The messages revealed through the juxtaposition between science and religion in Brown`s Angels dan Demons - USD Repository
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I realize this thesis could not have been finished without the help of many people who really care about me. So, it is necessary to express my gratitude. First, I would like to thank Allah the Almighty Who has blessed me in finishing my thesis. My sincere gratitude goes to my advisor, Elisa Dwi Wardani, S.S., M. Hum for her ideas and her patience during the consultation. I also thank my co-advisor, Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum. for the comment and suggestion.
I also would like to thank my parents, my father and my mother for their love, support, attention, and understanding; my brother and sister for love and attention.
I thank all my friends in the English Department of USD, especially Sr. Kharita, Fika, Rina, Puput, Dixita, Irene, and Ayu for their help and support. I thank my friends in Bambini Montessori especially Anita and Elly for allowing me to have the thesis consultations during working hours. I would like also thank Nina, Ank, Safi, Leni, Ana, Gali, and Bagus for their jokes and support.
Last but not least, I give my gratitude to my best friend, Haris and to them whom I cannot mention one by one, for their lovely friendship that make my life colorful and even I never feel lonely.
Sukma Yustindia v
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGE ......................................................................................... ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ................................................................................... iii
STATEMENT PAGE ................................................................................ iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................ vi
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... vii
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ viii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................1 A. Background of Study ............................................................................
1 B. Problem Formulation .........................................................................
4 C. Objectives of the Study .........................................................................
4 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ...............................................
6 A. Review of Related Studies ..................................................................
6 B. Review of Related Theories ................................................................
8 1. Theory of Plot ................................................................................
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2. Theory of Message ......................................................................... 11
3. Philosophy of Science ................................................................. 13
4. Christianity and Moral Values.......................................................... 15
C. Theoretical Framework ..................................................................... 16
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ............................................................. 18
A. Object of the Study .............................................................................. 18 B. Approach of the Study ........................................................................... 19 C. Method of the Study ............................................................................. 20CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ......................................................................... 23
A. The Structure of the Plot ....................................................................... 231. Exposition ..................................................................................... 23
2. Complication ................................................................................ 26
3. Crisis .............................................................................................. 29
4. Climax ............................................................................................ 32
5. Resolution or denouement ........................................................... 34
B. The Messages of the Story .................................................................. 35
1. Science and Religion can Stand Side by Side .................................. 35
2. People should be Responsible to Use Scientific Inventions .......... 38
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ..................................................................... 41
BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................... 43vi
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ABSTRACT
Sukma Yustindia (2011). The Messages Revealed through the Juxtaposition
between Science and Religion in Brown’s Angels and Demons. Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.The object of this study is a novel by Dan Brown entitled Angels and
Demons published in May 2001. This novel tells about the conflict between
science and religion as happens in Illuminati and Roman Catholic Church. The writer is interested in analyzing the messages as seen in the plot of the story.
There are two objectives in this study. The first is analyzing the structure of the plot. The second is finding out the messages revealed by juxtaposing science and religion in the plot.
This thesis employs library research method to find out the references for supporting the analysis. Moral-philosophical Approach is applied in this thesis because the writer talks about the moral value within the work of art. Theory of contribute the writer in revealing the messages of the story.
The findings of the analysis are as follows. The plot starts with exposition which introduces protagonist, Robert Langdon and Vittoria Vetra and the background of the story. The next is complication which introduces the antagonist characters, Camerlengo Carlo Ventresca and Hassasin and marks the major conflict that is the disappearance of antimatter used by Illuminati to create the terror in Vatican City as the symbol of Roman Catholic Church. The crisis starts when Langdon and Vittoria must reveal the antimatter in a few hours and the master mind of the whole terror. The climax happens when the antimatter is found and revealed that Camerlengo is the master mind because he wants people believe that science is destructive for human. The conflict ends when Camerlengo burns himself to complete his mission. There are two messages found in the story. First, science and religion can stand side by side. Second, people should be responsible to use scientific inventions. vii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRAK
Sukma Yustindia (2011). The Messages Revealed through the Juxtaposition
between Science and Religion in Brown’s Angels and Demons. Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.
Objek penelitian ini adalah novel karya Dan Brown berjudul Angels and
Demons diterbitkan pada Mei 2001. Novel ini bercerita tentang konflik antara
sains dan agama seperti yang terjadi pada Illuminati dan Gereja Katolik Roma.Penulis tertarik untuk menganalisis pesan seperti yang terlihat pada plot dalam cerita.
Ada dua tujuan dalam penelitian ini. Pertama menganalisis struktur plot. Kedua mengetahui pesan yang diungkapkan dengan menyandingkan sains dan agama dalam plot.
Tesis ini menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan untuk mengetahui referensi yang mendukung analisis. Pendekatan moral-filosofis diterapkan dalam digunakan untuk menganalisa struktur plot. Teori pesan diterapkan untuk memberikan kontribusi penulis dalam mengungkap pesan-pesan dari cerita.
Temuan analisis tersebut adalah sebagai berikut. Plot dimulai dengan eksposisi yang memperkenalkan protagonis, Robert Langdon dan Vittoria Vetra dan latar belakang cerita. Selanjutnya adalah komplikasi yang memperkenalkan karakter antagonis, Camerlengo Carlo Ventresca dan Hassasin dan tanda konflik utama yaitu hilangnya antimateri yang digunakan oleh Illuminati untuk menciptakan teror di Vatican City sebagai simbol dari Gereja Katolik Roma. Krisis dimulai ketika Langdon dan Vittoria harus menemukan antimateri dalam beberapa jam dan dalang dari seluruh teror. Klimaksnya terjadi ketika antimateri ditemukan dan terungkap bahwa Camerlengo adalah dalangnya karena dia ingin orang percaya bahwa sains merusak bagi manusia. Konflik berakhir ketika Camerlengo membakar dirinya sendiri untuk menyelesaikan misinya. Ada dua pesan ditemukan dalam cerita. Pertama, sains dan agama dapat berdiri berdampingan. Kedua, manusia harus bertanggung jawab untuk menggunakan penemuan-penemuan ilmiah.
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the study Literature is the expressions of human’s ideas and experiences. It relates to
human’s life because many authors reflect human’s experience in their works. In
Making Sense of Literature , John Reichert states that the form of literature is the
form of life. Literature imitates human life. We make sense of a character, a There are three genres in the literary works: drama, poetry, and fiction that consists of short story and novel. In this study, the writer takes a novel as the object. The novel portrays human in reality because it describes society, shows the social and political condition when the novels are made, conveys messages of society’s values, etc. By reading novels, readers can get pleasure and lessons.
There are several elements in the novel, such as: plot, conflict, setting, theme, character, and symbol. Each element also contains some values, like moral value, that govern humans’ attitude in a real life. Therefore, the writer takes plot and conflicts to reveal the messages of the story.
This study will focus on a novel entitled Angels and Demons by Dan Brown. The author tries to reveal the conflicts between science and religion as it happens in Illuminati and Catholic Church. Robert Langdon and Vittoria Vetra try to stop Illuminati as the men of science and an anti-Catholic brotherhood from destroying Vatican City with the new invention that is antimatter.
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Illuminati is suspected to be the mastermind of the whole terror. Illuminati does not only murder Leonardo Vetra but also steals his experiment, antimatter.
Antimatter is an extremely dangerous substance which is comparable to a small nuclear weapon. It will cause an ultimate destruction, if it directly contacts matter.
Antimatter is the opposite of matter created to prove that the universe can be created from nothing at all as in Genesis. Antimatter is the manifestation on Vetra’s belief that science is able to establish a link between Man and God. Vetra tries to settle the conflict about the existence of universe because it becomes the
Vittoria also supports the creation of antimatter because it can be used as an alternative fuel. It is non-polluting and safe for environment. So, she hopes that it can replace fossil fuels and reduce the environment damages. Although the annihilation between antimatter and matter can be the source of energy, it can cause the ultimate destruction. Therefore, antimatter technology is a double-edged sword for humans.
Because of that, there are variety reactions. Some accept it while others reject it and Camerlengo Carlo Ventresca is one of the people who rejects it. He believes that, through the creation of antimatter, science has undermined the existence of God. In his opinion, antimatter is an attempt to explain how universe created without God. Besides, he believes that antimatter or the other scientific inventions is created without ethical instruction attached. The promises carried by scientific inventions about efficiency and simplicity have not been kept. In fact, scientific inventions cause pollution and chaos.
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Camerlengo tries to stop the development of antimatter by exposing its destructive effect. He wants to show that science is harmful and destructive and the Church, not science, is the only one which can dictate the moral creed of the Christians. Then, he recruits Hassasin to steal antimatter and to set up the terror in Vatican City which becomes the symbol of Roman Catholic Church. He uses Illuminati as a camouflage. So, people will believe that there is a conflict between science and religion through the terror setting up by Illuminati against Catholic Church. human being. Science represents modernity because it has carried the great changes in human’s life. Science enriches human with knowledge and rational thinking. Science develops greatly because it can solve the problems in natural world and will be used as a medium to earn money. As a scientific invention, antimatter becomes the most costly invention that has ever made and it is revenue for the creator. However, commercialism is needed to support the success of antimatter as a new energy source.
Meanwhile, religion reveals human values which are relative and abstract. It concerns with moral value which governs human for goodness and badness. The story describes religion as something obsolete, superstitious, and not rational. However, religious belief will be the salvation for human, especially from the dangerous effects of science. So, religious belief can function as a framework in which scientific development flourishes.
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The writer chooses Brown’s Angles and Demons as the object of this thesis because it is a controversial story with offers knowledge and history. By examining the plot, the writer can get and learn something valuable within the story. Through his work, the author wants to show that science and religion can stand side by side, and people should be responsible to use scientific inventions.
B. Problem formulation
Based on the explanation above, there are three questions that can be
1. How is the structure of plot revealed in the story?
2. What are the messages revealed by juxtaposing science and religion in the plot in Brown’s Angels and Demons?
C. Objectives of the study
This study is aimed to answer the questions raised in the problem formulation. First, the writer tries to analyze the structure of the plot. The plot helps the writer in finding the end of the conflicts and revealing the juxtaposition between science and religion. Second, the writer wants to identify the messages revealed by the plot.
D. Definition of Terms
1. Plot: according to Roberts and Jacobs in Fiction: An Introduction to
Reading and Writing , a plot is a plan or groundwork for a story, based in
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conflicting human motivations, with actions resulting from believable and realistic human response. The plot of a story is the establishment of a conflict and the consequences, variations, and developments that stem from it. There will be the following aspects that form the backbone, skeleton, or pattern of development, that is exposition, complication, crisis, climax, resolution or denouement (1987: 87-91)
2. Message: according to Beaty and Hunter in New World of Literature, message is the real meaning or some easy conclusion that can be simply
3. Juxtaposition: the juxtaposition of two contrasting objects, images, or ideas is the fact that they are placed together or described together, so that the differences between them are emphasized (2001: 846).
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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies In this chapter, the writer will discuss three reviews that support this study. The first review is entitled Angels and Demons written by Todd R. Ramlow. This
article reviews about the Angels and Demons’s movie which takes anti-Catholic secret society, Illuminati, against Catholic orthodoxy. Using the Papal election as its background, Angles and Demons recalls the choice of Pope Benedict XVI in 2005 which was framed by discussion of the changing demographics of modern Catholicism. The film also challenges the church’s ongoing anti-science fundamentalism which becomes a good old-fashioned battleground. Illuminati attacks Vatican because the church tried to suppress the spread of science and rationalism. Angels and Demons reminds us of the conflicts that arise when science and religion mix and wonders whether Catholicism or Christianity or any of the world’s major religions can maintain its relevance to contemporary realities and leave behind centuries of anti-science zealotry. (http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/93278-angels-demons/)
The second is a review entitled Angels and Demons: Book raises
questions; Bible has the answers by Jim Wicker. In this article, Wicker explains
about the title of the movie and book that is more metaphorical than substantial. It tells about the Roman Catholic Church (and Christianity in general) versus science. Brown belittles the belief of Christianity, distorts the history of
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Christianity, makes absurd claims and promotes science as the ultimate religion.
Moreover, Brown presents his writing as full of accurate portrayals of reality and his criticism of Christianity are definitely real. So, Wicker’s article focuses on the faulty theology and church history. Because of the incorrect historical and artistic facts, there are many critics to Brown’s Angels and Demons to denounce the faulty plot lines. Besides, this novel has some interesting discussions between science and religion. Most characters see it as a war between science and religion.
While some characters see it as compatible. Wicker thinks that science and world and God made everything (Genesis 1-2; Psalm 8).
(http://www.sbcbaptistpress.org/bpnews.asp?id=30530) The third is a review entitled Angels and Demons is a worthy predecessor by WR. Greer. He tells about the similarities between Angels and Demons and
The Da Vinci Code . Both introduce the character of Robert Langdon, professor of
religious iconology and art history at Harvard University. In some ways, Angels
and Demons has a suspenseful storyline with the antimatter bomb and the race to
prevent the destruction of Vatican City. Both share a hired assassin, have a beautiful woman protagonist character to be Robert Langdon’s partner, and reveal the mysteries that require the knowledge of art history, religious symbology, and secret societies. However, he tells that this story takes longer to solve the problems. Besides, there are many characters presented in the story with too much background. In The Da Vinci Code, the chapters are shorter, tighter, and the
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suspense is never to wane.
(http://www.reviewsofbooks.com/angels_and_demons/review/) The above review tells about the content of the story that is the conflict between science and religion. Those reviews will help the writer in analyzing the messages revealed through the juxtaposition between science and religion in the plot and conflicts in Brown’s Angels and Demons.
B. Review of Related Theories study.
1. Theory of Plot
In Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense, according to Perrine, plot is the sequence of incidents or events of which a story is composed. Plot may include what the character says of thinks, as well as what he does. However, it does not include description and analysis and concentrates ordinarily on major happening.
In addition, he says that in a good story a minimum of physical action may be used to produce a maximum of understanding. Moreover, a worthwhile story must have a significant action (1974: 43).
Roberts and Jacobs in Fiction: An Introduction to Reading and Writing state that a plot is a plan or groundwork for a story, based in conflicting human motivations, with actions resulting from believable and realistic human response (1987: 87). It means that a conflict is the basic part that needs to be created in
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order to establish a set of events in forming the story. A conflict will determine the next action or situation. It will be the determinant factor to create a major structure of the story. Thus, the plot of a story is the establishment of a conflict and the consequences, variations, and developments that stem from it.
According to Roberts and Jacobs, there will be the following aspects that form the backbone, skeleton, or pattern of development
i. Exposition
Exposition is the lying out, the putting forth, of the material in the story: the main potentials. It presents everything that is going to be important in the story.
ii. Complication
The complication marks the onset of the major conflict in the story. The participants are the protagonist and the antagonist, together with whatever the ideas or values they represent, such as good and evil, individualism and collectivization, childhood and age, love and hate, intelligence and stupidity, knowledge and ignorance, freedom and slavery, desire and resistance, and the like.
iii. Crisis
The crisis is the turning point, the separation between what has gone before and what will come after. In practice, the crisis is usually a decision or action undertaken in an effort to resolve the conflict. It is important to stress, however, that the crisis, though a result of operating forces and decisions, may not produce the intended results.
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iv.
Climax
The climax is the high point in the action, in which the conflict and the consequent tension are brought out to the fullest extent. Another way to think of climax is to define it as that point in a story in which all the rest action becomes inevitable.
v. Resolution or denouement
The resolution (a releasing or untying) or denouement (untying) is the set of action bringing the story to its conclusion. The major actions are completed and
Dube et al in Structure and Meaning: An Introduction to Literature, define
plot as the story line or action line or conflict line of a story. It is what happens in fictions the arrangement of interrelated acts or incidents that force character to reveal their traits (1983: 6).
A discussion on plot reveal a discussion which needs an observation on the structure of the plot, William Kenny divides the structure of the plot into four parts: i.
Exposition or introduction
The information at the beginning of the story about the characters, setting, and historical background.
ii. Complication
Compilation or rising action is the movement of the initial event of the conflict to the climax.
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iii.
Climax Climax is the highest tension in a story. iv. Denouement or resolution
The denouement or resolution is the event that based toward the resolution of the conflict and towards a stable situation at the end (1966: 13-22).
The above quotations have mentioned that plot is the linked series of events in the story. The plot is arranged to make the readers become more interested and curious on what will happen next. The plot will make the readers help the writer in revealing the resolution for the conflicts which is related to the messages of the story.
2. Theory of Message
According to Beaty and Hunter in New World of Literature, message is the real meaning or some easy conclusion that can be simply stated or summarized inside a work of art (1989: 899). The term leads to simplification and gives the illusion that a work of literature exists for its statement that tempts the readers with sweetness of the story to get the real meaning.
Message is sometimes considered identically with theme although in fact, they do not always refer to the same meaning. Beaty and Hunter differentiate the definition between theme and message. They say that while message seek to inform or convince, theme seeks to have you comprehend and empathize, so that the information of ideas are less directly articulated, or more broadly accessible.
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They also define messages as some easy conclusion that can be simply stated or summarized inside a work of art (1989: 899-900).
Nurgiyantoro in Teori Pengkajian Fiksi mentions that usually the author conveys his philosophy of life and his view of good values through the moral presented in a literary work. Through the story and the character’s attitude and behavior, the readers are expected to get the wisdom of the moral messages conveyed. Nurgiyantoro adds that the moral in a literary work can be said as message (1995: 321). about message, we are also discussing morality because, through the message, we can learn the goodness and badness as it happens in life. Message in the story is the advice which can govern humans to do something good and to avoid doing something bad. Meanwhile, generally, moral means a teaching of good and bad.
So, message and morality is related each other (1966: 89). According to Nurgiyantoro in Teori Pengkajian Sastra, moral in a work of literature is called a message. This element actually is the background of the work of literature (1995: 322). Of course, there are many types of message conveyed. The type of message occurs in all literary work depends on the author’s belief, thought, wish, and interest. The message could involve many problems in life.
Nurgiyantoro describes two ways of conveying the message that is directly and indirectly. In direct form the author conveys his/her message explicitly, meaning to say that the author in this case seems to teach the readers and gives them his/her advice directly. Therefore, the readers can understand what he/she
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means easily. The readers do not find any difficulties to interpret the message of the work by themselves (1995: 335-336). On the contrary, in the indirect form, the author conveys the messages implicitly combined with the other elements in the story. This will make the readers comprehend it intensively. If they want to understand and interpret the message conveyed by the author, therefore, they have to do it based on the story and the character’s behavior and attitude presented in the story (1995: 339).
Philosophy of Science
According to Couvalis in the Philosophy of Science, it is stated that science gives us objectively justified knowledge. People often suppose that this would be enough objectively to justify scientists doing virtually any kind of scientific research. After all, science gives us truth about the world (1997: 123).
In Introductory Readings in the Philosophy of Science , Klemke, Hollinger, and Rudge state that there are five criteria of science. Those criteria will be used for distinguishing science from common sense knowledge and distinguishing that which is scientific from which is either nonscientific or unscientific.
i. Intersubjective testability
This refers to the possibility of being that is the capability of corroboration or “check-up” by anyone.
ii. Reliability
This refers to be true when it is tested or at least, can be reasonably believed to be true.
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iii.
Definiteness and precision
This refers to the removal of vagueness and ambiguity. So, the concepts that is found must be definite and delimited.
iv. Coherence or systematic character This refers to the organizational aspect of a theory. v. Comprehensiveness or scope
This refers to the effort to attain a continual increase in the completeness of knowledge and also to the seeking theories which have maximum explanatory Science is very clearly a conscious artifact of mankind, with well- documented historical origins, with a definable scope and with recognizable professional practitioners and exponents. Science is rigorous, methodical, logical, and practical. The very facility that it gives us, of clear understanding, of seeing things sharply in focus, makes us feel that the instrument itself is very real, hard, and definite. Surely we can state, in a few words, its essential nature. In its own technical language, science is information, it does not act directly on the body, it speaks to the mind (1998: 48-49)
Besides, it is mentioned that science is arranged into three parts.
i. Intellectual
Science is seen as a body of knowledge. It is knowledge, therefore, intellectual, conceptual, and abstract. It is an attempt to differentiate between scientific and nonscientific disciplines.
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ii.
Psychological
Science is seen as something that the scientists do. It is inevitably created by individual men and women, and therefore has a strong psychological aspect.
iii. Sociological
Science is seen as a social institution. It is public, molded and determined by the social relations between individuals. It is the structure of the scientific community and the institutions by which it maintains scientific standards and procedures (1998: 52-53). science or as a non-science. The philosophy of science is used to support the findings about the juxtaposition between science and religion within the plot.
4. Christianity and Moral Values
MacGregor and Robb, in Readings in Religious Philosophy, mention about the relation between men, nature, and moral values. It is states that on determinist theory, man and nature may be purposive and in the end, harmony may be established and goodness triumph (1962: 236). Man and nature are having a clear and definite purpose. Both are fulfilling each other. Meanwhile, moral value manifest on the goodness of God. So, man and nature should be harmonized to reach the goodness of God. In Etika Kristiani , Peschke states that technology will be beneficial if it can fulfill human’s necessities. Human being needs technology for helping them in daily life. It will not be beneficial if it is misused and endangers human’s life.
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In fact, nowadays, the use of technology gives more negative effects than positive effects. Technology can endanger the environment because of its overused (2003: 290-291) Sinnot in Science and Religion: A Necessary Partnership writes about the problem of the relation between science and religion, particularly between the laboratory and the church. He states that the spirit of religion can help the sciences for using their discoveries for the good of man. Science cannot be divorced from the practical affairs of life. Its primary goal, to be sure, is the discovery of truth, application in technology has profoundly influenced our lives in other ways (1950: 21). So, the church supports the use of sciences or discoveries as long as it is used for the goodness and not the opposite.
C. Theoretical Framework
The explanation above will support this study in order to answer the problems formulated before. Since the topic of the study deals with the plot development, the conflicts, and the message of the story, therefore, the writer will apply some theories.
First, the writer applies theory of plot. The theory of plot is applied to explain the structure of the plot. The theory consists of exposition, complication, crisis, climax, and resolution or denouement. It will be used to find the causality of the events in the story. In addition, philosophy of science is applied to help the writer in finding the juxtaposition between science and religion within the plot.
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Second, theory of message is applied to obtain the writer’s understanding about the definition of message in literary works. Besides, the explanation on Christianity and Moral values will support the message of the story. So, the writer is able to reveal the messages portrayed by the author through the plot.
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study The object of this study is a novel entitled Angels and Demons written by Dan Brown. The novel consists of 620 pages divided into 1 prologue and 137
chapters. It is published in May 2001 by Corgi Book. This is the third novel of Dan Brown which is thriller and conspiracy fiction genres. It is one of the between science and religion as it happens to the Roman Catholic Church and anti-Catholic brotherhood, Illuminati.
The writer will give a brief summary of the story which is related to the topic of this study. One of the CERN’s scientists, Leonardo Vetra, was murdered and branded with the symbol of Illuminati. In the night, Robert Langdon is awakened by a phone call from Maximillian Kohler, the director of CERN. He asks Langdon to reveal Illuminati symbol which is branded on Leonardo Vetra’s corpse and to find Vetra’s secret project, antimatter, which was stolen by Illuminati. Antimatter is a new invention that will be used to explain the missing link between science and religion about the existence of universe. Antimatter will be the proof that Genesis is scientifically possible. However, it has a destructive effect and causes annihilation. A quarter gram of antimatter can destroy a city in radius of half mile. Unfortunately, antimatter is found in Vatican City during the Conclave. Knowing its destructive effect, Langdon which is accompanied by
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Vetra’s adopted daughter, Vittoria Vetra, goes to Vatican City. This incident becomes political issue that the conflicts between science and religion still exist until the present times. A man who claims to be the member of Illuminati phones Vatican City. His name is Hassasin and he confesses that he killed Leonardo Vetra, steals and places antimatter somewhere inside Vatican City. Besides, he kidnaps the four cardinals who are the preferred candidates to become the new pope. His only wish is the destruction of Roman Catholic Church because of the Church’s treatment to the scientists and Illuminati over centuries. Langdon and terror. It leads Langdon and Vittoria through churches, fountains, crypts, forgotten & secret passages, and catacombs. In their search, they are assisted by Camerlengo Carlo Ventresca, the pope chamberlain, and the Vatican's Swiss Guard. Unfortunately, it is Camerlengo who set up the whole terror. He argues that he plans to protect Roman Catholic Church from the destruction with his own way. He believes that the Church alone, not science, should dictate the moral creed of the Christian faithful. Through his action, Camerlengo tries to be a savior for the Church.
B. Approach of the Study
There are several approaches can be used in analyzing literary work. In this study, the writer uses moral philosophical approach to analyze the story.
Moral-Philosophical Approach reveals moral value and philosophical issues within the text. It explains what is taught in the literature works.
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According to Wilbur S. Scott, in his book Five Approaches to Literary
Criticism, explains moral-philosophical approach as the following:
“... starts from a conviction that the importance of literature is not merely in its way. For the critic who follows this approach, the chief interest lies in literature as a “criticism” of life. To them the study of the technique of literature is a study of means, whereas they are concerned with the end of literature as affecting man, with literature as it takes place in the human forum of ideas and attitudes.” (1962: 123-125) Guerrin, in his book A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature, states his idea about moral-philosophical approach as follows: The basic position of such critics is that the larger function of literature is interpret literature within the context of the philosophical thought of a period or group. The important thing is the moral of philosophical teaching. It insists on finding out and stating what is exposed and thought. (2005: 77)
In brief, the moral-philosophical approach sees literary works as moral teaching and philosophical thought that the author attempts to convey to readers as shown in his work. This approach will be interpreted into the context of philosophical thought based on morality concept.
In line with the approaches described above, the writer decides to choose moral-philosophical approach. This approach will help the writer in answering the problem formulation from the morality point of view.
C. Method of the Study
This study used library research which meant the primary source is gathered from books and internet. The main source of this study was Dan Brown’s
Angels and Demons . The secondary sources were the books and the internet
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online references. The writer collected the data from secondary sources to support the analysis.
The writer also used the theory of plot and theory of message in order to support this study. Theory of plot was taken from Roberts and Jacobs in Fiction:
An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Theory of message was taken from
Beaty and Hunter in New World of Literature. Philosophy of Science was taken from Klemke, Hollinger, and Rudge in Introductory Readings in the Philosophy
of Science. Christianity and Moral Values were taken from MacGregor and Robb
There were some steps needed to be done in this process of conducting this study. The first step was taking Angels and Demons as the main book. The writer searched and read the novel. The writer tried to understand the book by reading in many times. In this process of understanding the novel, the writer found some interesting elements in the novel such as the juxtaposition between science and religion.
The second step was collected some references from some books and websites. The collected data included some comments on Brown’s Angels and
Demons , theories of plot, theories of message, and philosophy of science. Since
this study talked about the moral value within the work of art, the writer applied moral-philosophical approach and also Christianity and Moral values.
The third step in this study was answering the problem formulations that lead to the understanding of the topic based on the theories proposed before. The first problem was about the plot so the writer applied the theories of plot. The next
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step, the writer used the theories on message which would be related to the plot by using moral-philosophical approach.
The last step, the writer drew conclusion of the study. The conclusion consisted the summary of the answer of the problem formulated.
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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS A. The Structure of the Plot Theory of plot from Roberts and Jacobs will be used to analyze the first
problem formulation. It divides the plot into five parts: exposition, complication, crisis or climax, falling action, and resolution so that the readers will understand
and Demons .
1. Exposition
According Roberts and Jacobs, exposition is the lying out, the putting forth, of the material in the story: the main characters, their backgrounds, their characteristics, goals, limitations, and potentials. It presents everything that is going to be important in the story (1987: 89-90). In the novel, the exposition can be found in the beginning of the story which introduces Robert Langdon and Vittoria Vetra as the protagonist. Robert Langdon is a professor of Religious Iconology at Harvard University. Whereas, Vittoria Vetra is the adopted daughter of Leonardo Vetra and a physicist at CERN.
Langdon and Vittoria are called to investigate the murder of Leonardo Vetra, a senior scientist at CERN. Unfortunately, that case reveals to the stealing of the antimatter. Antimatter is a shimmering globule like mercury liquid. It has to
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be stored without ever touching anything, even air. It is kept in the antimatter trap and if it makes a contact with matter like air, it will explode.
Antimatter is used to prove the existence of universe as in Genesis. Besides, it is also to be used for the welfare of human being in practical life. In fact, it is stolen to create a terror. Antimatter is no longer to be used for the goodness of man. It is misused to be a time bomb.
The detail of the murder is described as follows. Vetra is murdered and his chest is branded with an ambigram of the word "Illuminati”. Langdon watches the Illuminati is still active in the present year.