotheaded person become a reflective and a hot-headed person. Rasheed also makes
Mariam to have stronger lack of self-respect and become more submissive than
before she lives with Rasheed. Thirdly, Laila influences Mariam’s friendliness,
Mariam’s bravery, Mariam’s affection, and Mariam’s self-respect. Laila makes
Mariam who is not a friendly, brave, and affectionate person become a friendly,
brave, and affectionate person. Laila also makes Mariam have self-respect. From
those changes, Jalil and Rasheed make Mariam’s personality change for the better
and for the worse, quantitative and qualitative, and slow changes, whereas Laila
makes Mariam’s personality change just for the better, quantitative and qualitative,
and slow changes. Mariam’s personality changes are also related to the variations in
xiii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
personality change, such as: ages of change, kinds of people, and areas of personality
pattern.
This thesis provides suggestions for future researchers who are interested in
studying A Thousand Splendid Suns from other aspects. This thesis also provides
suggestions for English teachers to teach English by using A Thousand Splendid
Suns. Moreover, this thesis provides lesson plan for teaching English in Intensive
Reading II Class by using excerpts from chapter 15 of A Thousand Splendid Suns.
xiv
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRAK
Ratnaningsih, Paskalina Widiastuti (2009). The Influence of Jalil, Rasheed,
and Laila on Mariam’s Personality Changes in Khaled Hosseini’s A
Thousand Splendid Suns. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Bahasa Inggris,
Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu
Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Studi ini membicarakan sebuah novel berjudul A Thousand Splendid Suns.
Novel ini menarik karena ada penggambaran kehidupan manusia yang menarik.
Penulis memilih untuk menganalisa perubahan kepribadian Mariam, salah satu
tokoh utama, karena terdapat penggambaran yang menarik dari kepribadian
Mariam yang berubah dari waktu ke waktu karena orang-orang penting dalam
kehidupan Mariam. Orang-orang penting tersebut adalah Jalil, Rasheed, dan Laila.
Ada dua masalah yang dianalisa dalam skripsi ini: (1) Bagaimana tokoh
Jalil, Rasheed, dan Laila digambarkan di dalam novel? (2) Bagaimana Jalil,
Rasheed, dan Laila mempengaruhi perubahan kepribadian Mariam di dalam
novel?
Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi karena studi ini berpusat
pada perubahan kepribadian. Metode yang digunakan untuk analisis adalah studi
pustaka. Novel berjudul A Thousand Splendid Suns adalah data utama dalam
studi ini. Data sekunder adalah buku-buku mengenai tokoh, penokohan, dan
perubahan kepribadian yang digunakan untuk menganalisa novel ini.
Berdasarkan analisis, ada dua hal utama yang dapat ditarik dalam skripsi
ini. Hal pertama adalah bagaimana tokoh Jalil, Rasheed, dan Laila digambarkan
dalam novel ini. Jalil digambarkan sebagai orang yang tampan, penuh kasih, dan
egois. Rasheed digambarkan sebagai orang yang tidak menarik, memihak,
meremehkan, kasar, tidak jujur, egois, dan munafik. Laila digambarkan sebagai
orang yang cantik, pintar, berani, penuh kasih, dan menghargai. Hal kedua adalah
pengaruh Jalil, Rasheed, dan Laila pada perubahan kepribadian Mariam. Pertama,
Jalil mempengaruhi Mariam untuk menghargai diri sendiri dan kasih sayang
Mariam. Jalil membuat Mariam menghargai dirinya sendiri, tapi kemudian dia
membuat Mariam kehilangan penghargaan terhadap diri sendiri. Jalil juga
membuat Mariam yang seorang penuh kasih menjadi seorang yang tidak ramah.
Kedua, Rasheed mempengaruhi pemikiran Mariam, penghargaan Mariam
terhadap diri sendiri, ketundukan Mariam, dan keadaan Mariam yang cenderung
untuk marah. Rasheed membuat Mariam yang bukan seorang yang pemikir dan
bukan seorang pemarah menjadi orang yang pemikir dan lekas marah. Rasheed
juga membuat Mariam semakin kurang menghargai dirinya sendiri dan menjadi
semakin tunduk daripada sebelum dia hidup dengan Rasheed. Ketiga, Laila
mempengaruhi keramah-tamahan Mariam, keberanian Mariam, kasih sayang
Mariam, dan penghargaan Mariam terhadap diri sendiri. Laila membuat Mariam
yang tidak ramah, tidak berani, dan tidak penuh kasih sayang menjadi orang yang
ramah, berani, dan penuh kasih sayang. Laila juga membuat Mariam menghargai
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
dirinya sendiri. Dari perubahan-perubahan tersebut, Jalil dan Rasheed membuat
kepribadian Mariam berubah menjadi lebih baik dan lebih buruk, perubahan
kuantitatif dan kualitatif, dan perubahan yang lambat, sedangkan Laila membuat
kepribadian Mariam berubah hanya untuk lebih baik, perubahan kuantitatif dan
kualitatif, dan perubahan yang lambat. Perubahan kepribadian Mariam juga
dihubungkan dengan variasi dalam perubahan kepribadian, seperti: umur
perubahan, jenis-jenis orang, dan bidang-bidang dari pola kepribadian.
Skripsi ini memberikan saran-saran bagi peneliti di masa datang yang
tertarik dalam mempelajari A Thousand Splendid Suns dari aspek lain. Skripsi ini
juga memberikan saran-saran bagi guru bahasa Inggris untuk mengajar bahasa
Inggris menggunakan A Thousand Splendid Suns. Di samping itu, skripsi ini
menyediakan rencana pembelajaran untuk mengajar bahasa Inggris di kelas
Intensive Reading II dengan menggunakan cuplikan-cuplikan bab 15 dari A
Thousand Splendid Suns.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of background of the study, problem formulation,
objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and definition of terms. Background of
the study focuses on the reasons for choosing the novel and rationale of the topic.
Problem formulation focuses on the problem to be analyzed through the novel.
Objectives of the study focus on the aim of this study. Benefits of the study focus on
the benefits for readers, English teachers, and future researchers. Finally, definition
of terms focuses on some terms related to the novel discussed.
A. Background of the Study
People have read literature for many years. Literature itself is defined as
“written (and also spoken) compositions designed to tell stories, dramatize situations,
and reveal thoughts and emotions, and also, more importantly, to interest, entertain,
stimulate, broaden, and ennoble readers” (Roberts and Jacobs 1). Reading literature
gives many benefits to people. According to Roberts and Jacobs (2), literature makes
people have deep understanding on many aspects. The first is literature makes people
have knowledge and understanding related to culture, philosophy, and religion. The
second is literature makes people appreciate living things since literature provides the
portrayal of them. It also makes people have certain emotions after reading literature,
such as happy, sad, excited, pleased, interested, fear, and so on. The third is literature
enables people to develop their goals and values in life.
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2
According to Roberts and Jacobs (2), there are three genres in literature. The
first is prose fiction or narrative fiction, such as novel, short story, epic, myth. The
second is poetry. The third is drama. This study focuses on prose fiction. Prose
fiction is generally about “one or a few major characters who undergo some kind of
change as they meet other characters or deal with problems or difficulties in their
lives” (Roberts and Jacobs 2). According to Pickering and Hoeper (17), most people
refer fiction to short story and novel because they have had big influences since the
late eighteen century. Stanton (44) differentiates between short story and novel that is
“the peculiar strength of the short story is its ability to imply more than it tells; the
peculiar strength of the novel is its ability to render a complex subject fully, to create
a complete world”. This study is specified in novel rather than short story since novel
describes characters, relationship between characters, situation, and conflicts more
completely.
This study focuses on A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini as the
novel to be discussed. There are many reasons underlying the selection of this novel.
The first reason is Khaled Hosseini’s literary works are bestseller novels. The Kite
Runner, Khaled Hosseini’s first novel, is an international bestseller novel and
published in 48 countries whereas A Thousand Splendid Suns, Khaled Hosseini’s
second novel, is also an international bestseller novel and published in 40 countries
(“Biography”). The second reason is the aspects of novel are described well. One
example is there are good portraits of characters in this novel. The third reason is
Khaled Hosseini is known for his literary works emphasizing on human problems in
society. His first novel, entitled The Kite Runner, tells about two Afghan boys and
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3
the problems of ethnicity in Afghanistan. His second novel, A Thousand Splendid
Suns which is discussed in this study, tells about two Afghan women and the society
problems during the last three decades. The fourth reason is there are many life
values that the readers can take from this novel. The last reason which is the most
important reason is there is an interesting description of human personality in this
novel.
The personality is essential to human life. People react differently to the same
thing in this life because they have different personality. “It is undeniably clear that
life can become a profoundly dissimilar thing for different persons because of their
differences in personality” (Leeper and Madison 27). Hence, personality determines
how we live. Personality can also be influenced by other people. Those influences
can make someone’s personality either static or dynamic. If the personality changes,
it means people react in different ways in life from the previous ways.
After reading the novel several times, the writer found one interesting issue
related to the personality as a topic to be discussed in this study. The writer found
that Mariam, as one of the major characters, experiences personality changes from
the time she was a child until she was married to Rasheed for several years. Those
personality changes are mostly caused by other characters. They are Jalil, Rasheed,
and Laila. Jalil is Mariam’s father. Although Jalil loves Mariam, he is ashamed to
admit Mariam as his daughter since Mariam is his illegitimate daughter. Jalil also
forces Mariam to marry Rasheed in order to maintain his good name. Because of
Jalil’s personalities, Mariam experiences some personality changes. Then, Rasheed
also makes Mariam have personality changes with his bad personalities. The
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
4
character of Laila, the other major character, which in contrast to Mariam causes
Mariam to have personality changes. Those influences of other characters on Mariam
are interesting to be discussed.
Hence, this study would like to discuss the influence of Jalil, Rasheed, and
Laila on Mariam’s personality changes in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid
Suns.
B. Problem Formulation
This study focuses on two problems in order to be specific, they are:
1. How are the characters of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila described in the novel?
2. How do Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila influence Mariam’s personality changes in
the novel?
C. Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are derived from the problem formulation above.
The first objective is to find out the character descriptions of Jalil, Rasheed, and
Laila in the novel. The second objective is to find out the influences of Jalil,
Rasheed, and Laila on Mariam’s personality changes in the novel.
D. Benefits of the Study
Generally, this study will enrich the readers’ knowledge on characters and
personality changes. This study, hopefully, can also encourage the readers to read
other literary works related to Afghanistan so that it can enrich their knowledge.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
5
For the English teachers, this study is also useful to develop teaching
materials from this novel. The English teachers can provide this novel as a sample of
material to explore characters from a psychological aspect.
Moreover, the writer expects this study can inspire future researchers in
studying A Thousand Splendid Suns. The future researchers can analyze this novel
from other aspects besides personality development. The future researchers can
discuss education and society in Afghanistan.
E. Definition of Terms
1. Influence
Drever (137) defines influence as “any past or present condition, experienced
as or actually playing a part in determining one’s behaviour, or course of thought, in
the present”. In this study, Mariam experiences condition where Mariam lives with
Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila. Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila play important roles on Mariam’s
personality.
2. Characters
Stanton (17) states two definitions of characters. The first definition relates to
the individuals in the story, such as: how many characters are presented in the story.
The second definition is “the mixture of interests, desires, emotions, and moral
principles that makes up each of these individuals”, such as: how we describe his/her
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
6
characters. In this study, characters refer to the individuals in the novel, Mariam,
Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila, and also the characteristics of those individuals.
3. Personality Changes
Allport in Hurlock (7) states that personality is “the dynamic organization
within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his
characteristic behaviour and thought”. Then, change according to Hurlock (108)
means to alter or to vary. Therefore, personality changes are someone’s personality
which becomes different from the previous ones. In this study, Mariam’s personality
changes from time to time because of the influence of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is Review of Related
Theories. This part explains the theories used to answer the problem formulation.
This part contains Theory of Character and Characterization, Theory of Criticism,
and Theory of Psychology. The second part is Theoretical Framework. This part
explains the contribution of the theories given and how to apply it in this study.
A. Review of Related Theories
This part would like to tell about the theories which are used to conduct this
study.
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
In a novel, we are introduced to characters. According to Stanton (17), there
are two definitions of characters. The first definition relates to the individuals in the
story, such as: how many characters are presented in the story. The second definition
is “the mixture of interests, desires, emotions, and moral principles that makes up
each of these individuals”, such as: how we describe his/her characters. Abrams (23)
also defines characters in two ways. The first is characters are distinctive types of the
persons in a literary genre. The second is the persons who have moral and emotional
qualities and presented through dialogue and action in the narrative works.
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
8
Forster in Pickering and Hoeper (28) divides characters in two ways. They
are flat characters and round characters. Flat characters are “those who embody or
represent a single characteristic, trait, or idea, or at most very limited number of such
qualities”. The very flat character can be characterized in one sentence. The flat
characters are usually minor characters although it is not always. On the other hand,
round characters are characters which have complex characteristics and a number of
qualities. The round characters are usually the major characters in the fiction.
Pickering and Hoeper (29) also divide characters into static characters and
dynamic characters. Static characters do not have capability to develop or change.
Round characters have capability to develop or change because of experiences.
Characters in the novel are presented in the novel through characterization.
Gill (127) states the difference between a character and characterization. A character
is “a person in a literary work”, whereas characterization is “the way in which a
character is created”.
Murphy (161-173) states that there are nine ways of characterization in the
novel. The first is personal description. The author presents the characters’
appearances, such as the face, eyes, skin and also the clothes. The second is character
as seen by other. The author presents characters through the eyes and opinions of
other characters. Hence, a reflected image is gotten by the the readers. The third is
speech. The author gives clues about the characters according to what the person
says when the person says and when the person is in conversation. The fourth is past
life. The author gives clues on how someone’s characters are shaped through his/her
pastlife. It can be through direct comment of the authors, the person’s thought, the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
9
person’s conversation, or through other characters. The fifth is conversation of
others. The author describes someone through the conversation of other people and
through what they think and say about him. The sixth is reactions. The author
describes characters through how they react in certain situations and events. The
seventh is direct comment. The author gives comments to the characters directly. The
eight is thoughts. The author presents characters through what they think about. The
last is mannerism. The author gives clues about the characters through their manners
and habits.
2. Theory of Criticism
According to Rohrberger and Woods (6-15), there are five approaches to
literary works. They are: The Formalist Approach, The Biographical Approach, The
Sociocultural-Historical
Approach,
The
Mythopoeic
Approach,
and
The
Psychological Approach.
The Formalist Approach is an approach to literary criticism by focusing on
the literary work itself. It means the formalist approach criticizes the elements of
fiction. The formalist approach does not refer to the outer sides of literary works,
such as: psychology, sociology, and civilization.
The Biographical approach is an approach referring to the author of literary
works. This approach seeks ideas, personality, and life of the author in order to
understand the effects to his/her literary works.
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10
The sociocultural-historical approach is an approach which focuses on the
civilization and its effect to the society and culture. This approach tells about how
certain people act in the certain period of time during civilization.
The mythopoeic approach is an approach that uses myth to analyze the
literary works. It seeks how myth influences human mind.
The psychological approach is an approach that focuses on the psychological
side of human being. The sample of psychological side is personality changes.
3. Theory of Psychology
Considering the focus on this study which is on the influence of Jalil,
Rasheed, and Laila on Mariam’s personality changes, theories of personality changes
are needed. The theories are characteristics of change in personality, variations of
personality change, and conditions responsible for personality change.
a. Characteristics of Change in Personality
According to Hurlock (120-122), there are three categories of change in
personality. They are better versus worse, quantitative versus qualitative, and slow
versus rapid changes.
Better versus worse means that personality can change for the better or for the
worse because of the individual’s adjustment at any time. The example is a
successful adjustment makes someone have self-confidence, whereas a failure
adjusment makes someone feel inferior.
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11
Quantitative and qualitative changes have different meaning. A qualitative
change means “either the complete replacement of a desirable trait by an undesirable
one or vice versa” (121). From the definition above, the term “qualitative change”
means the change in type or kind. Hurlock (121) mentions that an example of a
qualitative change is when a character who is a self-effacing person becomes a
boastful person. In this case, the previous personality that is self-effacing is replaced
by a new type or kind of personality that is boastful. Hence, the indicator of a
qualitative change is the total replacement of personality to become the new type or
kind of personality. On the other hand, a quantitative change means “characteristics
already present are reinforced, strengthened, or weakened” (121). It means the
change is not in type. The personality remains consistent, but the personality is
strengthened or weakened. Hurlock (121) mentions that an example of a quantitative
change is when a character who firstly is shy is strengthened to become less shy. In
this case, shy is not replaced by a new type or kind of personality, but the change is
by strengthening that personality trait. Since a quantitative change is applied in the
literary works, the indicator to know that the character’s personality is strengthened
or weakened from the previous one is by looking at the dialogue, speech, thought in
the novel. An evidence of this can be known from some dialogues which show that a
character in the past was shy and that character in present becomes less shy through
other dialogues. The term “quantitative change” is also related to areas of personality
changes (123) in which there is personality which fluctuates over time.
Hurlock mentions that “changes are regarded as slow if they are barely
perceptible, while rapid changes are readily apparent to all” (121-122). The indicator
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12
to know that personality changes are regarded as slow or rapid is by seeing the
process. The personality changes are normally slow because it needs a process to
change from the previous learned habit and then to learn the new habit. On the other
hand, rapid changes happen in short duration in which there is not much time for a
process to change from the previous learned habit, for example: someone who is
depressed may change temporarily to be a happy person under the influence of
alcohol or narcotics and someone who gets breast cancer may have rapid changes in
her self-confidence from good to being bad.
b. Variations in Personality Change
According to Hurlock (122-124), there are three variations in personality
change. They are ages of change, kinds of people, and areas of personality pattern.
Ages of change means ages influence the personality changes. The
personality changes usually happen in the early ages of life. However, personality
changes may happen at any age during the whole life of someone.
Kinds of people mean personality changes are based on the kinds of people.
There are two kinds of people. They are other-directed people and inner-directed
people. Other-directed people are people who tend to have more personality changes
since they are easily influenced by social pressure and significant people in their
lives. On the other hand, inner-directed people are people who tend not to have many
personality changes since they have had their own values and goals in their lives.
Areas of personality pattern mean some areas of personality tend to remain
stable or fluctuate or change. The personality which fluctuates is related to
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
13
quantitative change in which there is no replacement in kind, but the change is the
personality which is strengthened in some occasions and weakened in other
occasions. Fluctuation can be described as a wave going up which relates to
strengthen and going down which relates to weaken. Furthermore, the personality
which changes is related to qualitative change which means the change in kind. Life
experience, hereditary, and motivation may cause someone’s personality to either
persist or fluctuate or change. The example is someone who is self-confident may
become less self-confident because he/she experiences many failures in his/her life.
c. Conditions Responsible for Personality Change
People change their personalities because of some conditions. According to
Hurlock (124-130), there are eight conditions which are responsible for someone’s
personality changes. They are physical changes, changes in environment, significant
people in someone’s life, changes in social pressure, changes in roles, strong
motivation, changes in self-concept, and use of psychotherapy.
Firstly, physical changes in someone can change his/her personality. The
physical changes are caused by some aspects, such as illness, blindness, and injuries
in which those changes may make someone’s personality change. The physical
changes also happen when someone is at puberty in which those changes may make
someone have personality change in self-concept.
Secondly, changes in environment either physical or social environment are
responsible for someone’s personality changes, for example: moving to a new
environment can change personality. The changes depend on how well someone
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14
adjusts himself/herself to the new environment. The environment changes can make
improvement in someone’s personality changes in two conditions. The first is
whether someone can meet equilibrium with the environment. The example is
moving to a friendly environment can lead someone to be an accepted person. The
second is the timing of the movement. The example is parents’ divorce when their
children are still young has a greater effect than when their children are adults.
Thirdly, significant people in someone’s life can be responsible for
personality changes. The significant people who influence someone’s personality
changes depend on someone’s age whether he/she is in childhood, adulthood, or old
age. The example is the significant people who are responsible for someone’s
personality changes in adulthood are spouse, children, friends, neighbors, and
employers.
Fourthly, changes in social pressure make people change their personality in
order to be accepted socially. Personalities which are rejected by social tend to
change, for example: bossiness. On the other hand, personalities which are accepted
by social tend not to change, such as: affection.
Fifthly, changes in role within a group can lead to personality changes. The
role can change because of age. The child who is dependent changes to be
independent when he/she is adult. The role also changes because of economic
conditions. People may change their generous personalities when they are retired.
The role can also change by affiliation to a new group. The example is a leader in
one group can be a follower in other groups.
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15
Sixthly, strong motivation to improve personalities leads to someone’s
personality changes. People tend to have strong motivation to chang
ABSTRACT
Ratnaningsih, Paskalina Widiastuti (2009). The Influence of Jalil, Rasheed, and
Laila on Mariam’s Personality Changes in Khaled Hosseini’s A
Thousand Splendid Suns. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study
Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers
Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This study discusses a novel by Khaled Hosseini entitled A Thousand
Splendid Suns. This novel is very heartwarming due to the fascinating depiction of
human life. The writer chooses to analyze personality changes of Mariam, one of the
major characters, since there is an interesting description of Mariam’s personality
which changes from time to time because of significant people in Mariam’s life. The
significant people are Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila.
There are two problems analyzed in this thesis: (1) How are the characters of
Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila described in the novel? (2) How do Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila
influence Mariam’s personality changes in the novel?
This study used psychological approach since this study focused on
personality changes. The method used for the analysis was library research. A novel
entitled A Thousand Splendid Suns was the primary data in this study. The
secondary data were books on character, characterization, and personality changes
which were used to analyze the novel.
Based on the analysis, there are two main points which can be drawn from
this thesis. The first point is how the characters of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila are
described in the novel. Jalil is described as a handsome, loving, and selfish person.
Rasheed is described as an unattractive, partial, disparaging, roughshod, dishonest,
selfish, and hypocritical person. Laila is described as a beautiful, smart, brave,
loving, and appreciative person. The second point is the influence of Jalil, Rasheed,
and Laila on Mariam’s personality changes. Firstly, Jalil influences Mariam’s selfrespect and Mariams’s affection. Jalil makes Mariam have self-respect, but later he
makes Mariam lose her self-respect. Jalil also makes Mariam who is an affectionate
person become an unfriendly person. Secondly, Rasheed influences Mariam’s
reflection, Mariam’s self-respect, Mariam’s submissiveness, and Mariam’s
temperamental state. Rasheed makes Mariam who is an unreflective and not a hotheaded person become a reflective and a hot-headed person. Rasheed also makes
Mariam to have stronger lack of self-respect and become more submissive than
before she lives with Rasheed. Thirdly, Laila influences Mariam’s friendliness,
Mariam’s bravery, Mariam’s affection, and Mariam’s self-respect. Laila makes
Mariam who is not a friendly, brave, and affectionate person become a friendly,
brave, and affectionate person. Laila also makes Mariam have self-respect. From
those changes, Jalil and Rasheed make Mariam’s personality change for the better
and for the worse, quantitative and qualitative, and slow changes, whereas Laila
makes Mariam’s personality change just for the better, quantitative and qualitative,
and slow changes. Mariam’s personality changes are also related to the variations in
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personality change, such as: ages of change, kinds of people, and areas of personality
pattern.
This thesis provides suggestions for future researchers who are interested in
studying A Thousand Splendid Suns from other aspects. This thesis also provides
suggestions for English teachers to teach English by using A Thousand Splendid
Suns. Moreover, this thesis provides lesson plan for teaching English in Intensive
Reading II Class by using excerpts from chapter 15 of A Thousand Splendid Suns.
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ABSTRAK
Ratnaningsih, Paskalina Widiastuti (2009). The Influence of Jalil, Rasheed,
and Laila on Mariam’s Personality Changes in Khaled Hosseini’s A
Thousand Splendid Suns. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Bahasa Inggris,
Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu
Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Studi ini membicarakan sebuah novel berjudul A Thousand Splendid Suns.
Novel ini menarik karena ada penggambaran kehidupan manusia yang menarik.
Penulis memilih untuk menganalisa perubahan kepribadian Mariam, salah satu
tokoh utama, karena terdapat penggambaran yang menarik dari kepribadian
Mariam yang berubah dari waktu ke waktu karena orang-orang penting dalam
kehidupan Mariam. Orang-orang penting tersebut adalah Jalil, Rasheed, dan Laila.
Ada dua masalah yang dianalisa dalam skripsi ini: (1) Bagaimana tokoh
Jalil, Rasheed, dan Laila digambarkan di dalam novel? (2) Bagaimana Jalil,
Rasheed, dan Laila mempengaruhi perubahan kepribadian Mariam di dalam
novel?
Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi karena studi ini berpusat
pada perubahan kepribadian. Metode yang digunakan untuk analisis adalah studi
pustaka. Novel berjudul A Thousand Splendid Suns adalah data utama dalam
studi ini. Data sekunder adalah buku-buku mengenai tokoh, penokohan, dan
perubahan kepribadian yang digunakan untuk menganalisa novel ini.
Berdasarkan analisis, ada dua hal utama yang dapat ditarik dalam skripsi
ini. Hal pertama adalah bagaimana tokoh Jalil, Rasheed, dan Laila digambarkan
dalam novel ini. Jalil digambarkan sebagai orang yang tampan, penuh kasih, dan
egois. Rasheed digambarkan sebagai orang yang tidak menarik, memihak,
meremehkan, kasar, tidak jujur, egois, dan munafik. Laila digambarkan sebagai
orang yang cantik, pintar, berani, penuh kasih, dan menghargai. Hal kedua adalah
pengaruh Jalil, Rasheed, dan Laila pada perubahan kepribadian Mariam. Pertama,
Jalil mempengaruhi Mariam untuk menghargai diri sendiri dan kasih sayang
Mariam. Jalil membuat Mariam menghargai dirinya sendiri, tapi kemudian dia
membuat Mariam kehilangan penghargaan terhadap diri sendiri. Jalil juga
membuat Mariam yang seorang penuh kasih menjadi seorang yang tidak ramah.
Kedua, Rasheed mempengaruhi pemikiran Mariam, penghargaan Mariam
terhadap diri sendiri, ketundukan Mariam, dan keadaan Mariam yang cenderung
untuk marah. Rasheed membuat Mariam yang bukan seorang yang pemikir dan
bukan seorang pemarah menjadi orang yang pemikir dan lekas marah. Rasheed
juga membuat Mariam semakin kurang menghargai dirinya sendiri dan menjadi
semakin tunduk daripada sebelum dia hidup dengan Rasheed. Ketiga, Laila
mempengaruhi keramah-tamahan Mariam, keberanian Mariam, kasih sayang
Mariam, dan penghargaan Mariam terhadap diri sendiri. Laila membuat Mariam
yang tidak ramah, tidak berani, dan tidak penuh kasih sayang menjadi orang yang
ramah, berani, dan penuh kasih sayang. Laila juga membuat Mariam menghargai
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dirinya sendiri. Dari perubahan-perubahan tersebut, Jalil dan Rasheed membuat
kepribadian Mariam berubah menjadi lebih baik dan lebih buruk, perubahan
kuantitatif dan kualitatif, dan perubahan yang lambat, sedangkan Laila membuat
kepribadian Mariam berubah hanya untuk lebih baik, perubahan kuantitatif dan
kualitatif, dan perubahan yang lambat. Perubahan kepribadian Mariam juga
dihubungkan dengan variasi dalam perubahan kepribadian, seperti: umur
perubahan, jenis-jenis orang, dan bidang-bidang dari pola kepribadian.
Skripsi ini memberikan saran-saran bagi peneliti di masa datang yang
tertarik dalam mempelajari A Thousand Splendid Suns dari aspek lain. Skripsi ini
juga memberikan saran-saran bagi guru bahasa Inggris untuk mengajar bahasa
Inggris menggunakan A Thousand Splendid Suns. Di samping itu, skripsi ini
menyediakan rencana pembelajaran untuk mengajar bahasa Inggris di kelas
Intensive Reading II dengan menggunakan cuplikan-cuplikan bab 15 dari A
Thousand Splendid Suns.
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THE INFLUENCE OF JALIL, RASHEED, AND LAILA
ON MARIAM’S PERSONALITY CHANGES
IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS
A Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Paskalina Widiastuti Ratnaningsih
Student Number: 041214088
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2009
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
THE INFLUENCE OF JALIL, RASHEED, AND LAILA
ON MARIAM’S PERSONALITY CHANGES
IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS
A Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Paskalina Widiastuti Ratnaningsih
Student Number: 041214088
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2009
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Keep on asking and it will be given to you; keep on seeking and you
will find; keep on knocking [reverently] and [the door] will be opened
to you.
Matthew 7:7
This thesis is dedicated to:
God, Jesus Christ, and Mother Mary
My beloved parents:
Ignatius Lagiman and Florentina Suratiyem
My brother:
Stefanus Brian Dwi Nugroho
My grandparents:
Suparno Warnotiyoso and Satirah Warnotiyoso
My close friends
Myself
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to those who have helped and
motivated me to finish this thesis.
Firstly, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to the Almighty Lord,
Jesus Christ, Holy Spirit, and Mother Mary who have given me blessing so that I can
finish this thesis. I thank them for teaching me life, showing me how to endure in the
hard times, and blessing me and my family. I also thank them for life experiences
which make my faith, hope and affection stronger from time to time and also for
timeless love to me. I also thank my guardian Saints and Angels for accompanying
me in this life, praying for me, and directing me to walk in fidelity.
Secondly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude for my major sponsor,
Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum., for her kindness, patience, suggestions, and
encouragement in finishing this thesis. Her continuous and valuable guidance has
motivated me during the completion of my study. My family and I pray for her
health, happiness, and success. I also would like to express my sincere gratitude for
my reader, Sister Margaret, FCJ for her generosity, support, and assistance for this
thesis. I thank her for correcting grammar in this thesis and teaching me grammar.
My family and I also pray for her health and happiness. Furthermore, I would like to
thank PBI lecturers that have guided and taught me during my study. I thank my
academic advisors, Drs. Pius Nurwidasa P, M.Ed. and Dr. Antonius Herujiyanto,
M.A. for their guidance in my study. I also thank PBI administration staff, mbak Tari
and mbak Dani, for helping me in administrative matters. Furthermore, I would like
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
to thank Heri Widodo, S.Psi., M.Si. for giving me information related to personality
changes.
Thirdly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my father, Ignatius
Lagiman, and my mother, Florentina Suratiyem, for giving me support and prayer
during my study. I thank them for listening and understanding me during the
completion of this thesis. I thank them for providing me with the best education by
their hard work. I also thank them for teaching me how to face good and bad
situations in this life. Moreover, I thank them for always reminding me to keep my
faith and hope in Jesus Christ through real learning when we experience difficulties
in life. I thank them for teaching me the power of prayer. Prayers bestow miracles
and strengths. I also thank my brother, Stefanus Brian Dwi Nugroho, for his support,
assistance, and kindness in finishing this thesis. I thank him for his encouragement to
finish my study as soon as possible. I also would like to express my gratitude to my
grandfather, Suparno Warnotiyoso, and my grandmother, Satirah Warnotiyoso, for
their prayers and support during the completion of this thesis. I also would like to
express my gratitude to my family in Klaten and Cirebon for motivating me in
finishing my study.
Fourthly, I would like to thank my friends who have motivated me to finish
my study. My special thanks to people in my boarding house: Lusi, Agnes, mbak
Titik, mbak Imah, mbak Zaki, mbak Soyi, mbak Mislah, bu Niken, and dek Nisa. I
thank them for their support to finish my study and also for their friendship. I would
like to thank my friends in Babarsari boarding house: Amel Diaz, mbak Meda, kak
Nina, kak Elisabeth, and Moris. I also would like to thank mbak Mira for our
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friendship. Furthermore, I would like to express my gratitude for all my friends from
Jambi who study in Yogyakarta. I thank them for their support in my study.
Fifthly, I would like to express my gratitude to friends in PBI: Anik, Alin,
Rina, Kenyar, Yanu, Ahmad, Albert, Adi, Evy, Novi, Hana, Rita, Yuni, Jati, Ine,
Tika, Indri, Riska, Pius, Ndari, Silvi, Santi, Voni, Festi, Heni, Gendis, Fidel, Ferdi,
mbak Upik, mbak Sasha, mbak Lidia, and mas Bowo. I also would like to thank my
SPD teammates (Anas, Lani, Danti, Riri, Yanu, and Bernard) for their support.
Sixthly, I would like to thank the people in Jambi, my hometown. I thank my
neighbors in Jambi, especially Mamak Ika’s family: Mamak, Bapak, Bang Ujang’s
family, Bang Ayik’s family, and Ayuk Ika for their prayers for my study. I also thank
my teachers and friends in SMP and SMA Xaverius I Jambi for giving me
knowledge in science and life. Thanks to the churchmen and churchwomen in
St.Theresia Church Jambi, especially Romo Marwoto and Romo Agus for their
prayers for me.
Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all people who cannot
be mentioned one by one. I thank them for their support and contributions to me
during the completion of my study.
Paskalina Widiastuti Ratnaningsih
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ..............................................................................................
i
APPROVAL PAGES...................................................................................
ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY .........................................
iv
PAGE OF DEDICATION...........................................................................
v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..........................................................................
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................
ix
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................
xiii
ABSTRAK ....................................................................................................
xv
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
1
A. Background of the Study .................................................
1
B. Problem Formulation ......................................................
4
C. Objectives of the Study ...................................................
4
D. Benefits of the Study .......................................................
4
E. Definition of Terms ........................................................
5
CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL REVIEW
7
A. Review of Related Theories .........................................
7
1. Theory of Character and Characterization .............
7
2. Theory of Criticism ................................................
9
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3. Theory of Psychology ............................................
10
a. Characteristics of Change ................................
10
b. Variations in Personality Change ....................
12
c. Conditions Responsible for
Personality Change ..........................................
13
B. Theoretical Framework ................................................
15
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY
17
A. Object of the Study ......................................................
17
B. Approach of the Study .................................................
18
C. Method of the Study ....................................................
19
CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS
20
A. The Characteristics of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila ..........
20
1. The Characteristics of Jalil ....................................
20
a. Handsome ...........................................................
20
b. Loving ................................................................
21
c. Selfish .................................................................
24
2. The Characteristics of Rasheed ..............................
26
a. Unattractive ........................................................
26
b. Partial .................................................................
27
c. Disparaging ........................................................
29
d. Roughshod .........................................................
30
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e. Dishonest ............................................................
34
f. Selfish .................................................................
35
g. Hypocritical .......................................................
36
3. The Characteristics of Laila ...................................
38
a. Beautiful .............................................................
38
b. Smart ..................................................................
39
c. Brave ..................................................................
40
d. Loving ................................................................
43
e. Appreciative .......................................................
45
B. The Influence of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila
on Mariam’s Personality Changes ...............................
46
1. The Influence of Jalil on
Mariam’s Personality Changes ..............................
47
a. Mariam’s Self-Respect .......................................
47
b. Mariam’s Affection ............................................
49
2. The Influence of Rasheed
on Mariam’s Personality Changes .........................
53
a. Mariam’s Reflection ..........................................
54
b. Mariam’s Self-Respect ......................................
56
c. Mariam’s Submissiveness ..................................
58
d. Mariam’s Temperamental State .........................
62
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3. The Influence of Laila
on Mariam’s Personality Changes .........................
64
a. Mariam’s Friendliness.........................................
64
b. Mariam’s Bravery ...............................................
68
c. Mariam’s Affection.............................................
70
d. Mariam’s Self-Respect .......................................
75
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
79
A. Conclusions ..................................................................
79
B. Suggestions ..................................................................
82
1. Suggestions for Future Researchers .......................
82
2. Suggestions for English Teachers :
Teaching Intensive Reading by Using
A Thousand Splendid Suns ...................................
83
REFERENCES ............................................................................................
87
APPENDICES
Appendix A : The Summary of A Thousand Splendid Suns .................
89
Appendix B : Biography ........................................................................
93
Appendix C : Syllabus of Intensive Reading II .....................................
94
Appendix D : Lesson Plan .....................................................................
96
Appendix E : The Implementation of
Teaching Intensive Reading II ........................................
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ABSTRACT
Ratnaningsih, Paskalina Widiastuti (2009). The Influence of Jalil, Rasheed, and
Laila on Mariam’s Personality Changes in Khaled Hosseini’s A
Thousand Splendid Suns. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study
Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers
Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This study discusses a novel by Khaled Hosseini entitled A Thousand
Splendid Suns. This novel is very heartwarming due to the fascinating depiction of
human life. The writer chooses to analyze personality changes of Mariam, one of the
major characters, since there is an interesting description of Mariam’s personality
which changes from time to time because of significant people in Mariam’s life. The
significant people are Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila.
There are two problems analyzed in this thesis: (1) How are the characters of
Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila described in the novel? (2) How do Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila
influence Mariam’s personality changes in the novel?
This study used psychological approach since this study focused on
personality changes. The method used for the analysis was library research. A novel
entitled A Thousand Splendid Suns was the primary data in this study. The
secondary data were books on character, characterization, and personality changes
which were used to analyze the novel.
Based on the analysis, there are two main points which can be drawn from
this thesis. The first point is how the characters of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila are
described in the novel. Jalil is described as a handsome, loving, and selfish person.
Rasheed is described as an unattractive, partial, disparaging, roughshod, dishonest,
selfish, and hypocritical person. Laila is described as a beautiful, smart, brave,
loving, and appreciative person. The second point is the influence of Jalil, Rasheed,
and Laila on Mariam’s personality changes. Firstly, Jalil influences Mariam’s selfrespect and Mariams’s affection. Jalil makes Mariam have self-respect, but later he
makes Mariam lose her self-respect. Jalil also makes Mariam who is an affectionate
person become an unfriendly person. Secondly, Rasheed influences Mariam’s
reflection, Mariam’s self-respect, Mariam’s submissiveness, and Mariam’s
temperamental state. Rasheed makes Mariam who is an unreflective and not a hotheaded person become a reflective and a hot-headed person. Rasheed also makes
Mariam to have stronger lack of self-respect and become more submissive than
before she lives with Rasheed. Thirdly, Laila influences Mariam’s friendliness,
Mariam’s bravery, Mariam’s affection, and Mariam’s self-respect. Laila makes
Mariam who is not a friendly, brave, and affectionate person become a friendly,
brave, and affectionate person. Laila also makes Mariam have self-respect. From
those changes, Jalil and Rasheed make Mariam’s personality change for the better
and for the worse, quantitative and qualitative, and slow changes, whereas Laila
makes Mariam’s personality change just for the better, quantitative and qualitative,
and slow changes. Mariam’s personality changes are also related to the variations in
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personality change, such as: ages of change, kinds of people, and areas of personality
pattern.
This thesis provides suggestions for future researchers who are interested in
studying A Thousand Splendid Suns from other aspects. This thesis also provides
suggestions for English teachers to teach English by using A Thousand Splendid
Suns. Moreover, this thesis provides lesson plan for teaching English in Intensive
Reading II Class by using excerpts from chapter 15 of A Thousand Splendid Suns.
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ABSTRAK
Ratnaningsih, Paskalina Widiastuti (2009). The Influence of Jalil, Rasheed,
and Laila on Mariam’s Personality Changes in Khaled Hosseini’s A
Thousand Splendid Suns. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Bahasa Inggris,
Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu
Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Studi ini membicarakan sebuah novel berjudul A Thousand Splendid Suns.
Novel ini menarik karena ada penggambaran kehidupan manusia yang menarik.
Penulis memilih untuk menganalisa perubahan kepribadian Mariam, salah satu
tokoh utama, karena terdapat penggambaran yang menarik dari kepribadian
Mariam yang berubah dari waktu ke waktu karena orang-orang penting dalam
kehidupan Mariam. Orang-orang penting tersebut adalah Jalil, Rasheed, dan Laila.
Ada dua masalah yang dianalisa dalam skripsi ini: (1) Bagaimana tokoh
Jalil, Rasheed, dan Laila digambarkan di dalam novel? (2) Bagaimana Jalil,
Rasheed, dan Laila mempengaruhi perubahan kepribadian Mariam di dalam
novel?
Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi karena studi ini berpusat
pada perubahan kepribadian. Metode yang digunakan untuk analisis adalah studi
pustaka. Novel berjudul A Thousand Splendid Suns adalah data utama dalam
studi ini. Data sekunder adalah buku-buku mengenai tokoh, penokohan, dan
perubahan kepribadian yang digunakan untuk menganalisa novel ini.
Berdasarkan analisis, ada dua hal utama yang dapat ditarik dalam skripsi
ini. Hal pertama adalah bagaimana tokoh Jalil, Rasheed, dan Laila digambarkan
dalam novel ini. Jalil digambarkan sebagai orang yang tampan, penuh kasih, dan
egois. Rasheed digambarkan sebagai orang yang tidak menarik, memihak,
meremehkan, kasar, tidak jujur, egois, dan munafik. Laila digambarkan sebagai
orang yang cantik, pintar, berani, penuh kasih, dan menghargai. Hal kedua adalah
pengaruh Jalil, Rasheed, dan Laila pada perubahan kepribadian Mariam. Pertama,
Jalil mempengaruhi Mariam untuk menghargai diri sendiri dan kasih sayang
Mariam. Jalil membuat Mariam menghargai dirinya sendiri, tapi kemudian dia
membuat Mariam kehilangan penghargaan terhadap diri sendiri. Jalil juga
membuat Mariam yang seorang penuh kasih menjadi seorang yang tidak ramah.
Kedua, Rasheed mempengaruhi pemikiran Mariam, penghargaan Mariam
terhadap diri sendiri, ketundukan Mariam, dan keadaan Mariam yang cenderung
untuk marah. Rasheed membuat Mariam yang bukan seorang yang pemikir dan
bukan seorang pemarah menjadi orang yang pemikir dan lekas marah. Rasheed
juga membuat Mariam semakin kurang menghargai dirinya sendiri dan menjadi
semakin tunduk daripada sebelum dia hidup dengan Rasheed. Ketiga, Laila
mempengaruhi keramah-tamahan Mariam, keberanian Mariam, kasih sayang
Mariam, dan penghargaan Mariam terhadap diri sendiri. Laila membuat Mariam
yang tidak ramah, tidak berani, dan tidak penuh kasih sayang menjadi orang yang
ramah, berani, dan penuh kasih sayang. Laila juga membuat Mariam menghargai
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dirinya sendiri. Dari perubahan-perubahan tersebut, Jalil dan Rasheed membuat
kepribadian Mariam berubah menjadi lebih baik dan lebih buruk, perubahan
kuantitatif dan kualitatif, dan perubahan yang lambat, sedangkan Laila membuat
kepribadian Mariam berubah hanya untuk lebih baik, perubahan kuantitatif dan
kualitatif, dan perubahan yang lambat. Perubahan kepribadian Mariam juga
dihubungkan dengan variasi dalam perubahan kepribadian, seperti: umur
perubahan, jenis-jenis orang, dan bidang-bidang dari pola kepribadian.
Skripsi ini memberikan saran-saran bagi peneliti di masa datang yang
tertarik dalam mempelajari A Thousand Splendid Suns dari aspek lain. Skripsi ini
juga memberikan saran-saran bagi guru bahasa Inggris untuk mengajar bahasa
Inggris menggunakan A Thousand Splendid Suns. Di samping itu, skripsi ini
menyediakan rencana pembelajaran untuk mengajar bahasa Inggris di kelas
Intensive Reading II dengan menggunakan cuplikan-cuplikan bab 15 dari A
Thousand Splendid Suns.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of background of the study, problem formulation,
objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and definition of terms. Background of
the study focuses on the reasons for choosing the novel and rationale of the topic.
Problem formulation focuses on the problem to be analyzed through the novel.
Objectives of the study focus on the aim of this study. Benefits of the study focus on
the benefits for readers, English teachers, and future researchers. Finally, definition
of terms focuses on some terms related to the novel discussed.
A. Background of the Study
People have read literature for many years. Literature itself is defined as
“written (and also spoken) compositions designed to tell stories, dramatize situations,
and reveal thoughts and emotions, and also, more importantly, to interest, entertain,
stimulate, broaden, and ennoble readers” (Roberts and Jacobs 1). Reading literature
gives many benefits to people. According to Roberts and Jacobs (2), literature makes
people have deep understanding on many aspects. The first is literature makes people
have knowledge and understanding related to culture, philosophy, and religion. The
second is literature makes people appreciate living things since literature provides the
portrayal of them. It also makes people have certain emotions after reading literature,
such as happy, sad, excited, pleased, interested, fear, and so on. The third is literature
enables people to develop their goals and values in life.
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2
According to Roberts and Jacobs (2), there are three genres in literature. The
first is prose fiction or narrative fiction, such as novel, short story, epic, myth. The
second is poetry. The third is drama. This study focuses on prose fiction. Prose
fiction is generally about “one or a few major characters who undergo some kind of
change as they meet other characters or deal with problems or difficulties in their
lives” (Roberts and Jacobs 2). According to Pickering and Hoeper (17), most people
refer fiction to short story and novel because they have had big influences since the
late eighteen century. Stanton (44) differentiates between short story and novel that is
“the peculiar strength of the short story is its ability to imply more than it tells; the
peculiar strength of the novel is its ability to render a complex subject fully, to create
a complete world”. This study is specified in novel rather than short story since novel
describes characters, relationship between characters, situation, and conflicts more
completely.
This study focuses on A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini as the
novel to be discussed. There are many reasons underlying the selection of this novel.
The first reason is Khaled Hosseini’s literary works are bestseller novels. The Kite
Runner, Khaled Hosseini’s first novel, is an international bestseller novel and
published in 48 countries whereas A Thousand Splendid Suns, Khaled Hosseini’s
second novel, is also an international bestseller novel and published in 40 countries
(“Biography”). The second reason is the aspects of novel are described well. One
example is there are good portraits of characters in this novel. The third reason is
Khaled Hosseini is known for his literary works emphasizing on human problems in
society. His first novel, entitled The Kite Runner, tells about two Afghan boys and
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3
the problems of ethnicity in Afghanistan. His second novel, A Thousand Splendid
Suns which is discussed in this study, tells about two Afghan women and the society
problems during the last three decades. The fourth reason is there are many life
values that the readers can take from this novel. The last reason which is the most
important reason is there is an interesting description of human personality in this
novel.
The personality is essential to human life. People react differently to the same
thing in this life because they have different personality. “It is undeniably clear that
life can become a profoundly dissimilar thing for different persons because of their
differences in personality” (Leeper and Madison 27). Hence, personality determines
how we live. Personality can also be influenced by other people. Those influences
can make someone’s personality either static or dynamic. If the personality changes,
it means people react in different ways in life from the previous ways.
After reading the novel several times, the writer found one interesting issue
related to the personality as a topic to be discussed in this study. The writer found
that Mariam, as one of the major characters, experiences personality changes from
the time she was a child until she was married to Rasheed for several years. Those
personality changes are mostly caused by other characters. They are Jalil, Rasheed,
and Laila. Jalil is Mariam’s father. Although Jalil loves Mariam, he is ashamed to
admit Mariam as his daughter since Mariam is his illegitimate daughter. Jalil also
forces Mariam to marry Rasheed in order to maintain his good name. Because of
Jalil’s personalities, Mariam experiences some personality changes. Then, Rasheed
also makes Mariam have personality changes with his bad personalities. The
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
4
character of Laila, the other major character, which in contrast to Mariam causes
Mariam to have personality changes. Those influences of other characters on Mariam
are interesting to be discussed.
Hence, this study would like to discuss the influence of Jalil, Rasheed, and
Laila on Mariam’s personality changes in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid
Suns.
B. Problem Formulation
This study focuses on two problems in order to be specific, they are:
1. How are the characters of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila described in the novel?
2. How do Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila influence Mariam’s personality changes in
the novel?
C. Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are derived from the problem formulation above.
The first objective is to find out the character descriptions of Jalil, Rasheed, and
Laila in the novel. The second objective is to find out the influences of Jalil,
Rasheed, and Laila on Mariam’s personality changes in the novel.
D. Benefits of the Study
Generally, this study will enrich the readers’ knowledge on characters and
personality changes. This study, hopefully, can also encourage the readers to read
other literary works related to Afghanistan so that it can enrich their knowledge.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
5
For the English teachers, this study is also useful to develop teaching
materials from this novel. The English teachers can provide this novel as a sample of
material to explore characters from a psychological aspect.
Moreover, the writer expects this study can inspire future researchers in
studying A Thousand Splendid Suns. The future researchers can analyze this novel
from other aspects besides personality development. The future researchers can
discuss education and society in Afghanistan.
E. Definition of Terms
1. Influence
Drever (137) defines influence as “any past or present condition, experienced
as or actually playing a part in determining one’s behaviour, or course of thought, in
the present”. In this study, Mariam experiences condition where Mariam lives with
Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila. Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila play important roles on Mariam’s
personality.
2. Characters
Stanton (17) states two definitions of characters. The first definition relates to
the individuals in the story, such as: how many characters are presented in the story.
The second definition is “the mixture of interests, desires, emotions, and moral
principles that makes up each of these individuals”, such as: how we describe his/her
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
6
characters. In this study, characters refer to the individuals in the novel, Mariam,
Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila, and also the characteristics of those individuals.
3. Personality Changes
Allport in Hurlock (7) states that personality is “the dynamic organization
within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his
characteristic behaviour and thought”. Then, change according to Hurlock (108)
means to alter or to vary. Therefore, personality changes are someone’s personality
which becomes different from the previous ones. In this study, Mariam’s personality
changes from time to time because of the influence of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is Review of Related
Theories. This part explains the theories used to answer the problem formulation.
This part contains Theory of Character and Characterization, Theory of Criticism,
and Theory of Psychology. The second part is Theoretical Framework. This part
explains the contribution of the theories given and how to apply it in this study.
A. Review of Related Theories
This part would like to tell about the theories which are used to conduct this
study.
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
In a novel, we are introduced to characters. According to Stanton (17), there
are two definitions of characters. The first definition relates to the individuals in the
story, such as: how many characters are presented in the story. The second definition
is “the mixture of interests, desires, emotions, and moral principles that makes up
each of these individuals”, such as: how we describe his/her characters. Abrams (23)
also defines characters in two ways. The first is characters are distinctive types of the
persons in a literary genre. The second is the persons who have moral and emotional
qualities and presented through dialogue and action in the narrative works.
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Forster in Pickering and Hoeper (28) divides characters in two ways. They
are flat characters and round characters. Flat characters are “those who embody or
represent a single characteristic, trait, or idea, or at most very limited number of such
qualities”. The very flat character can be characterized in one sentence. The flat
characters are usually minor characters although it is not always. On the other hand,
round characters are characters which have complex characteristics and a number of
qualities. The round characters are usually the major characters in the fiction.
Pickering and Hoeper (29) also divide characters into static characters and
dynamic characters. Static characters do not have capability to develop or change.
Round characters have capability to develop or change because of experiences.
Characters in the novel are presented in the novel through characterization.
Gill (127) states the difference between a character and characterization. A character
is “a person in a literary work”, whereas characterization is “the way in which a
character is created”.
Murphy (161-173) states that there are nine ways of characterization in the
novel. The first is personal description. The author presents the characters’
appearances, such as the face, eyes, skin and also the clothes. The second is character
as seen by other. The author presents characters through the eyes and opinions of
other characters. Hence, a reflected image is gotten by the the readers. The third is
speech. The author gives clues about the characters according to what the person
says when the person says and when the person is in conversation. The fourth is past
life. The author gives clues on how someone’s characters are shaped through his/her
pastlife. It can be through direct comment of the authors, the person’s thought, the
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person’s conversation, or through other characters. The fifth is conversation of
others. The author describes someone through the conversation of other people and
through what they think and say about him. The sixth is reactions. The author
describes characters through how they react in certain situations and events. The
seventh is direct comment. The author gives comments to the characters directly. The
eight is thoughts. The author presents characters through what they think about. The
last is mannerism. The author gives clues about the characters through their manners
and habits.
2. Theory of Criticism
According to Rohrberger and Woods (6-15), there are five approaches to
literary works. They are: The Formalist Approach, The Biographical Approach, The
Sociocultural-Historical
Approach,
The
Mythopoeic
Approach,
and
The
Psychological Approach.
The Formalist Approach is an approach to literary criticism by focusing on
the literary work itself. It means the formalist approach criticizes the elements of
fiction. The formalist approach does not refer to the outer sides of literary works,
such as: psychology, sociology, and civilization.
The Biographical approach is an approach referring to the author of literary
works. This approach seeks ideas, personality, and life of the author in order to
understand the effects to his/her literary works.
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The sociocultural-historical approach is an approach which focuses on the
civilization and its effect to the society and culture. This approach tells about how
certain people act in the certain period of time during civilization.
The mythopoeic approach is an approach that uses myth to analyze the
literary works. It seeks how myth influences human mind.
The psychological approach is an approach that focuses on the psychological
side of human being. The sample of psychological side is personality changes.
3. Theory of Psychology
Considering the focus on this study which is on the influence of Jalil,
Rasheed, and Laila on Mariam’s personality changes, theories of personality changes
are needed. The theories are characteristics of change in personality, variations of
personality change, and conditions responsible for personality change.
a. Characteristics of Change in Personality
According to Hurlock (120-122), there are three categories of change in
personality. They are better versus worse, quantitative versus qualitative, and slow
versus rapid changes.
Better versus worse means that personality can change for the better or for the
worse because of the individual’s adjustment at any time. The example is a
successful adjustment makes someone have self-confidence, whereas a failure
adjusment makes someone feel inferior.
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Quantitative and qualitative changes have different meaning. A qualitative
change means “either the complete replacement of a desirable trait by an undesirable
one or vice versa” (121). From the definition above, the term “qualitative change”
means the change in type or kind. Hurlock (121) mentions that an example of a
qualitative change is when a character who is a self-effacing person becomes a
boastful person. In this case, the previous personality that is self-effacing is replaced
by a new type or kind of personality that is boastful. Hence, the indicator of a
qualitative change is the total replacement of personality to become the new type or
kind of personality. On the other hand, a quantitative change means “characteristics
already present are reinforced, strengthened, or weakened” (121). It means the
change is not in type. The personality remains consistent, but the personality is
strengthened or weakened. Hurlock (121) mentions that an example of a quantitative
change is when a character who firstly is shy is strengthened to become less shy. In
this case, shy is not replaced by a new type or kind of personality, but the change is
by strengthening that personality trait. Since a quantitative change is applied in the
literary works, the indicator to know that the character’s personality is strengthened
or weakened from the previous one is by looking at the dialogue, speech, thought in
the novel. An evidence of this can be known from some dialogues which show that a
character in the past was shy and that character in present becomes less shy through
other dialogues. The term “quantitative change” is also related to areas of personality
changes (123) in which there is personality which fluctuates over time.
Hurlock mentions that “changes are regarded as slow if they are barely
perceptible, while rapid changes are readily apparent to all” (121-122). The indicator
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to know that personality changes are regarded as slow or rapid is by seeing the
process. The personality changes are normally slow because it needs a process to
change from the previous learned habit and then to learn the new habit. On the other
hand, rapid changes happen in short duration in which there is not much time for a
process to change from the previous learned habit, for example: someone who is
depressed may change temporarily to be a happy person under the influence of
alcohol or narcotics and someone who gets breast cancer may have rapid changes in
her self-confidence from good to being bad.
b. Variations in Personality Change
According to Hurlock (122-124), there are three variations in personality
change. They are ages of change, kinds of people, and areas of personality pattern.
Ages of change means ages influence the personality changes. The
personality changes usually happen in the early ages of life. However, personality
changes may happen at any age during the whole life of someone.
Kinds of people mean personality changes are based on the kinds of people.
There are two kinds of people. They are other-directed people and inner-directed
people. Other-directed people are people who tend to have more personality changes
since they are easily influenced by social pressure and significant people in their
lives. On the other hand, inner-directed people are people who tend not to have many
personality changes since they have had their own values and goals in their lives.
Areas of personality pattern mean some areas of personality tend to remain
stable or fluctuate or change. The personality which fluctuates is related to
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quantitative change in which there is no replacement in kind, but the change is the
personality which is strengthened in some occasions and weakened in other
occasions. Fluctuation can be described as a wave going up which relates to
strengthen and going down which relates to weaken. Furthermore, the personality
which changes is related to qualitative change which means the change in kind. Life
experience, hereditary, and motivation may cause someone’s personality to either
persist or fluctuate or change. The example is someone who is self-confident may
become less self-confident because he/she experiences many failures in his/her life.
c. Conditions Responsible for Personality Change
People change their personalities because of some conditions. According to
Hurlock (124-130), there are eight conditions which are responsible for someone’s
personality changes. They are physical changes, changes in environment, significant
people in someone’s life, changes in social pressure, changes in roles, strong
motivation, changes in self-concept, and use of psychotherapy.
Firstly, physical changes in someone can change his/her personality. The
physical changes are caused by some aspects, such as illness, blindness, and injuries
in which those changes may make someone’s personality change. The physical
changes also happen when someone is at puberty in which those changes may make
someone have personality change in self-concept.
Secondly, changes in environment either physical or social environment are
responsible for someone’s personality changes, for example: moving to a new
environment can change personality. The changes depend on how well someone
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adjusts himself/herself to the new environment. The environment changes can make
improvement in someone’s personality changes in two conditions. The first is
whether someone can meet equilibrium with the environment. The example is
moving to a friendly environment can lead someone to be an accepted person. The
second is the timing of the movement. The example is parents’ divorce when their
children are still young has a greater effect than when their children are adults.
Thirdly, significant people in someone’s life can be responsible for
personality changes. The significant people who influence someone’s personality
changes depend on someone’s age whether he/she is in childhood, adulthood, or old
age. The example is the significant people who are responsible for someone’s
personality changes in adulthood are spouse, children, friends, neighbors, and
employers.
Fourthly, changes in social pressure make people change their personality in
order to be accepted socially. Personalities which are rejected by social tend to
change, for example: bossiness. On the other hand, personalities which are accepted
by social tend not to change, such as: affection.
Fifthly, changes in role within a group can lead to personality changes. The
role can change because of age. The child who is dependent changes to be
independent when he/she is adult. The role also changes because of economic
conditions. People may change their generous personalities when they are retired.
The role can also change by affiliation to a new group. The example is a leader in
one group can be a follower in other groups.
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Sixthly, strong motivation to improve personalities leads to someone’s
personality changes. People tend to have strong motivation to chang