THE INFLUENCE OF JALIL, RASHEED, AND LAILA ON MARIAM’S PERSONALITY CHANGES IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS A Thesis Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

  

THE INFLUENCE OF JALIL, RASHEED, AND LAILA

ON MARIAM’S PERSONALITY CHANGES

  

IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS

A Thesis

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

  

By

Paskalina Widiastuti Ratnaningsih

Student Number: 041214088

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

  

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

  

THE INFLUENCE OF JALIL, RASHEED, AND LAILA

ON MARIAM’S PERSONALITY CHANGES

  

IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS

A Thesis

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

  

By

Paskalina Widiastuti Ratnaningsih

Student Number: 041214088

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

  

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

  

Keep on asking and it will be given to you; keep on seeking and you

will find; keep on knocking [reverently] and [the door] will be opened

to you.

Matthew 7:7

  This thesis is dedicated to:

   God, Jesus Christ, and Mother Mary  My beloved parents:

  

Ignatius Lagiman and Florentina Suratiyem

   My brother:

  Stefanus Brian Dwi Nugroho

   My grandparents:

  Suparno Warnotiyoso and Satirah Warnotiyoso

   My close friends  Myself

  

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  I would like to express my sincere gratitude to those who have helped and motivated me to finish this thesis.

  Firstly, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to the Almighty Lord, Jesus Christ, Holy Spirit, and Mother Mary who have given me blessing so that I can finish this thesis. I thank them for teaching me life, showing me how to endure in the hard times, and blessing me and my family. I also thank them for life experiences which make my faith, hope and affection stronger from time to time and also for timeless love to me. I also thank my guardian Saints and Angels for accompanying me in this life, praying for me, and directing me to walk in fidelity.

  Secondly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude for my major sponsor, Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum., for her kindness, patience, suggestions, and encouragement in finishing this thesis. Her continuous and valuable guidance has motivated me during the completion of my study. My family and I pray for her health, happiness, and success. I also would like to express my sincere gratitude for my reader, Sister Margaret, FCJ for her generosity, support, and assistance for this thesis. I thank her for correcting grammar in this thesis and teaching me grammar.

  My family and I also pray for her health and happiness. Furthermore, I would like to thank PBI lecturers that have guided and taught me during my study. I thank my academic advisors, Drs. Pius Nurwidasa P, M.Ed. and Dr. Antonius Herujiyanto, M.A. for their guidance in my study. I also thank PBI administration staff, mbak Tari to thank Heri Widodo, S.Psi., M.Si. for giving me information related to personality changes.

  Thirdly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my father, Ignatius Lagiman, and my mother, Florentina Suratiyem, for giving me support and prayer during my study. I thank them for listening and understanding me during the completion of this thesis. I thank them for providing me with the best education by their hard work. I also thank them for teaching me how to face good and bad situations in this life. Moreover, I thank them for always reminding me to keep my faith and hope in Jesus Christ through real learning when we experience difficulties in life. I thank them for teaching me the power of prayer. Prayers bestow miracles and strengths. I also thank my brother, Stefanus Brian Dwi Nugroho, for his support, assistance, and kindness in finishing this thesis. I thank him for his encouragement to finish my study as soon as possible. I also would like to express my gratitude to my grandfather, Suparno Warnotiyoso, and my grandmother, Satirah Warnotiyoso, for their prayers and support during the completion of this thesis. I also would like to express my gratitude to my family in Klaten and Cirebon for motivating me in finishing my study.

  Fourthly, I would like to thank my friends who have motivated me to finish my study. My special thanks to people in my boarding house: Lusi, Agnes, mbak Titik, mbak Imah, mbak Zaki, mbak Soyi, mbak Mislah, bu Niken, and dek Nisa. I thank them for their support to finish my study and also for their friendship. I would like to thank my friends in Babarsari boarding house: Amel Diaz, mbak Meda, kak friendship. Furthermore, I would like to express my gratitude for all my friends from Jambi who study in Yogyakarta. I thank them for their support in my study.

  Fifthly, I would like to express my gratitude to friends in PBI: Anik, Alin, Rina, Kenyar, Yanu, Ahmad, Albert, Adi, Evy, Novi, Hana, Rita, Yuni, Jati, Ine, Tika, Indri, Riska, Pius, Ndari, Silvi, Santi, Voni, Festi, Heni, Gendis, Fidel, Ferdi,

  

mbak Upik, mbak Sasha, mbak Lidia, and mas Bowo. I also would like to thank my

SPD teammates (Anas, Lani, Danti, Riri, Yanu, and Bernard) for their support.

  Sixthly, I would like to thank the people in Jambi, my hometown. I thank my neighbors in Jambi, especially Mamak Ika’s family: Mamak, Bapak, Bang Ujang’s family, Bang Ayik’s family, and Ayuk Ika for their prayers for my study. I also thank my teachers and friends in SMP and SMA Xaverius I Jambi for giving me knowledge in science and life. Thanks to the churchmen and churchwomen in St.Theresia Church Jambi, especially Romo Marwoto and Romo Agus for their prayers for me.

  Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all people who cannot be mentioned one by one. I thank them for their support and contributions to me during the completion of my study.

  Paskalina Widiastuti Ratnaningsih

  

TABLE OF CONTENTS

  Page

  TITLE PAGE .............................................................................................. i APPROVAL PAGES ................................................................................... ii STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ......................................... iv PAGE OF DEDICATION........................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................ ix ABSTRACT.................................................................................................. xiii ABSTRAK .................................................................................................... xv

  CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

  1 A. Background of the Study .................................................

  1 B. Problem Formulation ......................................................

  4 C. Objectives of the Study ...................................................

  4 D. Benefits of the Study .......................................................

  4 E. Definition of Terms ........................................................

  5 CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL REVIEW

  7 A. Review of Related Theories .........................................

  7 1. Theory of Character and Characterization .............

  7

  3. Theory of Psychology ............................................

  10 a. Characteristics of Change ................................

  10 b. Variations in Personality Change ....................

  12

  c. Conditions Responsible for Personality Change ..........................................

  13 B. Theoretical Framework ................................................

  15 CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY

  17 A. Object of the Study ......................................................

  17 B. Approach of the Study .................................................

  18 C. Method of the Study ....................................................

  19 CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS

  20 A. The Characteristics of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila ..........

  20 1. The Characteristics of Jalil ....................................

  20 a. Handsome ...........................................................

  20 b. Loving ................................................................

  21 c. Selfish .................................................................

  24 2. The Characteristics of Rasheed ..............................

  26 a. Unattractive ........................................................

  26 b. Partial .................................................................

  27 c. Disparaging ........................................................

  29

  e. Dishonest ............................................................

  1. The Influence of Jalil on Mariam’s Personality Changes ..............................

  58 d. Mariam’s Temperamental State .........................

  56 c. Mariam’s Submissiveness ..................................

  54 b. Mariam’s Self-Respect ......................................

  53 a. Mariam’s Reflection ..........................................

  2. The Influence of Rasheed on Mariam’s Personality Changes .........................

  49

  47 b. Mariam’s Affection ............................................

  47 a. Mariam’s Self-Respect .......................................

  46

  34 f. Selfish .................................................................

  45 B. The Influence of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila on Mariam’s Personality Changes ...............................

  43 e. Appreciative .......................................................

  40 d. Loving ................................................................

  39 c. Brave ..................................................................

  38 b. Smart ..................................................................

  38 a. Beautiful .............................................................

  36 3. The Characteristics of Laila ...................................

  35 g. Hypocritical .......................................................

  62

  3. The Influence of Laila on Mariam’s Personality Changes .........................

  64 a. Mariam’s Friendliness.........................................

  64 b. Mariam’s Bravery ...............................................

  68 c. Mariam’s Affection.............................................

  70 d. Mariam’s Self-Respect .......................................

  75 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

  79 A. Conclusions ..................................................................

  79 B. Suggestions ..................................................................

  82 1. Suggestions for Future Researchers .......................

  82

  2. Suggestions for English Teachers : Teaching Intensive Reading by Using A Thousand Splendid Suns ...................................

  83 REFERENCES ............................................................................................

  87 APPENDICES Appendix A : The Summary of A Thousand Splendid Suns .................

  89 Appendix B : Biography ........................................................................

  93 Appendix C : Syllabus of Intensive Reading II .....................................

  94 Appendix D : Lesson Plan .....................................................................

  96 Appendix E : The Implementation of

  

ABSTRACT

Ratnaningsih, Paskalina Widiastuti (2009). The Influence of Jalil, Rasheed, and

Laila on Mariam’s Personality Changes in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study

  Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University. This study discusses a novel by Khaled Hosseini entitled A Thousand

  Splendid Suns. This novel is very heartwarming due to the fascinating depiction of human life. The writer chooses to analyze personality changes of Mariam, one of the major characters, since there is an interesting description of Mariam’s personality which changes from time to time because of significant people in Mariam’s life. The significant people are Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila.

  There are two problems analyzed in this thesis: (1) How are the characters of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila described in the novel? (2) How do Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila influence Mariam’s personality changes in the novel?

  This study used psychological approach since this study focused on personality changes. The method used for the analysis was library research. A novel entitled A Thousand Splendid Suns was the primary data in this study. The secondary data were books on character, characterization, and personality changes which were used to analyze the novel.

  Based on the analysis, there are two main points which can be drawn from this thesis. The first point is how the characters of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila are described in the novel. Jalil is described as a handsome, loving, and selfish person. Rasheed is described as an unattractive, partial, disparaging, roughshod, dishonest, selfish, and hypocritical person. Laila is described as a beautiful, smart, brave, loving, and appreciative person. The second point is the influence of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila on Mariam’s personality changes. Firstly, Jalil influences Mariam’s self- respect and Mariams’s affection. Jalil makes Mariam have self-respect, but later he makes Mariam lose her self-respect. Jalil also makes Mariam who is an affectionate person become an unfriendly person. Secondly, Rasheed influences Mariam’s reflection, Mariam’s self-respect, Mariam’s submissiveness, and Mariam’s temperamental state. Rasheed makes Mariam who is an unreflective and not a hot- headed person become a reflective and a hot-headed person. Rasheed also makes Mariam to have stronger lack of self-respect and become more submissive than before she lives with Rasheed. Thirdly, Laila influences Mariam’s friendliness, Mariam’s bravery, Mariam’s affection, and Mariam’s self-respect. Laila makes Mariam who is not a friendly, brave, and affectionate person become a friendly, brave, and affectionate person. Laila also makes Mariam have self-respect. From those changes, Jalil and Rasheed make Mariam’s personality change for the better and for the worse, quantitative and qualitative, and slow changes, whereas Laila makes Mariam’s personality change just for the better, quantitative and qualitative, and slow changes. Mariam’s personality changes are also related to the variations in personality change, such as: ages of change, kinds of people, and areas of personality pattern.

  This thesis provides suggestions for future researchers who are interested in studying A Thousand Splendid Suns from other aspects. This thesis also provides suggestions for English teachers to teach English by using A Thousand Splendid Suns. Moreover, this thesis provides lesson plan for teaching English in Intensive Reading II Class by using excerpts from chapter 15 of A Thousand Splendid Suns.

  ABSTRAK

Ratnaningsih, Paskalina Widiastuti (2009). The Influence of Jalil, Rasheed,

and Laila on Mariam’s Personality Changes in Khaled Hosseini’s A

  Thousand Splendid Suns. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Bahasa Inggris,

  Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Studi ini membicarakan sebuah novel berjudul A Thousand Splendid Suns. Novel ini menarik karena ada penggambaran kehidupan manusia yang menarik. Penulis memilih untuk menganalisa perubahan kepribadian Mariam, salah satu tokoh utama, karena terdapat penggambaran yang menarik dari kepribadian Mariam yang berubah dari waktu ke waktu karena orang-orang penting dalam kehidupan Mariam. Orang-orang penting tersebut adalah Jalil, Rasheed, dan Laila.

  Ada dua masalah yang dianalisa dalam skripsi ini: (1) Bagaimana tokoh Jalil, Rasheed, dan Laila digambarkan di dalam novel? (2) Bagaimana Jalil, Rasheed, dan Laila mempengaruhi perubahan kepribadian Mariam di dalam novel?

  Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi karena studi ini berpusat pada perubahan kepribadian. Metode yang digunakan untuk analisis adalah studi pustaka. Novel berjudul A Thousand Splendid Suns adalah data utama dalam studi ini. Data sekunder adalah buku-buku mengenai tokoh, penokohan, dan perubahan kepribadian yang digunakan untuk menganalisa novel ini.

  Berdasarkan analisis, ada dua hal utama yang dapat ditarik dalam skripsi ini. Hal pertama adalah bagaimana tokoh Jalil, Rasheed, dan Laila digambarkan dalam novel ini. Jalil digambarkan sebagai orang yang tampan, penuh kasih, dan egois. Rasheed digambarkan sebagai orang yang tidak menarik, memihak, meremehkan, kasar, tidak jujur, egois, dan munafik. Laila digambarkan sebagai orang yang cantik, pintar, berani, penuh kasih, dan menghargai. Hal kedua adalah pengaruh Jalil, Rasheed, dan Laila pada perubahan kepribadian Mariam. Pertama, Jalil mempengaruhi Mariam untuk menghargai diri sendiri dan kasih sayang Mariam. Jalil membuat Mariam menghargai dirinya sendiri, tapi kemudian dia membuat Mariam kehilangan penghargaan terhadap diri sendiri. Jalil juga membuat Mariam yang seorang penuh kasih menjadi seorang yang tidak ramah. Kedua, Rasheed mempengaruhi pemikiran Mariam, penghargaan Mariam terhadap diri sendiri, ketundukan Mariam, dan keadaan Mariam yang cenderung untuk marah. Rasheed membuat Mariam yang bukan seorang yang pemikir dan bukan seorang pemarah menjadi orang yang pemikir dan lekas marah. Rasheed juga membuat Mariam semakin kurang menghargai dirinya sendiri dan menjadi semakin tunduk daripada sebelum dia hidup dengan Rasheed. Ketiga, Laila mempengaruhi keramah-tamahan Mariam, keberanian Mariam, kasih sayang Mariam, dan penghargaan Mariam terhadap diri sendiri. Laila membuat Mariam yang tidak ramah, tidak berani, dan tidak penuh kasih sayang menjadi orang yang dirinya sendiri. Dari perubahan-perubahan tersebut, Jalil dan Rasheed membuat kepribadian Mariam berubah menjadi lebih baik dan lebih buruk, perubahan kuantitatif dan kualitatif, dan perubahan yang lambat, sedangkan Laila membuat kepribadian Mariam berubah hanya untuk lebih baik, perubahan kuantitatif dan kualitatif, dan perubahan yang lambat. Perubahan kepribadian Mariam juga dihubungkan dengan variasi dalam perubahan kepribadian, seperti: umur perubahan, jenis-jenis orang, dan bidang-bidang dari pola kepribadian.

  Skripsi ini memberikan saran-saran bagi peneliti di masa datang yang tertarik dalam mempelajari A Thousand Splendid Suns dari aspek lain. Skripsi ini juga memberikan saran-saran bagi guru bahasa Inggris untuk mengajar bahasa Inggris menggunakan A Thousand Splendid Suns. Di samping itu, skripsi ini menyediakan rencana pembelajaran untuk mengajar bahasa Inggris di kelas Intensive Reading II dengan menggunakan cuplikan-cuplikan bab 15 dari A Thousand Splendid Suns.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter consists of background of the study, problem formulation,

  objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and definition of terms. Background of the study focuses on the reasons for choosing the novel and rationale of the topic.

  Problem formulation focuses on the problem to be analyzed through the novel. Objectives of the study focus on the aim of this study. Benefits of the study focus on the benefits for readers, English teachers, and future researchers. Finally, definition of terms focuses on some terms related to the novel discussed.

A. Background of the Study

  People have read literature for many years. Literature itself is defined as “written (and also spoken) compositions designed to tell stories, dramatize situations, and reveal thoughts and emotions, and also, more importantly, to interest, entertain, stimulate, broaden, and ennoble readers” (Roberts and Jacobs 1). Reading literature gives many benefits to people. According to Roberts and Jacobs (2), literature makes people have deep understanding on many aspects. The first is literature makes people have knowledge and understanding related to culture, philosophy, and religion. The second is literature makes people appreciate living things since literature provides the portrayal of them. It also makes people have certain emotions after reading literature, such as happy, sad, excited, pleased, interested, fear, and so on. The third is literature

  According to Roberts and Jacobs (2), there are three genres in literature. The first is prose fiction or narrative fiction, such as novel, short story, epic, myth. The second is poetry. The third is drama. This study focuses on prose fiction. Prose fiction is generally about “one or a few major characters who undergo some kind of change as they meet other characters or deal with problems or difficulties in their lives” (Roberts and Jacobs 2). According to Pickering and Hoeper (17), most people refer fiction to short story and novel because they have had big influences since the late eighteen century. Stanton (44) differentiates between short story and novel that is “the peculiar strength of the short story is its ability to imply more than it tells; the peculiar strength of the novel is its ability to render a complex subject fully, to create a complete world”. This study is specified in novel rather than short story since novel describes characters, relationship between characters, situation, and conflicts more completely.

  This study focuses on A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini as the novel to be discussed. There are many reasons underlying the selection of this novel.

  The first reason is Khaled Hosseini’s literary works are bestseller novels. The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini’s first novel, is an international bestseller novel and published in 48 countries whereas A Thousand Splendid Suns, Khaled Hosseini’s second novel, is also an international bestseller novel and published in 40 countries (“Biography”). The second reason is the aspects of novel are described well. One example is there are good portraits of characters in this novel. The third reason is Khaled Hosseini is known for his literary works emphasizing on human problems in the problems of ethnicity in Afghanistan. His second novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns which is discussed in this study, tells about two Afghan women and the society problems during the last three decades. The fourth reason is there are many life values that the readers can take from this novel. The last reason which is the most important reason is there is an interesting description of human personality in this novel.

  The personality is essential to human life. People react differently to the same thing in this life because they have different personality. “It is undeniably clear that life can become a profoundly dissimilar thing for different persons because of their differences in personality” (Leeper and Madison 27). Hence, personality determines how we live. Personality can also be influenced by other people. Those influences can make someone’s personality either static or dynamic. If the personality changes, it means people react in different ways in life from the previous ways.

  After reading the novel several times, the writer found one interesting issue related to the personality as a topic to be discussed in this study. The writer found that Mariam, as one of the major characters, experiences personality changes from the time she was a child until she was married to Rasheed for several years. Those personality changes are mostly caused by other characters. They are Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila. Jalil is Mariam’s father. Although Jalil loves Mariam, he is ashamed to admit Mariam as his daughter since Mariam is his illegitimate daughter. Jalil also forces Mariam to marry Rasheed in order to maintain his good name. Because of Jalil’s personalities, Mariam experiences some personality changes. Then, Rasheed character of Laila, the other major character, which in contrast to Mariam causes Mariam to have personality changes. Those influences of other characters on Mariam are interesting to be discussed.

  Hence, this study would like to discuss the influence of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila on Mariam’s personality changes in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns.

  B. Problem Formulation

  This study focuses on two problems in order to be specific, they are:

  1. How are the characters of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila described in the novel?

  2. How do Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila influence Mariam’s personality changes in the novel?

  C. Objectives of the Study The objectives of the study are derived from the problem formulation above.

  The first objective is to find out the character descriptions of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila in the novel. The second objective is to find out the influences of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila on Mariam’s personality changes in the novel.

  D. Benefits of the Study

  Generally, this study will enrich the readers’ knowledge on characters and personality changes. This study, hopefully, can also encourage the readers to read

  For the English teachers, this study is also useful to develop teaching materials from this novel. The English teachers can provide this novel as a sample of material to explore characters from a psychological aspect.

  Moreover, the writer expects this study can inspire future researchers in studying A Thousand Splendid Suns. The future researchers can analyze this novel from other aspects besides personality development. The future researchers can discuss education and society in Afghanistan.

E. Definition of Terms

  1. Influence Drever (137) defines influence as “any past or present condition, experienced as or actually playing a part in determining one’s behaviour, or course of thought, in the present”. In this study, Mariam experiences condition where Mariam lives with Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila. Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila play important roles on Mariam’s personality.

  2. Characters Stanton (17) states two definitions of characters. The first definition relates to the individuals in the story, such as: how many characters are presented in the story.

  The second definition is “the mixture of interests, desires, emotions, and moral principles that makes up each of these individuals”, such as: how we describe his/her characters. In this study, characters refer to the individuals in the novel, Mariam, Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila, and also the characteristics of those individuals.

  3. Personality Changes Allport in Hurlock (7) states that personality is “the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behaviour and thought”. Then, change according to Hurlock (108) means to alter or to vary. Therefore, personality changes are someone’s personality which becomes different from the previous ones. In this study, Mariam’s personality changes from time to time because of the influence of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila.

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is Review of Related Theories. This part explains the theories used to answer the problem formulation. This part contains Theory of Character and Characterization, Theory of Criticism,

  and Theory of Psychology. The second part is Theoretical Framework. This part explains the contribution of the theories given and how to apply it in this study.

A. Review of Related Theories

  This part would like to tell about the theories which are used to conduct this study.

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

  In a novel, we are introduced to characters. According to Stanton (17), there are two definitions of characters. The first definition relates to the individuals in the story, such as: how many characters are presented in the story. The second definition is “the mixture of interests, desires, emotions, and moral principles that makes up each of these individuals”, such as: how we describe his/her characters. Abrams (23) also defines characters in two ways. The first is characters are distinctive types of the persons in a literary genre. The second is the persons who have moral and emotional qualities and presented through dialogue and action in the narrative works.

  Forster in Pickering and Hoeper (28) divides characters in two ways. They are flat characters and round characters. Flat characters are “those who embody or represent a single characteristic, trait, or idea, or at most very limited number of such qualities”. The very flat character can be characterized in one sentence. The flat characters are usually minor characters although it is not always. On the other hand, round characters are characters which have complex characteristics and a number of qualities. The round characters are usually the major characters in the fiction.

  Pickering and Hoeper (29) also divide characters into static characters and dynamic characters. Static characters do not have capability to develop or change.

  Round characters have capability to develop or change because of experiences.

  Characters in the novel are presented in the novel through characterization. Gill (127) states the difference between a character and characterization. A character is “a person in a literary work”, whereas characterization is “the way in which a character is created”.

  Murphy (161-173) states that there are nine ways of characterization in the novel. The first is personal description. The author presents the characters’ appearances, such as the face, eyes, skin and also the clothes. The second is character as seen by other. The author presents characters through the eyes and opinions of other characters. Hence, a reflected image is gotten by the the readers. The third is speech. The author gives clues about the characters according to what the person says when the person says and when the person is in conversation. The fourth is past life. The author gives clues on how someone’s characters are shaped through his/her person’s conversation, or through other characters. The fifth is conversation of others. The author describes someone through the conversation of other people and through what they think and say about him. The sixth is reactions. The author describes characters through how they react in certain situations and events. The seventh is direct comment. The author gives comments to the characters directly. The eight is thoughts. The author presents characters through what they think about. The last is mannerism. The author gives clues about the characters through their manners and habits.

2. Theory of Criticism

  According to Rohrberger and Woods (6-15), there are five approaches to literary works. They are: The Formalist Approach, The Biographical Approach, The Sociocultural-Historical Approach, The Mythopoeic Approach, and The Psychological Approach.

  The Formalist Approach is an approach to literary criticism by focusing on the literary work itself. It means the formalist approach criticizes the elements of fiction. The formalist approach does not refer to the outer sides of literary works, such as: psychology, sociology, and civilization.

  The Biographical approach is an approach referring to the author of literary works. This approach seeks ideas, personality, and life of the author in order to understand the effects to his/her literary works.

  The sociocultural-historical approach is an approach which focuses on the civilization and its effect to the society and culture. This approach tells about how certain people act in the certain period of time during civilization.

  The mythopoeic approach is an approach that uses myth to analyze the literary works. It seeks how myth influences human mind.

  The psychological approach is an approach that focuses on the psychological side of human being. The sample of psychological side is personality changes.

3. Theory of Psychology

  Considering the focus on this study which is on the influence of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila on Mariam’s personality changes, theories of personality changes are needed. The theories are characteristics of change in personality, variations of personality change, and conditions responsible for personality change.

a. Characteristics of Change in Personality

  According to Hurlock (120-122), there are three categories of change in personality. They are better versus worse, quantitative versus qualitative, and slow versus rapid changes.

  Better versus worse means that personality can change for the better or for the worse because of the individual’s adjustment at any time. The example is a successful adjustment makes someone have self-confidence, whereas a failure adjusment makes someone feel inferior.

  Quantitative and qualitative changes have different meaning. A qualitative change means “either the complete replacement of a desirable trait by an undesirable one or vice versa” (121). From the definition above, the term “qualitative change” means the change in type or kind. Hurlock (121) mentions that an example of a qualitative change is when a character who is a self-effacing person becomes a boastful person. In this case, the previous personality that is self-effacing is replaced by a new type or kind of personality that is boastful. Hence, the indicator of a qualitative change is the total replacement of personality to become the new type or kind of personality. On the other hand, a quantitative change means “characteristics already present are reinforced, strengthened, or weakened” (121). It means the change is not in type. The personality remains consistent, but the personality is strengthened or weakened. Hurlock (121) mentions that an example of a quantitative change is when a character who firstly is shy is strengthened to become less shy. In this case, shy is not replaced by a new type or kind of personality, but the change is by strengthening that personality trait. Since a quantitative change is applied in the literary works, the indicator to know that the character’s personality is strengthened or weakened from the previous one is by looking at the dialogue, speech, thought in the novel. An evidence of this can be known from some dialogues which show that a character in the past was shy and that character in present becomes less shy through other dialogues. The term “quantitative change” is also related to areas of personality changes (123) in which there is personality which fluctuates over time.

  Hurlock mentions that “changes are regarded as slow if they are barely to know that personality changes are regarded as slow or rapid is by seeing the process. The personality changes are normally slow because it needs a process to change from the previous learned habit and then to learn the new habit. On the other hand, rapid changes happen in short duration in which there is not much time for a process to change from the previous learned habit, for example: someone who is depressed may change temporarily to be a happy person under the influence of alcohol or narcotics and someone who gets breast cancer may have rapid changes in her self-confidence from good to being bad.

b. Variations in Personality Change

  According to Hurlock (122-124), there are three variations in personality change. They are ages of change, kinds of people, and areas of personality pattern.

  Ages of change means ages influence the personality changes. The personality changes usually happen in the early ages of life. However, personality changes may happen at any age during the whole life of someone.

  Kinds of people mean personality changes are based on the kinds of people. There are two kinds of people. They are other-directed people and inner-directed people. Other-directed people are people who tend to have more personality changes since they are easily influenced by social pressure and significant people in their lives. On the other hand, inner-directed people are people who tend not to have many personality changes since they have had their own values and goals in their lives.

  Areas of personality pattern mean some areas of personality tend to remain quantitative change in which there is no replacement in kind, but the change is the personality which is strengthened in some occasions and weakened in other occasions. Fluctuation can be described as a wave going up which relates to strengthen and going down which relates to weaken. Furthermore, the personality which changes is related to qualitative change which means the change in kind. Life experience, hereditary, and motivation may cause someone’s personality to either persist or fluctuate or change. The example is someone who is self-confident may become less self-confident because he/she experiences many failures in his/her life.

c. Conditions Responsible for Personality Change

  People change their personalities because of some conditions. According to Hurlock (124-130), there are eight conditions which are responsible for someone’s personality changes. They are physical changes, changes in environment, significant people in someone’s life, changes in social pressure, changes in roles, strong motivation, changes in self-concept, and use of psychotherapy.

  Firstly, physical changes in someone can change his/her personality. The physical changes are caused by some aspects, such as illness, blindness, and injuries in which those changes may make someone’s personality change. The physical changes also happen when someone is at puberty in which those changes may make someone have personality change in self-concept.

  Secondly, changes in environment either physical or social environment are responsible for someone’s personality changes, for example: moving to a new adjusts himself/herself to the new environment. The environment changes can make improvement in someone’s personality changes in two conditions. The first is whether someone can meet equilibrium with the environment. The example is moving to a friendly environment can lead someone to be an accepted person. The second is the timing of the movement. The example is parents’ divorce when their children are still young has a greater effect than when their children are adults.

  Thirdly, significant people in someone’s life can be responsible for personality changes. The significant people who influence someone’s personality changes depend on someone’s age whether he/she is in childhood, adulthood, or old age. The example is the significant people who are responsible for someone’s personality changes in adulthood are spouse, children, friends, neighbors, and employers.

  Fourthly, changes in social pressure make people change their personality in order to be accepted socially. Personalities which are rejected by social tend to change, for example: bossiness. On the other hand, personalities which are accepted by social tend not to change, such as: affection.

  Fifthly, changes in role within a group can lead to personality changes. The role can change because of age. The child who is dependent changes to be independent when he/she is adult. The role also changes because of economic conditions. People may change their generous personalities when they are retired.

  The role can also change by affiliation to a new group. The example is a leader in one group can be a follower in other groups.

  Sixthly, strong motivation to improve personalities leads to someone’s personality changes. People tend to have strong motivation to change personalities that can make them have good social relationship. The example is unpopular people tend to change their personalities in order to have better social relationship.

  Seventhly, changes in self-concept is the center of personality changes. Changes in self-concept are more difficult in older people. There are three obstacles to the changing of self-concept. The first is the intellectual. The example is people who are accustomed to certain behaviour of solving problems are difficult to see that there are other ways to solve those problems. The second is the emotional. The example is people who usually think to be a follower experience dissatisfaction when they think to be a leader. The third is environment. The example is people have difficulties to have good self-concepts if they are in the environment which tend to judge them based on race or religion.

  The last, use of psychotherapy can change someone to be better in personality. The example is children who are not self-confident become self- confident after having psychotherapy.

B. Theoretical Framework

  This study is focused on the discussion about the personality changes of Mariam which are caused by Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila in the novel.

  First of all, in order to analyze a literary work, the writer needs to use the appropriate approach of literary criticism. Rohrberger and Woods present five approach since this approach focuses on the psychological side of human being, such as human personality.

  In order to answer the description of characters in the novel, the theory of character and characterization are needed. The theory of character explains the persons in the novel and the characteristics of them. The theory of characterization explains how characters in the novel are made.

  The last, in order to answer the personality changes of Mariam, theory of psychology is needed. Theory of personality changes by Hurlock is appropriate to be implemented in this study in order to answer the influence of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila on Mariam’s personality changes.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This chapter consists of three sections. The first section is object of the study

  which is used to explain physical description of the novel. This section is also used to tell about the novel in brief. The second section is approach of the study which is used to explain the approach for the analysis. It tells about the description of the approach and the reason for choosing the approach. The third section is method of the study. This section explains the primary and secondary data and also steps to conduct the study.

A. Object of the Study

  The object of the study is the novel entitled A Thousand Splendid Suns. The author of this novel is Khaled Hosseini. This is his second novel and a bestseller novel. His first novel, The Kite Runner, is also a bestseller novel. In 2006, Khaled Hosseini was chosen as an US goodwill envoy for United Nations Refugee Agency (“Biography”).

  A Thousand Splendid Suns was first published in 2007 by ATTS Publications, LLC. The edition of A Thousand Splendid Suns used in this study was the edition published in 2008 by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. This novel consists of 402 pages in four parts and 51 chapters. The first part consists of chapter one until chapter fifteen. The second part consists of chapter sixteen until chapter twenty-six. part consists of chapter forty-eight until chapter fifty-one. There are also extra pages for author’s afterword, acknowledgment, postscript by Khaled Hosseini, and a reading guide.

  This novel tells about two women, Mariam and Laila. Mariam is an illegitimate child. Jalil who is Mariam’s father marries off Mariam to Rasheed because he does not want to accept Mariam as his daughter. Rasheed always behaves badly to Mariam. Then, several years later, Rasheed gets married with Laila. At first, Mariam does not like Laila who is her husband’s second wife. However, Mariam turns to like Laila because Laila helps Mariam when Rasheed is going to beat her.

  Mariam and Laila become close friends. One day, Mariam kills Rasheed to save Laila. After that occasion, Mariam is sentenced to death, whereas Laila lives with her children and her new husband, Tariq.