ENGLISH AND EDUCATION DEPARTMENT STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE (STAIN) SALATIGA 2005
THE IN F L U E N C E OF W O M A N Q U O TA IN L E G IS L A T IV E
AND THEIR EXPECTATION TOWARDS GENDER POLITIC
EQUALITY (A QUR’ANIC PERSPECTIVE)
Submitted to the Board o f Examiners in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree o f Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I) in the English and Education Department
NIM. 113 01 006
ENGLISH AND EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE (STAIN) SALATIGA 2005DEPARTEMEN AGAMA SEKOLAH TINGGI AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI (STAIN) SALATIGA Jl. Tentara Pelajar 02 Telp. (0298) 323706, 323433 Fax 323433 Salatiga 50721 Website : www, stai n sal ati ga. ac. i d E-mail :
DEKLARASI
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim
Dengan penuh kejujuran dan tanggung jawab, peneliti menyatakan bahwa skripsi ini tidak berisi materi yang pernah ditulis oleh orang lain atau pernah diterbitkan. Demikian juga skripsi ini tidak berisi satupun pikiran-pikiran orang lain, kecuali informasi yang terdapat dalam referensi yang dijadikan bahan rujukan.
Apabila di kemudian hari ternyata terdapat materi atau pikiran-pikiran orang lain di luar referensi yang peneliti cantumkan, maka peneliti sanggup mempertanggung jawabkan kembali keaslian skripsi ini di hadapan sidang munaqosyah skripsi.
Demikian deklarasi ini dibuat oleh peneliti untuk dapat dimaklumi.
Salatiga, 8 Agustus 2005 Peneliti
NIM. 113 01 006 Prof. H. Muh Zuhri, M.A. The Lecturer of Education Faculty
State Islamic Studies Institute o f Salatiga
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTES
Case : Siti Maslukah’s Thesis Salatiga, August 8th, 2005 Dear
The Head of State Islamic Studies Institute of Salatiga Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
After reading and correcting Siti Maslukah’s thesis entitled “THE INFLUENCE OF WOMAN QUOTA IN LEGISLATIVE AND THEIR EXPECTATION TOWARDS GENDER POLITIC EQUALITY (A QUR’ANIC PERSPECTIVE)”, 1 have decided and would like to propose that if it could be accepted by the educational faculty, I hope it would be examined as soon as possible. Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS AFFARIS
STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE SALATIGA Jl. Stadion 03 Phone (0298) 323706 Salatiga 50721 STATEMENT OF CERTIFICATION THE INFLUENCE OF WOMAN QUOTA IN LEGISLATIVE AND THEIR EXPECTATION TOWARDS GENDER POLITIC EQUALITY (A QUR’ANIC PERSPECTIVE) SITI MASLUKAH NIM. 113 01 006
Has been brought to the board of examiners in August 30th, 2005/Rajab 25th 1426 H to completely fulfill the requirement of the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan
Islam (S.Pd.l) in English and Education Department.
Salatiga, - g S » '. 25* ;1426» August 30th, 2005 M
Board Examiners Consultant
M O TTO I f one studies injunctions oftHe Qur’an w ith un6iased mind, it w iff not 6e difficult to understand the fundam ental importance that the Qur’an gives to the notion o f justice (fl.shghar J4fi <Enginer).
I love (jod and process. Hope fo r the 6est and prepare fo r the worst I f the stone f a d upon the egg, alas fo r the egg !
I f the egg f a d upon the stone, aCasfor the egg
DEDICATION
1. M y fa th e r and my mother Mr. Syahirun a nd Mrs. Mafsiah and my younger 6rother Muhammad Mur X hoifinyou are my fovest.
2. M y spiritualteacher.
Mr. % }f. ChoRCflsy’ari thanf^a hot fo r everything.
3. M y spirituahteacher.
Mr. (DcRiIshgh_(DanieC,M.th in (pentahpsta church who teach me a6out differentiate and you ahways support me and hehp me, I wi[[ ahways remem6eryou.
4. M y Sest friends in J4C- Taafa Chu6 Vchieffim ut, Qati erreor, andSicho-dH.
5. M y best friends
JLdin, Jadi, M Syufron aC- Qughoti, <Pipit, Jlnif^ ‘YuCi, M umi, JLni, Munung.
6. M y frien d s in <PMII I Cove you ahh.
7. M y speciaCperson in my Cife.
I have y e t now, 6ut I have Cove in my heart to reaCin my Cife.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises be to Allah, the Almighty, the Lord of the world, whose blessing make it possible for the writer to realize this graduating paper entitled
“THE INFLUENCE OF WOMAN QUOTA IN LEGISLATIVE AND THEIR
EXPECTATION TOWARDS GENDER POLITIC EQUALITY (A
QUR’ANIC PERSPECTIVE )” The writer can not reality this thesis without
person helps. In this occasion, she would like to thank to :
1. Drs. Badwan, M.Ag, the head of state Islamic Studies Institute (STAIN) of Salatiga.
2. Drs. Sa’adi, M.Ag the head of English Departement Faculty.
3. Prof. DR. H. Muh Zuhri , MA, my consultant. The great inspiration that always ready to solve my graduating paper.
4. Mr. Ruwandi, S.Pd my consultant and also the great inspiration that always ready to solve my graduating paper
5. My lectures of state Islamic Studies Institute, especially Mr. Sa’adi, Mr.
Ruwandi, Mr. Hammam, Mr. Hanung, Mrs. Wore, and the all of lecturer in State Islamic Studies Institute (STAIN) Salatiga.
6. My beloved family, mom, dad, my younger brother who given me a true love, cares, prayers, support, and wonderful family.
7. These who cannot be mentioned one by one toward their support to the writer in realizing this study.
Finally, the writer realizes that this thesis is still far from being perfect and still needs many improvements. The writer gladly accepts constructive critique and evaluation to make this thesis better.
Salatiga, August 8 2005 Siti Maslukah
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .
CHAPTER II THE HISTORY OF WOMAN MOVEMENTS IN POLITICAL PARTICIPATIONS
B. The Stratification of Gender Based on Historical
CHAPTER III QUR'AN 1C DATA OF THE GENDER EQUALITY IN POLITICAL CIRCUMSTANCES
A. The Quranic Data of the Gender Equality Specifically in Chapter Al-Baqarah Verse 228, Chapter Ali-Imran Verse 195, and Chapter Al-Akhzab Verses 35, 36, 58,
B. The Translation of Qur'anic Data of the Gender
C. The Translation of Qur'anic Data of the Gender
CHAPTER IV GENDER EQUALITY OF POLITICAL MOVEMENT
IN QUR’ANIC PERSPECTIVE
C. The Description of Chapter Al-Ahzab Verse 35, 36,
G. The Relation Between The Women’s Quota in Legislative and Their Expectation of Gender Politic
BIBLIOGRAPHY CURICULUM VITAE APPENDIX
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study History informed that woman movement has claimed the position
of policy making in legislative.1 The participation of woman in legislative has been explored on the woman congress V in Bandung in July 1938 . This claim is based on the reality that half of Indonesian population are women in bad condition and they get opportunity of important thing like education, healthy, and welfare but the reality in society women are not safe 2 When we talk about the woman movement as a great ideology which the first movement of it, concentrate in practice contexts, especially necessity and woman condition in society. 3 Woman in society is a subject of role not the object role in society. Woman is the active subject of the social construction.
The history of woman movement is blocked because of feudalism system in Indonesia still dominant, given by colonial government hegemony politic system on that time, so it is oppress of patriarchy politic system in
Indonesia. The woman movement also become barren after 1965 with the condition of woman movement devided in to 3 parts. They are : Darma
wanita for civil servants wives movement and Bhayangkari for woman 1 Umi hannah. Qouta 30 % Perempuan Sebuah Harapan Ataukah Rekayasa Politik.
Paper. Salatiga. 2003.
2 Rahmat hidayat. Ilmu yang Seksis Feminisme dan Perlawanan Terhadap Teori Sosial Maskulin. Yogyakarta. Jendela. 2004. Cet. 1. P. 101-102.
2
policies wives movement and PKK for woman common people’s wives movement. From that condition the woman movement that bears a politic system especially in legislative is not representative of woman circumstance . Unfortunately, the politic position especially in policy making are men and the policy makers are men not women. 4 In political system the policy makers also ignore the women’s paradigm, how to express their ideas and competence.5 Then woman becomes the outsider of their status in the legislative because they are defeated by man position and always isolated from politic area in legislative.6 7 The relation between woman and man especially
8 on legislative shows bad situation, so this phenomenon generated the
7 appearance of woman movement to create concrete action in legislative .
The hegemony of men in political building in legislative had o overlooked woman political knowledge experiences and aspiration . The woman movement is not revolutionary directed in policy making, but it went on evolutively to get equal position by constructing political area.
Especially in policy making on legislative woman movement make construction in politic area. They can give a. liberty to them. The woman movement in legislative become an exact means of it 9 Nevertheless,' there are still many constrains when they are going to do a maneuver in political area. However the legislative quota had gives positive energy to improve their 4 ibid, p ,ii.
5 Ibid. P. 12.
6 Ibid P. 12.
7 Ibid P. 14-15.
8 Ibid P. 17.
9 Meiwita P. Budhi Harsana and DR Edi Sedyawati. Pastikan partai anda ja d i pilihan. Jakarta. Kementrian Pemberdayaan Perempuan. 2003. p. 1.
3
motivation. The quota gives a self esteem for them and also give a politic pivot for better life in the future.10 To participate in political system in legislative they need productive competence continuously, so this quota gives energy to public sphere movement for equality because of their productivity and creativity. The legislative quota is a movement agent and affirmative action for political policy making.11 In politic especially legislative, the woman position has meaning or purpose that woman has quality with the quota and the woman position in legislative is as an existence of the woman development in gender equality.
The woman empowerment is hoped there is an improvement on human quality. Because woman nature has reproduction functions like : menstruation , give birth and give milk to the baby.12 1
3 The natural function can not be exchanged between woman and man because constructed or formed socially and culturally as a cause from the social relation which devide the function role and responsible from that kind of sex.12 Gender is not the natural function or God’s determination because gender is related to the faith process how a woman or a man should be hoped to action, and attitude and their role according to the social certainty and culture where they exist. So gender is the social sex, but we need to differentiate between gender and sex. The definition of sex and gender are different. Sex difference is affirmed biologically and physically depend on every kinds of sex in woman and man. The difference of
10 Ibid 11 Ibid p 2.
12 Ibid p. 3.
4
sex is the God’s determination as a permanent and universal character.14 Gender distinguishes woman and man in the characteristic, role, function, right and attitude formed by society. Therefore that characteristic is relative and dynamic and also can be exchanged each other, that changing happened step by step dynamically.
Gradually, from the equality concept, there will be constructed a new policy in legislative. Government gives quota in legislative for woman 30 %. The 30 % - of woman quota is a positive effect from the policy making on gender politic equality. In this quota, woman gets a positive energy to push them in the strategic areas on policy making especially in politic. The woman position in legislative is not natural system made by God, but it is a result from the social construction happened in politic. The woman involvement is a political efforts from gender politic equality which has duty of that policy and also the 30 % - of woman quota is the opportunity in all part and regard the issues as a section to interest woman sympathy on the election. Nevertheless, the more important is how the civil elector can determine the clever action automatically. Because the 30 % - of woman quota has potential to reduction the gender equality. This will be happened if the policy only use woman symbol. So woman is regarded as a problem sector and handed sectorally too, in that condition woman will become project target . It means woman only as an object of policy in political circumstance.
14
5 The 30 % - of woman quota is a positive energy for woman
development as a reaction of Qur’anic perspective in chapter Alt - Imran verse 195, and Al - Baqarah verse 228, and Al - Akhzab verse 35,36,58,73. In this Qur’anic perspective especially in verse 35 of Chapter Al - Akhzab, the statement God wants a togetherness and respectability of each other between woman and man for one purpose unified Moslem society.15 From the smallest aspect between woman and man will form a life ecosystem hannoniously.
The 30 % - of woman quota bases on the Qur’anic perspective is not only based on individual intention but it depends on social structure that makes it clearly and easily received. The 30 % - of woman quota is a concrete reaction of the Qur’anic verses, and it is as an authentic legality in social practice not only as an oral expression or irresponsible maneuver.16 1
7 That condition will
17 open the opportunity for woman development.
B. The Identification of the Problem
To make an easy understanding of the topic, it is better if the writer gives identification about the problem as follows :
1. There are many influences of the legislative quota and gender politic equality based on Qur’anic policy of view
2. There are many people regard the woman position in the legislative is not representative.
15 Nashruddin Baidan. Tafsir bi al Ra'yi Upaya penggajian konsep wanita dalam al- tpir’an. Yogyakarta. Pustaka Pelajar. Cet. 1. P.20.
16 Maneuver is the one of movement, strategy or management.
6
3. The influence of legislative quota is very important to realize the gender politic equality there is compatible with Qur’anic message.
4. There is misunderstanding on the influence of legislative quota in using the gender politic equality in a Qur’anic perspective.
C. The Limitation of the Problem The writer is going to limit this thesis , that deal with the 30 % -
of
women’s quota in legislative and their expectation towards gender politic equality. The writer uses Qur’anic perspective in 3 chapters and 6 verses :
1. Q. S . Al- Baqarah on verse 228.
2. Q .S. Al- Imran on verse 195.
3. Q S. Al- Akhzub on verse 35,36,58,73.
D. The Statement of the Problem
According to the background of the problem, there are many questions to be answered. The questions are as follows :
1. What is the influence of women’s quota in legislative and their expectation in gender politic equality ?
2. What are women’s and participation influenced by woman quota in legislative ?
3. What are the political circumstance based the Qur’anic perspective data of gender equality ?
7
4. What are the relations between the woman’s quota in legislative and their expectation of gender politic equality based on Qur’anic perspective ?
E. THE OBJECTIVES AND BENEFITS OF THE RESEARCH
The objectives of the research are as follows :
1. To study the influence of women’s quota in legislative and their expectation of gender politic equality.
2. To study the influence of woman quota in legislative and their participation.
3. To study the political circumstance based on Qur’anic perspective data of gender equality.
4. To study the relation of the women’s quota in legislative of gender politic equality based on a Qur’anic perspective.
The benefits of the research are as follows :
1. Academically This research gives an opportunity to applicant of freedom of thinking and pluralism without ignore the normative values from the
Islamic view. And this research can give a goodness of pluralism thinking in Islamic view directly and indirectly.
2. Socially This research give motivation for woman in how to face the life dinamization especially in political decision. In addition it gives new action and new policy for the policy makers in political decision.
8 F. The Research Methodology
In this research , the writer uses the research procedure those are :
1. The research approach In this research the approach used by the writer is hermeuneutic approach. It means the approach that used in Qur’an and Hadist interpretation as a collaboration of interpretations from the socio-historis, grammar, lexical, and the variations of the objective condition and 1 o subjective from the writer condition.
2. The method of data collection In this research, the writer uses documentation from books, magazines, newspapers. The writer uses descriptive analysis method.
Descriptive means a notation to emerging symptoms for carrying out a classification. In the other word, this method is implemented to list, describe and explore the idea of “The influence of woman quota in legislative and their expectation towards gender politic equality a Qur’anic perspective”
3. The method of analysis In this research, the method analysis used by the writer are as follows : a. Deductive method It means, the writer uses descriptive analysis with the explanation from general statement in to specific statement1
8 18 Kompas. Senin 28-Februari-2005.p. 44.
19.
9
b. Inductive method It means, the writer uses descriptive analysis with the
- *)Q
explanation from specific statement in to general statement."
G. The Thesis Organization
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION This chapter contains the background of the study, the identification of the problem, the limitation of the problem, the statements of the problem, the objectives and benefits of the research, methodology, and thesis organization.
CHAPTER II : THE HISTORY OF WOMAN MOVEMENT IN POLITICAL PARTICIPATION In this chapter, the writer will explain the history of woman movement in the Dutch colonial government era ,the stratification of gender based on history, the influence of woman movement in gender politic equality, the history of woman participation in political circumstance especially on legislative quota.
CHAPTER III : QUR’ANIC DATA OF THE GENDER EQUALITY IN POLITICAL CIRCUMTANCE In this chapter, the writer will explain the relation between Qur’an and the role of woman circumstance on gender politic equality in chapter Al -
Baqarah verse 228, and Ah - Imran verse 195 and Al - Akhzab verse 35,36,58,73.
20 Sutrisno Hadi. Metode Research I 1991.Yayasan Penerbitan Psikologi UGM.
Yokyakarta. P. 36.
10 CHAPTER IV : GENDER EQUALITY OF POLITICAL MOVEMENT IN
QU’ANIC PERSPECTIVE In this chapter, the writer will analyze the data. Concerning gender politic equality based on Qur’anic perspective by deductive and inductive approach. It consists of the description of Chapter Al-Baqarah verse 228, the description of Chapter Ali- Imran verse 195, the description of Chapter Al-
Akhzab verse 35,36,58,73, the description of Chapter Al-Baqarah verse 228
as a gender equality verse, the description of Chapter Ali-Jmran verse 195 as a gender equality verse, The description of Chapter Al- Akhzab verse 35,36,58,73 as a gender equality verse, the relation between the women’s quota in legislative and their expectation of gender politic equality based on Qur’anic perspective.
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION This chapter contains: A. Conclusion. B. Suggestion. i . BIBLIOGRAPHY
C H A P T E R II THE HISTORY OF WOMAN MOVEMENTS
IN POLITICAL PARTICIPATIONS
A. The History of Woman Movement in the Dutch Colonial Government Era
Indonesia was colonialized by Dutch more or less 350 years. The colonialization gave great deal with the influences to Indonesian living system including politic. The system used was stratification Indonesian societies based on land properties that is the so called feudalism. The great aspect of colonial government is the feudalism system which influence of Indonesian society so this become barren society, Indonesia society has not paradigm to the future. In addition the influence also makes bareness of woman movement and rigid the Indonesian society paradigm especially for woman. The Dutch colonialization is inhumane.1 The great power from the colonial politic system bears the feudalism system in Indonesia which block the development of Indonesia society internally in woman movement and externally in the large of Indonesia society. In general the feudalism gives strong influences in all vital of Indonesian system on that time.
When the colonial government played the feudalism system in Indonesia, they played the feudalism politic system. So the woman position was blocked on their movement. The application of colonial politic system from Dutch is patriarchy system. In patriarchal system, it is influent in the all
1 Suhartono W. Pranoto. Revolusi Agustus Nasionalisme Terpasung Dan Diplomasi
12
of policy making, so the position in politic is more dominant patriarchal. The patriarchal system is determined by colonial government of Dutch so large, in the patriarchal system paradigm woman regarded as in second position where the all of her action, creativity, based on the man position. Man becomes the prime of supreme authority in the woman action determination, individually or socially in society. So woman becomes alone who has not freedom in her intention, and also in action how to express her intention. That unfreedom cause the woman position can not get strategic position in public sphere.
Gradually, the colonial governments enlarged their influence in to vital position. The influence of patriarchal system was made by colonial government of Dutch. Society was devided in to three groups namely “priyayi, abangan, and santri “ and the vital pivot regarded as a honorable is priyayi.
Commonly, priyayi has patriarchal system where the man is more dominant than woman, while woman is not get prime position or strategic position. The culture in priyayi becomes an example in society, where the patriarchal system is legalized by feudalism system. In patriarchy culture man has power in the all aspects, those are social, politic , socio -cultural, and religious. The strategic area in public sphere becomes prime mission of patriarchy to dominate the strategic area, the men are regarded as an actor more productive, more communicative, more responsible on their actions in public sphere as a cause of patriarchy culture system. In patriarchy society man is more dominant and woman is regarded as a’ konco wingking ’. Woman is 2
3 2 Kholijah Mohd Shaleh. Women in Development. Hikmah Interpose. Malaysia.p. 10.
3 Kartono Kartodrdjo, A Sudewo, Suhardjo Hatosuprobo. Perkembangan Peradaban
13
stigmatized in to domestic area an it is become common assumption.4 So it appears assumption that woman who in public sphere is not suitable and patriarchal system regard the honorable woman is the woman who always at home, receive the command from husband, care the baby, care the unity of family and the other which relates in domestic area.
In patriarchal system the honor of woman is determined by her husband.5 Woman is controlled by man in one box of family building that is called husband. Then the woman position is not determined autonomy of the woman itself in society. Implicitly the woman stigmatic only works in domestic area is an oppression form on woman right and an oppression on harmony in equilibrium role as human has same mind, character ,and responsible in life.6 Woman without freedom determine her life is not suitable that woman has honor, exactly woman honor for the screens made from patriarchy system, with excuse gives the honor and status honorable.7 In physics dimension woman is like get honor but in inner dimension woman presoned in physics honor with the status depens on husband.8 The public views on their paradigm the patriarchal system gives a legality that a woman is a woman who manage the house effectively it means good habit in domestic area. In addition the woman characteristic is also always protected by husband that is honor woman with the feminine attitude oppression. Patriarchy culture 4 Ibid p.195.
5 Ibid p. 197.
6 Qasim Amin. Sejarah Penindasan Perempuan menggugat ‘Islam Laki-Laki’ Menggugiit" Perempuan Haru’.Yokyakarta. Ircisod. 2003. cet.l. P.47.
' Ibid. p. 48.
8Cristina S. Handayani- Ardhian Novianto. Kuasa Wanita Jawa. Yokyakarta. Lkis.
14
is influenced by feudal system inherited by colonial government of Dutch, becoming hegemony of life reality, and gives a negative contribution on woman movement. Woman becomes blocked in movement to break trough the pivots of strategic area in public sphere.9
While, in Java society where Java is the mother of feudalism system, Java has unique system of movement. Java regards that dominant patriarchal system does not gives negative interpretation for woman. The patriarchal system in Java society dominantly gives knots of woman position in domestic area that gives a life order harmoniously. Because women in patriarchy are regarded as weak women especially when they include in public sphere, they are not believed to participate in public sphere because of their famine characteristic as human who are always dominated. Patriarchal system regards that woman participation in public is affraided by the woman image that become bad, but that fear is an importance of patriarchal system to endure her position in public sphere.l0The stereotype of patriarchy regards that woman sits on the public sphere that will shatter the rule of harmonious life. The patriarchal system is influenced by feudal system as inherits of colonial government of Dutch that a greatly influences of woman movement in public sphere.11 That feudalism system oppressed woman being unable to get pivot strategic position in public sphere.12
9 Ibid P. 52.
10 Ibid p.66.
11 Qasim Amin.Op. Cit. p.86. l2Paul Stange Politik Perhatian Rasa dalam Kebudayaan Jawa Yokyakarta. Lkis.
15 When we talk about the feudalism system where block the woman existence, it can not ignore from the pioneer of Indonesian society that is Java.
In Java where the dominant system is feudalism. The feudalism system bears a rigid movement in society especially in woman position. The woman position in Java especially in priyayi society, woman gets second position, it means keep the feminine character of woman. nThe woman conditions where they are positioned in second position are a concrete form of the influence of colonial government of Dutch. The colonial government works in every segment in life, like : politic, economy, social and culture, healthy, farming, and poultry, so it bears a patriarchal system contribution which block the woman position to do her roles in public sphere.*
14 Woman is positioned as a
‘konco wingking' only as a friend in domestic area without authority in public
to determine the policy, woman as an object of policy.15 In that condition woman is pushed from the strategic positions in public sphere.
For about 19 century the colonial governments limits their cooperation with priyayi because they are afraid if the priyayi charismatic will lost the colonial government influences.16 That limitation makes the Indonesian society can not get strategic position on policy making. That dominant position of patriarchal system driven by colonial government brougth negative effect in the woman’s liberty to do a role to get a concrete movement in public. Gradually, the limitation made by colonial brougth a great influence Cristina S. Handayani- Ardiannovianto. Op.cit.p.23.
14 Sartinokartodirdjo, A Sadewo, Suhardjo Hatmosuprobo. Op.Cit. P. 8.
15 Ibid. p. 192.
16 Ibid p.21.
16
of woman. Woman has not get opportunity to detennine her action. The woman awareness to play the action clearly, especially in public sphere implicit or explicit is oppressed to get strategic area. Evenless, in pivot strategic to exits from the family area is difficult and always blocked by patriarchy on that time. The unliberty of woman on handcuff of patriarchy is the beginning from the regress of woman in the periods that will be done.
The woman position before Indonesia independent, especially before 1945 still dominant of patriarchal influences where it is as a form of feudalism pressure of colonial government of Dutch. The vital of society is positioned by priyayi's views or upper class as the embodiment of patriarchal system which is influenced by feudalism paradigm. Implicitly, the honorable symbols are used by priyayi to keep their prestige with their social system life building. Women are positioned beside as a wife or girl from their family especially in priyayi area. They are protected by patriarchal models to obedient, famine, polite and defend their feminine. That domination of patriarchal system endure and develop in common society. Women become regress in to bad condition with the protection of upper class prestige symbols to defend status quo because of patriarchal domination. The limitation happened in internal condition of woman is closed by prestige symbols of patriarchal domination. The patriarchal domination results a rule in society that women can not get equality in strategic position as a policy maker in public sphere.
17 Before Indonesia got independent in 1945 , there are many women
movements exist. The movement exist with one mission that is to get an independence of Indonesian country, the mission is based on nationalism of Indonesian citizens to have nation for one nation namely Indonesia. The movement is pioneered by Christina Martha Tiyahahu from Maluku, Cut yak Dien from Aceh, and Cut Meutia from Aceh. Their movements in the first time only brings one mission connection to divorce the colonial government that it is very torture of Indonesian society, based on nationalism importance.17
Starting from the movements proved show that woman could participate in public sphere. The world of public sphere existed by R. A Kartini that bears in Jepara. She is from priyayi class on that time. She is dispose in movement border that relate in how to improve the quality of society through education.
R. A Kartini is the pioneer of woman emancipation movements in Indonesia by giving enlightenment self esteem of women themselves.18 The movement which is pioneered by R. A Kartini gives positive effect of woman position in public sphere. R. A Kartini begins the movement through education. The R. A Kartini movement opens faucet of freedom to women to self actualize their competence. Education is a base capital to reach equalize the women and men position. Basically women and men have the equal competence and the same rights as humans. Every human in fact has the same equality in public sphere. Exactly, the restrain of woman in public 17 Sukanti Suiyochondro. Potret Pergerakan Wanita ili Indonesia. Jakarta.Rajawali Pers.
1984,cet. 1. P.67.
18 Suhartono W. Pranoto. Op.Cit. P. 143-144.
18
sphere as a same human which has same dignity and grade. The equality of dignity and grade of position as a human is a prime potential to develop the equality of them in public position connection appropriate with their competence. The Kartini’s ideals need to be respected and to build the equality of women and men in the following decade.
Then after Indonesia independent the woman movement become better and better. After that there is first congress called national woman congress.19 The program that is regarded very important that time how to make wall to keep the nation independent. This congress is motivate to the all unity country become federation country. In this era the all of woman organizations become unity in the first time to keep the nationalism.20 In this era regard that nationalism is more important than woman movement importance. Then in this era the Fujinkai is lost and the woman nasionalism movement built. That woman movement nasionalism is called PERWANI that stand for the unity of Indonesian woman. Then in Jakarta is built WANI with the same purpose then become one unity of PERWARI and then it is called PERWARI.22 PERWARI is stood in 17 December 1945. When in the next cogress in 1946, the
Indonesian woman congress is built to manage the unity of woman organization. Then in 1946 the national congress form a federation of woman organization, that is called KOWANI.
Susianah. Dililit Sejarah Potret Gerakan Perempuan PMll. 2005. Rahasia Ilmu. Tangerang, p. 12.
21 Ibid
22 ,
19 B. The Stratification of Gender Based on Historical Perspective
Feminism bom in 17century when matriarchal system in society change in to patriarchal system in society. From the change of the system brought about the views of how the gender formed. The gender existence can not ignore the history of feminism movement that implicitly result the gender theories itself. Among the theories feminism are as follows .
1. Liberalism Feminism
The liberalism feminism is the oldest feminism connection that exist in 18th- century. Liberal feminism claims about the equality of education for woman and man. This claim is based on that women does not know their rights in law because the education level is lower than men. So the assumption, if the woman education is improved so they will easy to know about their rights. This feminism movements develop ini 9- century. It began struggle of her rights as a citizen and same extend economic right. They claim of the same opportunity for women and men.
In the 20th century, the feminism movements develops their struggle become claim treatment in equality of woman and man, as well as to break discrimination. The movement of liberal feminism dispose receives as a human value, so the movement dispose forms human individually, then in the reality in society human life in groups. This liberal feminism has dualistic thinking that individual freedom and rational application is the masculine concept, but naturally there is differentiate of sex. 2
3
23 Umi hannah Gentler dalam Perspektif Sejarah. 2004. paper. Pelatihan Gender FSGS.P.3.
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2. Marxism Feminism
The Marxism feminism is a feminism that analysis every class in society. Woman is always in oppression position and also in class difference in capitalism society. Woman is alienated from economic life also as labor or other production factor. In this movement women have powerful to determine their life, but they are robbed by patriarchal culture when human recognize richen and inheritance right. The background of
t
Marxist feminism is based on materialism history where humans create themselves consciously and systematically. Woman and man make their self individually and socially. It is different from animals which manage their life consciously. In Marxist feminism is different that there is imbalance rule of division. In social life human is distinguished in to production job and reproduction.24 The production activity of Marxism analysis only give for man then the reproduction job only is regarded as the women rights that is the problems in Marxist feminism.25 Based on Marxist feminism production is not only thing and merit, but threat woman takes care the baby is also productive job, because it is the production of human resources.
3. Radicalism Feminism
The radicalism feminism introduces reproduction function bears sex differentiate and gender is the something that robber woman power.
This theory is based on view that first, this theory that analyze the
24 Ibid 25 Ivan Illich. Matinya Gender. 2002. Pustaka Pelajar.Yokyakarta.cet.4. p. 121.
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attention direction perspective that explore of woman body. Second the radical feminism explicitly analyzes how a man construct sexuality, then a man dominates woman to service them appropriate their necessity. Radical feminism criticizes of patriarchy system culture used man to control woman through family institution. This theory makes a problem out of reproduction function not woman as a gift or a curse. Why the reproduction function for woman become the cause of woman alienation? This theory regards that the background of class oppression is man class and woman ( sex class ). So the revolution action of this feminism is sex revolution. This theory makes a problem out of sex differentiate based on deconstruction biologist becomes gender differentiate of patriarchal culture that cause alienation of woman from life areas.26 2 In this theory
7 woman can not get position especially o h politic and the position in politic becomes focus of this theory. Remember that woman isolated in public sphere especially they can not recognize their self to applicant their assertive attitude. Assertive attitude is the woman confidence attitude, women have great belief on their action been taken them, women can 97 express their opinion, feeling without disturb the other.
4. Psychoanalytic Feminism The psychoanalytic feminism is introduced by Sigmund Freud.
This feminism claims that theory that talk about woman is the human incomplete^ un-normal). Woman feels inferior because envy that she has
26 Umi Hannah. Op. Cit. P. 5.
27 Meiwita P Budhiharsana dan Edi Sedyawati. Membangun Simpati Pemilih. 2003. Kementrian Pemberdayaan Perempuan. Jakarta. P 5.
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not penis ( penis envy ). The development of human is the follow-up of sex biology development.28 The role of gender is a result of sex maturity.
Therefore, the experience of sexual role is biologically different, so the maturity process is also different. This psychoanalytic theory is the combination between biologist and sociologist that as analyzed psychologically. Psychoanalytic feminism ignore Freud’s theory about human biological determination as a basic of sex differentiate. The reality of biologies, woman only has duty that she is pregnancy, give birth that is followed that the meaning of woman is not only get job as a woman.29
5. Socialism Feminism
Socialism feminism is the combination of Marxism feminism and psychoanalytic feminism, and radicalism feminism. The focus of this theory is describes the oppression of woman in the other way because of patriarchal system culture and capitalism system that form the unbalance relation solidly. This phenomenon begins from the family is regarded husband own.30 In domestic area wife is dominated by husband. In public area women are also dominated of man as a capital owner. The capital owner is the power man in economic area or industry.31 Socialist feminism is formulated based on the theory derived from Karl mark and Frederick Engels. They see that woman is positioned as a proletariat in western 2X Daniel Pals. Seven Theories o f Relegion 1996. Oxfort University press. New York.
P.62.
29 Umi Hannah. Op.Cit. P. 5.
30 Ratna megawangi. Membiarkan Berbeda Sudut Pandang baru Tentang relasi gender. 1999. Mizan bandung. Cet. I p. 132.
31 Ibid.
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capitalism society. The domination of man is so clear in public sphere especially in economic, by which man is regarded as a finder of basic necessity and becomes a great influence which is reinforcement of tradition and culture in society.32
6. Existentialism feminism