TUGAS AKHIR DAYA DUKUNG LINGKUNGAN PERMUKIMAN BERISIKO BANJIR DI DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI (DAS) PEPE HILIR, SURAKARTA

  

TUGAS AKHIR

DAYA DUKUNG LINGKUNGAN PERMUKIMAN BERISIKO BANJIR

DI DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI (DAS) PEPE HILIR, SURAKARTA

  

Oleh:

MUTIARA AISHA

I0614027

  

Diajukan Sebagai Syarat untuk Mencapai

Jenjang Sarjana Strata-1 Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota

PROGRAM STUDI PERENCANAAN WILAYAH DAN KOTA

FAKULTAS TEKNIK

UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET

SURAKARTA

  

2018

  

ABSTRAK

DAYA DUKUNG LINGKUNGAN PERMUKIMAN BERISIKO BANJIR DI DAERAH

ALIRAN SUNGAI (DAS) PEPE HILIR, SURAKARTA

  Kawasan Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Pepe Hilir Surakarta, termasuk kawasan yang memiliki tingkat kerawanan banjir yang tinggi. Kondisi ini menyebabkan turunnya kualitas lingkungan atau degradasi lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui daya dukung lingkungan permukiman berisiko banjir di DAS Pepe Hilir Surakarta. Tujuan penelitian ini dapat dicapai melalui komparasi antara supply dan demand, daya dukung sarana prasarana pengendali banjir, dan daya dukung terhadap kerentanan bencana banjir. Penelitian ini didukung dengan data primer berupa wawancara dan observasi lapangan, juga data- data sekunder didapatkan melalui studi literatur dan survei lembaga DPUPR, BPBD, BAPPPEDA, dan BBWS Surakarta. Selanjutnya, teknik analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa teknik analisis skoring, overlay, dan deskriptif. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketidakseimbangan antara supply dan demand termasuk dalam klasifikasi tinggi, daya dukung sarana prasarana pengendali banjir pada kawasan DAS Pepe Hilir Surakarta termasuk dalam klasifikasi sedang dikarenakan keterbatasan fungsi dan kinerja sarana dan prasarana seperti tanggul, pintu dan pompa air, dan jalur evakuasi dalam mengendalikan banjir. Selain itu, daya dukung terhadap kerentanan bencana banjir pada kawasan penelitian termasuk dalam klasifikasi tinggi. Maka dari itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa daya dukung lingkungan permukiman berisiko banjir di DAS Pepe Hilir Surakarta termasuk dalam kondisi defisit atau sudah jenuh. Sehingga, masih diperlukan perbaikan pada beberapa sektor untuk dapat meningkatkan daya dukung (supply), serta mengendalikan pertumbuhan (demand).

  Kata kunci: Daya Dukung Lingkungan; Permukiman; Kawasan Berisiko Banjir; Kawasan DAS Pepe Hilir

  

ABSTRACT

THE SETTLEMENT CARRYING CAPACITY IN FLOOD IMPACTED AREA OF THE

DOWNSTREAMOF PEPE WATERSHED, SURAKARTA CITY

  

The downstream area of Pepe Watershed in Surakarta City is an area having the high level of

flood hazard. This situation causes the decrease of environmental quality or the

environmental degradation. This research aims to assess the carrying capacity of settlement

being located in the flood impacted area of the Pepe Watershed Downstream. The research

objective is achieved through the comparison of the demand and supply of carrying capacity,

the capacity of flood control infrastructures, and the carrying capacity to flood vulnerability.

This research was supported by the primary data such as interviews and field observations,

and also the secondary data that was collected by literature studies, and institutional

documents provided by Surakarta Municipality including Department of Public Works and

Spatial Planning, Regional Disaster Management Agency, Regional Development Planning

Agency, and River Basin Organization of Bengawan Solo. Furthermore, the research was

carried out by scoring analysis, overlay analysis, and descriptive analysis. The results of

research indicate the high inequity of carrying capacity supply and demand, the medium level

of flood control infrastructures’ capacity due to the performance limitations of embankments,

pump systems, and evacuation routes. In other side, the research area has the high carrying

capacity to flood vulnerability. However, this research concludes that the settlement carrying

capacity in flood impacted area of Pepe Watershed Downstream has the deficit (saturated)

condition. Based on these facts, it needs the rearrangement of carry capacity in particular

supply elements, and the control of demand elements.

  

Keywords: Carrying Capacity; Settlement; Flood impacted area; Downstream of Pepe

Watershed

KATA PENGANTAR

  Assalamu ’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh. Puji dan syukur saya panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, atas limpahan rahmat dan kasih sayang-Nya sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan

  Tugas Akhir yang berjudul “Daya Dukung Lingkungan Permukiman Berisiko Banjir di Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Pepe Hilir, Surakarta. Pada proses penyusunan Tugas Akhir ini tidak luput dari dukungan dari berbagai pihak. Maka dari itu, Penulis menyampaikan rasa terima kasih dan rasa syukur karena berkat dukungan dan doa beliau-beliau Tugas Akhir ini dapat diselesaikan dengan baik.

  1. Kedua orang tua penulis, Ibu Muzdalifah dan Bapak Agus Soesanto atas segala doa, materi, dan semangat yang diberikan tiada henti sehingga penulis terus memiliki motivasi untuk menyelesaikan Tugas Akhir.

  2. Saudara-saudara kandung saya, Tegar Muhammad Aji, Bahtera Muhammad Adi, dan Alya Shafira yang menjadi tempat berkeluh kesah dalam segala situasi.

  3. Bapak Ir. Soedwiwahjono, M.T selaku Kepala Program Studi Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota yang memberikan berbagai fasilitas dan kemudahan selama perkuliahan dan proses pengerjaan Tugas Akhir.

  4. Bapak Dr. Nur Miladan, S.T, M.T dan Bapak Ir. Rizon Pamardhi Utomo, MURP yang senantiasa meluangkan waktu, pikiran, dan tenaga untuk membimbing selama proses penyusunan Tugas Akhir.

  5. Instansi Pemerintah Kota Surakarta dan Masyarakat Kota Surakarta yang membantu dalam proses pengumpulan data.

  6. Teman-temanku yang terkasih, Okti Anggraeni, Azizah Pika Damayanti, Mirza Diani Amalia, dan Astuti Setia Ningrum yang selalu bersedia mendengarkan curhat dan saling mendukung untuk dapat segera menyelesaikan Tugas Akhir ini. Serta Ari Annisa Sekar Pramitha teman seperjuangan dan seperbimbinganku yang terbaik.

  7. Teman-teman PWK UNS angkatan 2014 beserta kakak dan adik tingkat PWK UNS.

  Dalam penyusunan Tugas Akhir ini, saya menyadari masih banyak kekurangan. Untuk itu, saya menerima saran dan kritik yang membangun. Besar harapan saya penelitian ini dapat bermanfaat bagi penulis maupun orang lain yang membacanya. Terima kasih.

  Wassalamu ’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.

  Surakarta, Oktober 2018 Penulis

  

DAFTAR ISI

Halaman Judul .......................................................................................................................... i

Pengesahan ............................................................................................................................... ii

Pernyataan Keaslian Tulisan ................................................................................................. iii

Abstrak..................................................................................................................................... iv

Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... v

Kata Pengantar ....................................................................................................................... vi

Daftar Isi ................................................................................................................................. vii

Daftar Tabel ............................................................................................................................ ix

Daftar Gambar ........................................................................................................................ xi

Daftar Lampiran ..................................................................................................................... xi

.................................................................................................................

  BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN

  1 ..........................................................................................................................

  1.1

  1 Latar Belakang ......................................................................................................................

  1.2

  5 Rumusan Masalah

  1.3 Tujuan dan Sasaran Penelitian.......................................................................................... 5 ................................................................................................................................

  1.3.1

  5 Tujuan ..............................................................................................................................

  1.3.2

  5 Sasaran .........................................................................................................

  1.4

  5 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian ................................................................................................

  1.4.1

  5 Ruang Lingkup Kawasan ...............................................................................................

  1.4.2

  8 Ruang Lingkup Substansi ....................................................................................................

  1.4.3

  8 Ruang Lingkup Waktu .........................................................................................................................

  1.5

  8 Posisi Penelitian

  1.5.1 Posisi Penelitian terhadap Ranah Ilmu Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota ................ 8 ......................................................

  1.5.2

  9 Posisi Penelitian terhadap Penelitian Sebelumnya ...................................................................................................................

  1.6

  11 Manfaat Penelitian ..........................................................................................................................

  1.7

  11 Alur Penelitian ...........................................................................................

  1.8

  13 Sistematika Penulisan Penelitian ............................................................................................

  BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

  15

  2.1 Daya Dukung Lingkungan ............................................................................................. 15

  2.1.1 Kemampuan Lahan ............................................................................................... 16

  2.1.2 Daya Tampung ...................................................................................................... 17

  2.2 Permukiman ................................................................................................................... 19

  2.2.1 Definisi Permukiman ............................................................................................ 19

  2.2.2 Klasifikasi dan Standar Tapak Permukiman ......................................................... 19

  2.2.3 Perkembangan Permukiman ................................................................................. 22

  2.3 Kawasan Berisiko Banjir ............................................................................................... 25

  2.3.1 Kerawanan Banjir ................................................................................................. 25

  2.3.2 Kerentanan Banjir ................................................................................................. 25

  2.4 Proses Perumusan Variabel Penelitian ........................................................................... 29

  2.4.1 Hubungan antara ketersediaan sarana prasarana pengendali banjir dengan daya dukung lingkungan ............................................................................................... 30

  2.4.2 Hubungan antara kerentanan bencana banjir dengan daya dukung lingkungan .. 30

  2.5 Kerangka Pemikiran ....................................................................................................... 31 ...............................................................................

  BAB 3 METODOLOGI PENELITIAN 32 .............................................................................................

  3.1

  32 Pendekatan dan Jenis Penelitian ............................................................................................

  3.2

  32 Kerangka Rancangan Penelitian

  3.2.1 Tahap Persiapan Penelitian ................................................................................... 32

  3.2.2 Tahap Penelitian .................................................................................................... 33

  89

  4.3 Data dan Analisis Kerentanan Bencana Banjir .............................................................. 82

  4.3.1 Kerentanan Fisik ................................................................................................... 82

  4.3.2 Kerentanan Sosial ................................................................................................. 82

  4.3.3 Kerentanan Ekonomi............................................................................................. 83

  4.3.4 Analisis Daya Dukung terhadap Kerentanan Bencana Banjir .............................. 84

  4.4 Analisis Daya Dukung Lingkungan Permukiman Berisiko Banjir ............................... 86

  BAB 5 PEMBAHASAN .........................................................................................................

  89

  5.1 Keseimbangan Supply dan Demand Kawasan DAS Pepe Hilir .........................................

  5.2 Keterbatasan Daya Dukung Sarana Prasarana Pengendali Banjir Kawasan DAS Pepe Hilir .............................................................................................................. 91

  4.2.7 Ketersediaan dan Kondisi Alat Peringatan Dini Banjir ........................................ 77

  5.3 Keterbatasan Daya Dukung terhadap Kerentanan Bencana Banjir Kawasan DAS Pepe Hilir .............................................................................................................. 94

  5.4 Keterbatasan Daya Dukung Lingkungan Permukiman Berisiko Banjir DAS Pepe Hilir Surakarta ............................................................................................................... 96

  BAB 6 PENUTUP ..................................................................................................................

  98

  6.1 Kesimpulan ...............................................................................................................................

  98

  6.2 Rekomendasi .............................................................................................................................

  99

  6.2.1 Untuk Pemerintah Kota Surakarta ...................................................................... 100

  6.2.2 Untuk Penelitian Selanjutnya ............................................................................. 100

  4.2.8 Analisis Daya Dukung Sarana Prasarana Pengendali Banjir ................................ 80

  4.2.6 Ketersediaan dan Kondisi Jalur Evakuasi ............................................................ 75

  3.3 Definisi Operasional Variabel ....................................................................................... 33

  BAB 4 DATA DAN ANALISIS ...........................................................................................

  3.4 Kebutuhan Data .............................................................................................................. 36

  3.5 Teknik Pengumpulan Data ............................................................................................. 38

  3.5.1 Teknik Pengumpulan Data Primer ........................................................................ 38

  3.5.2 Teknik Pengumpulan Data Sekunder .................................................................... 38

  3.6 Populasi dan Sampel....................................................................................................... 39

  3.6.1 Populasi ................................................................................................................. 39

  3.6.2 Sampel ................................................................................................................... 39

  3.7 Teknik Analisis ............................................................................................................... 40

  3.8 Kerangka Analisis .......................................................................................................... 48

  3.9 Jadwal Penelitian ............................................................................................................ 49

  51

  4.2.5 Ketersediaan dan Kondisi Titik Kumpul ............................................................. 73

  4.1 Data dan Analisis Ketersediaan (Supply) dan Kebutuhan (Demand) ...............................

  51

  4.1.1 Data dan Analisis Komponen Supply.................................................................... 51

  4.1.2 Data dan Analisis Komponen Demand ................................................................ 60

  4.1.3 Analisis Komparasi Supply dan Demand ............................................................. 62

  4.2 Data dan Analisis Daya Dukung Sarana dan Prasarana Pengendali Banjir .................. 67

  4.2.1 Ketersediaan dan Kondisi Tanggul ....................................................................... 67

  4.2.2 Ketersediaan dan Kondisi Pintu Air ...................................................................... 70

  4.2.3 Ketersediaan dan Kondisi Pompa Air ................................................................... 71

  4.2.4 Ketersediaan dan Kondisi Bendungan .................................................................. 73

  

Daftar Pustaka ..................................................................................................................... 101

  

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1.1 Tipologi Kawasan Penelitian ..................................................................................... 5Tabel 1.2 Posisi Penelitian terhadap Penelitian Sebelumnya .................................................... 9Tabel 2.1 Ambang Daya Tampung Lahan Perkapita Untuk Populasi Kota ........................... 17Tabel 2.2 Sintesis Literatur Daya Dukung Lingkungan .......................................................... 18Tabel 2.3 Katagori Permukiman Menurut Jumlah Penduduk .................................................. 20Tabel 2.4 Standar Kebutuhan Sarana Permukiman Menurut Mirsa (2012) ............................ 21Tabel 2.5 Sintesis Literatur Permukiman ................................................................................. 23Tabel 2.6 Jenis Kerentanan ...................................................................................................... 26Tabel 2.7 Sintesis Literatur Kawasan Berisiko Banjir ............................................................. 27Tabel 2.8 Sintesis Literatur Daya Dukung Lingkungan Permukiman ..................................... 29Tabel 2.9 Sintesis Variabel Penelitian ..................................................................................... 29Tabel 3.1 Definisi Operasional Variabel ................................................................................ 35Tabel 3.2 Kebutuhan Data ...................................................................................................... 37Tabel 3.3 Kriteria Narasumber ............................................................................................... 38Tabel 3.4 Daftar Kawasan Rawan Banjir DAS Pepe Hilir ...................................................... 39Tabel 3.5 Klasifikasi Topografi .............................................................................................. 40Tabel 3.6 Klasifikasi Jenis Tanah ........................................................................................... 40Tabel 3.7 Klasifikasi Hidrologi ............................................................................................... 41Tabel 3.8 Klasifikasi Curah Hujan .......................................................................................... 41Tabel 3.9 Skoring Indikator dan Bobot Kerawanan 1 ............................................................. 41Tabel 3.10 Skoring Indikator dan Bobot Kerawanan 2 ........................................................... 42Tabel 3.11 Kemampuan lahan ................................................................................................ 42

  Tabel 3. 12 Rasio Tutupan Lahan Berdasarkan Kemampuan Lahan ...................................... 43

Tabel 3.13 Skoring Besaran Nilai Overload Kawasan ........................................................... 44Tabel 3.14 Klasifikasi Ketidakseimbangan Supply dan Demand ........................................... 44Tabel 3.15 Skoring Indikator dan Bobot Ketersediaan Rumah .............................................. 45Tabel 3.16 Skoring Indikator dan Bobot Kerentanan Sosial .................................................. 46Tabel 3.17 Skoring Indikator dan Bobot Kerentanan Ekonomi ............................................. 46Tabel 3.18 Klasifikasi Kerentanan Fisik, Sosial dan Ekonomi .............................................. 46Tabel 3.19 Skoring Indikator dan Bobot Sarpras Pengendali Banjir ...................................... 47Tabel 3.20 Klasifikasi Ketersediaan Sarpras Pengendali Banjir ............................................ 47Tabel 3.21 Nilai Skoring Daya Dukung Lingkungan Permukiman Berisiko Banjir ............... 48Tabel 3.22 Klasifikasi Daya Dukung Lingkungan Permukiman Berisiko Banjir ................... 48Tabel 3.23 Jadwal Penelitian .................................................................................................. 49Tabel 4.1 Tingkat Kerawanan Banjir ....................................................................................... 51Tabel 4.2 Data Rawan Bencana Banjir ................................................................................... 55Tabel 4.3 Total Skoring Nilai Kemampuan Lahan ................................................................. 58Tabel 4.4 Luas Lahan Yang Layak Untuk Permukiman Unit Kawasan ................................ 59Tabel 4.5 Luas Lahan dan Jumlah Penduduk Optimal Unit Kawasan Penelitian ................. 59Tabel 4.6 Persentase Liputan Bangunan ................................................................................. 60Tabel 4.7 Perhitungan Koefisien Pengali ................................................................................ 61Tabel 4.8 Perhitungan Data Kependudukan Unit Kelurahan dan Kawasan Penelitian .......... 61Tabel 4.9 Selisih Supply dan Demand .................................................................................... 62Tabel 4.10 Skoring Ketidakseimbangan Supply dan Demand ................................................ 65Tabel 4.11 Skoring Ketersediaan dan Kondisi Tanggul ......................................................... 68Tabel 4.12 Skoring Ketersediaan dan Kondisi Pintu Air ........................................................ 70Tabel 4.13 Skoring Ketersediaan dan Kondisi Pompa Air ..................................................... 71Tabel 4.14 Skoring Ketersediaan dan Kondisi Bendungan .................................................... 73Tabel 4.15 Skoring Ketersediaan dan Kondisi Titik Kumpul ................................................. 74Tabel 4.16 Skoring Ketersediaan dan Kondisi Jalur Evakuasi ............................................... 76Tabel 4.17 Skoring Ketersediaan dan Kondisi Alat Peringatan Dini Banjir .......................... 78Tabel 4.18 Total Nilai Ketersediaan Sarana Prasarana Permukiman Berisiko Banjir ............ 80Tabel 4.19 Skoring Kerentanan Fisik ..................................................................................... 82Tabel 4.20 Skoring Kerentanan Sosial .................................................................................... 83Tabel 4.21 Skoring Kerentanan Ekonomi ............................................................................... 83Tabel 4.22 Total Skor Kerentanan Terhadap Banjir ............................................................... 84Tabel 4.23 Analisis Daya Dukung Lingkungan Permukiman di Kawasan Berisiko Banjir ... 86

  

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1.1 Peta Wilayah Penelitian Permukiman Berisiko Banjir DAS Pepe Hilir ............... 7Gambar 1.2 Posisi Penelitian Terhadap Ranah Ilmu PWK ...................................................... 8Gambar 1.3 Skema Alur Penelitian ........................................................................................ 12Gambar 2.1 Kerangka Pikir ..................................................................................................... 31Gambar 3.1 Kerangka Analisis Penelitian .............................................................................. 49Gambar 4.1 Peta Tingkat Kerawanan Banjir DAS Pepe Hilir ................................................ 53Gambar 4.2 Peta Kemampuan Lahan .................................................................................... 57Gambar 4.3 Peta Kawasan Overload ..................................................................................... 64Gambar 4.4 Peta Ketidakseimbangan Supply dan Demand Kawasan Penelitian .................. 66Gambar 4.5 Peta dan Dokumentasi Tanggul .......................................................................... 69Gambar 4.6 Peta dan Dokumentasi Pintu dan Pompa Air ...................................................... 72Gambar 4.7 Kondisi Titik Kumpul ......................................................................................... 75Gambar 4.8 Kondisi Papan Penunjuk Jalur Evakuasi ............................................................. 77Gambar 4.9 Kondisi Alat Peringatan Dini Banjir ................................................................... 80Gambar 4.10 Peta Daya Dukung Sarana Prasarana Pengendali Banjir .................................. 81Gambar 4.11 Peta Daya Dukung terhadap Kerentanan Bencana Banjir ................................ 85Gambar 4.12 Peta Daya Dukung Lingkungan Permukiman di Kawasan Berisiko Banjir ..... 88

  

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

  LAMPIRAN A Borang Observasi ......................................................................................... A-1 LAMPIRAN B Borang Wawancara Dinas dan Masyarakat.................................................. B-1 LAMPIRAN C Rekap Hasil Wawancara .............................................................................. C-1 LAMPIRAN D Peta Penelitian ............................................................................................. D-1 LAMPIRAN E Tabel Perhitungan Data Statistik Kependudukan ......................................... E-1 LAMPIRAN F Penentuan Kerawanan DPUPR ..................................................................... F-1 Data Riwayat Hidup ............................................................................................................... G-1