The white hegemony through Christian missionary in E. M. Forester`s the life to come - USD Repository
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THE WHITE HEGEMONY THROUGH CHRISTIAN MISSIONARY
IN E. M. FORSTER’S THE LIFE TO COME
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra In English Letters
By:
MILA MARIANA WULANDARI
Student Number: 014214053
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2008
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THE WHITE HEGEMONY THROUGH CHRISTIAN MISSIONARY
IN E. M. FORSTER’S THE LIFE TO COME
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra In English Letters
By:
MILA MARIANA WULANDARI
Student Number: 014214053
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2008
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Wahai waktu yang pulang – pergi tanpa bicara. Ketahuilah hari masih terlampau pagi buat berhenti.
Belum lekah harapan menjelma suatu arti.
”Nyanyian Pejalan” – Arifin C. Noer
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To myself and knowledge
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I am deeply grateful to the Almighty God that I have been able to walk for this long and complete this chapter of life. I would like give my appreciation to all lecturers of English Letters
Department, who feed my brains and my life with knowledge. I would like to thank Ms. Sri Mulyani for introducing E. M. Forster and his works to me. I am thankful to Ms. Maria Ananta for encouraging me to continue my study after long break. My deepest gratitude is for Mr. G. Fajar Sasmita Aji who always reached me back when I was out of the path. I was grateful to Mrs. Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani and Mrs. Elisa Dwi Wardani.for the advice and critique. Thanks to all the staffs of English Letters Department for always smiling behind that clear partition, your smile has made these last few days in this university seems much easier for me.
I would like to thank my father, Agus Hartono for introducing me to knowledge and diversity that I hardly understood at the beginning, and to my mother, Hanna Nainggolan for love, patience and understanding. Thanks to my sister Mariani Larasati for finally standing by my side at the last moment of my thesis writing. My deep appreciation goes to Julius Tejo Wiratmoko for his critique, discussion, loyal assistance and companionship. I am grateful to Michel Paris for always encouraging me to keep moving forward. I would like to thank my sister Yuli and my big family for the financial support. I was grateful to Tobing family for the shelter during my thesis writing. Thanks to my sister, Systra Tobing for the discussion that let my brain keeps working.
Thanks to my dearest friends, Farrah Mardiyati Soeharno and Danang Guntur Setyawan for always with me along the way, singing “Three Little Birds” aloud. I would like to thank Eka Dina for these two semesters that we could share and run together in completing this final paper. I was very thankful to all friends from English Letters Department; Vembri, Denny, Yoseph, Fariz, Ikhsan, Garry, Petrus, Imelda Isem, Margareth, Lydia Ardita, Citra Yudith, Liza Halim, Agnes Yudita, Olin and many others for our friendship and incredible moments. Thanks to all the girls in Rumah Biru for being my family during my study in Yogya. I would like to thank all my colleagues and friends: Danto ‘Gendhut’, Dik Priadin, Daniel Garnier, Sasmoyo Hermawan, Fajar Nirwan, Dwi Yuni Hartanti, Ms. Yanti ‘Chipmunk’, Ms. Tanti ‘Chipmunk, Heni ‘GJB’, Toto ‘GJB’, Diah ‘GJB’, Puput ‘GJB’, Kristin ‘PBSID’, Teguh “SIND 99”, Maria “PBI’99”, Hasna Sekaryani, Amalia Soemantri, Ade Fatimah ‘BP’, Utia Suarma ‘BP’, Andi ‘BP’, Singgih Purnomo, W. Sigit Masanto, Dyah Palupi Normalasari for their loyal supports and for always pushing my back when I paused completing this writing process. Thanks to all children in Pondok Baca Manggung, Pondok Baca Kasongan and Chipmunk Education Center for sharing dreams, spirit, knowledge and love with me.
Mila Mariana Wulandari
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ....................................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................. ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ....................................................................................... iii MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................... iv DEDICATION PAGE ......................................................................................... v LETTER OF AGREEMENT................................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................ vii TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ x ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .................................................................
1 A. Background of the Study .........................................................
1 B. Problem Formulation ..............................................................
4 C. Objective of the Study .............................................................
4 D. Definition of Terms .................................................................
5 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW .................................................
7 A. Review of Related Studies ......................................................
7 B. Review of Theory Character and Characterization ..................
8 C. Review of Theory Postcolonialism ..........................................
10 D. Review on Theory Representation ...........................................
14 E. Theoretical Framework ...........................................................
15 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ................................................................
16 A. Object of the Study ..................................................................
16 B. Approach of the Study ............................................................
17 C. Method of the Study ................................................................
17 CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS .............................................................................
19 A. The General Characteristics of Paul Pinmay ...........................
19 1. European...........................................................................
19 2. Young ...............................................................................
20 3. Naïve.................................................................................
22 4. Christian Missionary ........................................................
22 5. Ambitious .........................................................................
25 6. Powerful ...........................................................................
26 B. The Qualities of Paul Pinmay as the Representation of Colonizer .............................................................................
28 1. Racial Superior .................................................................
29 2. Dominant Class ................................................................
34
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C. The Qualities of Paul Pinmay as a White Christian Missionary in Representing the Idea of Superiority .............................................................
37 1. Converting People into Christianity.................................
37 2. Establishing Educational System .....................................
40 3. Introducing New Social and Cultural System..................
42 4. Imposing the Modern Civilization ...................................
44 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ......................................................................
49 BIBLIOGRAPHY...............................................................................................
52 APPENDICES ....................................................................................................
54
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ABSTRACT
MILA MARIANA WULANDARI. The White Hegemony Through Christian
Missionary in E. M. Forster’s The Life To Come. Yogyakarta: Department of
Engish Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2008.The Life To Come is an interesting literary work. There are many issues that
can be observed further in the work. White hegemony is one of the topics revealed in the work through the representation of a Christian missionary. The main character of the work is a Christian missionary sent to a rural island to convert the people into Christianity. The settlement of the missionary in that island brought complex impacts to the native society under the name of god and progress. The impacts of missionary’s contacts with the native, which show the western hegemony, are analyzed further in this thesis.
The objectives of the study are finding out the general characteristics of Paul Pinmay as the main character of the story, showing the qualities of Paul Pinmay as the colonizer, and revealing the qualities of Paul Pinmay as the white Christian missionary in representing the idea of superiority.
The writer used library research as the method of the study. The writer gathered the data collection from published books and internet source. Postcolonial approach is applied to reveal the idea of superiority represented in the qualities of the main character.
The analysis of the study answered the problem formulations. The main character of the work is Paul Pinmay. He is a European and Christian missionary sent to convert the native people in the rural island. He is described as a young and naïve for it is his first mission. He is an ambitious man to reach his aim of converting people in order to show his qualification as a missionary. After his victory of conversion, he becomes powerful for he has the authority over the new converts and the native society. As the colonizer, Paul Pinmay is racially superior for he is white and European. The fact of being white places him to superior over the native. It strengthens the gap between the missionary and the native. Paul Pinmay also has the power as dominant class for he has the authority and knowledge for being the religious leader in that new place. Under the name of Christian mission and progress, he is successfully converting the native into Christianity, establishing the educational system, introducing new social and cultural system and imposing the modern civilization. All of these processes may happen for the goodness of the native people since Christianity is identified with progress and enlightenment. On the other hand, it also signifies the idea of white superiority over the native since the progress shows the imposing of white hegemony to the native society.
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ABSTRAK
MILA MARIANA WULANDARI. The White Hegemony Through Christian
Missionary in E. M. Forster’s The Life To Come. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra
Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2008.The Life To Come merupakan karya sastra yang memiliki banyak isu menarik
untuk diobservasi lebih lanjut. Hegemoni kaum kulit putih merupakan salah satu topik yang muncul dalam representasi tokoh utamanya. Tokoh utama dalam karya ini merupakan seorang misionaris Kristen yang dikirim ke sebuah pulau terpencil dengan tujuan untuk mengarahkan masyarakat lokal untuk memeluk agama Kristen. Penempatan misionaris di pulau tersebut dengan mengatasnamakan Tuhan dan kemajuan telah mengakibatkan keadaan kompleks bagi masyarakat setempat. Kontak antara misionaris dan masyarakat setempat yang menunjukkan hegemoni kaum kulit putih akan dianalisa lebih lanjut dalam skripsi ini.
Tujuan dari penulisan skripsi ini adalah untuk menunjukkan penokohan dari tokoh utama Paul Pinmay, menunjukkan nilai-nilai yang ada dalam tokoh utama sebagai seorang penjajah, dan yang terakhir menunjukkan nilai yang ada dalam tokoh utama sebagai seorang misionaris Kristen kulit putih dalam menampilkan ide superioritas yang dimilikinya.
Penulis akan mengunakan penelitian pustaka. Penulis mengumpulkan data dari buku-buku yang telah diterbitkan ataupun lewat sumber-sumber yang didapat melalui internet. Pendekatan poskolonial diterapkan dalam penilitian ini untuk dapat menunjukkan ide superioritas yang nampak dalam nilai-nilai tokoh utamanya.
Analisis dari karya ini telah memenuhi tujuan dari penelitian ini. Karakter utama dalam The Life To Come adalah Paul Pinmay yang berasal dari Eropa. Paul adalah seorang misionaris Kristen yang dikirim dengan tujuan mengarahkan masyarakat setempat untuk memeluk agama Kristen. Paul digambarkan sebagai seseorang yang muda dan naïf karena ini merupakan misi pertamanya. Paul juga seorang yang ambisius dalam mencapai tujuannya untuk meng-Kristen-kan masayarakat lokal dan juga agar dapat menunjukkan kemampuannya sebagai seorang missionaris. Setelah keberhasilannya, Paul Pinmay menjadi sangat berkuasa karena dia memiliki wewenang atas masyarakat setempat yang merupakan pemeluk baru agama Kristen. Sebagai seorang penjajah, Paul Pinmay secara ras superior karena dia merupakan orang kulit putih dan berasal dari Eropa. Kenyataan sebagai orang kulit putih menempatkan dirinya superior dari masyarakat setempat. Paul Pinmay juga mempunyai kekuasaan dengan menjadi kelas dominan dimana dia mempunyai wewenang dan pengetahuan sebagai seorang pemuka agama di tempat baru tersebut. Dengan mengatasnamakan misi Kristiani dan kemajuan, dia telah berhasil meng- kristen-kan masyarakat lokal, mendirikan sistem pendidikan, memperkenalkan sistem sosial dan budaya dan memasukkan perabadan modern. Semua proses ini terjadi untuk kepentingan masyarakan lokal karena Kristiani sering diidentifikasikan dengan kemajuan dan pencerahan. Di sisi lain, ini juga menunjukkan ide superiotas kaum kulit putih karena semua itu dimaksudkan untuk menanamkan hegemoni kaum
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study People may comprehend a literary work through many possible views using
several methodologies. People can read a work and find the literal meaning, or go further to the implicit meaning that the author tries to imply. Wellek & Warren in
Theory of Literature states that literature is a social institution and social creation. It
says that a literary work represents the reality, social reality, even though the natural world and the inner or subjective world of the individual have also been objects of literary imitation (1956: 94).
Many critics note most of Forster’s works as the criticism toward the Victorian age, since Forster has foregrounded the issues which are considered “taboo” at that time, such as talking the different point of view on sexuality, science and religion from the social construction at that time.
Most of Forster’s works were influenced by his controversial view toward sexuality, social values, and religion. There are some main issues revealed in E.M.
Forster’s The Life To Come, such as homosexuality, western’s hegemony and Christian mission. Later on, the writer will focus on two main issues, the Christian mission and white’s hegemony revealed in this work. The Life To Come implicitly represents the white hegemony through Christian mission as depicted in the main character, Paul Pinmay.
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European countries were world-wide known for their expedition and exploration to other countries in Asia, Africa and America, bringing the jargon of universal civilization. This exploration had so many goals, such as converting people into Christianity and civilizing people in the other countries, looking for the new raw materials for developing the industry, creating new markets for their products, and a settlement area for their over-blowing population.
Those objectives meet the same important need of new places. The mission needs new people to convert. The industry needs the new resources and market. The people need the new land. The civilization jargon somehow needs the ‘uncivilized’ people in the new area.
The Christian mission itself is based on its teaching that is found in the Holy Bible:
And he said unto them, Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature. He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall be damned. And these signs shall follow them that believe; In my name shall they cast out devils; they shall speak with new tongues (St. Mark 16: 15-17)
This teaching becomes an important factor in Christian mission. Later on, it also becomes a justification for the western countries on their whole actions in colonizing the other countries.
Paul Pinmay’s qualities represent this idea. He comes from European country and he is also a Christian missionary. As a Christian missionary, he has a task to convert the native people in the island where he was sent to. He speaks on the behalf of religious mission and delivers speech about the teaching of love, salvation, and equality.
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There are several main teaching in Christianity such as love and salvation. The teaching of love is that human being has to love each other as a God’s creature. In this teaching, there is also a basic issue of equality, that all the man in the world is the same in front of God. That is why they must love each other. It is more obvious in the quotations taken from the Holy Bible: “And the second is like unto it, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. (St. Matthew 22: 39)”
The concept of salvation means that all Chrisitans will be saved by Christ. It is related to the concept of ‘life to come’ or the life after death, which mentions that the Christians will be granted for eternal life after death.
The characteristics of the white expansion also appear in the qualities of Paul Pinmay as a colonizer. He is not only teaching the Gospel to the local people, but also colonizing them in certain ways. In his practice, he is imposing the western values to the native people by using his authority as the missionary. On its implementation, Paul put his steps further using his role as a Christian missionary to justify his actions toward the native.
During the contact between the white and the native, some values transition occurs. It usually happens from the white colonial people to the colonized native.
This condition was obviously seen in The Life To Come, where Paul made the people to do what he asked them to do, such as wearing the European clothes, speaking the English language, and controlling their manners and conducts. This condition, however, might happen through education process that came along with the religious mission. Paul’s arrival in that rural island had brought such a massive impact to the native people in their culture and social life by replacing the old values with the
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monotheistic religion (Christian) and modern development, which represented the universal civilization.
The writer cannot ignore that the white superiority is behind all of these processes because it enables the white to impose their hegemony in other countries.
This superiority is constructed by the racial concept that divides human being into some groups based on their race or skin color. The superiority sets the white as the dominant class that gives them the opportunity to rule over other race and colonize them.
All these issues will be further analyzed using postcolonial approach in order to show the white hegemony through Christian missionary revealed in E. M.
Forster’s The Life To Come.
B. Problem Formulation
From the background above, the problems can be formulated as follows:
1. What are the characteristics of Paul Pinmay depicted in E. M. Forster’s The Life
To Come?
2. How do Paul Pinmay’s characteristics represent his quality as the colonizer?
3. How does Paul Pinmay’s quality as a Christian missionary represent the idea of superiority?
C. Objective of the Study
E. M. Forster’s The Life To Come is a criticism toward British during Victorian Age, in which the people in this period still maintain Christian values and
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their dominancy overseas. This novella shows the significance of the Christian mission in the colonial situation. The mission itself becomes the justification for the expansion toward the non-Christian country. It also becomes the means of imposing the ideology or values toward the people in the new places. For these objectives, the role of Christian missionary becomes very important at that time.
By analyzing E. M. Forster’s The Life To Come, the writer is trying to find out the significance of a Christian missionary in a practice of its mission, colonialism and imposing the white hegemony in the non-Christian society.
D. Definition of Terms
The writer will use some particular terms in this thesis which are necessary to be explained.
1. The Colonizer Some characteristics of being a colonizer are a group of dominant alien minority, which is racial and cultural superior to a group of native majority. This superior group has acquired the machine-oriented civilization with Christian origin. It comes from the Christian country origin. It has a powerful economic system and rapid rhythm of life (Sills, 1968: 1).
2. White Hegemony Hegemony is widely defined Antonio Gramsci as the domination by consent.
It might mean the occupation over colonized people without any military force, but more surprising self determination, but by imposing the ideology into several
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aspects, such as social order, stability, and advancement, which is defined by the colonizer (Ashcroft, 2000: 116).
3. Christian Missionary Christian mission is based on the god’s command in the Holy Bible to spread the Christianity all over the world. Later on, it becomes the tools of Western-country government and instruments of Western infiltration and control toward non-Christian country (Neil, 1996: 12).
It is very difficult to separate the colonialism and the Christian mission because Christianity expands its power overseas by having the mission in colonized countries. Even tough, the missionary may refuse to be involved in a process of colonization, but he cannot neglect his duty as the missionary to spread the Christianity to worldwide (Delavignette, 1964: 50-51).
4. Superiority The idea of superiority is related to the concept of race and class. The concept of race has put the certain race superior than others or in the other word the white over the other groups of race. The racial differences then construct the social hierarchy or class. The superior race will become the dominant class since they will have the power and authority over the inferior (Loomba, 2000:123-126).
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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies Forster is a prolific writer produces among others A Passage to India, Maurice, Howards End and many short stories. Most of his writings have become a
controversial topic in Britain. He foregrounds controversial topics at that time like homosexual in several works, such as Maurice, Howard’s End, and The Life To
Come.
His works is influenced by his personal faith in individual life and human nature as seen in the following quotation.
From the first he showed such an inability to take for granted many of the values of the period and society in which he found himself that his expressed dissatisfaction may be called revolutionary. Regarded as a whole, his work presents an original and remarkably consistent view of human nature. To religion his attitude became that of declared agnostic and anticlerical; politically his views, though liberal and democratic, were always individualistic. (Benton, 1970: 631) Oliver Stallybrass in the introduction of E. M. Forster’s The Life To Come states that Forster’s works can be categorized into two groups; the first group contains of works about the heterosexual world in general or specific targets of human beings and the second group are mainly about topics of love, death, social and racial differences. He added that Forster’s The Life To Come can be put into the second group of works (Forster, 1975: 17-18).
Forster’s personal sexual orientation may give a huge influence to his work, which mostly presents the issue of homosexuality. It seems that The Life To Come is
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one among other works which also raises this issue, yet this work also shows his belief in the supremacy of personal relationships and his dislike of faith and dogma.
Faith, to my mind, is a stiffening process, a sort of mental starch, which ought to be applied as sparingly as possible. I dislike the stuff. I do not believe in it, for its own sake, at all. Herein I probably differ from most people, who believe in Belief, and are only sorry they cannot swallow even more than they do. (Morris, 1964: 187) Forster often criticized in his books Victorian middle class attitudes and
British colonialism through the character in his works (http://www.online- literature.com/forster/). The Life to Come is also a criticism toward the social values existed in the British society at that time. Even though, he is a British writer, but the content of the work is criticizing the colonialism conducted by the British Empire and for those that put the Christian mission and Gospel teaching as the justification of the colonialism.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms defines characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader to have moral and dispositional qualities expressed in what they say and what they do (1981: 20). It is often called as dialogue and action.
In Little’s Approach to Literature the novel is expected to be able to trace the development of characters as a result of the experiences of which the plot tells, and explores depth the personal relationships of characters (1981: 101). It can be relationships of love with all the varieties and complexity.
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Murphy’s Understanding Unseen mentions several ways in understanding the characters as follows: a. Personal description.
The author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes.
b. Character as seen by another.
Instead of describing a character directly the author can describe him through the eyes and opinions of another. The reader gets, as it were, a reflected image.
c. Speech The author can give us an insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what that person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he put forward an opinion, he is giving us some clue to his character.
d. Past life By letting the reader learns something about a person’s past life the author can give us a clue to events that have helped to shape a person’s character. This can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person’s thought, through his conversation or through the medium of another person.
e. Conversation of others The author can give us clues to a person’s character through the conversations of other people and the things they say about him. People do talk about other people and the things they say often give as a clue to the character of the person spoken about.
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f. Reactions The author can also give us a clue to a person’s character by letting us know how that person reacts to various situations and events.
g. Direct comment The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly.
h. Thoughts The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. In this respect he is able to do what we cannot do in real life. He can tell us what different people are thinking. In the novel we accept this. The reader then is in a privileged position; he has, as it were, a secret listening device plugged in to the inmost thoughts of a person in a novel. i. Mannerism
The author can describe a person’s mannerism, habits or idiosyncrasies which may also tell us something about his character (1972: 161-173).
C. Review on Theory of Postcolonialism
There are many explanation and definition of the scope of this theory. In general, it is defined that this theory concerns on what the effects of cultural clash, on the ideology impowers and one places themselves superior from others (Bressler, 1999: 265). There is also one major topic that obviously seen in this approach which is emphasizing the struggle that may occur when someone is oppressed by the others (Bressler, 1999: 266).
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The western people bring the concept of universalism during the process of colonization, but the postcolonialism study rejects the concept of universalism that places the white and Eurocentric norm to have the elevated status, while the other is considered as marginalized (Barry, 1996: 192). The universalism does not admit cultural difference and it sees the Eurocentric values as universal. In other words, the concept of universalism classified the white and European as the superior side and the non-white as the inferior one.
The classification obviously occurs based on the racial differences as well. Race or skin color becomes a significant factor in constructing human being identity (Loomba, 2000: 121).
`‘Race’ is a term for the classification of human beings into physically, biologically and genetically distinct groups. (Ashcroft, 200: 198). This concept of race by the colonial practice is used to form the hierarchy of human being variation and place their own race (white) on the top. As a way of thinking racism would link the physical appearance with the psychological and intellectual characteristics of a human being. This is the basis to define who is called superior and inferior (Ashcroft, 2000: 199).
In a concept of race, there is also a binarism that means a duality or combination of two distinctive things, as the race is then differed into white or black.
In this study then, the race or skin color may associate with some other things. White is associated to colonizer, beautiful, human. It is opposed to the black, which is associated to the colonized, ugly, and bestial (Ashcroft, 2000: 25).
Race also constructs class and hierarchy. It is also an imbalance concept that,
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The ideology of racial superiority translated easily into class terms. The superiority of the white race, one colonist argued, clearly implied that ‘the black men must forever remain cheap labour and slaves’. (Loomba, 2000: 126)
The white race becomes the dominant class that has power to control others in several aspects of other race’s life, such as social order, manners, etc. This dominant class has a huge chance to impose their hegemony to or colonize the other.
The concept of power and knowledge influences the relationship of the colonized and colonizer. Michel Foucault in the colonial discourse theory states that the idea of inferiority of the colonized and the hegemony over them is created by the colonial system (Ashcroft, 2000: 78).
Consequently, colonial discourse is the complex of signs and practices that organize social existence and social reproduction within colonial relationships. (Ashcroft, 2000: 42)
The practices can be in the way of imposing knowledge to the colonized one using the colonial power. The Europeans expand the dominant control over the world by imposing their hegemony, which is much more effective compared to colonization in the form of physical occupation.
It constructs the colonizer with its instruments like culture, history, language, art, political system and many others as the superior-civilized one. In the opposite, the colonized will be the inferior-uncivilized people. It gives reason for the colonizer to raise up the colonized civilization trough the colonial contact (Ashcroft, 2000: 41- 42).
Rather it conceals these benefits in statement about the inferiority of the colonized, the primitive nature of other races, the barbaric depravity of colonized societies, and therefore the duty of the imperial power to reproduce itself in the colonial society, and to advance the civilization of the colony
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through trade, administration, cultural and moral improvement (Ashcroft, 2000: 43). Homi K. Bhabha explains about hybridity that can be defined as a cross- cultural exchange or transcultural forms as the result of a contact with colonization
(Ashcroft, 2000: 188-119). It is closely connected with the theory of ambivalence and mimicry (Ashcroft, 2000: 12). Ambivalence is used to show the relationship of the colonizer and colonized which is very complex. Mimicry means the colonized will mimic the colonizer through the process of adopting the values, habits, etc (Ashcroft, 2000: 139).
Edward Said in orientalism states that Eurocentrism not only influences others, but also produces other cultures. It shows the dominant relation of the western over the orient as mentioned in the following quotation “Orientalism as the corporate institution for dealing with the orient ‘dealing with it by making statements about it, authorizing views of it, describing it, by teaching it, settling it, ruling over it: in short, Orientalism as a Western style of dominating, restructuring, and having authority over the Orient’” (Ashcroft, 2000: 167-168).
Edward Said’s Orientalism (1978) which is specific expose of the Eurocentric universalism which takes for granted both the superiority of what is European or Western, and the inferiority of what is not. Said identifies a European cultural tradition of ‘Orientalism’, which is particular and long- standing way of identifying the East as ‘Other’ and inferior to the West (Barry, 1995: 192).
European colonialism occurred in several places not only conquered and exploited the land, but also imposed the western hegemony and ideology to the native people (colonized) and its effects are still found until present day (Bressler,
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1999: 266-267). Antonio Gramsci defines hegemony as domination by consent (Ashcroft, 2000: 116).
The term is useful for describing the success of imperial power over a colonized people who may far outnumber any occupying military force, but who desire for self-determination has been suppressed by a hegemonic notion of the greater good, often couched in terms of social order, stability and advancement, all of which are defined by the colonizing power (Ashcroft, 2000: 116).
Hegemony is understood as an occupation of others without any physical force. This process is very efficient and effective to control others. It is also possible to use any medium to impose the hegemony. The less-dominant class will be in a condition of receiving or adopting the hegemony.
D. Review on Theory of Representation
Andrew Gibson in his book Towards A Postmodern Theory Of Narrative differs theory of representation into two; surface and depth representation. Surface representation is associated with the visual things. It may include what is felt by our senses. Even though, it emphasizes the visible things or direct findings by looking at a thing (1996: 81-82).
On the other hand, the depth representation is going deeper than the surface representation. It is more understood as a way of penetrating the visible thing. It reveals the essence behind the visible things.
It pierces through the veil of the visible to what the visible supposedly secretes or embodies, capturing that distilled essence and saturating language in it (1996: 82). The writer will apply both, the surface and depth representation in analyzing
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E. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Those theories mentioned above are used by the writer to analyze the work.
The review of related studies gives a background on the work and the author. The theory of character and characterization are used to answer the first question about the general characteristics of the main character, Paul Pinmay.
The last two theories on postcolonialism and representation are applied to answer the second and third question. The writer will examine the major character as a white Christian missionary and a colonizer represents the idea of superiority.
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study The object of the study is E.M. Foster’s The Life to Come. This novella has
two versions. The first version has numerous autograph corrections, and the other is a copy that introduces the mistakes and corrects them as well. In his letter to Siegfred Sasson dated 21 July 1923 Forster said that he might have another ending for this story showing the dead Pinmay meet his god. His god has pitied him for being killed by Vithobai but he cannot do anything for Pinmay. This version cannot be found in the published text.
The Life to Come and other stories were published by Penguin Books in
1975. The Life to Come describes the life that a missionary should face in converting the natives into Christianity. Paul Pinmay, a young missionary sent to convert the native people, including the chief. Paul finally succeeds in converting the chief and making all the natives embrace Christianity. Then, he uses the chief’s authority to control and set the native society. He imposes the western values through many ways, such as religion, language, education, industry, health campaign, etc. He reduces the chief’s power and authority by imposing a new social order into the native society. His arrival in that place became more than just doing the Christian mission, but also a kind of colonialism with a cover of Christianity.
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17 B. Approach of the Study The writer will use the postcolonial approach in analyzing the work. There are many explanation and definition of the scope of this approach. In general, it is defined that this theory concerns on what the effects of cultural clash, on the ideology impowers and one places themselves superior from others (Bressler, 1999: 265).
There is also one major topic that obviously seen in this approach which is emphasizing the struggle that may occur when someone is oppressed by the others (Bressler, 1999: 266). Most of these critics state that the European colonialism did occur in several place and the colonial not only conquered and exploited the land, but also imposed the western hegemony and ideology to the native people (colonized) and its effects are still found until present day (Bressler, 1999: 266-267).
This approach talks the effects of colonialism in various issues, such as education, language, representation, culture, etc.
C. Method of the Study
The writer used library research to find the supporting sources, for example collecting data for research and building analysis from the collected data that would be applied in this research. The first step in doing this research was doing close reading with the object E. M. Forster’s The Life To Come. In reading this novella the writer found a view of colonialism that had a closely relationship to Christian mission.
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18 Secondly, the writer had to find out the intrinsic elements of the novella used in analyzing the story, particularly the elements that supporting the topic chosen by the writer. The thesis used the character, characterization of the story to analyze the main character, Paul Pinmay.
The third step, the writer will apply the theory and approach in analyzing the work.. Theory of representation guided the writer to identify what values are depicted in surface and depth. Postcolonalism approach was used by the writer to show the western hegemony trough the Christian missionary and how Christian missionary becomes a justification for imposing the hegemony.
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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS The writer will analyze the main character of E. M. Forster’s The Life To Come in order to answer the problem formulation mentioned in the previous part. The analysis will be divided into three parts. In the first part, the writer will give an
analysis on the characterization and general characteristics of the main character, Paul Pinmay. The second part of analysis will go deeper to the quality of the main character as a representation of colonizer. The third part will be the analysis of the quality of the main character as a white Christian missionary to represent the idea of superiority.
A. General Characteristics of Paul Pinmay
There are some general characteristics of Paul Pinmay as depicted in the work. The writer examines the character using Murphy’s theory of character and characterizations.
1. European
The author can give a description on the character’s appearance and clothes (Murphy, 1972: 161). From the physical appearance described in the quotation “… and the golden ruffled hair of a young man” (p. 94), the writer recognizes that the main character is a European man.
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That quotation is not the only clue to identify the main character. The writer identifies from the way he dressed up, which is a typical of European fashion style as seen below.
The missionary was now wearing a suit of ducks with shirt, vest, pants, and cholera belt, also sun-helmet, starched collar, blue tie spotted with white, socks, and brown boots (Forster, 1975: 100). The name given to the main character is also typical of European name, Paul Pinmay. This may support the idea on the origin of the main character as a European man.
And Paul Pinmay (for this was the young man’s name) was at that time a very young man indeed, and had partly been sent in order that he might discover his own limitation (p. 95). Forster’s works are widely known as the criticism toward the British Empire. Considering that Forest also has talked so much about British Empire in most of his works; it may give a clue that the main character is apparently a British man.
There is a direct comment from the author mentioning that the main character and the colleagues are not Roman Catholics missionaries. It is another statement that supports this idea. There is a possibility that he is from Britain, a country in Europe whose people do not convert into Roman Catholic.
The Roman Catholics, far more expert than themselves, had failed to convert Vithobai, the wildest, strongest, must stubborn of all the inland chiefs (p.95). That statement leads the writer to go further to the second characteristic of Paul Pinmay that will be explained in the following section.
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2. Christian Missionary
Paul Pinmay is a Christian missionary as seen from the direct comment as mentioned in sentence below.
When he reached the coast, the other missionaries there saw at once from his face that he had failed. Nor they expected otherwise. The Roman Catholics, far more expert than themselves, had failed to convert Vithobai, the wildest, strongest, most stubborn of all the island chiefs (p.95).
He is sent in a mission with the objective to have the native chief converted into Christianity. The writer can call say that he is a Christian missionary because there is a statement in the quotation not refers to Roman Catholic Church.
In addition to the statement above, the following quotation will be supporting the idea that he is a Christian missionary.