ANALISIS KINERJA BIDAN DESA BERDASARKAN TEORI JOB EMBEDDEDNESS DAN TEORI KINERJA DALAM PENCAPAIAN PROGRAM KIA DI DESA SE-KABUPATEN BUTON UTARA Repository - UNAIR REPOSITORY
TESIS
ANALISIS KINERJA BIDAN DESA BERDASARKAN TEORI JOB
EMBEDDEDNESS DAN TEORI KINERJA DALAM PENCAPAIANPROGRAM KIA DI DESA SE-KABUPATEN BUTON UTARA
MASHUR
UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA
FAKULTAS KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT
PROGRAM MAGISTER
PROGRAM STUDI ADMINISTRASI DAN KEBIJAKAN KESEHATAN
SURABAYA
2015
TESIS
ANALISIS KINERJA BIDAN DESA BERDASARKAN TEORI JOB
EMBEDDEDNESS DAN TEORI KINERJA DALAM PENCAPAIANPROGRAM KIA DI DESA SE-KABUPATEN BUTON UTARA
MASHUR
NIM 101214453074
UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA
FAKULTAS KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT
PROGRAM MAGISTER
PROGRAM STUDI ADMINISTRASI DAN KEBIJAKAN KESEHATAN
SURABAYA
2015
ANALISIS KINERJA BIDAN DESA BERDASARKAN TEORI JOB
EMBEDDEDNESS DAN TEORI KINERJA DALAM PENCAPAIANPROGRAM KIA DI DESA SE-KABUPATEN BUTON UTARA
TESIS
Untuk memperoleh gelar Magister Kesehatan
Minat Studi Manajemen Kesehatan
Program Studi Administrasi dan Kebijakan Kesehatan
Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat
Universitas Airlangga
Oleh:
MASHUR
NIM 101214453074
UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA
FAKULTAS KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT
PROGRAM MAGISTER
PROGRAM STUDI ADMINISTRASI DAN KEBIJAKAN KESEHATAN
SURABAYA
2015
PENGESAHAN
Dipertahankan di depan Tim Penguji Tesis
Minat Studi Manajemen Kesehatan
Program Studi Administrasi dan Kebijakan Kesehatan
Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Airlangga
dan diterima untuk memenuhi persyaratan guna memperoleh gelar
Magister Kesehatan (M.Kes.)
pada tanggal 24 November 2015
Mengesahkan
Universitas Airlangga
Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat
Dekan,
Prof. Dr. Tri Martiana, dr., M.S.
NIP 195603031987012001
Tim Penguji: Ketua : Dr. M. Bagus Qomaruddin, Drs., M.Kes.
Anggota : 1. Dr. Thinni Nurul Rochmah, Dra.Ec., M.Kes.
2. Dr. Djazuly Chalidyanto, S.KM., M.ARS.
3. Dr. Windhu Purnomo, dr., M.S.
4. Rias Ari Mukti, drg., M.Kes.
5. Hariyanto, S.KM., M.Kes.
PERSETUJUAN
TESIS
Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar
Magister Kesehatan (M.Kes.)
Minat Studi Manajemen Kesehatan
Program Studi Administrasi dan Kebijakan Kesehatan
Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat
Universitas Airlangga
Oleh
MASHUR
NIM 101214453074
Menyetujui,
Surabaya, 24 November 2015
Pembimbing Ketua PembimbingDr. Thinni Nurul Rochmah, Dra.Ec., M.Kes. Dr. Djazuly Chalidyanto, S.KM., M.ARS.
NIP 196502111991032002 NIP 197111081998021001
Mengetahui,
Ketua Program Studi Administrasi dan Kebijakan Kesehatan
Dr. Thinni Nurul Rochmah, Dra.Ec., M.Kes.
NIP 196502111991032002
PERNYATAAN TENTANG ORISINALITAS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya: Nama : Mashur NIM : 101214453074 Program Studi : Administrasi dan Kebijakan Kesehatan Minat Studi : Manajemen Kesehatan Angkatan : 2012/2013 Jenjang : Magister menyatakan bahwa saya tidak melakukan kegiatan plagiat dalam penulisan tesis saya yang berjudul:
ANALISIS KINERJA BIDAN DESA BERDASARKAN TEORI JOB
EMBEDDEDNESS DAN TEORI KINERJA DALAM PENCAPAIANPROGRAM KIA DI DESA SE-KABUPATEN BUTON UTARA
Apabila suatu saat nanti terbukti saya melakukan tindakan plagiat, maka saya akan menerima sanksi yang telah ditetapkan. Demikian surat pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenar-benarnya.
Surabaya, 24 November 2015 ( Mashur )
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT atas Karunia dan Hidayah-Nya vi penyusunan tesis dengan judul Analisis Kinerja Bidan Desa Berdasarkan Teori
Job Embeddedness dan Teori Kinerja Dalam Pencapaian Program KIA di Desa Se- Kabupaten Buton Utara ini dapat terselesaikan.
Tesis ini berisikan mengenai embeddedness bidan desa dengan on the job,
embeddedness bidan desa dengan off the job, kompetensi bidan desa serta
pelatihan bidan desa dalam melaksanakan peyanan KIA di Kabupaten Buton Utara.
Ucapan terima kasih yang tak terhingga saya sampaikan kepada Dr. Thinni Nurul Rochmah, Dra. Ec., M.Kes selaku Pembimbing Ketua yang dengan kesabaran dan perhatiannya dalam memberikan bimbingan, semangat, dan saran hingga penulisan tesis ini bisa terselesaikan dengan baik. Ucapan terima kasih yang tak terhingga juga saya sampaikan kepada Dr. Djazuly Chalidyanto, S.KM., M.ARS selaku pembimbing yang telah banyak meluangkan waktu untuk memberikan bimbingan, saran demi kesempurnaan penulisan tesis ini.
Dengan terselesainya penulisan tesis ini, perkenankan saya mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada :
1. Prof. Dr. Mohammad Nasih, S.E., M.T.,Ak. selaku Rektor Universitas Airlangga yang telah memberikan kesempatan untuk menempuh pendidikan Program Magister di Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Airlangga.
2. Prof. Dr. Tri Martiana, dr., M.S. selaku Dekan Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Airlangga yang telah memberikan fasilitas dalam menempuh pendidikan di Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Airlangga.
3. Dr. Thinni Nurul Rochmah, Dra.Ec., M.Kes. selaku ketua Program Studi Administrasi dan Kebijakan Kesehatan.
4. Ketua Penguji, Dr. M. Bagus Qomaruddin, Drs., M.Sc. berserta anggota penguji Dr. Thinni Nurul Rochmah, Dra.Ec., M.Kes., Dr. Djazuly Chalidyanto, S.KM., M.ARS., Dr. Windhu Purnomo, dr., M.S., Hariyanto,
S.KM., M.Kes., Rias Ari Mukti, drg., M.Kes atas kesediaannya dalam membimbing perbaikan tesis ini.
5. Kementerian kesehatan RI yang telah memberikan financial support berupa bantuan biaya pendidikan.
6. Kepala Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Buton Utara beserta jajarannya yang telah memberikan ijin dan dukungan secara moril pada penulis.
7. Semua dosen pengajar yang telah berkenan berbagi ilmu di Program Studi Administrasi dan Kebijakan Kesehatan Universitas Airlangga beserta staf administrasi yang telah banyak membantu melancarkan proses selama masa studi.
8. Istri tercinta, Erni Latif, S.KM. terimakasih atas dukungan dan motivasinya
9. Kepada ibu saya (Wa Suna) dan seluruh keluarga yang selalu memberikan dukungan dan motivsi.
10. Teman dan sahabat Minat Studi Manajemen Kesehatan anggkatan 2012 yang selalu memberikan makna keindahan dalam berbagi.
11. Para edukator dan responden yang telah meluangkan waktu dan tenaganya untuk membantu terselesaikannya penelitian ini.
Demikian, semoga tesis ini bisa memberi manfaat bagi diri sendiri dan pihak lain yang membutuhkan.
Surabaya, 24 November 2015 Penulis
SUMMARY
Performance Analysis of Midwife Based on Theory of Job Embeddedness and
Performance Theory in Maternal and Child Health in Village of North Buton
Maternal and neonatal care provision quality is very important in developing countries, including Indonesia, to reduce the mortality rate in achieving MDGs targets on 2015 as much as 102 per 100,000 live births. North Buton with an area of 1445.32 km²has 10 public health centers. Its population is 285.414 people, with 46.404 spouses on fertile age. There are 8252 pregnant women in 2012. The proportion of midwives reached 83.33% (72 midwives) with Nonetheless, the scope of delivery assistance by health worker is still very low and likely to decline withnumber of 52% in 2011, 48% in 2012 and 50% in 2013. On the other hand,deliveries by traditional birth attendant increased as much as 48% in 2011, 52% of 2012 and 50% in 2013
Achievement of K1, K4 and birth by health workers in North Buton supported by attendance data from Maternal and Child Health officer which tend to be low, with 74% in 2011, 79% in 2012 and 73% in 2013 with attendance target of 98%. Problems in this study are "The low performance of Maternal and Child program (Achievement of K1, K4 and delivery by health worker) in 2011- 2013 in North Buton where (Q1: 80.3% of the target of 95%, K4: 80.0% the target 90,0% and delivery by health worker: 50.0% target of 90.0%).
This research was an observational analytic. It was an observation without any intervention on the variables. This research was conducted in the villages in North Buton. Data collection time was in April to May 2015 with the population of a village midwife as many as 72 people. The sample was 55 people. The data analysis used multiple linear regressions.
The results were obtained showed that the embeddedness affected on the job performance of midwivesas much as 50% with strongembedded midwife was categorized asfair.The most respondents (54.1%) with fair embedded midwife had performance categorized as poor.Nearly half (47.4%) with poor embedded midwife had good performance. Embedded midwife with off the job was found that as much as 28.6% (nearly half)with poor embedded midwife had good performance.And a small portion of respondents (21.1%) withfair embedded midwife had fair performance.Almost half of respondents (46,6%) with poor embedded midwife had good performance. On village midwife, the better the competency tended to have low performance. This meant that the competency had negative effect on the performance of midwives. The training process of midwives had positive effect on the performance in maternal and child health care.
Based on the results of multiple linear regressions, it was concluded that embededdness of midwife and on the job did not significantly affect performance. The embeddedness of midwife and off the job had significant effect but the effect was negative. The same condition applied on the competence of midwives. The training process of midwives affect significantly positive.
ABSTRACT
Performance Analysis of Midwife Based on Theory of Job Embeddedness and
Performance Theory in Maternal and Child Health in Village of North Buton
Problems in this study are "The low performance of Maternal and Child program (Achievement of K1, K4 and delivery by health worker) in 2011-2013. The purpose of the study was to analyze the achievement of performance based on job embeddeness theory and the theory of performance in Maternal and Child Health Care. This research was an observational analytic. It was an observation without any intervention on the variables. This research was conducted in the population of a village midwife as many as 72 people. The sample was 55 people. The data analysis used multiple linear regressions. The results were obtained showed that the embeddedness affected on the job performance of midwivesas much as 50% with strong embedded midwife was categorized asfair, 54.1% with fair embedded midwife had performance categorized as poor. Embedded midwife with off the job was found that as much as 28.6% with poor embedded midwife had good performance, 46,6% with poor embedded midwife had good performance. On village midwife, the better the competency tended to have low performance. This meant that the competency had negative effect on the performance of midwives. The training process of midwives had positive effect on the performance in maternal and child health care. Based on the results of multiple linear regressions, it was concluded that embededdness of midwife and on the job did not significantly affect performance. The embeddedness of midwife and off the job had significant effect but the effect was negative. The same condition applied on the competence of midwives. The training process of midwives affect significantly positive. Based on the results of multiple linear regressions, it was concluded that embededdness of midwife and on the job did not significantly affect performance. The embeddedness of midwife and off the job had significant effect but the effect was negative. The same condition applied on the competence of midwives. The training process of midwives affect significantly positive. Keywords: job embeddedness, competence, training and performance.
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman SAMPUL DEPAN ...................................................................................... i SAMPUL DALAM ..................................................................................... ii HALAMAN PRASYARAT GELAR ......................................................... iii HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ..................................................................... iv HALAMAN PERSETUJUAN ................................................................... v KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................ vii SUMMARY .................................................................................................. ix
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. x
DAFTAR ISI .............................................................................................. xi DAFTAR TABEL ....................................................................................... xv DAFTAR GAMBAR .................................................................................. xvii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ............................................................................... xviii DAFTAR ARTI LAMBANG, SINGKATAN DAN ISTILAH .................. xix BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN ...................................................................
1 1.1 Latar Belakang ...............................................................
1 1.2 Kajian Masalah ..............................................................
5 1.2.1 Faktor On The Job Embeddedness (organisasi) .....
6 1.2.2 Faktor Off The Job Embeddedness ........................
7 1.2.3 Faktor Individu Petugas ........................................
9 1.2.4 Faktor Psikologi ....................................................
10 1.3 Batasan Masalah ............................................................
11 1.4 Rumusan Masalah ..........................................................
11 1.5 Tujuan Penelitian ...........................................................
12 1.5.1 Tujuan Umum ........................................................
12 1.5.2 Tujuan Khusus .......................................................
12 1.6 Manfaat Penelitian .........................................................
13 1.6.1 Teoritis ..................................................................
13 1.6.2 Praktis ...................................................................
13 BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ..........................................................
14 2.1 Konsep Kinerja ...............................................................
14 2.1.1 Pengertian Kinerja .................................................
14 2.1.2 Dimensi dan Indikator Kinerja .............................
16 2.1.3 Penilaian Kinerja ..................................................
19 2.1.4 Standar Kinerja ......................................................
24 2.1.5 Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kinerja ......................
24 2.2 Bidan Desa ......................................................................
49 2.2.1 Pengertian Bidan Desa ...........................................
50
2.2.2 Maksud Penempatan Bidan di Desa ......................
99
80 4.6 Teknik dan Prosedur Pengumpulan Data .......................
96 4.6.1 Tehnik Pengumpulan Data ...................................
96 4.6.2 Prosedur Pengumpulan Data ..................................
96 4.7 Pengolahan dan Analisis Data .......................................
97 4.7.1 Pengolahan Data ....................................................
97 4.7.2 Analisis Data ..........................................................
97 BAB 5 HASIL DAN ANALISIS DATA .............................................
5.1 Gambaran Umum Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Buton Utara ...............................................................................
79 4.5.1 Variabel Penelitian .................................................
99
5.2 Karakteristik Responden ................................................. 101
5.2.1 Umur Bidan Desa ................................................. 101
5.2.2 Jenjang Pendidikan Bidan Desa ............................. 101
5.2.3 Status Kepegawaian Bidan Desa ........................... 102
5.2.4 Masa Kerja Bidan Desa ......................................... 103
5.3 Job Embededdness Bidan Desa ...................................... 104
5.3.1 Dimensi Job Embeddedness Bidan Desa Dengan
79 4.5.2 Definisi Operasional .............................................
78 4.5 Variabel Penelitian dan Definisi Operasional .................
51 2.2.3 Tujuan Penempatan Bidan di Desa ........................
68 2.6 Teori Kinerja ..................................................................
51 2.3 Keberadaan Polindes ......................................................
55 2.3.1 Pengertian Polindes ...............................................
55 2.3.2 Tujuan Polindes .....................................................
56 2.3.3 Persyatan Polindes .................................................
57 2.3.4 Pengorganisasian Polindes. ....................................
63 2.4 Model Theory Job Embeddedness .................................
64
2.5 Dinamika Hubungan Status Kepegawaian dan Job Embeddedness .................................................................
69 BAB 3 KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL ...............................................
76 4.4 Kerangka Operasional ....................................................
74 3.1 Kerangka Konseptual .....................................................
74 3.2 Penjelasan Kerangka Konseptual Penelitian ..................
75 BAB 4 METODE PENELITIAN .........................................................
76 4.1 Jenis Penelitian ...............................................................
76 4.2 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ..........................................
76 4.3 Populasi dan Sampel .......................................................
76 4.3.1 Populasi ..................................................................
76 4.3.2 Sampel ...................................................................
On TheJob Embededdness (Organisasi) ................ 104
5.3.2 Dimensi Job embeddedness Bidan Desa Dengan
5.9 Rekapitulasi Pengaruh On The Job embeddedness, Off
6.5 Pelatihanan Bidan Desa Dalam Melaksanakan Pelayanan KIA di Kabupaten Buton Utara ..................... 142
6.4 Kompetensi Bidan Desa Dalam Melaksanakan Pelayanan KIA di Kabupaten Buton Utara ..................... 138
6.3 Off The Job Embeddedness Terhadap Kinerja Bidan Desa Di Kabupaten Buton Utara .................................... 134
6.2 On The Job Embeddedness Terhadap Kinerja Bidan Desa Di Kabupaten Buton Utara .................................... 129
6.1 Job Embeddedness Bidan Desa Se-Kabupaten Buton Utara ............................................................................... 128
BAB 6 PEMBAHASAN ...................................................................... 128
5.12 Rekomendasi Berdasarkan Telaah Peneliti Di Kabupaten Buton Utara Tahun 2015 .............................. 127
5.11 Rekomendasi Peningkatan Embeddedness Bidan Desa dengan On the Job, Off The Job, Kompetensi Berdasarkan Hasil FGD .................................................. 126
5.10 Isu Strategis dan Rekomendasi Berdasarkan Hasil FGD di Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Buton Utara Serta Hasil Telaah Penelitian ............................................................ 125
Terhadap Kinerja Bidan Desa ......................................... 124
The Job Embeddedness, Kompetensi, Pelatihan
Kinerja Bidan Desa ......................................................... 123
Off The Job Embededdness (Lingkungan) ............ 108
Job Embeddedness, Kompetensi, Pelatihan Terhadap
5.8 Analisis Pengaruh On The Job embeddedness, Off The
5.7.4 Pengaruh Pelatihan Terhadap Kinerja Bidan Desa 122
5.7.3 Pengaruh Kometensi Terhadap Kinerja Bidan Desa ....................................................................... 121
5.7.2 Pengaruh Off the Job Embeddedness Terhadap Kinerja Bidan Desa ............................................... 120
Kinerja Bidan Desa ......................................................... 119 Kinerja Bidan Desa ............................................... 119
Job Embeddedness, Kompetensi, Pelatihan Terhadap
5.7 Analisis Pengaruh On The Job Embeddedness, Off The
5.6 Kinerja Bidan Desa Dalam Melaksanakan Pelayanan KIA ................................................................................ 117
5.5 Pelatihan Bidan Desa Dalam Melaksanakan Pelayanan KIA di Kabupatn Buton Utara ........................................ 116
5.4 Kompetensi Bidan Desa Dalam Melaksanakan Pelayanan KIA di Kabupaten Buton Utara ..................... 112
6.6 Kinerja Bidan Desa Dalam Melaksanakan Pelayanan KIA Di Kabupaten Buton Utara ..................................... 145
BAB 7 PENUTUP ................................................................................ 148
7.1 Kesimpulan ..................................................................... 148
7.2 Saran ............................................................................... 149
7.2.1 Bagi Puskesmas ..................................................... 149
7.2.2 Bagi Peneliti Selanjutnya ....................................... 150 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................................. 151
DAFTAR TABEL
Embeddedness Bidan Desa dengan On The Job.......................... Links Dengan Off The Job Embededdness..................................
Pengetahuan Bidan Desa Dalam Melaksanakan Pertolongan Persalinan.................................................................................... Kategori Pengetahuan Bidan Desa.............................................. Keterampilan Bidan Desa Dalam Melaksanakan Pertolongan Persalinan.................................................................................... Kategori Keterampilan Bidan Desa............................................. Pengalaman Bidan Desa Dalam Melaksanakan Pertolongan Persalinan.................................................................................... Kategori Pengalaman Bidan Desa............................................... Kompetensi Bidan Desa Dalam Melaksanakan Pertolongan Persalinan.................................................................................... Pelatihan Bidan Desa Dalam Melaksanakan Pertolongan Persalinan.................................................................................... Kategori Pelatihan Bidan Desa Dalam Melaksanakan Pertolongan Persalinan............................................................................................... Kinerja Bidan Desa Dalam Melaksanakan Pelayanan KIA di Kabupaten Buton Utara...............................................................
Embeddedness Bidan Desa dengan Off The Job.........................
Kategori Sacrifice Dengan Off The Job Embeddedness......
Sacrifice Dengan Off The Job embededdness.............................
Kategori Fit Dengan Off The Job Embededdness.......................
Fit Dengan Off The Job Embeddedness......................................
Kategori Links Dengan Off The Job Embeddedness...................
Kategori Sacrifice Dengan On The Job Embeddedness..............
Nomor Judul Tabel Halaman Tabel 1.1 Data Pencapaian K1, K4 dan Salinakes .....................................
Sacrifice Dengan On The Job embeddedness..............................
Kategori Fit Dengan On The Job Embeddedness........................
Fit Dengan On The Job Embededdness...................................................
Kategori Links Dengan On The Job Embeddedness....................
Links Dengan On The Job Embededdness...................................
Distribusi Frekuensi Umur Bidan Desa Se-Kab. Buton Utara............................................................................................ Distribusi Frekuensi Jenjang Pendidikan Bidan Desa Se-Kab. Buton Utara................................................................................. Distribusi Frekuensi Masa Kerja Bidan Desa Se-Kab. Buton Utara............................................................................................
3 Tabel 4.2 Definisi Operasional..................................................................... 80 Tabel 5.1 Tabel 5.2 Tabel 5.4 Tabel 5.5 Tabel 5.6 Tabel 5.7 Tabel 5.8 Tabel 5.9 Tabel 5.10 Tabel 5.11 Tabel 5.12 Tabel 5.13 Tabel 5.14 Tabel 5.15 Tabel 5.16 Tabel 5.17 Tabel 5.18 Tabel 5.19 Tabel 5.20 Tabel 5.21 Tabel 5.22 Tabel 5.23 Tabel 5.24 Tabel 5.25 Tabel 5.26 Tabel 5.27 Tabel 5.28
101 102 103 104 105 105 106 106 107 107 108 109 109 110 110 111 111 112 113 113 114 114 115 115 116 117 118
Tabel 5.29 Pencapaian Kinerja Bidan Desa Dalam MelaksanakanPelayanan KIA di Kabupaten Buton Utara................................. 118
Tabel 5.30 Pengaruh On The Job embeddedness Terhadap Kinerja BidanDesa di Kabupaten Buton Utara.................................................. 119
Tabel 5.31 Pengaruh Off The Job embeddedness Terhadap Kinerja BidanDesa di Kabupaten Buton Utara.................................................. 120
Tabel 5.32 Pengaruh Kompetensi Terhadap Kinerja Bidan Desa diKabupaten Buton Utara............................................................... 121
Tabel 5.33 Pengaruh Pelatihan Terhadap Kinerja Bidan Desa diKabupaten Buton Utara............................................................... 122
Tabel 5.34 Analisis Pengaruh On The Job Embeddedness, Off The JobBidan Desa di Kabupaten Buton Utara....................................... 123
Tabel 5.35 Penyusunan Isu Strategis Berdasarkan Hasil Penelitian diKabupaten Buton Utara............................................................... 125
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Nomor Judul Gambar Halaman
Gambar 1.1 Kajian Masalah..................................................................................... 5Gambar 2.2 Manfaat Penilaian Kinerja........................................................... 21Gambar 3.1 Kerangka Konsep Penelitian....................................................... 74 Gambar 4.4 Kerangka Operasional.................................................................78 Rekapitulasi Pengaruh On The Job embeddedness, Off The Job Gambar 5.1
Embeddedness, Kompetensi, Pembelajaran Terhadap Kinerja Bidan Desa...................................................................................
123