Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine Vol 2 (D K) 2nd ed pdf

  The GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA of

  

A lTERNATIVE

M EDICINE

  The GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA of

  A lternative

  M EDICINE

SECOND EDITION

J A C Q U E L I N E L . L O N G E , P R O J E C T E D I T O R

  

V O L U M E

D-K

  

2

  

The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine, Second Edition

Project Editor Jacqueline L. Longe Editorial Deirdre S. Blanchfield, Laurie Fundukian, Erin Watts Editorial Support Services Andrea Lopeman

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ISBN 0-7876-7424-9(set)

0-7876-7425-7 (Vol. 1)

0-7876-7426-5 (Vol. 2)

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  The Gale encyclopedia of alternative medicine / Jacqueline L. Longe, project editor.-- 2nd ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.

  

ISBN 0-7876-7424-9 (set hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-7876-7425-7 (v. 1 : alk.

paper) -- ISBN 0-7876-7426-5 (v. 2 : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-7876-7427-3 (v. 3 : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-7876-7428-1 (v. 4 : alk. paper) 1. Alternative medicine--Encyclopedias.

  [DNLM: 1. Complementary Therapies--Encyclopedias--English. 2. Internal Medicine-- Encyclopedias--English. WB 13 G1507 2005] I. Title: Encyclopedia of alternative medicine. II. Longe, Jacqueline L.

  R733.G34 2005 615.5'03--dc22 2004022502

CONTENTS

  List of Entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii About the Encyclopedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Advisory Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi

Entries Volume 1: A-C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Volume 2: D-K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 Volume 3: L-R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029 Volume 4: S-Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1523

  Organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2199 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2225 General Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2293 Abscess Acidophilus Acne Aconite Acupressure Acupuncture Ademetionine Adie’s pupil African pygeum Agastache Aging AIDS Alcoholism Alexander technique Alfalfa Alisma Allergies Allium cepa Aloe Alpha-hydroxy Alzheimer’s disease Amino acids Andrographis Androstenedione Anemarrhena Anemia Angelica root Angina Anise Ankylosing spondylitis Anorexia nervosa Anthroposophical medicine Antioxidants Anxiety

  Bates method Bayberry Bedsores Bedwetting Bee pollen Behavioral optometry Behavioral therapy Belladonna Beta-hydroxy Beta-methylbutyric acid Beta carotene Betaine hydrochloride Bhakti yoga Bilberry Binge eating disorder Biofeedback Bioflavonoids Biota Biotin Bipolar disorder Bird flu Bites and stings Bitter melon Bitters Black cohosh Black currant seed oil Black haw Black walnut Black cumin seed extract Bladder cancer Bladder infection Blessed thistle Blisters Blood poisoning Blood clots Bloodroot

  Apis Apitherapy Appendicitis Applied kinesiology Apricot seed Arginine Arnica Aromatherapy Arrowroot Arsenicum album Art therapy Ashwaganda Asthma Astigmatism Aston-Patterning Astragalus Atherosclerosis Athlete’s foot Atkins diet Atractylodes (white) Attention-deficit hyperactivity dis- order Aucklandia Auditory integration training Aura therapy Auriculotherapy Autism Ayurvedic medicine

A

B

  Bad breath Balm of Gilead Barberry Barley grass Blue cohosh Body odor Boils Bone spurs Bonemeal Boneset Borage oil Boron Boswellia Botanical medicine Breast cancer Breastfeeding problems Breath therapy Breema Brewer’s yeast Bromelain Bronchitis Bruises Bruxism Bryonia Buchu Buckthorn Bugleweed Bulimia nervosa Bunions Burdock root Burns Bursitis Butcher’s broom Buteyko

  Cadmium poisoning Caffeine Calcarea carbonica Calcium Calendula Cancer Cancer treatments, biological Candidiasis Canker sores Cantharis Carnitine Carotenoids Carpal tunnel syndrome

  Coenzyme Q

  10 Coix

  Cold sores Coleus Colic Colloidal silver Colonic irrigation Color therapy Colorectal cancer Colostrum Coltsfoot Comfrey Common cold Conjunctivitis Constipation Contact dermatitis Copper Coptis Cordyceps Corns and calluses Cornsilk Cornus Corydalis Cotton root bark Cough Cradle cap Cramp bark Cranberry Craniosacral therapy Creatine Crohn’s disease Croup Crystal healing Cupping Curanderismo Cuscuta Cuts and scratches Cymatic therapy Cyperus

  Damiana Dance therapy Dandelion Dandruff

  Cartilage supplements Castor oil Cat’s claw Cataracts Catnip Cayce systems Cayenne Celiac disease Cell therapy Cell salt therapy Cellulite Cerebral vascular insufficiency Cerebral palsy Cervical dysplasia Chakra balancing Chamomile Charcoal, activated Chasteberry tree Chelated minerals Chelation therapy Chemical poisoning Cherry bark Chickenpox Chickweed Chicory Childbirth Childhood nutrition Chills Chinese massage Chinese system of food cures Chinese thoroughwax Chinese yam Chinese foxglove root Chiropractic Chlamydia Chlorella Cholesterol Chondroitin Christian Science healing Chromium Chronic fatigue syndrome Chrysanthemum flower Chymotrypsin Cicada Cinnamon bark Cirrhosis Cnidium seeds Codonopsis root

  List of Entries

C

D

  Deglycyrrhizanated licorice Dementia Depression Dermatitis Detoxification Devil’s claw DHEA Diabetes mellitus Diamond diet Diaper rash Diarrhea Diathermy Diets Digestive enzymes Diverticulitis Dizziness Dolomite Dong quai Dry mouth Dyslexia Dysmenorrhea

  Ear infection Earache Echinacea Eczema Edema Elder Electroacupuncture Elimination diet Emphysema Endometriosis Energy medicine Environmental therapy Enzyme therapy Ephedra Epididymitis Epilepsy Epimedium Essential fatty acids Essential oils Essiac tea Eucalyptus Eucommia bark

  Gelsemium Genital herpes Genital warts Gentiana Geriatric massage Gerson therapy Ginger Ginkgo biloba Ginseng, American Ginseng, Korean Ginseng, Siberian Glaucoma Glucosamine Glutamine Glutathione Goldenrod Goldenseal Gonorrhea Gotu kola Gout Grains-of-paradise fruit Grape skin Grape seed extract Grapefruit seed extract Green tea Guggul Guided imagery Gulf War syndrome Gum disease Gymnema

  Hair loss Hangover Hatha yoga Hawthorn Hay fever Headache Hearing loss Heart disease Heart attack Heartburn Heavy metal poisoning Heel spurs Hellerwork

  Evening primrose oil Evodia fruit Exercise Eyebright

  Facial massage Fasting Fatigue Feldenkrais Feng shui Fennel Fenugreek Ferrum phosphoricum Fever Feverfew Fibrocystic breast disease Fibromyalgia Fish oil 5-HTP Flaxseed Flower remedies Fo ti Folic acid Food poisoning Foxglove Fractures French green clay Fritillaria Frostbite and frostnip Fungal infections

  Gallstones Gamma-linoleic acid Gangrene Ganoderma Gardenia Garlic Gas Gastritis Gastrodia Gastroenteritis

  List of Entries

F

E

H

G

  Hemorrhoids Hepar sulphuris Hepatitis Herbalism, Western Herbalism, traditional Chinese Herniated disk Hiatal hernia Hibiscus Hiccups High sensitivity C reactive protein test High-fiber diet Hives Hodgkin’s disease Holistic dentistry Holistic medicine Homeopathy Homeopathy, acute prescribing Homeopathy, constitutional pre- scribing Honeysuckle Hops Horehound Horse chestnut Horsetail Hot flashes Humor therapy Huna Hydrotherapy Hypercortisolemia Hyperopia Hyperparathyroidism Hypertension Hyperthermia Hyperthyroidism Hypnotherapy Hypoglycemia Hypothyroidism Hyssop

  Ignatia Immuno-augmentation therapy Impetigo Impotence Indigestion

  Labyrinth walking Lachesis Lacto-ovo vegetarianism Laryngitis Lavender Lazy eye Lead poisoning Learning disorders Lecithin Ledum Lemon balm Lemongrass Leukemia Lice infestation Licorice Light therapy Linoleic acid Livingston-Wheeler therapy Lobelia Lomatium Lomilomi Lou Gehrig’s disease Low back pain Lung cancer Lutein Lycium fruit Lycopene Lycopodium Lyme disease Lymphatic drainage Lysimachia Lysine

  Macrobiotic diet Macular degeneration Magnesium Magnetic therapy Magnolia Maitake Malaria Malignant lymphoma Manganese

  Infant massage Infections Infertility Inflammatory bowel disease Influenza Ingrown nail Insomnia Insulin resistance Iodine Ipecac Ipriflavone Iridology Iron Irritable bowel syndrome Ischemia Itching

L

  Jaundice Jet lag Jock itch Jojoba oil Journal therapy Juice therapies Juniper Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

  Kali bichromicum Kampo medicine Kaposi’s sarcoma Kava kava Kegel exercises Kelley-Gonzalez diet Kelp Kidney stones Kidney infections Kirlian photography Knee pain Kneipp wellness Kola nut Kombucha Kudzu

  List of Entries

J

K

M

I Iceland moss

  Marijuana Marsh mallow Martial arts Massage therapy McDougall diet Measles Meditation Mediterranean diet Medium-chain triglycerides Melatonin Memory loss Meniere’s disease Meningitis Menopause Menstruation Mercurius vivus Mesoglycan Metabolic therapies Methionine Mexican yam Migraine headache Milk thistle Mind/Body medicine Mistletoe Mononucleosis Morning sickness Motherwort Motion sickness Movement therapy Moxibustion MSM Mugwort leaf Mullein Multiple chemical sensitivity Multiple sclerosis Mumps Muscle spasms and cramps Music therapy Myopia Myotherapy Myrrh

  Narcolepsy Native American medicine

  Panchakarma Pancreatitis Panic disorder Pantothenic acid Parasitic infections Parkinson’s disease Parsley Passionflower Past-life therapy Pau d’arco Pelvic inflammatory disease Pennyroyal Peppermint Peripheral neuropathy Periwinkle Pet therapy Phlebitis Phobias Phosphorus Pilates Pinched nerve Pine bark extract Pinellia Pityriasis rosea Placebo effect Plantain Pleurisy Pneumonia Polarity therapy Postpartum depression Post-traumatic stress disorder Potassium Pranic healing Prayer and spirituality Pregnancy Pregnancy massage Premenstrual syndrome Prickly heat Prickly pear cactus Pritikin diet Probiotics Prolotherapy Prostate enlargement Prostate cancer Psoriasis Psychoneuroimmunology Psychophysiology Psychosomatic medicine

  Natrum muriaticum Natural hygiene diet Natural hormone replacement ther- apy Naturopathic medicine Nausea Neck pain Neem Nettle Neural therapy Neuralgia Neurolinguistic programming Niacin Night blindness Noni Nosebleeds Notoginseng root Nutmeg Nutrition Nux vomica

O

  Oak Obesity Obsessive-compulsive disorder Omega-3 fatty acids Omega-6 fatty acids Ophiopogon Oregano essential oil Ornish diet Ortho-bionomy Orthomolecular medicine Osha Osteoarthritis Osteopathy Osteoporosis Ovarian cancer Ovarian cysts Oxygen/Ozone therapy

  Pain Paleolithic diet

  List of Entries

N

P

  Psychotherapy Psyllium Pulsatilla Pulse diagnosis Pyridoxine

S

  Qigong Quan yin

  Rabies Radiation injuries Radiesthesia Radionics Rashes Raspberry Raynaud’s syndrome Red cedar Red clover Red yeast rice extract Reflexology Reiki Reishi mushroom Relaxation Rescue Remedy Restless leg syndrome Retinal detachment Retinopathy Rheumatic fever Rheumatoid arthritis Rhinitis Rhubarb root Rhus toxicodendron Riboflavin Rolfing Rosacea Rose hip Rosemary Rosen method Royal jelly Rubella Rubenfeld synergy

  Sneezing Snoring Sodium Somatics Sore throat Sound therapy South Beach diet Soy protein Spearmint Spinal manipulative therapy Spirulina Sports massage Sprains and strains Squawvine St. John’s wort Staphylococcal infections Sties Stomachaches Stone massage Strep throat Stress Stroke Substance abuse and dependence Sulfur Suma Sun’s soup Sunburn Swedish massage Sweet clover Swimmer’s ear Syntonic optometry Syphilis Systemic lupus erythematoses

  T’ai chi Tangerine peel Tea tree oil Teenage nutrition Teething problems Temporomandibular joint syn- drome Tendinitis Tennis elbow Tetanus Thai massage

  Russian massage Ruta

  Safflower flower Saffron Sage Saliva sample testing Sargassum seaweed Sassafras Saw palmetto Scabies Scallion Scarlet fever Schisandra Schizophrenia Sciatica Scoliosis Seasonal affective disorder Selenium Senior nutrition Senna Sensory deprivation Sensory integration disorder Sepia Sesame oil Sexual dysfunction Shamanism Sheep sorrel Shiatsu Shiitake mushroom Shin splints Shingles Shintaido Sick building syndrome Sickle cell anemia Silica Sinus infection Sjögren’s syndrome Skin cancer Skullcap Sleep apnea Sleep disorders Slippery elm Smoking

  List of Entries

Q

R

T

  Therapeutic touch Thiamine Thuja Thunder God vine Thyme Tibetan medicine Tinnitus Tonsillitis Toothache Tourette syndrome Toxic shock syndrome Traditional African medicine Traditional Chinese medicine Trager psychophysical integration Tremors Trepanation Trichomoniasis Trigger point therapy Triphala Tuberculosis Turmeric

  Ulcers, digestive Unani-tibbi Urinary incontinence Urine therapy Usnea

  Wheezing White peony root White willow Whooping cough Wigmore diet Wild cherry Wild oat Wild yam Wintergreen Witch hazel Worms Wormwood Wounds

  Yarrow Yeast infection Yellow dock Yerba santa Yoga Yohimbe Yucca

  Zinc Zone diet

  Uterine cancer Uterine fibroids Uva ursi

  Valerian Vanadium Varicose veins Veganism Vegetarianism Venom immunotherapy Vitamin A Vitamin B complex Vitamin B

Y

  Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vomiting

  Warts Wasabi Wheat grass therapy Wheat germ

  List of Entries

V Vaginitis

U

W

Z

  The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine is a medical reference product designed to inform and edu- cate readers about a wide variety of complementary ther- apies and herbal remedies and treatments for prevalent conditions and diseases. Thomson Gale believes the product to be comprehensive, but not necessarily defini- tive. It is intended to supplement, not replace, consulta- tion with a physician or other healthcare practitioner. While Thomson Gale has made substantial efforts to pro- vide information that is accurate, comprehensive, and up-to-date, Thomson Gale makes no representations or warranties of any kind, including without limitation, warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose, nor does it guarantee the accuracy, comprehen- siveness, or timeliness of the information contained in this product. Readers should be aware that the universe of complementary medical knowledge is constantly growing and changing, and that differences of medical opinion exist among authorities. They are also advised to seek professional diagnosis and treatment for any med- ical condition, and to discuss information obtained from this book with their healthcare provider.

  

PLEASE READ – IMPORTANT INFORMATION

• Definition • Description • Causes & symptoms
• Diagnosis • Treatment • Allopathic treatment
• Expected results
• Prevention • Resources • Key terms

Scope

Inclusion criteria

  A preliminary list of therapies, herbs, remedies, dis- eases, and conditions was compiled from a wide variety of sources, including professional medical guides and textbooks, as well as consumer guides and encyclope- dias. The advisory board, made up of three medical and alternative healthcare experts, evaluated the topics and made suggestions for inclusion. Final selection of topics to include was made by the medical advisors in conjunc- tion with Thomson Gale editors.

  The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine (GEAM) is a one-stop source for alternative medical in-

Diseases/conditions

  formation that covers complementary therapies, herbs and remedies, and common medical diseases and condi- tions. It avoids medical jargon, making it easier for the layperson to use. The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative

  Medicine presents authoritative, balanced information

  and is more comprehensive than single-volume family medical guides.

  Over 800 full-length articles are included in The

  Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine. Many

  prominent figures are highlighted as sidebar biographies that accompany the therapy entries. Articles follow a standardized format that provides information at a glance. Rubrics include:

Therapies

• Origins • Benefits • Description • Preparations • Precautions • Side effects
• Research & general acceptance
• Resources • Key terms

About the Contributors

  been designed with ready reference in mind:

  The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine has

  The essays were compiled by experienced medical writers, including alternative healthcare practitioners and educators, pharmacists, nurses, and other complementary healthcare professionals. GEAM medical advisors re- viewed over 95% of the completed essays to insure that they are appropriate, up-to-date, and medically accurate.

Herbs/remedies

• General use
• Preparations • Precautions • Side effects
• Interactions • Resources • Key terms

How to Use this Book

• Straight alphabetical arrangement allows users to locate information quickly.
• Bold faced terms function as print hyperlinks that • An appendix of alternative medical organizations point the reader to related entries in the encyclo- is arranged by type of therapy and includes valu- pedia.

  able contact information.

  yclopedia

• A list of key terms is provided where appropriate
• A comprehensive general index allows users to to define unfamiliar words or concepts used with- easily target detailed aspects of any topic, includ- in the context of the essay. Additional terms may ing Latin names.

  be found in the glossary.

About the Enc

• Cross-references placed throughout the encyclo- Graphics pedia direct readers to where information on sub-

  The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine is

  jects without their own entries can be found. Syn- enhanced with over 450 images, including photos, ta- onyms are also cross-referenced. bles, and customized line drawings. Each volume con- tains a color insert of 64 important herbs, remedies, and

• A Resources section directs users to sources of further complementary medical information. supplements.

  

An advisory board made up of prominent individuals from complementary medical

communities provided invaluable assistance in the formulation of this encyclopedia.

They defined the scope of coverage and reviewed individual entries for accuracy and

accessibility. We would therefore like to express our appreciation to them:

  Mirka Knaster, PhD author, editor, consultant in Eastern and Western body-mind disciplines and spiritual traditions Oakland, CA Lisa Meserole, MS, ND President, Botanical Medicine Academy One Sky Medicine Clinic Seattle, WA Katherine E. Nelson, ND Naturopathic Physician Naples, FL Jamison Starbuck, JD, ND Naturopathic Family Physician Former president, American Association of Naturopathic Physicians Member, Homeopathic Academy of Naturopathic Physicians Missoula, MT

  Margaret Alic, PhD Medical Writer Eastsound, WA Greg Annussek Medical Writer American Society of Journalists and Authors New York, NY Barbara Boughton Health and Medical Writer El Cerrito, CA Ruth Ann Prag Carter Freelance Writer Farmington Hills, MI Linda Chrisman Massage Therapist and Educator Medical Writer Oakland, CA Gloria Cooksey, CNE Medical Writer Sacramento, CA Amy Cooper, MA, MSI Medical Writer Vermillion, SD Sharon Crawford Writer, Editor, Researcher American Medical Writers Association Periodical Writers Association of Canada and the Editors’ Association of Canada Toronto, ONT Canada Sandra Bain Cushman Massage Therapist Alexander Technique Practitioner and Educator Charlottesville, VA Tish Davidson, MA Medical Writer Fremont, CA Lori DeMilto, MJ Medical Writer Sicklerville, NJ

  Doug Dupler, MA Medical Writer Boulder, CO Paula Ford-Martin, PhD Medical Writer Warwick, RI Rebecca J. Frey, PhD Medical Writer New Haven, CT Lisa Frick Medical Writer Columbia, MO Kathleen Goss Medical Writer Darwin, CA Elliot Greene, MA former president, American Massage Therapy Association Massage Therapist Silver Spring, MD Peter Gregutt Medical Writer Asheville, NC Clare Hanrahan Medical Writer Asheville, NC David Helwig Medical Writer London, ONT Canada Beth A. Kapes Medical Writer, Editor Bay Village, OH Katherine Kim Medical Writer Oakland, CA Erika Lenz Medical Writer Lafayette, CO Lorraine Lica, PhD Medical Writer San Diego, CA

  

CONTRIBUTORS

  Whitney Lowe, LMT Orthopedic Massage Education & Research Institute Massage Therapy Educator Bend, OR Mary McNulty Freelance Writer St.Charles, IL Katherine E. Nelson, ND Naturopathic physician Naples, FL Teresa Odle Medical Writer Ute Park, NM Jodi Ohlsen Read Medical Writer Carver, MN Carole Osborne-Sheets Massage Therapist and Educator Medical Writer Poway, CA Lee Ann Paradise Freelance Writer Lubbock, TX Patience Paradox Medical Writer Bainbridge Island, WA Belinda Rowland, PhD Medical Writer Voorheesville, NY Joan M. Schonbeck, RN Medical Writer Marlborough, MA Gabriele Schubert, MS Medical Writer San Diego, CA Kim Sharp, M Ln Medical Writer Houston, TX

  Kathy Shepard Stolley, PhD Medical Writer Virginia Beach, VA Judith Sims, MS Science Writer Logan, UT Patricia Skinner Medical Writer Amman, Jordan Genevieve Slomski, PhD Medical Writer New Britain, CT Jane E. Spear Medical Writer Canton, OH Liz Swain Medical Writer San Diego, CA Judith Turner, DVM Medical Writer Sandy, UT Samuel Uretsky, PharmD Medical Writer Wantagh, NY Ken R. Wells Science Writer Laguna Hills, CA Angela Woodward Science Writer Madison, WI Kathleen Wright, RN Medical Writer Delmar, DE Jennifer L. Wurges Medical Writer Rochester Hills, MI

  Contributors

Damiana Description

  Damiana, of the Turneraceae plant family, is an aro- matic shrub with small yellow flowers that grows on dry, sunny, rocky hillsides in south Texas, Southern Califor- nia, Mexico, and Central America. The two species used in herbal healing, both of which are referred to as dami- ana, are Turnera aphrodisiaca and Turnera diffusa. Damiana usually grows to a height of about 24 in (60 cm). Its pale green leaves, which turn yellow-brown when dried, are 0.5–1 in (15–25 mm) long and quite nar- row. They have serrated (jagged) edges. The leaves and sometimes the stems of the plant have medicinal uses. Other names for damiana include old woman’s broom, Mexican damiana, pastorata, hierba del venado, ore- ganello, and the bourrique.

General use

  E, which was established in 1978 to independently re- view and evaluate scientific literature and case studies pertaining to herb and plant medications, found no proof that damiana acts either as a sexual stimulant or as a hal- lucinogen. On the other hand, they also found no proof that damiana was likely to cause harm. A 1999 study on rats conducted in Italy found that extracts of Turnera dif-

  

D

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2

  The leaves and occasionally the stems of damiana are used medicinally. They are normally harvested while

  crease the performance of sexually sluggish or impotent rats. There have been no clinical trials involving humans.

  fusa had no effect on sexually potent rats, but did in-

  The German Federal Health Agency’s Commission

  Damiana affects primarily the urinary and reproduc- tive systems. It has been used as an aphrodisiac and to boost sexual potency in men by the native peoples of Mexico, including the Mayan Indians, for thousands of years. It is said to act as a sexual stimulant and produce a feeling of general well being. Damiana is sometimes used in men to treat spermatorrhea, premature ejaculation, sex- ual sluggishness, and prostate complaints. It is often used in combination with other herbs to treat impotence.

  Despite its long history and frequent use in many different cultures, scientists have been unable to isolate any active ingredients that would account for damiana’s aphrodisiac, stimulant, or hallucinogenic properties. The herb contains a volatile oil that may mildly irritate the genitourinary system. This volatile oil may be at the root of damiana’s reputation as an aphrodisiac.

  In addition to its medicinal uses, damiana is used in Mexico to flavor liqueurs, tea, and other beverages and foods. It tastes slightly bitter, and the leaves have a strong resinous aroma when crushed. Damiana is ap- proved for food use by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

  Damiana has also been used traditionally to improve digestion and to treat constipation, as in larger doses it has a mild laxative effect. Other uses include treatment of asthma, cough and flu, and nephritis. During the 1960s, damiana was touted as a recreational drug. Some users claimed that damiana produced a mild “high” or hallucinogenic effect similar to marijuana that lasts an hour to an hour and a half.

  tion, and regulate hormonal activity. Some herbal practi- tioners also use it as a diuretic. Damiana tonic should be used moderately, and not be taken on a long-term basis.

  Today both men and women may use damiana to re- lieve anxiety, nervousness, and mild depression, especial- ly if these symptoms have a sexual component. The herb is also used as a general tonic to improve wellness. As a gen- eral tonic it is said to act as a stimulant, improve circula-

  In the past 100 years, damiana has shifted from being primarily a male sexual remedy to also being pre- scribed for women. In women it is used to treat painful menstruation, menopause disorders, and headaches caused by menstruation.

Preparations

Interactions

Resources BOOKS

  the plant is in flower and then are dried. Dried leaves turn a yellow-brown color and may be powdered, used in capsules, or steeped in water or alcohol. Damiana is al- ways used internally, never topically.

  Traditionally damiana has been prepared as a tea or infusion. Although folk recipes vary, generally about 1 cup (250 ml) of boiling water is added to 1/2 cup (1 g) of dried leaves, and allowed to steep about 15 minutes. One cup of this infusion is drunk two to three times daily. This infusion is slightly bitter and has an astringent quality.

  Tincture—An alcohol-based extract prepared by soaking plant parts.

  Nephritis—An inflammation or irritation of the kidney. Spermatorrhea—A term describing the involun- tary discharge of semen without an orgasm occur- ring; sperm leakage.

  Diuretic—Any substance that increases the pro- duction of urine. Hallucinogen—A substance that causes the per- ception of a stimulus or object when it is not real- ly present.

  Aphrodisiac —Anything that arouses or increases sexual desire.

Dance therapy Definition

Precautions

Origins

  In time, doctors in the community started sending her patients. They included antisocial children, people

  Dance therapy began as a profession in the 1940s with the work of Marian Chace. A modern dancer, she began teaching dance after ending her career with the Denishawn Dance Company in 1930. In her classes, she noticed that some of her students were more interested in the emotions they expressed while dancing (loneliness, shyness, fear, etc.) than the mechanics of the moves. She began encouraging them by emphasizing more freedom of movement rather than technique.

  Dance therapists try to help people develop communi- cation skills, a positive self-image, and emotional stability.

  physical development of the individual. Dance therapists work with people who have many kinds of emotional problems, intellectual deficits, and life-threatening ill- nesses. They are employed in psychiatric hospitals, day care centers, mental health centers, prisons, special schools, and private practice. They work with people of all ages in both group and individual therapy. Some also engage in research.

  Tish Davidson

  “Turnera diffusa aphrodisiaca.” Plants for a Future. http://www. pfaf.org.

  OTHER “Damiana.” www.rain-tree.com/damiana.htm.

  PDR for Herbal Medicines. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, 1998.

  Peirce, Andrea. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1999.

  Damiana is often used in combination with other herbs without any negative effects. It is not known to inter- act with any other herbs or pharmaceuticals, although few, if any, scientific studies have been done on its interactions.

Side effects

  Large doses of damiana may cause loose stools be- cause of the herb’s laxative properties. Otherwise, no un- wanted side effects have been reported.

  Scientific evidence indicates that damiana is one of the safest substances commonly taken for sexual en- hancement. It has a long history of traditional medicinal and food use with no harmful consequences reported. It is believed to be unlikely to cause harm or have negative side effects when taken in the designated doses. Howev- er, no rigorous scientific studies have examined the ef- fects of long-term use of this herb.

  Damiana is also available as a tincture of which 1–3 ml is taken two or three times a day. If taken in capsule or tablet form, 3–8 g twice a day may be taken. Damiana is also available in concentrated drops. Damiana is often used in conjunction with other herbs having similar properties, and is often found as an ingredient in herbal mixtures or formulas.

GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 Dance ther ap y KEY TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dance ther ap y

  GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2

  Dance therapy in a mental health unit. (Photo Researchers, Inc. Reproduced by permission.) with movement problems, and those with psychiatric ill- nesses. Eventually, Chace became part of the staff of the Red Cross at St. Elizabeth’s Hospital. She was the first dance therapist employed in a formal position by the fed- eral government. Chace worked with the emotionally troubled patients at St. Elizabeth’s and tried to get them to reach out to others through dance. Some of them were schizophrenics and others were former servicemen suf- fering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Success for these patients meant being able to participate with their class in moving to rhythmic music. “This rhythmic action in unison with others results in a feeling of well-being, relaxation, and good fellowship,” Chace said once.

  Chace eventually studied at the Washington School of Psychiatry and began making treatment decisions about her patients along with other members of the St. Eliza- beth’s medical team. Her work attracted many followers and the first dance therapy interns began learning and teaching dance therapy at St. Elizabeth’s in the 1950s.

  Other dancers also began using dance therapy in the 1940s to help people feel more comfortable with them- selves and their bodies. These dancers included Trudi Schoop and Mary Whitehouse. Whitehouse later became a Jungian analyst and an influential member of the dance therapy community. She developed a process called “movement in-depth,” an extension of her understanding of dance, movement, and depth psychology. She helped found the contemporary movement practice called “au- thentic movement.” In this type of movement, founded on the principles of Jungian analysis, patients dance out their feelings about an internal image, often one that can help them understand their past or their current life struggles. One of Whitehead’s students, Janet Alder fur- thered Whitehead’s work in authentic movement by es- tablishing the Mary Starks Whitehouse Institute in 1981.

  In 1966, dance therapy became formally organized and recognized when the American Dance Therapy As- sociation (ADTA) was formed.

  lonely elderly people. Dance therapy is often an easy way for a person to express emotions, even when his or her experience is so traumatic he or she can’t talk about it. It is frequently used with rape victims and survivors of sexual abuse and incest. It can also help people with physical deficits improve their self-esteem and learn bal- ance and coordination.

  Dance therapists also work with people who have chronic illnesses and life-threatening diseases to help them deal with pain, fear of death, and changes in their body image. Many people with such illnesses find dance therapy classes to be a way to relax, get away from their pain and emotional difficulties for a while, and express feelings about taboo subjects (such as impending death).

  Dance therapy is suitable even for people who are not accomplished dancers, and may even be good for those who are clumsy on the dance floor. The emphasis in dance therapy is on free movement, not restrictive steps, and expressing one’s true emotions. Children who cannot master difficult dances or can’t sit still for tradi- tional psychotherapy often benefit from free-flowing dance therapy. Even older people who cannot move well or are confined to wheelchairs can participate in dance therapy. All they need to do is move in some way to the rhythm of the music.

  Dance therapy can be useful in a one-on-one situa- tion, where the therapist works with only one patient to provide a safe place to express emotions. Group classes can help provide emotional support, enhanced communi- cation skills, and appropriate physical boundaries (a skill that is vital for sexual abuse victims).

Benefits

Description

  There are currently more than 1,200 dance thera- pists in 46 states in the United Sates and in 29 foreign countries. Like other mental health professionals, they use a wide range of techniques to help their patients. Some of the major “schools of thought” in dance therapy include the Freudian approach, Jungian technique, and object relations orientation. Many therapists, however, do not ascribe to just one school, but use techniques from various types of dance therapy.

  The authentic movement technique is derived from the Jungian method of analysis in which people work with recurring images in their thoughts or dreams to de- rive meaning in their life. Instead of asking the patient to dance out certain emotions, the therapist instructs the pa- tient to move when he or she feels “the inner impulse.” The moves are directed by the patient and the therapist is a noncritical witness to the movement. The moves are supposed to emerge from a deep level within the patient.

Side effects No known side effects. Research & general acceptance

  In Freudian technique, dance therapists work with patients to uncover feelings hidden deep in the subcon- scious by expressing those feelings through dance.

  In object relations technique, the therapist often helps the patient examine problems in his or her life by considering the primary initial relationship with the par- ents. Emotions are expressed in a concrete, physical way. For instance, a patient would work out his fears of aban- donment by repeatedly coming close to and dancing at a distance from the therapist.

  GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 Dance ther ap y

  Dance therapists should have dance experience and a liberal arts background with coursework in psychology for their undergraduate degree. Professional dance thera- py training takes place on the graduate level. A qualified dance therapist has received a graduate degree from a school approved by the ADTA, or has a master’s degree in dance or psychology and has taken additional dance therapy credits.

  In another 1999 study presented at the ADTA nation- al conference in November 1999, dance therapist Donna Newman-Bluestein reported success in using techniques of dance therapy with cardiac patients. In a stress reduc- tion class, health professionals used dance therapy meth- ods to teach body awareness, relaxation, self-expression, creativity, and empathy. According to Newman-Bluestein, the dance therapy techniques helped the patients deal with such stressful emotions as anger, increased their self- awareness, made them more relaxed, and helped them ad- just emotionally to having heart disease.

  In 1999, a pilot study of 21 university students showed that those who took a series of four to five group dance therapy sessions in a period of two weeks signifi- cantly reduced their test anxiety as measured by a well- known exam called the Test Anxiety Inventory. After- wards, the subjects reported that their dance movement experience was positive and provided them with psycho- logical insight. The researchers concluded that dance therapy could be a viable method of treatment for stu- dents who suffer from overwhelming test anxiety, and should be researched further.

  In a 1993 study, older people with cognitive deficits showed that dance therapy could significantly increase their functional abilities. Patients improved their balance, rhythmic discrimination, mood, and social interaction.

  Dance therapy was once dismissed as simply an in- effective, “feel good” treatment, but it is now more re- spected. Many research studies have proven that dance therapy can be an effective tool to help people overcome psychological problems.

  A qualified dance therapist should have completed a graduate program in dance therapy approved by the ADTA and should be registered with the ADTA. He or she should not just be a dancer, but should also have ex- tensive training in psychology.

  People who want to use dance therapy should find a qualified therapist. The ADTA provides lists of qualified therapists. The person should begin dance therapy with an open mind and a willingness to participate so he or she can get the most benefit.

  The underlying premise of dance therapy is that when people dance, they are expressing highly significant emotions. A fist thrust out in anger into the air or a head bent in shame has deep significance to a dance therapist. Through dance therapy, the theory goes, patients are able to more easily express painful, frightening emotions, and can progress from there. After experiencing dance thera- py, they can talk about their feelings more freely and tear down the barriers they have erected between themselves and other people. The hope is that eventually they can go on to live more psychologically healthy lives.

  In one frequently used technique, the therapist mir- rors the movements of the patient as he or she expresses important emotions. This is especially powerful in private one-on-one therapy. It is thought that this device provides a sense of safety and validates the patient’s emotions.

  Dance therapists sometimes use other types of thera- py along with dance, such as art or drama. Therapists also discuss what happens during a dancing session by spending time in “talk therapy.” Dance therapists use vi- sualizations during sessions, too. For example, the thera- pist might instruct patients to imagine they are on a beautiful, peaceful beach as they dance.

Preparations

Training & certification

Precautions

Dandelion

  Erwin-Grabner, et al. “Effectiveness of Dance/Movement Ther- apy on Reducing Test Anxiety.” American Journal of KEY TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dance Therapy 21, no. 1 (Spring/Summer 1999).

  Authentic movement—A type of movement that is ORGANIZATIONS

  influenced heavily by Jungian analysis, and works American Dance Therapy Association. (410) 997-4040. by analyzing the internal images of the patient.

  info@adta.org. http://www.adta.org.

  Patients are also urged to dance only when they

  OTHER feel the “impulse” to move.

  Newman-Bluestein, Donna. “You Gotta Have Heart: Integrat- Freudian analysis—A type of psychological treat- ing Dance Therapy into Cardiac Rehabilitation Stress

  ment where the therapist seeks to help the patient

  Management.” Presented at the ADTA National Confer-

  resolve conflicts and traumas buried in the sub- ence. (November 1999). conscious.

  Barbara Boughton

  Jungian analysis—A method of psychological

  treatment where the patient strives to understand the internal, often mythic images in his or her thoughts and dreams.

  Psychotherapy—A medical treatment that seeks to

  resolve psychological traumas and conflicts, often

Dandelion

  by discussing them and emotionally reliving diffi- cult events in the past.

Description

  Test anxiety—A name for the stress and anxious-

  Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) is a common ness that commonly occur in students before they meadow herb of the Asteraceae or sunflower family. take exams.

  There are about 100 species of dandelion, and all are beneficial. This sun-loving beauty is a native of Greece, naturalized in temperate regions throughout the world, and familiar to nearly everyone. The perennial dandelion

  After graduation, dance therapists can become regis- grows freely wherever it can find a bit of earth and a tered with the ADTA, meaning that they are qualified to place in the sun. Dandelion’s nutritive and medicinal practice. After two years they may receive an additional qualities have been known for centuries. recognition when they become an Academy of Dance Therapist Registered. They can then teach dance therapy

  Dandelion’s common name is derived from the French and can supervise interns.

  dent de lion, a reference to the irregular and jagged mar-

  gins of the lance-shaped leaves. There are numerous folk Dance therapists can also obtain psychological cre- names for this widely-used herb. They include pissabed, dentials by taking a test and becoming registered by the