A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
JORDAN BELFORT’S SEX-RELATED SWEAR WORDS IN
THE WOLF OF WALL STREET MOVIE
TITLE PAGE
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By:
Krisna Efrata
Student Number: 141214005
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2019
i
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
DEDICATION PAGE
You can have it all, just not all at once.
-Oprah Winfrey-
This thesis is dadicated to my beloved parents and brother,
Sumarwoto, Chatarina Tyas Weningsih,
and Surya Efrata.
iv
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRACT
Efrata, Krisna. (2019). Jordan Belfort’s Sex-Related Swear Words in The Wolf of
Wall Street Movie. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program.
Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and
Education, Sanata Dharma University.
Swear words are commonly used in society to express their emotion or
feeling. Furthermore, sex-related swear word, which is a part of swear word are the
most commonly used by Jordan Belfort in The Wolf of Wall Street movie to swear.
This research is designed to analyze the impetus swearing category and the
swearing expressions category behind sex-related swear word “fuck, fucking, and
fucked” which is used by Jordan Belfort in The Wolf of Wall Street movie.
The purpose of this research is to answer the two research questions, namely
(1) What categories of Jordan Belfort’s sex-related swear words are found in The
Wolf of Wall Street movie? and (2) What are the notions of Jordan Belfort’s sexrelated swear words in The Wolf of Wall Street movie?
This study used descriptive and qualitative method. Observation was a
technique to gather the data. The researcher watched The Wolf of Wall Street movie
and classified the sex-related swear words which were used by Jordan Belfort using
tables and cross tabulations. In analysing the data, the researcher used Creswell’s
(2009) descriptive and qualitative data analysis procedure.
There are 226 sex-related swear words “fuck, fucking, fucked” uttered by
the main character. According to its impetus, the swearing words were catgorized
into two, namely the propositional category and non-propositional category.
According to its notion, there were 9 categories of swearing expressions in Jordan
Belfort’s utterances. They were violent refusal, exclamation of surprise, surprised
question, exclamation of annoyance, exclamation of unconcern, insult (imperative
verb +object), intensifying / intensifier, insulting request to go away, and
miscellaneous. Moreover, the researcher also found that each swearing expression
had either positive or negative connotation.
It is concluded that the sex-related swear words which were uttered by
Jordan Belfort, have different notions. The sex-related swear words were used by
Jordan Belfort to express 9 kind expressions. Furthermore, the sex-related swear
words could be used in positive connotation or negative connotation based on the
context of the utterances. Moreover, this sex-related swear word could be
uttered/used in spontaneously or intentionally according to the contexts and the
situations of the speaker.
Keywords: pragmatics, sex-related swear word, swear word and taboo word,
swearing expression, swearing category, The Wolf of Wall Street.
vii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRAK
Efrata, Krisna. (2019). Jordan Belfort’s Sex-Related Swear Words in The Wolf of
Wall Street Movie. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris. Jurusan
Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Kata umpatan sering digunakan di masyarakat untuk mengungkapkan emosi
atau perasaan. Istilah-istilah seksual yang mana masih termasuk dalam bagian dari
kata umpatan adalah yang paling sering digunakan oleh Jordan Belfort dalam film
The Wolf of Wall Street untuk mengupat. Penelitian ini dirancang untuk
menganalisis kategori dari kemunculan dan ekspresi dari istilah seksual seperti fuck,
fucking, dan fucked yang digunakan oleh Jordan Belfort dalam film The Wolf of
Wall Street.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menjawab dua rumusan masalah,
yaitu (1) Apa saja kategori kata-kata umpatan terkait dengan seks yang diucapkan
oleh Jordan Belfort dalam film The Wolf of Wall Street?, dan (2) Apakah maksud
dari kata-kata umpatan terkait dengan seks yang digunakan oleh Jordan Belfort
dalam film The Wolf of Wall Street?
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik observasi
digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data. Peneliti menonton film The Wolf of Wall
Street dan mengklasifikasikan kata-kata umpatan terkait dengan seks yang
diucapkan oleh Jordan Belfort dengan menggunakan tabel pengamatan dan tabulasi
silang. Dalam menganalisi data, peneliti menggunakan teori deskriptif kualitatif
dari Creswell (2009).
Dalam penenelitian ini terdapat 226 istilah seksual “fuck, fucking, fucked”
yang diucapkan oleh tokoh utama. Berdasarkan kemunculannya, kata umpatan
dikategorikan menjadi 2 yaitu kategori propositional dan non-propositional.
Berdasarkan maksudnya, terdapat 9 kategori dari ekspresi umpatan dalam
perkataan Jordan Belfort. Diantaranya violent refusal, exclamation of surprise,
surprised question, exclamation of annoyance, exclamation of unconcern, insult
(imperative verb + object), intensifying / intensifier, insulting request to go away,
dan miscellaneous. Selain itu, peneliti juga menemukan bahwa setiap ekspresi dari
kata umpatan memiliki arti konotasi positif atau konotasi negatif.
Peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa kata-kata umpatan terkait dengan seks yang
diucapkan oleh Jordan Belfort memiliki ekspresi yang berbeda. Kata umpatan
terkait dengan seks yang digunakan Jordan Belfort adalah untuk mengekspresikan
9 jenis ekspresi. Kata-kata umpatan terkait seks yang digunakan oleh Jordan Belfort
untuk mengekspresikan berbagai macam ekspresi. Kata-kata umpatan terkait seks
dapat digunakan dalam konotasi positif atau negatif, berdasarkan konteks dalam
ucapan-ucapan tersebut. Bahkan, kata-kata umpatan terkait dengan seks ini dapat
diucapkan / digunakan dalam keadaan spontan maupun sengaja, sesuai dengan
konteks dan situasi dari pembicara tersebut. Setiap kata umpatan memiliki sebuah
ekspresi yang berbeda.
Keywords: pragmatics, sex-related swear word, swear word and taboo word,
swearing expression, swearing category, The Wolf of Wall Street.
viii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly, I would like to thank Jesus Christ for His blessing in all the time that
makes me could finish this research. He gave me the spirit, strenght and health in
the process of making this research. He also indirectly helped me by providing me
the supportive environment; friends, lecturer, and parents.
Secondly, I would like to thank Dr. Emanuel Sunarto, M. Hum., for his
valuable time, guidance, and patience when making this research. He always
support me to not give up doing this research by giving some motivations,
suggestions and a lot of knowledges which were very useful for me.
Thirdly, I would like to thank my beloved parents and brother who always
support and encourage me through the facilities and advices in making my dream
come true. Without them, I could not finish this research. Furthermore, I would like
to thank my English Language Education Study Program’s lecturers and staffs who
guide me to survive in this study program.
Lastly, I would like to thank all of my friends; PBI Underground, NUDC
LO, Penerbang Sigung and Wonkave: Ajik, Vito, Jere, Bayu, Bimo, Ajeng, Vee,
Vidi, Voni, Rea, Moore, Martin, Maria, Deo, Yosa, Ampaloz, Simbah, Wendi,
Marcel, Mace, Verina, Blawonk, Abet, Adip, Thomas, Hanung, Bangkit, Kribo, and
Kecap who always support me in every situation until finished this research.
Krisna Efrata
ix
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGES .............................................................................................. ii
DEDICATION PAGE ............................................................................................ iv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ....................................................... v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ...................................................... vi
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... vii
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................. viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................... xii
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................. xiii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1
A. Background of The Study ............................................................................ 1
B. Research Question ........................................................................................ 4
C. Problem Limitations ..................................................................................... 5
D. Significance of The Study ............................................................................ 5
E. Definition of Terms ...................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...................................... 9
A. Theoretical Description ................................................................................ 9
1.
Pragmatics ................................................................................................ 9
2.
Swearing ................................................................................................. 11
3.
Taboo Words and Swear Words ............................................................. 11
4.
Propositional Swearing and Non-Propositional Swearing ..................... 12
5.
The Swearing Expressions ..................................................................... 14
6.
Positive and Negative Connotations ....................................................... 17
B. Theoretical Framework .............................................................................. 17
x
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................ 19
A. Research Method ........................................................................................ 19
B. Type and Source of Data ............................................................................ 20
1.
Digital Sources ....................................................................................... 20
2.
Document Source ................................................................................... 21
C. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique ............................................... 21
D. Data Analysis Techniques .......................................................................... 23
CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS.......................... 25
A. Swearing Categories of Sex-Related Swear Words ................................... 25
1.
Non-Propositional Swearing Category ................................................... 26
2.
Propositional Swearing Category ........................................................... 28
B. The Notions of Sex-Related Swear Words ................................................ 30
1.
Non-Propositional Swearing Category ................................................... 31
2.
Propositional Swearing Category ........................................................... 40
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................... 52
A. Conclusions ................................................................................................ 52
B. Implications ................................................................................................ 54
C. Recommendations ...................................................................................... 54
REFERENCES...................................................................................................... 56
APPENDICES ...................................................................................................... 59
xi
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
EA
: Exclamation of Annoyance
SQ
: Surprise Question
VR
: Violent Refusal
ES
: Exclamation of Surprise
EU
: Exclamation of Unconcern
IA
: Insulting Request to Go Away
IN
: Insult as Noun
IT
: Intensifying/Intensifier
IV
: Insult (Imperative Verb + Object)
M
: Miscellaneous
N
: Negative Connotation
P
: Positive Connotation
xii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No.
Page
Figure 4.1 The Frequency of Swearing Categories .............................................26
Figure 4.2 The Frequency of Swearing Expressions ..........................................31
Figure 4.3 The Frequency of Sex-Related Swear Words....................................32
Figure 4.4 The Frequency of Sex-Related Swear Words....................................41
xiii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This study discusses four major parts. Those are the background of the
study, research questions, significance of the study, and definition of terms.
A.
Background of The Study
Language is used by all people in the world to communicate with others.
Through language, the message can be transferred from a person to another.
According to Fromkin, Blaire, and Collins (1999), when people know a language,
people can speak and be understood by other who know that language. It means
somebody needs to know the language and another person’s language if somebody
wants to understand his or her ideas. By understanding other people ideas, people
can do and react based on the language that they used.
Therefore, language is very important in life because almost all of the
activities need language to communicate. Based on Fasold and Connor-Linton
(2006), language is a finite system of elements and principles that make it possible
for speakers to construct sentences which are used for particular communicative
jobs. On the other hand, language is not only used for communication, but it is also
used to express their emotion. Chaika (1982) states that people use language to
reveal or conceal personal identity, character, and background without realizing that
they are actually doing so. It shows that people can choose their own language to
express their emotions.
1
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2
In the communication process, the emotions or feelings of the speakers can
be reflected through the language they use. It could be in the form of angry, happy,
sad, surprised, or afraid expressions. People express their emotions or feelings by
uttering some words, such as uttering bad language. Frequently, bad language is
used to reflect anger or sadness. However, there are five ways that people can use
to express their emotions. The examples are compliment, greeting, statement,
question, and also swearing.
Swearing is one of many utterances which exists in our society. Based on
Cambridge dictionary, swearing is a rude or offensive language that someone uses,
especially when they are angry (CED, 2018). Jay and Janschweit (2008) also state
that swearing is primarily used to convey emotional meaning. In swearing, people
produce swear words or taboo words. From that explanation, there are two reasons
that caused people produce swear words or taboo words. People usually produce
taboo words to swear because it might be the strongest way to signify a number of
emotions in an impolite way such as anger, confusion, frustration, disappointment,
joy and sometimes surprise (Jay, 2002).
Taboo or tabu is a term that denotes an object or act (taboo acts are activities
that are not supposed to be done, while taboo words are words that are not supposed
to be uttered) which must be avoided since it can ruin the value of a certain culture,
especially about politeness and manners (Allan and Burridge, 2006). Actually,
swear words and taboo words are always connected with unsuitable language and
should not be used in daily conversations. Furthermore, Swan (2005) states, when
people swear, taboo words usually change their meanings completely. For example,
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3
“fuck off” and “piss off” have nothing to do with sex or urinating – they are simply
violently rude wars of saying ‘go away’. It shows that swear words and taboo words
are always correlated in daily life. However, nowadays swearing is not only used
to express anger but it is also used in daily conversation.
In this era, swearing can be found in conversations between people
regardless their gender. Swearing is used not only for expressing anger, but also for
expressing happiness, sadness, surprise, and fear situations. Swear words have
become common in society because many people produce swear words in their
daily conversation. Men, women, and children can speak using swear words by
learning from any sources. For example, by watching movie, listening to other
people, and reading a novel. However, people are also exposed to swear words in
the social media, like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Ask FM, etc. That is why
people can easily learn and know how to produce swear words. English language
has its own swear words and some them are considered as universal swear words,
thus they might influence people to produce swear words in their daily lives.
Wardaugh (2005) states that taboo and swear word can be classified into six
types. There are religious matters, death, body part, sex, mother in law, and animal
terms. The sex-related swear words were chosen by the researcher to analyze in this
research.
In this study, the researcher intends to analyze sex-related swear words in a
movie. The researcher chooses a movie as the main data source because a movie
might illustrate human beings’ daily lives. The chosen movie is entitled The Wolf
of Wall Street. It is chosen because Jordan Belfort, the main character, frequently
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
4
uses swear words in his dialogues. This movie was published in 2013. Furthermore,
this comedy movie portrays the biography of Jordan Belfort which contains many
swear words in the dialogues. In addition, the movie is popular since it is rated 8.2
by, https://www.imdb.com. (2018). Due to those reasons, this movie becomes the
source to be analyzed.
By watching this movie, it is possible for people’s behavior to be influenced
by the swear words used in this movie. This movie has great moral values in which
life is precious for us and we need to struggle to live our own lives. Thus, it is very
important for the audience to get deeper understanding about the function and the
cultural context of the swear words uttered by Jordan Belfort in this movie.
Moreover, it is also important for students to understand the concept of swear
words, especially in studying pragmatics in this movie. Thus, it is possible for
students to be able to avoid using swear words in their daily conversation.
B.
Research Question
From the background of the study presented above, there are two questions
which the researcher would like to formulate in this research.
1.
What categories of Jordan Belfort’s sex-related swear words are found in
The Wolf of Wall Street movie?
2.
What are the notions of Jordan Belfort’s sex-related swear words in The
Wolf of Wall Street movie?
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
5
C.
Problem Limitations
The researcher limits the scope which is related to the research questions.
Almost all of the characters in The Wolf of Wall Street movie use swear words in
their utterances. The researcher only focuses on the Jordan Belfort who utters a lot
of swear word in The Wolf of Wall Street movie. Furthermore, the researcher
specifies on the sex-related swear words “fuck, fucking, and fucked”. The researcher
also analyzes the categorization of (non-propositional or propositional) and the
swearing expressions of the sex-related swear words to answer the research
questions.
D.
Significance of The Study
The study is beneficial for students of English Language Education Study
Program and for future researchers who are going to do a research on swear words.
Hopefully, the study can also give some benefits for the readers. The benefits of
this research are as follows:
1.
English Learners
English learners will gain more understanding about taboo words and swear
words. The students are also expected to understand the concept of swear words or
taboo words, particularly when they are studying about pragmatics. By explaining
the students of the concept of swear words, it is hoped that the students will get
more understanding on the use of swear words in society. Therefore, the students
will be able to avoid using swear words in their daily conversation.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
6
2.
Future Researchers
After the future researchers read this study, the researcher believes this study
can give information, and inspiration to future research while conducting another
study about swear words or taboo words. For the future researchers, this research
will guide them to find some references about swear words, especially in sex-related
swear words.
3.
General Readers
This study can give a better understanding to readers in general about swear
words or taboo words, so the readers will know the intentions behind swear words
in conversations. The general readers will also know about the phenomenon of sexrelated swear words in the movie. Thus, the general readers will be able to consider
the swear words used in their daily conversations.
E.
Definition of Terms
Definition of terms gives an explanation of the information and theories
which are related to the research. This part consists of three terms that are important
and they are used to avoid misunderstanding in this study. The researcher provides
definitions of three terms that are frequently seen in this study. The terms that are
frequently used in this research are in swear words and taboo, sex-related swear
word, and characters.
1.
Swear Word
According to Andersson and Trudgill (1992), swear word is “a type of
language used in which the expression; (a) refers to something that is taboo or
stigmatized in the culture; (b) should not be interpreted literally; (c) can be used to
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
7
express strong emotions and attitude” (p.53). However, Dewaele, J-M (2004)
explains that swear or taboo words are multifunctional, pragmatic units which
assume, in addition to the expression of emotional attitudes, various discourse
function. In this study, the taboo words which are uttered by Jordan Belfort in The
Wolf of Wall Street is considered as swear words. Jordan Belfort also uses swear
words to express his solidarity and anger in his friendship. Swear words or taboo
words are included in a linguistic device used to affirm in-group membership and
establish boundaries and social norms for language use (Drescher, 2000; Rayson,
Leech & Hodges, 1997; Stenstrom, 1995, 1999).
2.
Sex-Related Swear Words
Sex-related swear word is one of the types of swear words, which is taboo
or obscenity. One of the swear word types proposed by Jay (1992) is taboo or
obscenity, which is a type of swear word that has a strong meaning, and people
usually use this swear word from sexual organs and excretory items (e.g. fuck,
motherfucker, and cocks). Swan (2005) also argues that sex-related swear words are
usually related to the associated parts of the body and sexual activity (e.g. balls,
fuck).
3.
Characters
Based on Abram’s explanation (1999), characters are the persons in a
dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the reader as persons who have
moral intellectual, and emotional qualities. He concludes that characters are the
persons who represent human behavior in a dramatic or narrative work. In this
research, the main character refers to a person who appears the most in a movie.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
8
The main character in The Wolf of Wall Street movie is Jordan Belfort. The
researcher only focuses on the main character’s utterances because the main
character already gives enough data which are going to be analyzed.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the review of related literature. It is divided into two
parts, namely the theoretical description and theoretical framework. In the
theoretical description, the researcher reviews six theories which are used as guides
on this study. The theories’ review includes the swearing categories and the
swearing expressions. The theoretical framework is aimed to provide the theories
which help the researcher to answer the problems.
A.
Theoretical Description
This chapter explains the literature review containing six theories that are
used as the guides for this research. The discussions cover the details of pragmatics,
swear words, the concept of swearing, the swearing expressions, the category of
swearing (propositional or non-propositional), and the positive and negative
connotations.
1.
Pragmatics
a)
Definition of Pragmatics
In order to conduct this research, the researcher uses pragmatic approach for
the analysis. Yule (1996) argues that pragmatics is the study of speaker’s meaning,
contextual meaning, how more gets information than is said, and the expression of
relative distance. It means that pragmatics is a study to understand what a speaker
means. However, in order to understand the swearing expressions behind of the
speaker uttetance, context is needed. Context means a situation and condition of a
9
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
10
speaker. In order to understand speaker’s swearing expressions, a pragmatic
approach also needs to explore how listener perceives toward speaker’s intention.
Then in a pragmatic approach, the relation factors between the listener and the
speaker are very important. It means physical, social, or conceptual factors should
be considered to get the intentions of the speakers.
By understanding Yule's explanation about pragmatics, pragmatic approach
is suitable to be implemented in this research. The aim of this research is analyzing
the swearing expression category of sex-related swear words within the Jordan
Belfort utterances in The Wolf of Wall Street movie based on the contextual
meaning of the utterances.
b)
Context
In order to analyze the swearing expression categories of sex-related swear
words, context is an important factor that would be used to analyze language.
According to Asher and Simpson (1994), “context is one of those linguistic terms
which constantly used in all kinds of context” (p. 731). It has the connection with
the function of language and they are important in pragmatics. It means that the
essential element in the interpretation of utterances is the context in which it is
uttered.
Further, Holmes (2001) argues that in any situation, linguistic choices could
be reflected from these following components of context:
1) The participant (it conveys the speaker and whom they are speaking).
2) The setting or social context of interaction (it conveys the place when the
speaker is speaking).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
11
3) The topic (it conveys what is being talked about).
4) The function (it conveys the reasons, why they are speaking).
Therefore, those four components are the important things to analyze the context in
this research.
2.
Swearing
Swearing is a part of a language that people use to communicate with each
other. Swearing is a linguistic device used to affirm in-group membership and
establish boundaries and social norms for language use (Drescher, 2000; Rayson,
Leech & Hodges, 1997; Stenstrom, 1995, 1999). They may express annoyance,
aggression, insult, or they may express solidarity and friendliness (Holmes, 2013).
Moreover, swearing is the use of taboo language with the purpose of expressing the
speaker’s emotional state and communicating that information to listeners. (Jay,
2008). Lieury, Boissière, Jamet & Marinkovic (1997) have found that swearing
stands out from neutral words in the L1 and is more likely to be recalled in short
and long-term recall experiments.
3.
Taboo Words and Swear Words
a)
Taboo Words
People do not usually use this type of word to communicate with each other.
According to Katrina Lindahl (2008), “taboo words are words that are not supposed
to be said or used, often because they are regarded as improper or immoral, or
believed to be supernaturally forbidden” (p.1). People use this kind of language to
express their emotion, like when they are swearing. However, Jay (2008) has stated
that “swearing is the use of taboo language with the purpose of expressing the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
12
speaker’s emotional state and communicating that information to listeners.”
(p.268). Jay (2008) also argues that the use of taboo when they are swearing is not
primarily meant the word itself. For example, the word fuck is not always meant to
express someone’s desire to have sexual intercourse with anybody to whom they
talk to.
b)
Swear Words
After comprehending the concept and definition of taboo words, the
researcher is going to define the swear words. Karjailanen (2002) explains that
swear word is not always taboo. It means that taboo words do not always belong to
swear words, for example, the word cannibalism. It is included in taboo words but
not in swear words. It is because cannibalism is a cultural word and no one use this
taboo word to swear. Moreover, Ljung (2011) explains that swear words are words
which have a bad connotation in the content, for the example, the word bitch. The
word bitch contains a negative connotation which according to CED (2018) bitch
is a female dog. Therefore, the word bitch is contextually used as a swear word.
In contrast, taboo words and swear words cannot be separated. It is because
they are correlated with each other. Usually, when people are swearing, taboo words
will change their meaning completely. For example, fuck off, the meaning is not to
have sex. It is a rude command of saying go away (Swan, 2005).
4.
Propositional Swearing and Non-Propositional Swearing
Jay conceptualizes all instances of swearing as either propositional or non-
propositional (2008). Propositional swearing happens when the speaker can control
the content of swearing that speaker utters. Jay also argues that propositional
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
13
swearing happens consciously planned and intentionally. It can be polite or
impolite, or neither. It is polite when it promotes social harmony, as in face building
(e. g., This pie is pretty fucking good!). It is rude when it is used to deliberately
attack someone, as in face threat (e.g., You fucking asshole!)". It can be concluded
that propositional swearing can be used in a polite or impolite situation. It depends
on the speaker's purpose. In conclusion, propositional swearing is swearing which
is spoken in under control of the speaker or intentionally uttered by the speaker.
The second categorization is non-propositional swearing. Jay (2008) states
that non-propositional swearing is unintentional, unplanned and uncontrollable. In
other word, non-propositional swearing requires spontaneous respond of a person
to a certain condition. It involves automatic emotional responses which frequently
occur in response to sudden bursts of emotion (e.g., surprise) or as a result of brain
damage.
Jay (2008) adds neurotically factors influence both propositional and nonpropositional swearing. Non-propositional utterances show clearly that people are
not always able to control swearing because emotion arises involuntarily.
Psychological and cultural factors play a substantial role when one has the time and
resources to make conscious word choices. Therefore, it can be concluded that nonpropositional swearing category is swearing which is spoken suddenly and
uncontrollably by the speaker. This category will appear when the speaker is
surprised.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14
5.
The Swearing Expressions
Swan (2005, p. 567-569) categorizes swearing expressions into 10 swearing
categories. They are exclamation of annoyance, exclamation of surprise, surprised
question, insult (noun), insult (imperative verb + object), insulting request to go
away, expression of unconcern, violent refusal/rejection/defiance, intensifying
adjective/adverb, and miscellaneous. The further explanation on each category is
discussed below.
a)
Exclamation of Annoyance:
Example of use: “Damn It! Can’t you hurry up?”
From the example above, the use of Damn it! to express the expression of
annoyed feeling against other situation or behavior. Then, it can be concluded into
exclamation of annoyance.
b)
Exclamation of Surprise:
Example of use: “My God! Look at that!”
From the example above, the words My God! means that the speaker is
expressing speaker reaction against other situations or behaviors. Then, it can be
concluded into exclamation of surprise.
c)
Surprised Question:
Example of use: “What the fuck do you think you’re doing?”
From the example above, the words what the fuck can be concluded into
surprise question. It is because the speaker reacts something through a question
sentence form which contains a swear word.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
15
d)
Insult (noun)
Example of use: “You bastard!”
From the example above, the words bastards used by the speaker to abuse
or harm others. It can be concluded into Insult (noun) because the swear word stands
as a noun. However, a swear word which is classified as a noun is having no real
intention. It only expresses the speaker’s emotion of anger, hatred, envy or
contempt.
e)
Insult (imperative verb + object)
Example of use: “Fuck you!”
From the example above, the words Fuck can be concluded into insult
(imperative verb + object) because the speaker wants to abuse or harm others, and
it is just the same with the insulting words as a noun. Nevertheless, an insult in these
types is consisting of an imperative verb and followed by an object. Usually, people
express a command then follow by the object to complete the sentence.
f)
Insulting request to go away:
Example of use: “Fuck off!”
From the example above, the words fuck off is used to request people to
leave or go away from the speaker. The insulting request to go away means that the
speaker asks people to move by using a swear word.
g)
Expression of Unconcern:
Example of use: “They can come and arrest me if they want to, I don’t give
a fuck.”
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
16
From the example above, the speaker expresses his/her emotion of
unconcern to the people who want to come and arrest the speaker. It means that this
expression is used to express an ignorance against the situation or other by using
swear word.
h)
Violent Refusal/Rejection/Defiance:
Example of use: “Give me a kiss – Get stuffed!”
From the example above, it shows that the speaker refuses the people
request. It means that violent refusal is used to reject or refuse something or
someone’s idea by using swear word.
i)
Intensifying Adjective/Adverb:
Example of use: “Put the fucking cat out! Look!”
From the example above, the word fucking meant that the speaker wants to
emphasize the cat that should be putted out. It means that this swearing expression
is used to intensify or strengthen somethings that speaker wants by using a swear
word. In addition, Swan explains when people use swear word to emphasize an
emotion it includes in Intensifying swear word.
j)
Miscellaneous:
Example of use: “Somebody’s fucked up the TV”
From the example above, the speaker tells that somebody destroys the TV.
It means that this swearing expression is used by people to tell something which
means ruin, destroy, and spoil. Based on Swan (2005), swear words which are
common in this category are fucked up, bugger up and screw up, these swear words
can be interpreted as the ruin, spoil, and destroy.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
17
6.
Positive and Negative Connotations
Reason for swearing depends on the intention of the speaker. It may be used
in the positive or negative connotations. Sex-related swear words can be used to get
personal or interpersonal outcomes which may be negative or positive of their
impact on others. Jay (2009) states, in the positive personal outcomes, the sexrelated swear word is used in the situations of joking, social commentary, sex talk,
and storytelling in order to promote social harmony. In negative personal outcomes,
the sex-related swear word is used in negative context. Furthermore, those
connotations are still regarded as impolite.
B.
Theoretical Framework
This research aims to analyze swearing in The Wolf of Wall Street movie
concerning a main problem, it is the categorization of sex-related swear words used
by Jordan Belfort. In this part, the researcher synthesizes major theories to help in
conducting the research and answering the research questions.
The researcher discusses the context of sex-related swear words that exist in
Jordan's utterances. The context is used to find out the sex-related swear words. In
this research, the researcher uses Holmes’ (2001) theory of contextual meaning.
There are four important components to conduct the context. They are the
participant, the setting or social context of interaction, the topic, and the function.
Moreover, the researcher categorizes the impetus of the sex-related swear
words and swearing expressions into two categories by using Timothy Jay’s (2008)
theory. The theory that has explained by Jay are propositional and nonpropositional. This theory is adopted by the researcher to answer the research
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
18
question. This analysis is necessary to observe the previous and afterward of each
utterance by looking on the scripts. It is made the researcher get valid analysis based
on the context of the conversation.
In order to analyze the notion of the swearing expressions, the researcher
utilizes the theory of swearing expressions by Swan (2005). Those are, exclamation
of annoyance, exclamation of surprise, surprised question, insult (noun), insult
(imperative verb + object), insulting request to go away, expression of unconcern,
violent
refusal/rejection/defiance,
intensifying
adjective/adverb,
and
miscellaneous. In addition, the researcher uses Jay’s (2009) to analyze the
connotations of sex-related swear words. They are negative and positive
connotations.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents research methodology to answer the research
questions stated in the first chapter. This chapter comprises five parts, namely the
research method, the research setting, the data source and size, instrument and data
gathering technique, and data analysis technique.
A.
Research Method
In this research, descriptive and qualitative research are applied to gather
and analyze the data. According to Leedy and Ormrod (2016), descriptive research
is employed to describe characteristics of a phenomenon or population being
studied. The research is concerned on the “what” question rather than “why”
question. Moreover, the research elaborate the data in numarical statistics in order
to answer the research question. However, qualitative research thus refers to the
meaning, definitions, concepts, characteristics, symbol, metaphor, and descriptions
of things (Berg, 2007). Based on Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh (2002), qualitative
research focuses on understanding social phenomena from the perspective of the
human participants and in a form of interpretative descriptive research.
The descriptive and qualitative research are determined to be the most
appropriate method of this research because this research is conducted qualitative
and descriptive methods. Descriptive research is employed to explain the data result
in a form of statistics and it is used to answer the first research question. Qualitative
research is employed to interpret and explain the data result analysis in a form of
19
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
20
narrative and it is used to answer the second research question. Moreover,
descriptive qualitative research is used to better understand research problems by
uniting broad numeric trends from quantitative research and the detail from
qualitative research.
B.
Type and Source of Data
In this research, the sex-related swear words were the types of data to be
analyzed. The researcher limited three kinds of sex-related swear words, namely
fuck, fucking, and fucked. Those data were taken from the Jordan Belfort’s
utterances in The Wolf of Wall Street movie. In conducting this research, there were
two major data sources involved.
1.
Digital Sources
In order to gain the data, the researcher used digital sources from the
internet. The data were downloaded from the two selected websites. The first one
was www.indoxx1.com. This was a website that people used to download the
movies online. Indoxx1 was used by the researcher to get the movie. The reason
because it was a very popular website to stream and download a movie online in
Indonesia. Indoxx1 provided a lot of movies that were up to date and it is also freeaccess for all people. The other website was www.subscene.com. This website
helped the researcher to get the script of the movie. The researcher chose this
website because it is a popular website where the trusted translators could upload
their translation movies' script.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
21
2.
Document Source
According to O'Leary's (2014) theory, the document which was used to
obtain the data were public records, physical evidence, and personal document. In
this research, a document was used as the secondary data source which was taken
from the script of The Wolf of Wall Street movie. Virtual document was used as a
secondary source of the data to conduct this research.
There were 226 sex-related swear words uttered by Jordan Belfort in the
movie. From the data collection, all of the sex-related swear words was listed, then
code and classified it into two types categorization; appearances, and swearing
expressions of sex-related swear words.
C.
Instruments and Data Gathering Technique
This research used tables and cross tabulations as the instruments in the
process of gathering the data. The tables were employed to classify the categories
of the sex-related swear words and the cross tabulation was used to figure out the
most frequent of sex-related swear words which were uttered by Jordan Belfort’s.
In this research, Jay’s classification was used to analyze the appearance categories
of sex-related swear words . Jay (2008) states, there are two categories of swearing
based on the appearances, namely propositional and non-propositional. For the
category of swearing expressions, this research used Swan’s (2005) theory. There
are ten swearing expressions of sex-related swear words, namely violent refusal,
exclamation of surprise, surprised question, exclamation of annoyance,
exclamation
of
unconcern,
insult
(imperative
verb
+
object),
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
22
intensifier/intensifying, insult as a noun, insulting request to go away, and
miscellaneous.
In addition, Gay (1987) states, observation is one of three techniques that
could be used in collecting the data in descriptive and qualitative research. While
observing the movie, there were four steps which undergone this technique.
1.
Watching the movie
The researcher watched The Wolf of Wall Street movie for three times, in
order to understand the context of the sex-related swear word utterances.
2.
Taking notes
The words, phrases, clauses, or sentences that contained sex-related swear
words was noted based on three theories. Holmes (2001), Swan (2005), and Jay
(1992), the theories were used to decide what sex-related swear words that used by
Jordan Belfort in the movie.
3.
Validating the transcript
In order to make sure the valid transcriptions, the script from subtitle file
was compared with the movie.
4.
Recording the data
The data was collected to obtain from the observation to be tabulated into
the table as the instrument of this research.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
23
Table 3.1 Categorization of Sex-Related Swear Words
Swear
Word
Variation
No
Utterances
VR
ES
SQ
N P N
Fuck
Propositional
Non-Propositional
2A
EA
P
EU
IV
IT
N
IA
IN
M
P
Jordan: I
heard some
stupid shit. I
don’t know.
Fuck, I
didn’t even
want to
bring it up.
It’s just...
it’s stupid.
Notes:
Abbreviations:
EA
: Exclamation of Annoyance
IN
: Insult (noun)
EU
: Exclamation of Unconcern
SQ
: Surprised Question
IV
: Insult (imperative verb + Object)
M
: Miscellaneous
IT
: Intensifying Adverb/Adjective
IA
: Insulting request to go away
ES
: Exclamation of Surprise
1A
: number of sex-related swear word (fuck)
P
: Positive Connotation
N
: Negative Connotation
D.
Data Analysis Techniques
In order to analyze the data, the researcher adapted Cresswell’s (2009)
theory. There are four steps in descriptive qualitative data analysis procedure, which
are reading all of the data, coding, generating the description, and represent the
categories in the narration.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
24
1.
Read all the data
The researcher read all of the sex-related swear words from the table that
had been collected. This step was used by the researcher to check whether there
were mistakes in the process of gathering the data.
2.
Coding
The sex-related swear words were classified in the column of the table based
on the swearing category and the swearing expressions category. For the categories
of swearing used Jay’s (2009) theory. In this categorization, only put one category
in a sex-related swear words utterance. For the swearing expressions, the researcher
used Swan’s (2005) theory of swearing expressions.
3.
Generating Description
The data categorized based on the category by counting and analyzing in
one group. In this step, the researcher also gave the descriptions of each category.
4.
Represent in Narration
The categories were represented in the narrations. In this step, the researcher
discussed the details of each category by showing an example of the data from each
category in the narration.
In addition, cross tabulations were used to figure out the most frequent of
the sex-related swear words. The cross tabulation was presented in the result and
discussion and used to make conclusions.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, the researcher discusses the result of the research in an
attempt to answer the research questions. The first research question aims to find
out the categories of sex-related swear words according to its impetus. The second
research question aims to find out the notions of sex-related swear word in
communication. The researcher divides this chapter into two sections. The first
section elaborates the analysis of the sex-related swear words categories according
to their impetuses. The second section elaborates the analysis the notion of sexrelated swear words which have been analyzed in the first section.
A.
Swearing Categories of Sex-Related Swear Words
In the first analysis, the researcher aimed to answer the first research
question. The first research question categorized sex-related swear words into two
swearing categories. They were propositional and non-propositional swearing
category. Based on Jay (2002) explains that propositional swearing occurred
intentionally. The speaker consciously planned to swear and the speakers controlled
the content of their utterances. It meant that the speaker wanted to uttered a swear
word and they also could control the utterance that they had said. Besides, nonpropositional swearing is unplanned, uncontrollable, and unintentional. Means, the
speakers utter the sex-related swear words spontaneously, and they are not able to
control the sex-related swear words that has been uttered. The speaker
automatically utters the swear word to give emotional responses (Jay, 2008).
25
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
26
159
30
25
8
4
0
Non-Propositional
Fuck
Propositional
Fucking
Fucked
Figure 4.1 Frequency of Swearing Categories
Figure 4.1 showed non-propositional and propositional swearing category
were found in Jordan Belfort’s sex-related swear words. There found 226 sexrelated swear words w
JORDAN BELFORT’S SEX-RELATED SWEAR WORDS IN
THE WOLF OF WALL STREET MOVIE
TITLE PAGE
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By:
Krisna Efrata
Student Number: 141214005
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2019
i
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
DEDICATION PAGE
You can have it all, just not all at once.
-Oprah Winfrey-
This thesis is dadicated to my beloved parents and brother,
Sumarwoto, Chatarina Tyas Weningsih,
and Surya Efrata.
iv
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRACT
Efrata, Krisna. (2019). Jordan Belfort’s Sex-Related Swear Words in The Wolf of
Wall Street Movie. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program.
Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and
Education, Sanata Dharma University.
Swear words are commonly used in society to express their emotion or
feeling. Furthermore, sex-related swear word, which is a part of swear word are the
most commonly used by Jordan Belfort in The Wolf of Wall Street movie to swear.
This research is designed to analyze the impetus swearing category and the
swearing expressions category behind sex-related swear word “fuck, fucking, and
fucked” which is used by Jordan Belfort in The Wolf of Wall Street movie.
The purpose of this research is to answer the two research questions, namely
(1) What categories of Jordan Belfort’s sex-related swear words are found in The
Wolf of Wall Street movie? and (2) What are the notions of Jordan Belfort’s sexrelated swear words in The Wolf of Wall Street movie?
This study used descriptive and qualitative method. Observation was a
technique to gather the data. The researcher watched The Wolf of Wall Street movie
and classified the sex-related swear words which were used by Jordan Belfort using
tables and cross tabulations. In analysing the data, the researcher used Creswell’s
(2009) descriptive and qualitative data analysis procedure.
There are 226 sex-related swear words “fuck, fucking, fucked” uttered by
the main character. According to its impetus, the swearing words were catgorized
into two, namely the propositional category and non-propositional category.
According to its notion, there were 9 categories of swearing expressions in Jordan
Belfort’s utterances. They were violent refusal, exclamation of surprise, surprised
question, exclamation of annoyance, exclamation of unconcern, insult (imperative
verb +object), intensifying / intensifier, insulting request to go away, and
miscellaneous. Moreover, the researcher also found that each swearing expression
had either positive or negative connotation.
It is concluded that the sex-related swear words which were uttered by
Jordan Belfort, have different notions. The sex-related swear words were used by
Jordan Belfort to express 9 kind expressions. Furthermore, the sex-related swear
words could be used in positive connotation or negative connotation based on the
context of the utterances. Moreover, this sex-related swear word could be
uttered/used in spontaneously or intentionally according to the contexts and the
situations of the speaker.
Keywords: pragmatics, sex-related swear word, swear word and taboo word,
swearing expression, swearing category, The Wolf of Wall Street.
vii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRAK
Efrata, Krisna. (2019). Jordan Belfort’s Sex-Related Swear Words in The Wolf of
Wall Street Movie. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris. Jurusan
Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Kata umpatan sering digunakan di masyarakat untuk mengungkapkan emosi
atau perasaan. Istilah-istilah seksual yang mana masih termasuk dalam bagian dari
kata umpatan adalah yang paling sering digunakan oleh Jordan Belfort dalam film
The Wolf of Wall Street untuk mengupat. Penelitian ini dirancang untuk
menganalisis kategori dari kemunculan dan ekspresi dari istilah seksual seperti fuck,
fucking, dan fucked yang digunakan oleh Jordan Belfort dalam film The Wolf of
Wall Street.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menjawab dua rumusan masalah,
yaitu (1) Apa saja kategori kata-kata umpatan terkait dengan seks yang diucapkan
oleh Jordan Belfort dalam film The Wolf of Wall Street?, dan (2) Apakah maksud
dari kata-kata umpatan terkait dengan seks yang digunakan oleh Jordan Belfort
dalam film The Wolf of Wall Street?
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik observasi
digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data. Peneliti menonton film The Wolf of Wall
Street dan mengklasifikasikan kata-kata umpatan terkait dengan seks yang
diucapkan oleh Jordan Belfort dengan menggunakan tabel pengamatan dan tabulasi
silang. Dalam menganalisi data, peneliti menggunakan teori deskriptif kualitatif
dari Creswell (2009).
Dalam penenelitian ini terdapat 226 istilah seksual “fuck, fucking, fucked”
yang diucapkan oleh tokoh utama. Berdasarkan kemunculannya, kata umpatan
dikategorikan menjadi 2 yaitu kategori propositional dan non-propositional.
Berdasarkan maksudnya, terdapat 9 kategori dari ekspresi umpatan dalam
perkataan Jordan Belfort. Diantaranya violent refusal, exclamation of surprise,
surprised question, exclamation of annoyance, exclamation of unconcern, insult
(imperative verb + object), intensifying / intensifier, insulting request to go away,
dan miscellaneous. Selain itu, peneliti juga menemukan bahwa setiap ekspresi dari
kata umpatan memiliki arti konotasi positif atau konotasi negatif.
Peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa kata-kata umpatan terkait dengan seks yang
diucapkan oleh Jordan Belfort memiliki ekspresi yang berbeda. Kata umpatan
terkait dengan seks yang digunakan Jordan Belfort adalah untuk mengekspresikan
9 jenis ekspresi. Kata-kata umpatan terkait seks yang digunakan oleh Jordan Belfort
untuk mengekspresikan berbagai macam ekspresi. Kata-kata umpatan terkait seks
dapat digunakan dalam konotasi positif atau negatif, berdasarkan konteks dalam
ucapan-ucapan tersebut. Bahkan, kata-kata umpatan terkait dengan seks ini dapat
diucapkan / digunakan dalam keadaan spontan maupun sengaja, sesuai dengan
konteks dan situasi dari pembicara tersebut. Setiap kata umpatan memiliki sebuah
ekspresi yang berbeda.
Keywords: pragmatics, sex-related swear word, swear word and taboo word,
swearing expression, swearing category, The Wolf of Wall Street.
viii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly, I would like to thank Jesus Christ for His blessing in all the time that
makes me could finish this research. He gave me the spirit, strenght and health in
the process of making this research. He also indirectly helped me by providing me
the supportive environment; friends, lecturer, and parents.
Secondly, I would like to thank Dr. Emanuel Sunarto, M. Hum., for his
valuable time, guidance, and patience when making this research. He always
support me to not give up doing this research by giving some motivations,
suggestions and a lot of knowledges which were very useful for me.
Thirdly, I would like to thank my beloved parents and brother who always
support and encourage me through the facilities and advices in making my dream
come true. Without them, I could not finish this research. Furthermore, I would like
to thank my English Language Education Study Program’s lecturers and staffs who
guide me to survive in this study program.
Lastly, I would like to thank all of my friends; PBI Underground, NUDC
LO, Penerbang Sigung and Wonkave: Ajik, Vito, Jere, Bayu, Bimo, Ajeng, Vee,
Vidi, Voni, Rea, Moore, Martin, Maria, Deo, Yosa, Ampaloz, Simbah, Wendi,
Marcel, Mace, Verina, Blawonk, Abet, Adip, Thomas, Hanung, Bangkit, Kribo, and
Kecap who always support me in every situation until finished this research.
Krisna Efrata
ix
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGES .............................................................................................. ii
DEDICATION PAGE ............................................................................................ iv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ....................................................... v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ...................................................... vi
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... vii
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................. viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................... xii
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................. xiii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1
A. Background of The Study ............................................................................ 1
B. Research Question ........................................................................................ 4
C. Problem Limitations ..................................................................................... 5
D. Significance of The Study ............................................................................ 5
E. Definition of Terms ...................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...................................... 9
A. Theoretical Description ................................................................................ 9
1.
Pragmatics ................................................................................................ 9
2.
Swearing ................................................................................................. 11
3.
Taboo Words and Swear Words ............................................................. 11
4.
Propositional Swearing and Non-Propositional Swearing ..................... 12
5.
The Swearing Expressions ..................................................................... 14
6.
Positive and Negative Connotations ....................................................... 17
B. Theoretical Framework .............................................................................. 17
x
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................ 19
A. Research Method ........................................................................................ 19
B. Type and Source of Data ............................................................................ 20
1.
Digital Sources ....................................................................................... 20
2.
Document Source ................................................................................... 21
C. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique ............................................... 21
D. Data Analysis Techniques .......................................................................... 23
CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS.......................... 25
A. Swearing Categories of Sex-Related Swear Words ................................... 25
1.
Non-Propositional Swearing Category ................................................... 26
2.
Propositional Swearing Category ........................................................... 28
B. The Notions of Sex-Related Swear Words ................................................ 30
1.
Non-Propositional Swearing Category ................................................... 31
2.
Propositional Swearing Category ........................................................... 40
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................... 52
A. Conclusions ................................................................................................ 52
B. Implications ................................................................................................ 54
C. Recommendations ...................................................................................... 54
REFERENCES...................................................................................................... 56
APPENDICES ...................................................................................................... 59
xi
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
EA
: Exclamation of Annoyance
SQ
: Surprise Question
VR
: Violent Refusal
ES
: Exclamation of Surprise
EU
: Exclamation of Unconcern
IA
: Insulting Request to Go Away
IN
: Insult as Noun
IT
: Intensifying/Intensifier
IV
: Insult (Imperative Verb + Object)
M
: Miscellaneous
N
: Negative Connotation
P
: Positive Connotation
xii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No.
Page
Figure 4.1 The Frequency of Swearing Categories .............................................26
Figure 4.2 The Frequency of Swearing Expressions ..........................................31
Figure 4.3 The Frequency of Sex-Related Swear Words....................................32
Figure 4.4 The Frequency of Sex-Related Swear Words....................................41
xiii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This study discusses four major parts. Those are the background of the
study, research questions, significance of the study, and definition of terms.
A.
Background of The Study
Language is used by all people in the world to communicate with others.
Through language, the message can be transferred from a person to another.
According to Fromkin, Blaire, and Collins (1999), when people know a language,
people can speak and be understood by other who know that language. It means
somebody needs to know the language and another person’s language if somebody
wants to understand his or her ideas. By understanding other people ideas, people
can do and react based on the language that they used.
Therefore, language is very important in life because almost all of the
activities need language to communicate. Based on Fasold and Connor-Linton
(2006), language is a finite system of elements and principles that make it possible
for speakers to construct sentences which are used for particular communicative
jobs. On the other hand, language is not only used for communication, but it is also
used to express their emotion. Chaika (1982) states that people use language to
reveal or conceal personal identity, character, and background without realizing that
they are actually doing so. It shows that people can choose their own language to
express their emotions.
1
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2
In the communication process, the emotions or feelings of the speakers can
be reflected through the language they use. It could be in the form of angry, happy,
sad, surprised, or afraid expressions. People express their emotions or feelings by
uttering some words, such as uttering bad language. Frequently, bad language is
used to reflect anger or sadness. However, there are five ways that people can use
to express their emotions. The examples are compliment, greeting, statement,
question, and also swearing.
Swearing is one of many utterances which exists in our society. Based on
Cambridge dictionary, swearing is a rude or offensive language that someone uses,
especially when they are angry (CED, 2018). Jay and Janschweit (2008) also state
that swearing is primarily used to convey emotional meaning. In swearing, people
produce swear words or taboo words. From that explanation, there are two reasons
that caused people produce swear words or taboo words. People usually produce
taboo words to swear because it might be the strongest way to signify a number of
emotions in an impolite way such as anger, confusion, frustration, disappointment,
joy and sometimes surprise (Jay, 2002).
Taboo or tabu is a term that denotes an object or act (taboo acts are activities
that are not supposed to be done, while taboo words are words that are not supposed
to be uttered) which must be avoided since it can ruin the value of a certain culture,
especially about politeness and manners (Allan and Burridge, 2006). Actually,
swear words and taboo words are always connected with unsuitable language and
should not be used in daily conversations. Furthermore, Swan (2005) states, when
people swear, taboo words usually change their meanings completely. For example,
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3
“fuck off” and “piss off” have nothing to do with sex or urinating – they are simply
violently rude wars of saying ‘go away’. It shows that swear words and taboo words
are always correlated in daily life. However, nowadays swearing is not only used
to express anger but it is also used in daily conversation.
In this era, swearing can be found in conversations between people
regardless their gender. Swearing is used not only for expressing anger, but also for
expressing happiness, sadness, surprise, and fear situations. Swear words have
become common in society because many people produce swear words in their
daily conversation. Men, women, and children can speak using swear words by
learning from any sources. For example, by watching movie, listening to other
people, and reading a novel. However, people are also exposed to swear words in
the social media, like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Ask FM, etc. That is why
people can easily learn and know how to produce swear words. English language
has its own swear words and some them are considered as universal swear words,
thus they might influence people to produce swear words in their daily lives.
Wardaugh (2005) states that taboo and swear word can be classified into six
types. There are religious matters, death, body part, sex, mother in law, and animal
terms. The sex-related swear words were chosen by the researcher to analyze in this
research.
In this study, the researcher intends to analyze sex-related swear words in a
movie. The researcher chooses a movie as the main data source because a movie
might illustrate human beings’ daily lives. The chosen movie is entitled The Wolf
of Wall Street. It is chosen because Jordan Belfort, the main character, frequently
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
4
uses swear words in his dialogues. This movie was published in 2013. Furthermore,
this comedy movie portrays the biography of Jordan Belfort which contains many
swear words in the dialogues. In addition, the movie is popular since it is rated 8.2
by, https://www.imdb.com. (2018). Due to those reasons, this movie becomes the
source to be analyzed.
By watching this movie, it is possible for people’s behavior to be influenced
by the swear words used in this movie. This movie has great moral values in which
life is precious for us and we need to struggle to live our own lives. Thus, it is very
important for the audience to get deeper understanding about the function and the
cultural context of the swear words uttered by Jordan Belfort in this movie.
Moreover, it is also important for students to understand the concept of swear
words, especially in studying pragmatics in this movie. Thus, it is possible for
students to be able to avoid using swear words in their daily conversation.
B.
Research Question
From the background of the study presented above, there are two questions
which the researcher would like to formulate in this research.
1.
What categories of Jordan Belfort’s sex-related swear words are found in
The Wolf of Wall Street movie?
2.
What are the notions of Jordan Belfort’s sex-related swear words in The
Wolf of Wall Street movie?
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
5
C.
Problem Limitations
The researcher limits the scope which is related to the research questions.
Almost all of the characters in The Wolf of Wall Street movie use swear words in
their utterances. The researcher only focuses on the Jordan Belfort who utters a lot
of swear word in The Wolf of Wall Street movie. Furthermore, the researcher
specifies on the sex-related swear words “fuck, fucking, and fucked”. The researcher
also analyzes the categorization of (non-propositional or propositional) and the
swearing expressions of the sex-related swear words to answer the research
questions.
D.
Significance of The Study
The study is beneficial for students of English Language Education Study
Program and for future researchers who are going to do a research on swear words.
Hopefully, the study can also give some benefits for the readers. The benefits of
this research are as follows:
1.
English Learners
English learners will gain more understanding about taboo words and swear
words. The students are also expected to understand the concept of swear words or
taboo words, particularly when they are studying about pragmatics. By explaining
the students of the concept of swear words, it is hoped that the students will get
more understanding on the use of swear words in society. Therefore, the students
will be able to avoid using swear words in their daily conversation.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
6
2.
Future Researchers
After the future researchers read this study, the researcher believes this study
can give information, and inspiration to future research while conducting another
study about swear words or taboo words. For the future researchers, this research
will guide them to find some references about swear words, especially in sex-related
swear words.
3.
General Readers
This study can give a better understanding to readers in general about swear
words or taboo words, so the readers will know the intentions behind swear words
in conversations. The general readers will also know about the phenomenon of sexrelated swear words in the movie. Thus, the general readers will be able to consider
the swear words used in their daily conversations.
E.
Definition of Terms
Definition of terms gives an explanation of the information and theories
which are related to the research. This part consists of three terms that are important
and they are used to avoid misunderstanding in this study. The researcher provides
definitions of three terms that are frequently seen in this study. The terms that are
frequently used in this research are in swear words and taboo, sex-related swear
word, and characters.
1.
Swear Word
According to Andersson and Trudgill (1992), swear word is “a type of
language used in which the expression; (a) refers to something that is taboo or
stigmatized in the culture; (b) should not be interpreted literally; (c) can be used to
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
7
express strong emotions and attitude” (p.53). However, Dewaele, J-M (2004)
explains that swear or taboo words are multifunctional, pragmatic units which
assume, in addition to the expression of emotional attitudes, various discourse
function. In this study, the taboo words which are uttered by Jordan Belfort in The
Wolf of Wall Street is considered as swear words. Jordan Belfort also uses swear
words to express his solidarity and anger in his friendship. Swear words or taboo
words are included in a linguistic device used to affirm in-group membership and
establish boundaries and social norms for language use (Drescher, 2000; Rayson,
Leech & Hodges, 1997; Stenstrom, 1995, 1999).
2.
Sex-Related Swear Words
Sex-related swear word is one of the types of swear words, which is taboo
or obscenity. One of the swear word types proposed by Jay (1992) is taboo or
obscenity, which is a type of swear word that has a strong meaning, and people
usually use this swear word from sexual organs and excretory items (e.g. fuck,
motherfucker, and cocks). Swan (2005) also argues that sex-related swear words are
usually related to the associated parts of the body and sexual activity (e.g. balls,
fuck).
3.
Characters
Based on Abram’s explanation (1999), characters are the persons in a
dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the reader as persons who have
moral intellectual, and emotional qualities. He concludes that characters are the
persons who represent human behavior in a dramatic or narrative work. In this
research, the main character refers to a person who appears the most in a movie.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
8
The main character in The Wolf of Wall Street movie is Jordan Belfort. The
researcher only focuses on the main character’s utterances because the main
character already gives enough data which are going to be analyzed.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the review of related literature. It is divided into two
parts, namely the theoretical description and theoretical framework. In the
theoretical description, the researcher reviews six theories which are used as guides
on this study. The theories’ review includes the swearing categories and the
swearing expressions. The theoretical framework is aimed to provide the theories
which help the researcher to answer the problems.
A.
Theoretical Description
This chapter explains the literature review containing six theories that are
used as the guides for this research. The discussions cover the details of pragmatics,
swear words, the concept of swearing, the swearing expressions, the category of
swearing (propositional or non-propositional), and the positive and negative
connotations.
1.
Pragmatics
a)
Definition of Pragmatics
In order to conduct this research, the researcher uses pragmatic approach for
the analysis. Yule (1996) argues that pragmatics is the study of speaker’s meaning,
contextual meaning, how more gets information than is said, and the expression of
relative distance. It means that pragmatics is a study to understand what a speaker
means. However, in order to understand the swearing expressions behind of the
speaker uttetance, context is needed. Context means a situation and condition of a
9
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
10
speaker. In order to understand speaker’s swearing expressions, a pragmatic
approach also needs to explore how listener perceives toward speaker’s intention.
Then in a pragmatic approach, the relation factors between the listener and the
speaker are very important. It means physical, social, or conceptual factors should
be considered to get the intentions of the speakers.
By understanding Yule's explanation about pragmatics, pragmatic approach
is suitable to be implemented in this research. The aim of this research is analyzing
the swearing expression category of sex-related swear words within the Jordan
Belfort utterances in The Wolf of Wall Street movie based on the contextual
meaning of the utterances.
b)
Context
In order to analyze the swearing expression categories of sex-related swear
words, context is an important factor that would be used to analyze language.
According to Asher and Simpson (1994), “context is one of those linguistic terms
which constantly used in all kinds of context” (p. 731). It has the connection with
the function of language and they are important in pragmatics. It means that the
essential element in the interpretation of utterances is the context in which it is
uttered.
Further, Holmes (2001) argues that in any situation, linguistic choices could
be reflected from these following components of context:
1) The participant (it conveys the speaker and whom they are speaking).
2) The setting or social context of interaction (it conveys the place when the
speaker is speaking).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
11
3) The topic (it conveys what is being talked about).
4) The function (it conveys the reasons, why they are speaking).
Therefore, those four components are the important things to analyze the context in
this research.
2.
Swearing
Swearing is a part of a language that people use to communicate with each
other. Swearing is a linguistic device used to affirm in-group membership and
establish boundaries and social norms for language use (Drescher, 2000; Rayson,
Leech & Hodges, 1997; Stenstrom, 1995, 1999). They may express annoyance,
aggression, insult, or they may express solidarity and friendliness (Holmes, 2013).
Moreover, swearing is the use of taboo language with the purpose of expressing the
speaker’s emotional state and communicating that information to listeners. (Jay,
2008). Lieury, Boissière, Jamet & Marinkovic (1997) have found that swearing
stands out from neutral words in the L1 and is more likely to be recalled in short
and long-term recall experiments.
3.
Taboo Words and Swear Words
a)
Taboo Words
People do not usually use this type of word to communicate with each other.
According to Katrina Lindahl (2008), “taboo words are words that are not supposed
to be said or used, often because they are regarded as improper or immoral, or
believed to be supernaturally forbidden” (p.1). People use this kind of language to
express their emotion, like when they are swearing. However, Jay (2008) has stated
that “swearing is the use of taboo language with the purpose of expressing the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
12
speaker’s emotional state and communicating that information to listeners.”
(p.268). Jay (2008) also argues that the use of taboo when they are swearing is not
primarily meant the word itself. For example, the word fuck is not always meant to
express someone’s desire to have sexual intercourse with anybody to whom they
talk to.
b)
Swear Words
After comprehending the concept and definition of taboo words, the
researcher is going to define the swear words. Karjailanen (2002) explains that
swear word is not always taboo. It means that taboo words do not always belong to
swear words, for example, the word cannibalism. It is included in taboo words but
not in swear words. It is because cannibalism is a cultural word and no one use this
taboo word to swear. Moreover, Ljung (2011) explains that swear words are words
which have a bad connotation in the content, for the example, the word bitch. The
word bitch contains a negative connotation which according to CED (2018) bitch
is a female dog. Therefore, the word bitch is contextually used as a swear word.
In contrast, taboo words and swear words cannot be separated. It is because
they are correlated with each other. Usually, when people are swearing, taboo words
will change their meaning completely. For example, fuck off, the meaning is not to
have sex. It is a rude command of saying go away (Swan, 2005).
4.
Propositional Swearing and Non-Propositional Swearing
Jay conceptualizes all instances of swearing as either propositional or non-
propositional (2008). Propositional swearing happens when the speaker can control
the content of swearing that speaker utters. Jay also argues that propositional
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
13
swearing happens consciously planned and intentionally. It can be polite or
impolite, or neither. It is polite when it promotes social harmony, as in face building
(e. g., This pie is pretty fucking good!). It is rude when it is used to deliberately
attack someone, as in face threat (e.g., You fucking asshole!)". It can be concluded
that propositional swearing can be used in a polite or impolite situation. It depends
on the speaker's purpose. In conclusion, propositional swearing is swearing which
is spoken in under control of the speaker or intentionally uttered by the speaker.
The second categorization is non-propositional swearing. Jay (2008) states
that non-propositional swearing is unintentional, unplanned and uncontrollable. In
other word, non-propositional swearing requires spontaneous respond of a person
to a certain condition. It involves automatic emotional responses which frequently
occur in response to sudden bursts of emotion (e.g., surprise) or as a result of brain
damage.
Jay (2008) adds neurotically factors influence both propositional and nonpropositional swearing. Non-propositional utterances show clearly that people are
not always able to control swearing because emotion arises involuntarily.
Psychological and cultural factors play a substantial role when one has the time and
resources to make conscious word choices. Therefore, it can be concluded that nonpropositional swearing category is swearing which is spoken suddenly and
uncontrollably by the speaker. This category will appear when the speaker is
surprised.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14
5.
The Swearing Expressions
Swan (2005, p. 567-569) categorizes swearing expressions into 10 swearing
categories. They are exclamation of annoyance, exclamation of surprise, surprised
question, insult (noun), insult (imperative verb + object), insulting request to go
away, expression of unconcern, violent refusal/rejection/defiance, intensifying
adjective/adverb, and miscellaneous. The further explanation on each category is
discussed below.
a)
Exclamation of Annoyance:
Example of use: “Damn It! Can’t you hurry up?”
From the example above, the use of Damn it! to express the expression of
annoyed feeling against other situation or behavior. Then, it can be concluded into
exclamation of annoyance.
b)
Exclamation of Surprise:
Example of use: “My God! Look at that!”
From the example above, the words My God! means that the speaker is
expressing speaker reaction against other situations or behaviors. Then, it can be
concluded into exclamation of surprise.
c)
Surprised Question:
Example of use: “What the fuck do you think you’re doing?”
From the example above, the words what the fuck can be concluded into
surprise question. It is because the speaker reacts something through a question
sentence form which contains a swear word.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
15
d)
Insult (noun)
Example of use: “You bastard!”
From the example above, the words bastards used by the speaker to abuse
or harm others. It can be concluded into Insult (noun) because the swear word stands
as a noun. However, a swear word which is classified as a noun is having no real
intention. It only expresses the speaker’s emotion of anger, hatred, envy or
contempt.
e)
Insult (imperative verb + object)
Example of use: “Fuck you!”
From the example above, the words Fuck can be concluded into insult
(imperative verb + object) because the speaker wants to abuse or harm others, and
it is just the same with the insulting words as a noun. Nevertheless, an insult in these
types is consisting of an imperative verb and followed by an object. Usually, people
express a command then follow by the object to complete the sentence.
f)
Insulting request to go away:
Example of use: “Fuck off!”
From the example above, the words fuck off is used to request people to
leave or go away from the speaker. The insulting request to go away means that the
speaker asks people to move by using a swear word.
g)
Expression of Unconcern:
Example of use: “They can come and arrest me if they want to, I don’t give
a fuck.”
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
16
From the example above, the speaker expresses his/her emotion of
unconcern to the people who want to come and arrest the speaker. It means that this
expression is used to express an ignorance against the situation or other by using
swear word.
h)
Violent Refusal/Rejection/Defiance:
Example of use: “Give me a kiss – Get stuffed!”
From the example above, it shows that the speaker refuses the people
request. It means that violent refusal is used to reject or refuse something or
someone’s idea by using swear word.
i)
Intensifying Adjective/Adverb:
Example of use: “Put the fucking cat out! Look!”
From the example above, the word fucking meant that the speaker wants to
emphasize the cat that should be putted out. It means that this swearing expression
is used to intensify or strengthen somethings that speaker wants by using a swear
word. In addition, Swan explains when people use swear word to emphasize an
emotion it includes in Intensifying swear word.
j)
Miscellaneous:
Example of use: “Somebody’s fucked up the TV”
From the example above, the speaker tells that somebody destroys the TV.
It means that this swearing expression is used by people to tell something which
means ruin, destroy, and spoil. Based on Swan (2005), swear words which are
common in this category are fucked up, bugger up and screw up, these swear words
can be interpreted as the ruin, spoil, and destroy.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
17
6.
Positive and Negative Connotations
Reason for swearing depends on the intention of the speaker. It may be used
in the positive or negative connotations. Sex-related swear words can be used to get
personal or interpersonal outcomes which may be negative or positive of their
impact on others. Jay (2009) states, in the positive personal outcomes, the sexrelated swear word is used in the situations of joking, social commentary, sex talk,
and storytelling in order to promote social harmony. In negative personal outcomes,
the sex-related swear word is used in negative context. Furthermore, those
connotations are still regarded as impolite.
B.
Theoretical Framework
This research aims to analyze swearing in The Wolf of Wall Street movie
concerning a main problem, it is the categorization of sex-related swear words used
by Jordan Belfort. In this part, the researcher synthesizes major theories to help in
conducting the research and answering the research questions.
The researcher discusses the context of sex-related swear words that exist in
Jordan's utterances. The context is used to find out the sex-related swear words. In
this research, the researcher uses Holmes’ (2001) theory of contextual meaning.
There are four important components to conduct the context. They are the
participant, the setting or social context of interaction, the topic, and the function.
Moreover, the researcher categorizes the impetus of the sex-related swear
words and swearing expressions into two categories by using Timothy Jay’s (2008)
theory. The theory that has explained by Jay are propositional and nonpropositional. This theory is adopted by the researcher to answer the research
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
18
question. This analysis is necessary to observe the previous and afterward of each
utterance by looking on the scripts. It is made the researcher get valid analysis based
on the context of the conversation.
In order to analyze the notion of the swearing expressions, the researcher
utilizes the theory of swearing expressions by Swan (2005). Those are, exclamation
of annoyance, exclamation of surprise, surprised question, insult (noun), insult
(imperative verb + object), insulting request to go away, expression of unconcern,
violent
refusal/rejection/defiance,
intensifying
adjective/adverb,
and
miscellaneous. In addition, the researcher uses Jay’s (2009) to analyze the
connotations of sex-related swear words. They are negative and positive
connotations.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents research methodology to answer the research
questions stated in the first chapter. This chapter comprises five parts, namely the
research method, the research setting, the data source and size, instrument and data
gathering technique, and data analysis technique.
A.
Research Method
In this research, descriptive and qualitative research are applied to gather
and analyze the data. According to Leedy and Ormrod (2016), descriptive research
is employed to describe characteristics of a phenomenon or population being
studied. The research is concerned on the “what” question rather than “why”
question. Moreover, the research elaborate the data in numarical statistics in order
to answer the research question. However, qualitative research thus refers to the
meaning, definitions, concepts, characteristics, symbol, metaphor, and descriptions
of things (Berg, 2007). Based on Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh (2002), qualitative
research focuses on understanding social phenomena from the perspective of the
human participants and in a form of interpretative descriptive research.
The descriptive and qualitative research are determined to be the most
appropriate method of this research because this research is conducted qualitative
and descriptive methods. Descriptive research is employed to explain the data result
in a form of statistics and it is used to answer the first research question. Qualitative
research is employed to interpret and explain the data result analysis in a form of
19
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
20
narrative and it is used to answer the second research question. Moreover,
descriptive qualitative research is used to better understand research problems by
uniting broad numeric trends from quantitative research and the detail from
qualitative research.
B.
Type and Source of Data
In this research, the sex-related swear words were the types of data to be
analyzed. The researcher limited three kinds of sex-related swear words, namely
fuck, fucking, and fucked. Those data were taken from the Jordan Belfort’s
utterances in The Wolf of Wall Street movie. In conducting this research, there were
two major data sources involved.
1.
Digital Sources
In order to gain the data, the researcher used digital sources from the
internet. The data were downloaded from the two selected websites. The first one
was www.indoxx1.com. This was a website that people used to download the
movies online. Indoxx1 was used by the researcher to get the movie. The reason
because it was a very popular website to stream and download a movie online in
Indonesia. Indoxx1 provided a lot of movies that were up to date and it is also freeaccess for all people. The other website was www.subscene.com. This website
helped the researcher to get the script of the movie. The researcher chose this
website because it is a popular website where the trusted translators could upload
their translation movies' script.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
21
2.
Document Source
According to O'Leary's (2014) theory, the document which was used to
obtain the data were public records, physical evidence, and personal document. In
this research, a document was used as the secondary data source which was taken
from the script of The Wolf of Wall Street movie. Virtual document was used as a
secondary source of the data to conduct this research.
There were 226 sex-related swear words uttered by Jordan Belfort in the
movie. From the data collection, all of the sex-related swear words was listed, then
code and classified it into two types categorization; appearances, and swearing
expressions of sex-related swear words.
C.
Instruments and Data Gathering Technique
This research used tables and cross tabulations as the instruments in the
process of gathering the data. The tables were employed to classify the categories
of the sex-related swear words and the cross tabulation was used to figure out the
most frequent of sex-related swear words which were uttered by Jordan Belfort’s.
In this research, Jay’s classification was used to analyze the appearance categories
of sex-related swear words . Jay (2008) states, there are two categories of swearing
based on the appearances, namely propositional and non-propositional. For the
category of swearing expressions, this research used Swan’s (2005) theory. There
are ten swearing expressions of sex-related swear words, namely violent refusal,
exclamation of surprise, surprised question, exclamation of annoyance,
exclamation
of
unconcern,
insult
(imperative
verb
+
object),
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
22
intensifier/intensifying, insult as a noun, insulting request to go away, and
miscellaneous.
In addition, Gay (1987) states, observation is one of three techniques that
could be used in collecting the data in descriptive and qualitative research. While
observing the movie, there were four steps which undergone this technique.
1.
Watching the movie
The researcher watched The Wolf of Wall Street movie for three times, in
order to understand the context of the sex-related swear word utterances.
2.
Taking notes
The words, phrases, clauses, or sentences that contained sex-related swear
words was noted based on three theories. Holmes (2001), Swan (2005), and Jay
(1992), the theories were used to decide what sex-related swear words that used by
Jordan Belfort in the movie.
3.
Validating the transcript
In order to make sure the valid transcriptions, the script from subtitle file
was compared with the movie.
4.
Recording the data
The data was collected to obtain from the observation to be tabulated into
the table as the instrument of this research.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
23
Table 3.1 Categorization of Sex-Related Swear Words
Swear
Word
Variation
No
Utterances
VR
ES
SQ
N P N
Fuck
Propositional
Non-Propositional
2A
EA
P
EU
IV
IT
N
IA
IN
M
P
Jordan: I
heard some
stupid shit. I
don’t know.
Fuck, I
didn’t even
want to
bring it up.
It’s just...
it’s stupid.
Notes:
Abbreviations:
EA
: Exclamation of Annoyance
IN
: Insult (noun)
EU
: Exclamation of Unconcern
SQ
: Surprised Question
IV
: Insult (imperative verb + Object)
M
: Miscellaneous
IT
: Intensifying Adverb/Adjective
IA
: Insulting request to go away
ES
: Exclamation of Surprise
1A
: number of sex-related swear word (fuck)
P
: Positive Connotation
N
: Negative Connotation
D.
Data Analysis Techniques
In order to analyze the data, the researcher adapted Cresswell’s (2009)
theory. There are four steps in descriptive qualitative data analysis procedure, which
are reading all of the data, coding, generating the description, and represent the
categories in the narration.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
24
1.
Read all the data
The researcher read all of the sex-related swear words from the table that
had been collected. This step was used by the researcher to check whether there
were mistakes in the process of gathering the data.
2.
Coding
The sex-related swear words were classified in the column of the table based
on the swearing category and the swearing expressions category. For the categories
of swearing used Jay’s (2009) theory. In this categorization, only put one category
in a sex-related swear words utterance. For the swearing expressions, the researcher
used Swan’s (2005) theory of swearing expressions.
3.
Generating Description
The data categorized based on the category by counting and analyzing in
one group. In this step, the researcher also gave the descriptions of each category.
4.
Represent in Narration
The categories were represented in the narrations. In this step, the researcher
discussed the details of each category by showing an example of the data from each
category in the narration.
In addition, cross tabulations were used to figure out the most frequent of
the sex-related swear words. The cross tabulation was presented in the result and
discussion and used to make conclusions.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, the researcher discusses the result of the research in an
attempt to answer the research questions. The first research question aims to find
out the categories of sex-related swear words according to its impetus. The second
research question aims to find out the notions of sex-related swear word in
communication. The researcher divides this chapter into two sections. The first
section elaborates the analysis of the sex-related swear words categories according
to their impetuses. The second section elaborates the analysis the notion of sexrelated swear words which have been analyzed in the first section.
A.
Swearing Categories of Sex-Related Swear Words
In the first analysis, the researcher aimed to answer the first research
question. The first research question categorized sex-related swear words into two
swearing categories. They were propositional and non-propositional swearing
category. Based on Jay (2002) explains that propositional swearing occurred
intentionally. The speaker consciously planned to swear and the speakers controlled
the content of their utterances. It meant that the speaker wanted to uttered a swear
word and they also could control the utterance that they had said. Besides, nonpropositional swearing is unplanned, uncontrollable, and unintentional. Means, the
speakers utter the sex-related swear words spontaneously, and they are not able to
control the sex-related swear words that has been uttered. The speaker
automatically utters the swear word to give emotional responses (Jay, 2008).
25
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
26
159
30
25
8
4
0
Non-Propositional
Fuck
Propositional
Fucking
Fucked
Figure 4.1 Frequency of Swearing Categories
Figure 4.1 showed non-propositional and propositional swearing category
were found in Jordan Belfort’s sex-related swear words. There found 226 sexrelated swear words w