Dwi Rahmawati Kumalasari Bab II
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Listening
1. Definition of Listening Listening is an activity that always happens in our conversation.
Conversation consist of two activities; speaking and listening. When the students listen to the teacher who is speaking, the students have to try to understand the information given from the speaker. If the students listens carefully to the speaker, it will be possible for them to catch the main point of the information given. In this case, listening is different from hearing, when the students are listening, it also has a process of hearing, but when the students are hearing it is not always listening.
This statement is cited by Tarigan (1986: 28) that defines that the listening is hearing activity to the spoken language with attention, understanding, appreciation and interpretation to get information, content or message and to understand the essence of the communication sent by the speaker through speech or spoken language.
Based on the previous explanation, when the students really listen to others, they elaborate their ideas, and express themselves in greater depth: it will make the students understand in every single sentence so that they get information. By knowing and understanding the information, students can interpret and make necessary response to the speaker.
4 In summary listening is a activity which it requires the listener to be actively and imaginatively involved in another situation to understand provided material in the form of spoken language that is from your own. It can be done by involving a five step process; attending, understanding. interpreting, responding and remembering.
2. The Importance of Listening Listening is very important especially in conversation. We cannot develop speaking skill unless we develop listening skill. To have successful conversation, students must understand what is said to them. In the daily life adults use almost half their communication time for listening, and students may receive as much as 90% of their in school information through listening from teacher and speak to one another (Salisbury in tarigan 1986: 132).
3. The Purpose of Listening There are many aims of listening as follows:
a. listening to get knowledge and learning
b. listening to get enjoyable of something especially audio visual
c. listening, to differentiate the sounds accurately It shows that listening is all important skill that will give much knowledge to the students about what they hear and comprehend in teaching learning process. Listening also leads the listener to get more pleasure from audio visual medium for example if the listener watch a movie, they will feel more comfortable if they can hear the voice or sound of that movie.
B. Vocabulary
1. Definition of Vocabulary Vocabulary is one of the language components that have to be mastered by the learners in learning foreign language. Vocabulary is a list of words including their meanings and it is used to express our ideas and feeling by communicating it in a language. Klatch & Brown (1995: 1) define vocabulary as a list or set of words of a particular language or a list or set of word that individual speakers of language might use. While Vossoughi (2009:1) states, the vocabulary is the tool we use to think, to express ideas and feelings, and to learn about the world. It can be concluded that vocabulary is a set of words that is used to communicate in a language.
2. The Importance of Vocabulary Language skills mostly depend on the mastery of vocabulary. The more vocabulary, the easier to use English. If the students lack vocabulary, they will face some difficulties in using English.
Zimmerman (1997) as cited in Wu (2009: 10) states that vocabulary is central to language and of critical importance to the typical language learners. In order to master English well, students have to master English vocabulary. As Rivers (1983: 125) in Nunan (199 1:117) argues that the acquisition of an adequate vocabulary is essential for successful second language use because without an extensive vocabulary, it will be unable for learners to use the structures and functions they may have learned for comprehensible communication.
3. Aspects of Vocabulary In learning vocabulary, there are some vocabulary aspects that teacher should convey to the students. Based on Lado (1972: 1) as cited in
DwiTantri (2013: 6), the vocabulary aspects consists meaning, spelling, pronunciation, word classes, and word use.
a. Meaning A word may have more than one meaning when it is used in different context. In order to discover the meaning, the teacher can use ways such as guided discovery, contextual guesswork and using dictionaries.
Guided discovery involves asking question or offering example that guides students to guess the meaning correctly. The meaning can be conveyed by using demonstration or pictures (using object, using gesture, blackboard drawing and pictures of book) and by verbal explanation (analytical definition, putting the new words in a defining context, and translating into another language) (Nations, 1990: 51 as cited in Kareem, 2000: 6). Involving students in discovering the meaning, it will be easy for students to remember the word and its meaning”.
Contextual guesswork means making of the context in which the word appears to drive an idea of its meaning, or in some cases, guess from the word itself.
b. Spelling In learning vocabulary, spelling is important because it aids in reading. Spelling there may be different acceptable written forms for the same words within the same variety of English or most commonly, due to the fact that they belong to different varieties as happens with many British or American English terms (Lopez, 1998: 38).
c. Pronunciation Pronunciation is how words are pronounced. Pronunciation of word is not related to the spelling so it is difficult to be learnt. Good pronunciation helps receiver easier to communicate.
d. Word classes Word classes are categories of word. There are grammatical pattern that should be practiced fluently to the students such as noun
(countable and uncountable), verb complementation, phrasal verbs, adjectives and adverb (Kareem, 2000: 4). The classification of the words of a language in this way depends on their function in communication. Nouns can occur in certain places of sentences and serve certain function. Verbs also occur in certain places and have special function, so word class membership is an important lexical feature. e. Word use Word use is how a word, phrase, or concept is used in a language. Word use may also involve grammar and thus be the subject of profound analysis.
4. Types of Vocabulary A language has so many vocabulary required by someone for communication. These vocabulary are divided into two types, namely’ a) General vocabulary, which consist of everyday words widely acknowledge meaning in common usage.
Example: school, hospital, table, etc.
b) Special/technical vocabulary, which is made up words from everybody, general vocabulary which takes on specialized meanings when adapted to a particular content area or particular subject matter field.
Example: chlorophyll, stethoscope, etc (Zuraida, 2014:5) Meanwhile, (Nunan, 1991: 118) ini line with (Hatch and Brown,
1995:370) mentions that there are two kinds of vocabulary should be mastered by a language learner, namely: a) Receptive or passive vocabulary is defined as words in which the readers recognize and understand, but they do not necessarily use.
b) Productive or active vocabulary is defined as words in which the readers both understand and use them to communicate both spoken and written form.
By looking at former discussion about the divisions of vocabulary, it comes into a conclusion that vocabulary can be divided into two types based on the easiness to understand and produce. The first is the vocabulary that is easy to understand in and produce. It is the combination between general vocabulary and productive vocabulary. Then, the second is the vocabulary that is hard to produce both in spoken and written form.
It is the combination between special/technical vocabulary and receptive vocabulary. The assumption is learners will learn receptive vocabulary first and then by knowing the vocabulary that is receipted the learners will produce some communications (Schmitt. 2000: 5)
C. Basic Assumption
Listening is one of basic skills in English that must be mastered by students in junior high school. In listening, vocabulary mastery is very important because when we listen for something we have to know about meaning, pronoun, and spelling. Therefore, listening is difficult activity for the students because they must have a good listening comprehension and vocabulary mastery.
It is important for teacher or researcher to know the students' vocabulary mastery and listening comprehension because it be able to know whether or not there is a correlation between vocabulary mastery and listening comprehension.