Kebijakan Publik Sektor TIK

  Kebijakan Publik Sektor TIK Mas Wigrantoro Roes Setiyadi

  

The Origin of Public Policy

• Kebijakan = Policy, berasal dari bahasa Yunani, Sansekerta dan Latin • Polis (negara kota), menjadi politia (negara), policie (menangani masalah-masalah publik) = administrasi pemerintahan, politics, policy.
• Kode Hammurabi (abad 18 SM)
• Arthashastra (Kautilya, 300SM)
• Plato (427-327SM)
• Aristoteles (384-322 SM),

  Politics, dan Ethics • Machiavelli (1469-1527).

• Max Weber • Dll.

  

Kebijakan Publik???

• Aktivitas menciptakan pengetahuan tentang dan dalam proses pembuatan kebijakan (Bauer & Gergen, 1968).
• Meneliti sebab, akibat, dan kinerja kebijakan dan program publik.
• Membuat perubahan, membentuk masyarakat (publik) yang berkualitas.
• Promote public interest

  

Alternatif Kebijakan

• Dipengaruhi oleh konteks institusional, value, persepsi, perilaku, dan kepentingan mereka yang terlibat
• Pendekatan analisis:
• – Class Analytic, sumber kebijakan publik berasal dari power dan dominasi di antara klas sosial (Marxist).
• – Pluralist, kebijakan publik dihasilkan dari konflik, tawar- menawar, dan koalisi di antara kelompok sosial guna melindungi kepentingan masing-masing.
• – Public Choice, kebijakan publik dihasilkan dari pemahaman

  masyarakat (rasional) atas kepentingan yang berbeda.

  

Sasaran Umum

Antara Lain:

• pertumbuhan ekonomi dan daya saing (economic growth and competitiveness).
• peningkatan kualitas hidup (quality of life).
• stabilitas pertahanan dan ketahanan nasional (national defense).

  Siklus pengaruh kebijakan publik Pertumbuhan Kebijakan

  Demokratisasi Kualitas Hidup Ekonomi Publik

  Stabilitas Investasi Hankamnas Strategi implementasi tingkat operasional Meningkatkan manfaat dari TIK, • Membantu masyarakat dan organisasi untuk menyesuaikan •

perkembangan terbaru dan memberikan perangkat serta model

untuk merespon secara rasional tantangan yang muncul seiring

dengan perkembangan TIK,

• • Memfasilitasi tersedianya infrastruktur komunikasai dan informasi

  yang terjangkau oleh segenap anggota masyarakat, Meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan dan produk - produk telematika, • Mendorong inovasi dalam pembangunan dan penggunaan • teknologi, Mendorong terjadinya penyebar-luasan informasi, transparansi, • dan akuntabilitas serta mengurangi birokrasi intra dan antar organisasi,

  Strategi implementasi tingkat operasional

• • Identifikasi prioritas dalam pembangunan TIK,

• • Memberikan kesempatan kepada masyarakat

  untuk lebih mudah mengakses informasi,
• Menyediakan sumber daya TIK bagi institusi pendidikan dan pemerintahan,
• Mendukung konsep belajar seumur hidup,
• Melatih individu dan organisasi agar memiliki

  pengetahuan dan ketrampilan di bidang TIK.

  Elemen - elemen Kebijakan TIK

• Pembangunan Infrastruktur • Pengembangan pengetahuan dan ketrampian (skills)
• Legislasi dan regulasi
• Koordinasi dan pengembangan institusi
• Akses TIK
• Pemantauan Kinerja

  

Realitas versus Ideal

• • kebijakan yang baru saja diterbitkan oleh pemerintah

  seringkali menjadi tidak sesuai dengan realita yang

  sedang terjadi di masyarakat
• ukuran keberhasilan kebijakan tetap saja ditentukan

  pada tahap implementasi yang disesuaikan dengan

  kondisi nyata di lapangan

  

Faktor - faktor yang mempengaruhi

kebijakan TIK nasional

• Infrastruktur • Produk dan pelayanan
• Monopoli Telekomunikasi • Keberagaman kesiapan instansi pemerintah dalam

  memanfaatkan TIK

• Gaya dan Struktur Manajemen pemerintahan
• Ketersediaan anggaran
• Teledensity dan penetrasi Internet • Sumber daya manusia yang menguasai TIK

  

Visi Pemanfaatan Telematika

2004 _{structure Infra Application Content} 2020

  VISION Reformasi Pemerintahan

  “Building up a DIGITAL knowledge-based GOOD “USED of ICT”

  Indonesia DIVIDE GOV. Telematika society in the year 2020” Perubahan Manajemen Publik

  Facing New _Laws Economy _{Financial & HRD Regulation}

  Environment

  The Nature of Government : Citizen as Stakeholder The Business of Government : Citizen as Customer

  

National Information Technology Framework

  VISION “Building up a knowledge-based Indonesia Telematika society in the

• _{-business to Support E}
_{ICT for Education Community-based ICT} year 2020” _{Good Governance}

_{E-Government for}

_-Democracy E _MEs S _{Regulatory : Telematika Law Infrastructure Infrastructure : ICT and Telecommunication (ICT) infrastructure, Human Resources, ICT industry}

  

ICT Supporting Structure

_{Financial : A new paradigm in funding mechanism} Organization : National ICT Coordinating Agency

  E- _Democracy E-Government for Good Governance E-Business _{To Support SMEs}

  ICT for _{Education Community-based ICT}

^BASIC

^{FRAMEWORK INFRASTRUCTURE FRAMEWORK REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ORGANIZATION FRAMEWORK FINANCIAL FRAMEWORK}

National Information Technology Framework VISION MISSION OBJECTIVE STRATEGY POLICY

  VISION “Building up a knowledge-based Indonesia Telematika society in the year 2020” MISSION

• Providing universal information equally access to the entire society thoroughly
• Enhancing coordination and making optimal and efficient use of information
• Enhancing efficiency and productivity
• Enhancing quality and quantity of human resources
• Enhancing the utilization of information technology infrastructure including the implementation of the required regulations
• Motivating the economic growth by the ICT development and

  

OBJECTIVE

VISION MISSION

   The achievement of 'E-Government for Good Governance'

   The achievement of 'E-Business to Support Small and Medium Enterprises (SME)'

   The achievement of 'Community-based ICT'  The achievement of 'ICT for Education'  The achievement of 'E-Democracy'

VISION MISSION

   “E-Government for Good Governance”

   To apply transparency and accountability in public resources management

   To enhance efficiency, productivity, and effectiveness in governmental administration

   To apply the on-line government STRATEGY (1)

  “E-Business to Support SME”

   To provide a virtual market for market players

   To empower, elucidate, and train SMEs to enhance their capabilities in utilizing ICT and E-Business particularly

   To develop a strong local ICT industry STRATEGY

  STRATEGY MISSION

  VISION OBJECTIVE

POLICY STRATEGY (2)

  'Community-based ICT'

   To provide information access infrastructure and information application for public society at the entire capital city of regency and at sub district area

   To provide fund and government investment program to support the community empowerment in utilizing ICT

   To facilitate the acculturation process to become a society that able to utilize ICT

   To promote and enhance the ICT research, which has an orientation to the market needs and ICT activities.

VISION MISSION

  'ICT for Education'

   To provide access for distance learning dedicated to the entire communities that need it

   To utilize ICT on training process in both government and private sectors

   To enhance teaching quality with ICT supported

  POLICY STRATEGY OBJECTIVE

  STRATEGY (3) 'E-Democracy'

   To apply a frictionless interaction between the society and their representatives in the government administration

   To apply transparency in the legislative institution activities

   To utilize ICT on democracy process

VISION MISSION OBJECTIVE STRATEGY

  POLICY GENERAL POLICY

  A. Applying the Funding Mechanism with a New Paradigm

  B. Strengthening the ICT Support and Base

  C. Establish the Central Coordinating

Agency (CCA) for National ICT

Development

  D. Motivate the ICT Industry Development

  Strategy of E-government for Good Governance (1)

The achievement of transparency and accountability in the public resources

management is reflected by : _

  The availability of information in the matter of resources management in the government bureaucracy units for public (procurement, financial reports, assets, etc) _ Access availability for public to perform social control _ Availability of widely spread information (land use, government policy, statistics, etc)

  The increment of efficiency, productivity, and effectiveness in the government is reflected by : _ Coordination that occurs among business units _ Information and ICT resources sharing _ Interoperable and secured inter organization systems _ Information utilization as a commodity to increase the government income

  The achievement of on-line government is reflected by availability of

e- Public Infrastructure Commercial Services

  (National Payment System Infrastructure, Credit Checking, Rating, Personnel/Company Credit Conduit, Credit/Loan Information, etc)

  Value Added Public Service

  (e-government, e-procurement, e-employment, e-fulfillment, access control)

  Basic Public Service

  (National Identity (KTP), Passport, Health Information, Tax Number, Election Card, Student Card Identity)

  Public Service Infrastructure

  National ID + Public Key Infrastructure Back-end system – application

• front-ends smart-card

  Existing Physical Network

  (PSTN - Mobile - Fixed Wireless Private Network

  Internet - Cable TV)

  Indonesia Country Gateway (Under Construction)

  In the coming years Indonesia will initiate a number of action programs to accelerate the utilization of ICT in various sectors. In the initial stage, efforts will be given to set up information links among institutional clusters (domestic and foreign) facilitate by an e-link network. Present e-access to :

• Various Government • Private Existing Homepage • E-Mail Contact http://www.searchindonesia.com (mostly bahasa Indonesia) http://indonesia.elga.net.id (mostly English)

  

Kebijakan TIK di Indonesia 1970-1986, tidak ada kebijakan yang dapat dijadikan acuan bagi • pengembangan teknologi informasi, 1985-1990, wacana kebijakan yang mengatur standar profesi TI • di instansi pemerintah, 1993-1994, Inpres 16, penggunaan Personal Komputer produk • dalam negeri, 1994-1996, Badan Koordinasi Otomatisasi Administrasi Negara • (Bakotan) 1997, Keppres Nomor 30 tentang pembentukan Tim Koordinasi • Telematika Indonesia (TKTI) 1997, Undang - Undang Nomor 24/97, tentang Penyiaran • Kebijakan TIK di Indonesia 1998, Presiden Habibie melanjutkan TKTI dan memperbaharui • mandat yang diberikan kepada tim,

• 1999, Undang – Undang 36/1999 tentang Telekomunikasi,
• 1999, Undang – Undang 40/1999 tentang Pers 2000, Presiden GusDur melalui Keppres Nomor 50/2000 • menunjuk Wakil Presiden sebagai Ketua TKTI, 2001, Inpres Nomor 1 tentang Kemayoran sebagai wilayah • pengembangan Telematika, 2001, Inpres Nomor 2 tentang penggunaan Bahasa Indonesia • dalam aplikasi komputer, 2001, Inpres Nomor 6, tentang Kerangka Kebijakan •

  Pengembangan dan Pendayagunaan Teknologi Telematika di

  , Indonesia

  

Kebijakan TIK di Indonesia

• PP 52/2000, penyelenggaraan telekomunikasi
• PP 53/2000, spektrum frekuensi dan orbit satelit
• KepmenHub 20/2001, jaringan telekomunikasi
• KepmenHub 21/2001, jasa telekomunikasi
• KepmenKominfo 2005, DetikNas • Dll.

  

Inpres 6/2001

• • Teknologi Telematika untuk mempersatukan bangsa dan

  memberdayakan masyarakat;

• • Teknologi Telematika dalam masyarakat dan untuk masyarakat;

• Pengembangan infrastruktur nasional;
• Peran sektor swasta dan iklim usaha;
• Peningkatan kapasitas dan teknologi Telematika;
• Pengembangan E-Government atau Government On-line; dan

• • Peningkatan dan penguatan Tim Koordinasi Telematika

  Indonesia (TKTI).

  

Permasalahan di sekitar kebijakan TIK

(Indonesia)

• kepemimpinan nasional dan daerah (e-leadership),
• kebijakan pada setiap jenjang pemerintahan yang dapat menjadi petunjuk operasional,
• anggaran pembangunan yang mencukupi untuk dialokasikan di sektor TIK,

• • kemampuan dan kesediaan koordinasi antar-instansi

  pemerintah, • apresiasi terhadap profesi di bidang TIK.

  Hubungan TIK Dengan Sektor Lain n Pendidikan Hukum ta

  Aplikasi TIK Untuk Bidang a eh Terkait. es K

  Contoh: Teknologi Informasi Sistem Informasi Pertanian

  Dan Komunikasi Sistem Informasi Pendidikan k l ti

  Sisminbakum a li o si e-Health o

  P S e-Government

  Pertanian Ekonomi e-Commerce e-Education Dll.

  Kajian Bidang tertentu yang berhubungan dengan dampak TIK

• Dampak Sosial TIK

  Contoh:

• Kebijakan Pendidikan TIK
• Kajian Ekonomi TIK (Economic of >Politik TIK
• Hukum TIK
Dampak kebijakan TIK
• Implikasi Ekonomi
• Kontribusi terhadap GNP,
• Implikasi Sosial
• – hubungan antara kebijakan di bidang TIK dengan pengurangan angka kemiskinan,
• – kontribusi bagi peningkatan kesehatan masyarakat, yang sifatnya phisik dan nonphisik,
• – dampak negatif dari Internet seperti penyimpangan perilaku sosial, – munculnya kasus - kasus kriminal di bidang TIK.
• makin banyak tenaga kerja trampil di bidang TIK, + pemerataan dan penyebaran informasi lebih efisien.

  

Dampak kebijakan TIK

• Implikasi Budaya
• – mengubah sikap budaya menjadi masyarakat yang bercirikan knowledge based economy,
• – proses perubahan budaya berjalan sangat pelan dan dalam jangka panjang cenderung tidak dapat dirasakan bila sudah ada pengaruhnya.
• Implikasi Pertahanan dan Keamanan – resiko gangguan pertahanan dan keamanan.

  

How ICT Eradicate Poverty?

  1. Government intervention in the form of policy is needed to facilitate business model.

  2. Facts show price of ICT services is above the affordability of poor.

  3. Little needs/demands from poor to ICT services

  4. Need subsidy scheme, so that poor can afford price of ICT services

  

5. Given social condition of poor, the subsidy will be in the form of

cost recovery for supply side rather than direct subsidy to the poor.

  6. The subsidy should consider the sustainability of business model, and eliminate dependency of the poor.

  

ICT Regulation and Public Policy

Universal services Public facilities Public information Unrestricted use Technique to prevent hacking All channel open access Service to target market

  Private facilities Private, proprietary Copy right Security of records Screening information User / consumer

  Competition Increasing bandwidth No restrictions Loosening restrictions Free trade Open government Freedom of expression Surveillance Open standard Monopoly

  Spectrum allocation Cross-ownership Foreign Ownership Trade quotas Secrecy Censorship Privacy Proprietary Standard

  Provider / producer Facilitating Constraining Focus of policy and regulation

  Tools of Evaluation Outcome Parameters: •

• – Common ICT performance indicators
• – Government ICT investment
• – New ICT Patents – ICT contributions to GDP
• – Perceived benefits by particular groups

  

Key Elements of ICT Policy

• Good National ICT Policy should consists of
• – Future Business Scope Definition – Future Positions – Objectives – Strategic Moves – Change Plan – Commitment Plan

  

ICT and Government

Business Alignment

  Government Business Strategy Government ICT Strategy

• Business Scope
• Technology Scope • Distinctive Competencies
• Systemic Competencies • Business Governance
• ICT Governance Cross-Dimensional

  Strategic Fit Alignments

  Organizational Infrastructure

  ICT Infrastructure & Processes & Processes

• Infrastructure • Infrastructure
• Processes Functional • Processes
• Skills Integration • Skills

  ICT Indicators Information from a wide variety of sources can help to measure and inform the impact and _{Copyright: Mad7986, http://www.sxc.hu} direction of the strategy.

  Teledensity

  Wartel

  Telephones

  TUKK:

• 2004: 313,027
• 2005: 332,795
>2004: 101,664
• 2005: 91,819

  Personal Computers and Internet

  Internet Internet Kiosk?

  Mobile Internet Users?

  ICT Investment By Public Sector

  ICT Investment by Private Sector

  ICT-products Export

  New ICT Patents

  ICT Human Resources

12 Obstacles to Policy Execution

  1. Inability to manage change effectively or to overcome internal resistance to change;

  2. Trying to execute a policy that conflict with the existing power structure;

  3. Poor or inadequate information sharing between individuals or government institutions responsible for policy execution;

  4. Unclear communication of responsibility and/or accountability for execution decisions or actions;

5. Poor or vague policy;

  6. Lack of feelings of “ownership” of a policy or execution plans among key stakeholders;

12 Obstacles to Policy Execution

  7. Not having guidelines or a model to guide policy-execution efforts;

  8. Lack of understanding of the role of organizational structure and design in the execution process;

  9. Inability to generate “buy in” or agreement on critical execution steps or actions;

  10. Lack of incentives or inappropriate incentives to support execution objectives;

  11. Insufficient financial resources to execute the policy; and

  12. Lack of upper-management support of policy execution. Recommendation

  

Add Quantitative Objectives

• Process approach is good, but not sufficient
• Numbers are easier to be understood than qualitative statement
• Easy for you to claim success

  

Consider Sustainability

• Policy is not planning, and promoting only, but implementation as well
• When new regime installed, it does not mean “the policy” become out of fashion

  People, not yourself