Transitivity Systems Analysis of Bilingual Civic 3 Education Textbook for Grade XII
rd THE 3 ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON TRANSFORMATIVE EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND AISTEEL
Supported and Coordinated by: Postgraduate School State University of Medan North Sumatera, Indonesia Organized by: Indexing By : PROCEEDINGS Emerald Garden Hotel, Medan - Indonesia 03-04 October 2018
ISSN: 2548 - 4613
ISSN: 2548 - 4613 Vol. 3, December 2018 Vol. 3, December 2018 2018
Education, Learning and Leadership Innovation
rd
Proceedings of The 3 Annual International Seminar on
Transformative Education and Educational Leadership
(AISTEEL 2018)
“Education, Learning, and Leadership Innovation”
Emerald Garden Hotel, Medan City, North Sumatera, Indonesia October 3-4, 2018 Editorial Board Editorial-in-Chief Dr. Juniastel Rajagukguk, M.Si (State University of Medan, Unimed) Deputy Editor Dr. Saronom Silaban, M.Pd (State University of Medan, Unimed) International Advisory Board / Scientific Committee Prof. Dr. Kala Saravanamuthu (University of Newcastle, Australia) Prof. Arjen EJ Wals (University of Gothenburg, Sweden) Prof. Dr. Bornok Sinaga, M.Pd (Unimed, Indonesia) Prof. Dr. Aytekin Isman (Sakarya University, Turkey) Prof. Peter Charles Taylor, Ph.D., Med., B.Sc., Dip.Ed (Murdoch University, Australia) Prof. Dr. Mukhlas Samani, Ph.D (Indonesia) Prof. Dr. Jailani bin Md. Yunos (University Tun Hussein on Malaysia) Prof. Dr. Nurahimah Mohd. Yusuf (UTM, Malaysia) Assoc. Prof. Dr Pedro Isaias (University of Queensland, Australia) Assoc. Prof. Elisabeth Taylor, Ph.D (Murdoch University, Australia) Dr. Bambang Sumintono, M.Ed (Universiti Malaya, Malaysia) Dr. Isma Widyaty, M.Pd (UPI, Indonesia) Prof. Dr. Syahrul R, M.Pd (UNP, Indonesia) Prof. Amrin Saragih, MA., Ph.D (Unimed, Indonesia) Assoc. Prof. Ade Gafar Abdullah, M.Si (Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia) Eng. Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto (Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia) Prof. Dr. Hartono, M.Pd (Universitas Negeri Semarang) Please cite the proceeding as“Proceeding of the First Annual International Seminar on
Transformative Education and Educational Leadership Vol. 3 ” with the following
abbreviation: Proc. Aist., 3rd
Proceedings of the 3 Annual International Seminar on Transformative Education
and Educational Leadership (AISTEEL 2018)
Preface rd
The 3 Annual International Seminar on Transformative Education and Educational Leadership
(AISTEEL 2018) was held in Emerald Garden Hotel, Medan City-Indonesia on 3-4 October 2018.
This seminar is organized by Postgraduate School, Univesitas Negeri Medan and become a routine
agenda at Postgraduate program of Unimed now.
The AISTEEL is realized this year with various presenters, lecturers, researchers and students from
universities both in and out of Indonesia participating in, the seminar with theme “Education, Learning and Leadership Innovation.”
The plenary speakers coming from various provinces in Indonesia have been present topics covering
multi disciplines. They have contributed many inspiring inputs on current trending educational
research topics all over the world. The expectation is that all potential lecturers and students have
shared their research findings for improving their teaching process and quality, and leadership.
The third AISTEEL presents a keynote speaker and 4 distinguised invited speakers from Australia,
Singapore, Taiwan, and Malaysia. In addition, presenters come from various Government and Private
Universities, Institutions, Academy, and Schools. Some of them are those who have sat and will sit in
the oral defence examination.
There are 326 articles submitted to committee, some of which are presented orally in parallel sessions,
and others are presented through posters. The articles have been reviewed by double blind reviewer
and 198 of them were accepted for published by Atlantis Press indexed by International Indexation.
Meanwhile 83 papers were published in online International Proceedings indexed by Google Scholar.
The Committees of AISTEEL invest great efforts in reviewing the papers submitted to the
conference and organizing the sessions to enable the participants to gain maximum benefit.
Grateful thanks to all of members of The 3rd Annual International Seminar on Transformative
Education and Educational Leadership (AISTEEL 2018) for their outstanding contributions. Thanks
also given to Universitas Negeri Medan for published this volume. The Editors Bornok Sinaga Rahmad Husein Juniastel Rajagukguk
Table of Contents
Titles and Authors pageDesign of Physical Practicum Tools on Rotational Dynamics Matter with Scientific Concept Fretty Doharni Ritonga; Nurdin Bukit; Betty M.Turnip...........................................
1 Analysis of the Leading Sector and Its Effect on the Economy in Pakpak Bharat Regency ....................................................................
Dinar Melani Hutajulu; M. Nasir; Arwansyah
6 Analyze the Characteristic and Factors Cause of Bullying Behaviours in Early Childhood Fadhilah Syam Nasution; Anita Yus; Aman Simaremare.........................................
12 Play Finger Painting in Creative Art Model to Help Smooth Motoric Development and Creativity of Group a in Kindergarten at Aek Loba Pekan Village Lola Wita Harahap; Sri Milfayetty; Rosmala Dewi.................................................
18 Maintenance of Gayonese Kinship Terms by Gayonese Minority Migrants in Jabodetabek Desi Purnama Sari; Siti Aisyah Ginting; Berlin Sibarani........................................
22 Effect of Functional Training and TRX Suspension Training on Body Composition member Golden Fitness and Spa
26 Rafliansyah; Nurhayati Simatupang; Albadi Sinulingga......................................... Interpersonal Metaphor Used in the Boss Baby Movie Khairuni Syafitri; Siti Aisyah Ginting; Anni Holila Pulungan.................................
29 Speech Act in Indonesia Lawyers Club: KPK vs Novanto Theresia Fransiska Sidabutar; Zainuddin; Busmin Gurning...................................
32 The Effect of Instructional Strategy and Style Ofthinking Secuential on Students Outcome MAN Medan Siti Aisyah Hanim; Tiur asih siburian; Darwin........................................................
36 The Effect of Cooperative Learning Models and Self Efficacy on Student Mathematics Learning Outcomes
39 Sabdo Puji Rahayu; Mukhtar; Keysar Panjaitan..................................................... Ideational Grammatical Metahpor in Reading Texts for Senior High School English Textbooks Diemam Ferzhawana; Siti Aisyah Ginting; Zainuddin............................................
43 Effect of Soft Modification on Student Learning Results PAB 13 Kwala Begumit Private Vocational School Iskandar Fahmi.........................................................................................................
47 Differences in Metacognitive Ability of Students Through Learning Realistic Mathematics Education and Problem Based Learning in Pangkalan Susu Senior High School
51 Chairi Mutia Lubis; Waminton Rajagukguk; Kms.M.Amin Fauzi........................... Development of Interactive Learning Media Projection of Working Drawing on Students of Class X TKR in SMK Markus 2 Medan Irwan Panggabean; R. Mursid; Samsidar Tanjung.................................................
56 Metaphor of Modality in Donald Trump’s Speech in United Nation General Assembly 2017 Nursyah Handaya; Siti Aisyah Ginting.....................................................................
60 Traditional Sport Of Silek Tuo In Minangkabau Community (a study of Silek tuo
Prima Nanda; Sabaruddin Yunis; Agung Sunarn.....................................................
Improved Student’s Generic Science Skills With The Application of Cooperative Learning Models Based on Batak Culture Rika Sari Indah Harahap; Derlina; Rahmatsyah; Sahyar; Bornok.........................
66 Management Development Athletes of Shorinji Kempo North Sumatra Region Arti Kurniaty Bangun................................................................................................
71 Efforts to Improve Learning Results Free Basketball Shot (Free Throw) Through The Application of Teaching Style Inclusion Bob Rahmat Manalu........................................... .....................................................
75 Development of Egosan Engineering Extension Models with Straight Sticking in Pencak Silat William Filipus; Amir Supriadi; Tarsyad Nugraha..................................................
77 The Development of Interactive Learning Media of Athletic on Physical Education in SMP Negeri 15 Medan Akhmad Khaidir; Budi Valianto; Tarsyad Nugraha.................................................
81 The Effect of Learning Model and Self-Reliance Learning toward Science Learning Outcomes Rohima; Mukhtar; Samsidar Tanjung......................................................................
84 The Effect of Learning Method and Kinesthetic Perception on The Learning Outcomes of Lay Up Basketball Saiful Adrian; N
88 urhayati Simatupang; Suprayitno………………………………….... Analysis Of Physical Education Teacher Management Skills In State Elementary School Sub-District Medan Tembung Syahrul Effendi Nasution; Amir Supriadi; Albadi Sinulingga..................................
91 Innovation Of The Speed Model Using Running With The Ball Techniques In Football
95 Julio Roberto; Amir Supriadi; Novita........................................... ........................... The Development of Penetration Drill Training Technique of Wrestling Sport Ihsan Idris Silalahi; Jan Bobby Nesra Barus...........................................................
99 Speech Function of Anies Baswedan’s Speech in Approval Ceremony as the Governor of Jakarta in the Period of 2017-2022 102 Ahmad Rifa’i Ritonga; Sumarsih........................................... .................................. Development of Web-Based Learning Media to Enhance Writing Capability of Biography Text of Student Class X SMA Rencus B. Sinabariba, Tiur Asi Siburian, Mutsyuhito Solin.................................... 105 Implementing the Teaching Supervision by Principals in Improving the Performance of Teachers in Aceh Besar Said Ashlan........................................... ........................................... ....................... 109 Female Principal Leadership Hendro Widodo; Hengkang Bara Saputra........................................... ................... 115 The Ways of Rohingya Teenagers in Medan Realized Their Language Attitude 120
I Wayan Dirgayasa; Rahmat Husein; Lonni NurIffah Nasution..............................
Metaphor in Umpasa of Saurmatua Toba Batak Ceremony Heppy Yersin Digita Purba; Rahmad Husein; Anni Holila Pulungan..................... 124 The Influence of Part Method, Whole Method and Determination Exercise Methods on Improving Exercise in the Sports Branch of Pencak Silat Single Art Category of College Students SPDKK (Art of Kencana Kwitang Self Defense) Deli Serdang Year 2018/2019 Mawar Sari........................................... ........................................... ....................... 127
Philosophy of Rakut Sitelu Desi Haryati Nianggolan.......................................................................................... Evaluation of Implementation of Sustainable Professional Development (PKB) for Junior High School Physical Education Teachers to Increase Professionalism in Tebing Tinggi City Mhd Fazar Afandi..................................................................................................... 135 Development of Innovative PJOK teaching materials on floor gymnastics materials to improve learning outcomes of Grade Students at Junior Hight School Bangun Saragih........................................................................................................ 138 The Influence of the Discovery Learning Model assisted with Image Media and Motivation Against Civics Learning Outcomes of Students in Class IV of Public Elementary Schools 055980 Aman Damai 2017/2018 Heryansyah Ginting; Dede Ruslan; Reh Bungana Br.Perangin-angin.................... 142 Development of science teaching materials based on Science Technology Society (STM) and its influence on learning outcomes of fourth grade students of MIN Medan Tembung Diah Hafizhotul Husna; Nuraini; Ramlan Silaban.................................................. 149 The Improvement of Cooperative Learning Model Application Skill in Numbered Head Together Through Clinical Supervision of Art Teacher in SDN 060886 Medan Baru Unita Vitta Omas Sianturi; Martua Manullang; Rosmala Dewi.............................. 154 Gold of North Sumatera Program Coach Performance Suyono; Hariadi; Supryetno..................................................................................... 159 Transitivity Systems Analysis of Bilingual Civic 3 Education Textbook for Grade
XII Jusup Sitepu; Anni Holila Pulungan; I Wayan Dirgeyasa Tangkas........................ 163 The Lecturer Performance Development of the STKIP Bina Bangsa Getsempena Banda Aceh Saiful Bahri............................................................................................................... 169 The Interference of Batak Mandailing Language to Indonesian (In The Interaction At The Seventh Grade Students Of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Swasta Al-Azhar Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan Padang Sidimpuan) Siti Jahria Sitompul; Abdurrahman Adisaputera; Sumarsi...................................... 175 The Influence of Microbiology Dictionary and Microbiology Textbook Utilization in the Contextual Learning Framework on Biology Students Higher Order Thinking Skills
177 Kiki Rizqi Sahara; Hasruddin; Ashar Hasairin........................................................ The Differences of Learning Style and St udents’ Creativity to Students’ Achievement in Dribbling the Ball in Playing Football of Seventh Grade Students of SMP Ar
- – Rahman Percut
Muammar Afif Marpaung; Imran Akhmad; Rahma Dewi........................................ 180 Development of Gobag Sodor Game Model to Increase Interest in Elementary Students Siska Nova Undari.................................................................................................... 184 The Influence of Research-Based Learning with Portfolio Assessment on Science Process Skills in Microbiology Course for Biology Program Students Saudah Rahmayanti; Hasruddin; Tumiur Gultom.................................................... 187 The Influence of Teaching Style and Confident Against the Results of a Study of Shooting in the Game of Football (Experiment Studies the Self Check Style and
Tembung Sabilina) Muhammad Syaiful; Ramadhan Harahap................................................................ Development of Mirror Writing Teaching Materials Based on Class XI Media Literation of Lolomatua 1 State High School Yanida Bu'ulolo; Biner Ambarita; Marice.............................................................. 195 The Development of Teaching Materials for Technology- Assisted Procedure Text in Vocational High School Nova Andarini; Biner Ambarita; Malan Lubis......................................................... 197 Development of Adobe Flash Based Floor Gymnastics Media Learning on Health Sport Education Lesson Hardiansyah............................................................................................................... 201 The Effect of Learning Approach and Linguistic Competence Capability Reading The English Narative Text of Student SMA Negeri 6 Padangsidimpuan.
Sukriyah Batubara; Keysar Panjaitan........................................................... 206 ……….
Analysis Effect of Household Consumption, Investment and Labor to Economy Growth In Sumatera Utara Richna Handriyani; Arwansyah; Sahyar................................................................... 209 Idioms Translation Strategies in Pasung Jiwa Novel English Version Hariyanto; Amrin Saragih; Sumarsih........................................................................ 213 Code Mixing in Novel: A Case of Indonesian Literary Work Nurul Hidayanti Hasibuan; Amrin Saragih; Sumarsih............................................. 216 Logico-Semantic Relation in Presidential Debate Between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump
221 Annisa Risma Khairani Lubis; Della Fransiska Ginting; Jumino Suhadi................ Semiotic Meanings in Cigarette Advertisement Texts Rodearta Purba; Zainuddin; Amrin Saragih............................................................. 227 Modality as Hedging Device in the US Presidential Election Debate Roobby Hamdanur; Anni Holila Pulungan; Zainuddiin........................................... 232 The Improving Mathematical Communication Ability Through Realistic Mathematical Approach Based on Toba Batak Culture Aman Sanusi Siregar................................................................................................. 235 Speech Functions of Doctors and Patients on Medical Consultation Process Resti Citra Dewi; Anni Holila Pulungan, Sumarsih.................................................. 239 The Development of Venturimeter Instrumentation in Dynamic Fluid Zahrani Dalimunthe; Rahmatsyah; Derlina.............................................................. 243 Lexical Metaphors in Onang-onang of Bobby and Kahiyang Tortor Dance Siti Rahma Ritonga; Anni Holila Pulungan; Didik Santoso...................................... 246 The Discourse Markers in President Joko Widodo’s Speeches in KTT APEC China in 2015 Syahbuddin Nasution1; Busmin Gurning; I Wayan Dirgayasa Tangkas.................. 249 Preparation of Papers in Two-Column Format for AISTEEL Conference Proceedings
Translator’s Strategies in Transferring Cultural Values in Ratatouille
Film 254 Femy Septiani; Anni Holila Pulungan...................................................................... Lexical Metaphor In Printed Car Advertisements Misdiana; Siti Aisyah Ginting; Amrin Saragih.......................................................... 258 Political Discourse Analysis of Donald Trump Political Speech Elisa Silviani Siregar; Prof. Dr.Zainuddin, M.Hum; Prof.Dr. Sri MindaMurni, MS...................................................................................... ..................................... 263Nurliana Harahap; Mahendra Ginting Manik; Indah Listiana................................
Appraisal of Healthy Product Advertisement on Television Nurun Nazipah Harahap; Siti Aisyah Ginting; Rahmad Husein Napitupuluh.......... 274 Lexical Metaphor in Andrea Hirata’s “The Dreamer” Novel 277 Nurul Sa’adah; I Wy. Dirgeyasa; Siti Aisyah Ginting...............................................
Impoliteness Strategies Used by Governor Candidates of DKI Jakarta in Governor Election Debate 2017 Sri Minda Murni; Busmin Gurning
281 …….................................................................... Intertextuality in Travel Umroh Advertisement Afifah Nurul Khoirot Nasution; Anni Holila Pulungan; Eddy Setia......................... 287 Intertextuality on Oral Discourse in Sari Matua Batak Toba Ceremony Dyan Yosephin Hutagalung; Anni Holila Pulungan; Rahmad Husein..................... 290 The Effect of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Peel to Creatine Kinase Serum in Male Rats (Rattus norvegicus) with Fatigue from Swimming Rika Nailuvar Sinaga; Jumadin IP; Zulaini.............................................................. 293 Analysis of Technology Utilization to Measure The Throw Distance of The Ball on Hammer Throw Riki Prastian; Agung Sunarno; Sabaruddin Yunis Bangun....................................... 296 The Interactions of Social Stratification and Karonese Register in Giving Pedah Pedah Perjabun Elkana Putra Tarigan; Amrin Saragih; Siti Aisyah Ginting..................................... 300 Implementation Management Training Volleyball Club of Pertamina Year 2017 Reza Wibowo; Sanusi Hasibuan; Budi Valianto....................................................... 305 Lexical Metaphor in Printed Car Advertisements Misdiana; Siti Aisyah Ginting; Amrin Saragih.......................................................... 308 Improving Students’ Reading Comprehension Ability In Descriptive Text Through Flashcard Aisya Hartati.............................................................................................................. 309 The Role of Teacher’s Training Model and Technological Approach to the Improvement of Teachers’ Professionalis Intan Sufiah Batubara................................................................................................ 312 The Difficulties of Students at the Second Year of St.Thomas 3 Senior High School Medan in Translating English Idioms into Indonesian Fitri Susi Sinurat........................................................................................................ 315 The Effect Of Applying The Great Wind Blows Strategy On The Students’ Vocabulary Mastery
321 Gisca Irdayana Lubis................................................................................................. Attitude of Examiners in Thesis Convocation Mara Sutan Siregar................................................................................................... 325 Politeness Strategies in Mandailing Wedding Ceremony Nurun Nazipah Harahap; Fatma Raudah Siregar.................................................... 329
eISSN: 2548-4613
However, this is not to be understood as being to the exclusion of other possible theoretical approaches, which may well come to similar conclusions. However, it should be stressed, particularly for teachers who are less familiar with SFL, that this approach is not simply a technique of textual analysis, but rather a useful theory of language. SFL helps highlight the features of the textbook in a particularly clear, powerful, and objective fashion. SFL analytical framework made it possible for teachers to analyse the data linguistically.
English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Postgraduate School, Universitas Negeri Medan,
Medan, Indonesia
Abstract — This thesis deals with transitivity analysis on Bilingual Civic 3 Education Textbook For Grade XII by applying Halliday ’s [1] theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) eapecially on transitivity system. A single investigation on the textbook was done, i.e. transitivity systems (process, participant, and circumstance) that are dominantly used in textbook. In analyzing the data, the researcher used the following steps such as reading the textbook, segmenting the data in form of clauses, identifying the types of processes, participants and circumstances, and classifying the clauses into categories and drawing conclusions from the analysis. There were 160 clauses altogether as the data of the analysis. The results of the analysis three process types that occupied mostly in the text, i.e. (1) Mat.Pr, (2) Rel. Int.Att., and (3) Verb Pr. The dominant process types used in the text, i.e. Mat.Pr. = 106 (48.18%). While the rests two, i.e 60 clauses (27.27%) were categorized as Rel. (Int.Attr.) and 42 (19.0%) clauses were categorized as Verb Pr.. Usually, there are two primary participants involved in certain processes, namely Actors and Goal in material, Senser and Phenomenon in mental, Carrier/ Ident. and Attr./Ident. in relational, Sayer and Receiver in verbal process, except Existent in existential and Behaver in behavioral process. The textbook was also constructed by the domination of Location circumstance (both Location of Time and Place), i.e. 36.5% and the second place in numbers was Cir.Acc. to show the place where the action took place with detailed attached information realized by Cir.Acc. The writers of the textbook focused on the actor to show the efforts made by people involved in the text and the events happened or took place. These two transitivity elements were supposed to be important since the text discussed about the history of a country.
Keywords: SFL, Transitivity systems, civic textbook, dominant
NTRODUCTION
The transitivity systems cover four main elements, ie. Participant I, Process, Participant II, and Circumstance. In traditional grammar, simply these elements function repectively as subject, predicate, object, and adverbial. The study specifically identified and categorise the types of processes that help in the realisation of the messages of the reading texts in the textbook. The messages are interpreted according to the identified process options and related to the ideological opinions expressed in the text. The study revealed that texts helped to articulate a better understanding not only the constructions of clauses found in the text but also the meaning (lexico-grammar). It also revealed that texts in Civics 3 textbooks used in Grade XII express different process types, which are used to describe or make references to teachers and learners. In other words, texts are rich with linguistic features that can be useful for English learning teaching. A good understanding of the corresponding grammatical features of processes can help students and teachers use them in expressing their experiences of the world in the appropriate register, and define the syllabuses for students learning English.
The linguistic analysis of textbooks also has pedagogic relevance for students, applied linguistics, text and corpus linguistics. This study will attempt to impart to students a sense of the primary purposes of grammar. It is assumed that students will respond more positively to a focus on both form and meaning rather than on form only, because they themselves are more conscious of meaning in their own use of language, especially in its spoken mode.
[4]
” Richards
“Textbooks are one of the most important educational inputs: texts reflect basic ideas about a national cultur e, and … are often a flashpoint of cultural struggle and controversy.
Transitivity Systems Analysis of Bilingual Civic 3
Education Textbook for Grade XII
Jusup Sitepu, Anni Holila Pulungan, I Wayan Dirgeyasa Tangkas
I. I
“who we are”; (2) Doing “what we do”; and (3) Saying “what we say”.
say that: Text always occurs in two contexts, they are context of culture and context of situation. Context of culture or the outer context around a text determines what we can mean through: (1) Being
argue that: Text is a piece of language in use that is language that is functional. A text length is not important and it can be either spoken or written. Butt et. al. (1995)
[2]
as quoted in Gerrot and Wignell
[1]
The analysis in this paper focused on the transitivity systems analysis based on LFS theory. It provides an analytical framework which is interesting, useful and powerful for the analysis of texts. Halliday
Nicolas, (1984)
[5]
mentions that functional theories of grammar are those approaches to the study ofthat
[3] eISSN: 2548-4613 see the functions of language and its elements to be the key to understandingprocesses and structures. Functional theories of language propose that since language is fundamentally a tool, it is reasonable to assume that its structures are best analyzed and understood with reference to the functions they carry out. Functional theories of grammar differ from in that the latter seek to define the different elements of language and describe the way they relate to each other as systems of formal rules or operations, whereas the former defines the functions performed by language and then relates these functions to the linguistic elements that carry them out. This means that functional theories of grammar tend to pay attention to the way language is actually used in communicative context, and not just to the formal relations between linguistic elements. SFL as the famous name of this type of grammar is considered with form and function of language as well as the role of context in human communication, thereby providing an analytical framework for lexical and grammatical qualitative and quantitative analysis of linguistic features of language variation.
Systemic linguists share a common interest in language as a social semiotic. They claim that the function of language use is to create meanings that are influenced by the cultural and social context of their exchange, therefore language use is a semiotic process. Accordingly, language is characterised as functional, semantic, contextual, and semiotic. The functional questions of the systemic approach are concerned with how people use language and how language is structured for use, whereas the semantic questions are focused on how many types of meanings are made with the use of language and how language is used to make such meanings. Halliday
[9]
[9]
state that Senser is “the conscious being that is feeling, thinking, wanting, or perceiving
” and that Phenomenon is “that which is ‘sensed’─ felt, thought, wanted or perceived”
3. Circumstance
Circumstances are elements that can be found in all six processes in functional grammar, especially in mental processe. Yet, Circumstances are optional participants in mental processes. It means that it is nothing necessarily needed former a mentally process to have a Circumstance element.
As stated by Halliday and Matthiessen
, Circumstances refer to examples such as the location of an event in time or
2. Participant
space, its manner, or its cause, and these notions of when, where, how, and why the things happens provided by... explanation, by linking circumstance to the four WH-forms that were adverbs...
Eggins
[10]
states that there are seven elements of circumstantial that can be found in processes, as follow:
1. Extent : Circumstantial element of extent answers the
question about duration (How long? and How many times?) and spatial distance (How far?).
2. Location : Circumstantial element of location answers
There are two participants in mental processes, namely Senser and Phenomenon. Halliday and Matthiessen
In the transitivity system, there are six types of process, i.e. (1) material, (2) mental (cognition, perception, affection), (3) relational, (4) behavioral , (5) verbal, and (6) existential. The participants related to each are: Material → Actor (obligatory) and Goal (optional); Mental → Senser and Phenomenon (both are always potentially present; either may, however, be implicit); Relational → Attributive type: Carrier and Attribute OR Identifying type: Identifier and Identified; Behavioral → Behaver; Verbal → Sayer, Verbiage, Receiver, Target; Existential → Existent.
[6]
[7]
argues that three main kinds of meanings are used simultaneously in the structure of language: ideational, interpersonal, and textual. These three elements are also known as metafunctions, the categories that constitute one of the tenets of systemic functional theory.
Thompson
[7]
describes the experiential functions of language, to which he refers to after Halliday as an experiential metafunction, as: “We use language to talk about our experience of the world, including the worlds in our own minds, to describe events and states and the entities involved in them. ” In Systemic Functional Linguistics language therefore represents external reality by happenings and states, which are referred to as Processes; entities, known as Participants and circumstances in which the happenings and states occur, which are referred to as Circumstances (White)
[8] .
Quoting Thompson
, the term transitivity probably be familiar as a way of distinguishing between verbs according to whether they have an Object or not. Here, however, it is being used in a much broader sense. In particular, it refers to a system for describing the whole clause, rather than just the verb and its Object. It does, though, share with the traditional use a focus on the verbal group, since it is the type of process that determines how the participants are labelled: the ‘doer’ of a physical process such as kicking is given a different label from the ‘doer’ of a mental process such as wishing (note that even at this informal level ‘doer’ seems less appropriate as a label in the case of the mental process).
clarifies at the layer of the transitivity system, the clause is analyzed for its potential to represent both the outer and the inner worlds of human beings, which is what the ideational metafunction does. The representation of reality is achieved by means of a set of processes, along with their participants and the circumstances in which they unfold.
Transitivity systems belong to experiential functions of group and phrases classes, their type of elements and realization can be seen in the following Table 1.
Table 1. Typical experiential functions of group and phrase classes
Type of element Typically realized by (i) process verbal group
(ii) participant nominal group (iii) circumstance adverbial group or prepositional phrase 1.
Process
Halliday
[1]
the question about temporal (When?) and spatial (Where?). eISSN: 2548-4613
3. Manner : Circumstantial element of manner answer the
question about means (How? and Whit what?), quality (How? and How –ly?), and comparison (What... like?).
4. Cause : Circumstantial element of cause answers the
question about cause (Why?), reason (What for?), and behalf (Who for?).
5.Accompaniment: Circumstantial element of
accompany-ment answers the question with whom?
6. Matter : Circumstantial element of matter answers the question what about?
7. Role : Circumstantial element of role answers the
question what as?
ETHODOLOGY
Doing a research with reading as the instrument, the analysis that was conducted will be related to a content analysis. The data (linguistic items in the text of an interview, speech or focus-group discussion, textbook) are coded or grouped into categories which are tested for their reliability and validity (whether or not they accurately represent what is being said, in a transcript for example). These categories or codes were included words or themes, word senses, phrases or whole sentences. Once coded, the textual data are interpreted and the results of the analysis provided. Either of two methods is usually used, i.e. (1) conceptual analysis and (2) relational analysis.
II. M
[11]
A. Research Method
. There are several steps of analyzing data, i.e. (1) data collection, i.e. The data collection referred to what was done in collecting data and how to collect the data. The data of this research were all clauses found in the reading all texts in all chapters. (2) data condensation refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and/or transforming the data that appear in the full corpus (body) of written up field notes, interview transcripts, documents, and other empirical materials; (3) data display refers to and organized, compressed data which were obtained from data source that allows conclusion drawing and action. The data were displayed into matrices to show the end results of the analysis; and (4) data verification/conclusion refers to
[13]
mention that data analysis is the process of systematically searching and arranging the interview transcripts, field notes, and other materials to support the research in order to present the finding to others. In this study, the data were analyzed by using technique of interactive model suggested by Miles, Huberman, and Saldana
[12]
Bogdan and Bilken
E. Technique of Data Analysis
In doing item (4) above, documentary sheets were used in order to systemaze the work. There are two documentary sheets designed based on the need of transitivity systems, i.e. (1) documentary sheet process; and (2) documentary sheet circumstance.
Of the two main approaches to content analysis, conceptual analysis is by far the more popular. This approach examines either the incidence or the frequency of using research instruments. Basic principles Conceptual analysis concepts (themes/issues, words, phrases, etc.) in a text. It quantifies the occurrences of the concepts that have chosen for examination. Conceptual analysis is also referred to as thematic analysis because it is the themes or issues in the text that the researcher intends to analyse. The following is the process of collecting the data: (1) Identify the topic of the research; (2) Establish content categories; (3) Test the categories generated; (4) Collect data; (5) Analyse content of data; and (6) Provide results.
mentions that “the researcher is the key instrument ”. It means that everything happened in the process of research is controlled by the researcher. Besides, the documentary sheet was used in order to make the data collection systematically done. Other instruments, such as questionnaire, interview, observation, and reading can be used in qualitative method. In this research the writer will use reading because it is more to do with literature review. It is also an instrument for studying all kinds of texts, including textbook.
mention that design used in this research refers to the research ’s plan of how to proceed, and this research refers to the researcher ’s plan of how to proceed. Research design is the overall plan for connecting the conceptual research problems to the pertinent (and achievable) empirical research. In other words, the research design articulates what data is required, what methods are going to be used to collect and analyse this data, and how all of this is going to answer research question.
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In qualitative research, the researcher is the key instrument. As Bogdan and Biklen
D. The Research Instruments
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The technique of collecting data were carried out through activities of examining the data, organizing, dividing into units that can be managed, synthesizing, looking for patterns, discovering what is meaningful and what is studied and decided by the researchers to be systematically reported. These activities are called documentary technique (Bogdan and Biklen)
To achieve the objective of this research, this research uses descriptive qualitative research. Bogdan and Bilken
‘case studies ’ the topic is about the overal discussions on topics in each chapter. The source of data in this thesis is Civics 3 textbook used for Senior High School Year XII . The textbook is wtitten by Drs. Hasyim, M.M. and published by Yudistira (2010). It consists of 4 chapters with different topics and class activities spread out in 254 pages. Each chapter consists of 4 to 7 different text. The main reason of choosing the textbook as the data sources of this study is the fact that the textbook itself is used as the main source of the study of English in the school. It is also considered that Civic 3 textbook is rich with linguistic features especially that relate to transitivity systems.
The data of this research are linguistic features in the forms of all clauses in “case studies” text as one of the activities in the textbook. It is chosen because all reading texts in all chapters are different in topic discussions while in the
B. Data and Data Source
C. Technique of Collecting Data
eISSN: 2548-4613 decission (i) what processes exist in all data from the data source, (ii) what process was dominantly used in the texts, (iii) how the transitivity systems found in all clauses were relavant to the process of teaching and learning in English subject.
Data 12.
Data 5.
The following materials would help us to answer such questions by understanding the following matters. Nom.Gr Verb.Gp. Nom.Grp. Verb.Gr. Adv.Grp. Actor Mat.Pr. Receiver Verb.Pr. Cir.Man.
Data 7.
It is, of course, a strong ideology and it has been deeprooted Nom.Grp. Verb.Gp.
Actor Mat.Pr.
Data 4.
Will Pancasila be a strong ideology for Indonesian in this globali-zation era?
Verb.Gp. Nom.Grp. Verb.Gp. Nom.Grp. Adv.Grp. Int.Attr. Token Int.Attr. Value Cir.L.P.
Idea means see (idean), while logy is Nom.Grp. Verb.Gp. Nom.Pr. Nom.Grp. Verb.Gp. Token Int.Attr. Value Token Int.Attr. from the word... Adv.Grp. Value Data 13.
Actor Mat.Pr. Mat.Pr. with age development. Adv.Grp.
Thus, theory means the product of discovery in mind in the forrn of science or Nom.Grp. Verb.Gp. Nom.Grp. Token Int.Attr. Value Data 14.
Ideology could also mean a group of systemic concept that could be made as basis, opinion (event) giving goal and........
Nom.Grp. Verb.Gp. Nom.Grp. Adv.Gr. Token Int.Attr.. Value Cir.Acc.
Data 22 . it means that in each ideology there will always be vital ideas and .... as their supporting subject to achieve an ideal....... Nom.Grp Verb Grp Nom.Grp. Adv.Grp. Token Int.Attr. Value Cir.Man.
Data 5.
The following materials would help us to answer such questions Nom.Gr Verb.Gp. Nom.Grp. Verb.Gr. Actor Mat.Pr. Receiver Verb.Pr. by understanding the following matters. Adv.Grp. Cir.Man.
Data 84.
In the session, Mr. Moh. Yamin stated his ideas. Adv.Grp. Nom.Grp Verb Grp Nom.Grp Cir.L.T. Sayer Verb.Pr. Verbiage about the formulation of state base spoken and written....
Cir.Acc.
Therefore, Pancasila as open ideology must be able to filter and adopt Nom.Grp. Verb.Gp. Verb.Gp.
This model presents analysis as continuous, interactive process involving three phases that constantly impact upon each other and are carried out simultaneously. Finally, the researcher selected and code the data needed related to research questions. These activities were going on until the research questions were answered.
III. R
F. The Trustworthines of the Study
To ensure reliability in qualitative research, examination of trustworthiness is crucial. Searle
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, while establishing good quality studies through reliability and validity in qualitative research, states that the