Gayle`s views on the violence committed by her father against her mother as seen in Gayle Sanders` Mummy`s Witness

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GAYLE’S VIEWS
ON THE VIOLENCE COMMITTED BY HER FATHER
AGAINST HER MOTHER AS SEEN IN GAYLE SANDERS’
MUMMY’S WITNESS
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the SarjanaPendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
Rosiana Monika Damanik
081214086

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013

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GAYLE’S VIEWS
ON THE VIOLENCE COMMITTED BY HER FATHER
AGAINST HER MOTHER AS SEEN IN GAYLE SANDERS’
MUMMY’S WITNESS
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the SarjanaPendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
Rosiana Monika Damanik
081214086

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work
or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the
references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, 5 June 2013
The Writer

Rosiana Monika Damanik
081214086

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Optimism is the faith that leads to
achievement.
Nothing can be done without hope and
confidence.

This thesis is dedicated to
my father and mother.
You’re the light of my life.

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAHUNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswi Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama

: Rosiana Monika Damanik

NomorMahasiswa

: 081214086

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiahs aya yang berjudul:

GAYLE’S VIEWS
ON THE VIOLENCE COMMITTED BY HER FATHER
AGAINST HER MOTHER AS SEEN IN GAYLE SANDERS’
MUMMY’S WITNESS
Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata
Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain,
mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikannya secara terbatas,

mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis
tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian surat pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta,
Pada tanggal: 5 juni 2013
Yang Menyatakan

(Rosiana Monika Damanik)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Jesus Christ for His
wonderful love, blessing, grace, strength, and guidance so that I could complete
this thesis and finish my study.
I would like to address my deepest thanks to my dearest lecturer and also
my sponsor, Drs. Ant. Herujiyanto, M.A., Ph.D. I really appreciate his guidance,
pieces of advice, correction, time, and patience given to me during the process of
writing this thesis.
I would like to thank all PBI lecturers for sharing their knowledge. They
have offered great challenges and experiences to broaden my knowledge. I would
like to thank the secretariat staff for all the help, hospitality and kindness they
extended to me.
My deepest gratitude goes to my parents, Tappin Damaik and Dina
Saragih, to my sister Roni Damanik, to my brother Herman Fransisco Damanik
and all family members for encouraging me to finish my thesis. I thank them for
giving me sincere love and care throughout my life.
Sweet gratitude goes to my boyfriend, Robertus Benz, for his support. I
also want to thank my sweet friends: Eva Agustina Siahaan, D. Juliance and
Stefany, for their help, advice and support. I am also thankful to all my KKN
friends: Nita, Anggi, Katrin, Ichoel, Titi, Joko and Budi, my friends in Kos Putri

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Pringgodani:Anna, Ayu, Eva, Agnes and Oshi and GBI Generasi church for their
support.
Lastly, I would like to thank everybody who has colored my life that I
cannot mention here one by one. I am grateful for having them as part of my life.

Rosiana Monika Damanik

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ABSTRACT
Damanik, Rosiana Monika. 2013. Gayle’s Views on the Violence Committed by
Her Father against Her Mother as Seen in Gayle Sanders’ Mummy’s Witness.
Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of
Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education,
Sanata Dharma University.
This thesis deals with the life of Gayle Sanders in her novel entitled
Mummy’s Witness. The discussion is focused on Gayle’s views toward her father,
Tom Sanders, and his violence toward her mother, Susan Sanders.
The objective of the study is to understand how Gayle regards her father’s
violence committed against her mother. There are two problems to answer,
namely, (1) “How are Gayle Sanders, Tom Sanders and Susan Sanders described
in the novel?” (2) “How did Gayle regard her father’s violence committed against
her mother?”
The theories used in this thesis are theory of critical approach, theory of

character and characterization, theory of motivation, domestic violence, and
theory of human needs. The approach used is psychological approach.
Having analyzed the novel, I concluded that Gayle is skinny, sporty, quiet,
caring, powerless, passive, cowardly and guilty. On the other hand, Tom is
attractive, kind, violent and ambitious, and Susan is weak, caring, and an
optimistic. The second deals with Gayle’s views on the violence committed
against her mother as seen in the novel. In Gayle’s point of view there are several
things that motivated her father to be violent toward her mother. To wit: he felt
that his wife was not useful anymore, his wife could not fulfill his sexual needs;
his affair with another woman; and the divorce that Susan asked.
Finally, it is suggested that the future researchers should focus on the
effects of the violence committed by Tom to Susan’s psychology, the effect of the
violence committed by Tom to Gayle’s psychology and the motivation of Gayle to
decide a decision being the witness of her mother’s death. It is also recommended
that the novel be used as one of the materials to teach Intensive Reading II.
Keywords: violence, motivation, mummy’s witness

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ABSTRAK
Damanik, Rosiana Monika. 2013. Gayle’s Views on the Violence Committed by
Her Father against Her Mother as Seen in Gayle Sanders’ Mummy’s
Witness.Yogyakarta: Program Studi Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa
dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini berhubungan dengan kehidupan Gayle Sanders dalam novel
yang berjudul Mummy’s Witness. Pembahasan dalam skripsi ini berkaitan dengan
tanggapan Gayle terhadap kekerasan yang dilakukan oleh ayahnya, Tom Sanders
kepada ibunnya Susan Sanders.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk melihat makna dari kekerasan yang
dilakukan oleh Tom Sanders terhadap Susan Sanders. Ada dua permasalahan yang
diangkat dalam skripsi ini, yaitu (1) “Bagaimana kepribadian Gayle, Tom dan
susan digambarkan di dalam novel?” (2) “Bagaimana Gayle memandang tindakan
kekerasan oleh ayanhnya terhadap ibunya?”
Teori yang dignakan dalam skripsi ini adalah teori pendekatan psikologi,
teori karakter dan karakterisasi, teori motivasi, kekerasan dalam rumahtangga dan
teori kebutuhan manusia. Pendekatan yang di gunakan adalah pendekatan
psikologi.
Setelah menganalisis novel ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Gayle adalah
seorang yang pendiam, perhatian, lemah, pasif, penakut dan merasa tertuduh,
disisi lain Tom adalah seorang lelaki yang menarik, baik hati terhadap orangorang sekitarnya (disukai banayk orang), juga bengis dan Susan adalah seorang
yang lemah, perhatian, pendiam dan optimis. Kedua mengenai pandangan Gayle
terhadap kekerasan yang diterima ibunya. Menurut pandangan Gayle ada
beberapa hal yang memotivasi ayahnya melakukan tindak kekerasan terhadap
ibunya yaitu: ia merasa bahwa istrinya sudah tidak berguna, istrinya tidak dapat
memenuhi kebutuhan seksualnya, dia memiliki wanita lain dan permintaan
istrinya untuk bercerai.
Pada akhirnya, penulis memberikan saran untuk para peneliti yang akan
datang fokus pada hal yang memotivasi Gayle menjadi menjadi saksi daripada
ibunya. Dalam penelitian juga disertakan sebuah rencana pelaksanaan
pembelajaran dan materi untuk kegiatan belajar mengajar di kelas Intensive
Reading II dengan menggunakan salah satu bagian dari novel Mummy’s Witness.

Keywords: violence, motivation, mummy’s witness

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………….......
APPROVAL PAGE ……………………………………………………….
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ……………….………………………..
DEDICATION PAGE ………………………………………………………
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ………………………….
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………….........
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………….
ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………………...
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………….
LIST OF APPENDICES ……………………………………………………

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v
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ix
x
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study …………………………………………..
1.2 Problem Formulation ……………………………………………...
1.3 Objectives of the Study ……………………………………………
1.4 Benefits of the Study ………………………………………………
1.5 Definition of Terms ……………………………………………….

1
3
4
4
4

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Review of Related Theories ……………………………………….
2.1.1
Theories of Critical Approach …..………..…………………
2.1.2
Character ……………………………..……………………
2.1.3
Characterization …………………...………………………..
2.1.4
Theories of Human Needs ………………………….……..
2.1.5
Theory of Motivation ……………………………..………
2.1.6
Domestic Violence ………………………………………..
2.2 Theoretical Framework ……………………………………….......

6
6
10
12
15
16
17
19

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Object of Study.. …………………………………………........
3.2 Approach of the Study …………..…………………………….
3.3 Method of the Study ..………………………………………….

20
21
21

CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS
4.1.1
The Description of Gayle Sanders’ Character as Seen in
Mummy’s Witness Novel ………………………..………………….. 23
4.1.1.1
Skinny …………………………………………………..
24
4.1.1.2
Sporty……………………………………………………
26
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4.1.1.3
Quiet ………………………………………………………...
4.1.1.4
Caring ……………..……..………………………………...
4.1.1.5
Powerless …………………………………………….........
4.1.1.6
Passive ……….………………………………………........
4.1.1.7
Cowardly ……………………………………………..........
4.1.1.8
Guilty …………………………………………...................
4.1.2
The Description of Tom Sanders’ Character as Seen in
Mummy’s Witness Novel …………………………………………..
4.1.2.1
Attractive …………………………………..………………
4.1.2.2
Kind .…………………………………………………..........
4.1.2.3
Violent …………...………………………………………...
4.1.2.4
Ambitious …………..……………………………………...
4.1.3
The Description of Susan Sanders’ Character as Seen in
Mummy’s Witness Novel …………………………………………..
4.1.3.1
Weak ………………………………………………………
4.1.3.2
Caring ……………………..………………………............
4.1.3.3
Optimistic …………………….…………………………...
4.2 Gayle Regarded the Violence Committed Against Her Mother as
Motivation of Tom to Satisfy His Needs …………………………..

27
29
31
32
34
35

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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1.Conclusions………………………………………..……………...
5.2.Suggestions ………………………………………………………..
5.2.1 Suggestions for Future Researchers …………………………...
5.2.2 Suggestions for English Teachers ……………………..………...

55
57
57
58

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38
39
42
43
43
44
45

REFERENCES……………………………………………………………… 59
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………… 60

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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Summary of the Novel ………………………………………

61

Appendix 2. Biography of the Author ……………………………………...

64

Appendix 3. Lesson Plan for Teaching Basic Reading 2 …………………. 65
Appendix 4. Materials …………………………………………………….. 67
Appendix 5. Mummy’s witness page 9-18 …………………………………

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

There are five parts discussed in the Introduction, i.e. Background of the
Study, Objectives of the Study, Problem Formulation, Benefits of the Study, and
Definition of Terms. The first part is Background of the Study, which explains
reasons why the novel is chosen as the source of this study. The second part is
problem formulation; two problems become the main discussion on this study.
The third is Objective of the Study, which deals with the aim in conducting this
study. The fourth part, Benefit of the Study, provides some information about the
benefits of the study. The last part is Definition of Terms. This part gives the
author the portion to define some terms related to the study.

1.1 Background of the Study
Literature is an expression of life through language. Wellek and Warren
(1956) state that works of literature portray life as reality. They also say that
“literature looks like a real life portrait. It is an illustration of human lives because
the literary works present the reality of human situations, problems, feelings, and
relationship’ (p.96). Literature can be a reflection of someone in his or her daily
life. Wellek also says that literature is a creative work; an art containing
imagination, and figurative language. Authors can create literary work based on
the creativity of their imagination. Wellek and Warren (1956) state that most
modern literary works are divided into three main genres in literature. The first is
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prose, the second is drama and the last is poetry. I am interested in prose from
among the several genre of literature mentioned above. Therefore, I decided to use
a novel as the main source of this study (p.227).
According to Abrams (1981), “novel is applied to a great variety of writing
that have something in common - the attribute of being extended works of fiction
written in prose” (p. 130). Novel is a fiction story which is written in a book form.
It has certain length, with characters, plots, time, and place of action, and
incidents. The story in novel is closely related to human life. Readers see
experiences, problems, feelings, relationships, romances, characters’ development
and the symbolic actions that are intended as a dramatization of the book’s ideas,
mood or the state of the mind. Hudson (1956) states that novels have six elements
and they are the following: the plot, the characters, the dialogue, the time and
place of action, the style, and a stated or implied philosophy of life entering into
the composition of any work of prose fiction, small or great, good or bad (pp.130131).
In this study, I used Gayle Sanders’ novel as the main source. The title of
this British novel is Mummy’s Witness. What is interesting about this novel is the
motivation of Tom Sanders torturing his wife, Susan Sanders regarded by Gayle
Sanders.
Gayle Sanders was the third child in her family. She was the youngest
child in her family. She had an older sister and an older brother. They grew up in a
seemingly happy middle-class household but everything was not as it seemed.
Her father was a PE teacher but, before he became a PE teacher he was a football

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athlete. Everyone in their area thought that her father was a good man. Her father
was kind and friendly to the neighbors; but the fact is he was not as good as they
thought. No one knew that he treated them badly. Her father often viciously
abused her mother. Her mother could not do anything because her father was big
and strong while her mother was an average-sized woman. Her father tortured her
not only physically but also spiritually. Her father usually said nasty things to her
mother while he was torturing her. It was very hurtful for her mother to live with
that man, so she decided to break their relationship. Since her mother asked her
father for divorce, they were in a battle to get the custody of Gayle. Gayle thought
she was finally safe after her parents’ divorce but relief twisted to terror as she
witnessed her father brutally murdered her mother by hanging her.
The reason why this study based this novel was because I was interested in
the descriptions of Gayle, Tom and Susan and Gayle’s viewed about the violence
actions committed against her mother which is done by her father. This is her
heartbreaking story. In order to do so the discussion will deal with some theories
such as theory of character and characterization, domestic violence and theory of
motivation. While the approach used is psychological approach.

1.2 Problem Formulation
Based on the background above, I proposed two questions as follow:
1. How were Gayle Sanders, Tom Sanders and Susan Sanders described in the
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2. How did Gayle regard the violent actions committed against her mother,
Susan Sanders?

1.3 Objective of the Study
The aim of this study is to find out the description of Gayle, Tom and
Susan and also to examine the extent of violence experienced by Susan according
to Gayle, Susan’s daughter, as seen in Gayle Sanders’ novel entitled Mummy’s
Witness.

1.4 Benefits of the Study
This study deals with Susan’s experience of violence inflicted by her
husband, Tom Sanders, and the motivation of Tom Sanders in torturing his wife
from Gayle’s point of view. This study is expected to give benefits for the readers,
especially the readers of Mummy’s Witness novel who want to explore deeper
understanding of Gayle’s character and the issues of the story. Besides, this study
is expected to give beneficial contribution of the future researchers who intend to
have similar research to discuss human motivation as well as to analyze Mummy’s
Witness novel.

1.5 Definition of Terms
This part consists of some terms and the definition to avoid the
misunderstanding in reading this study. The terms are as follows:

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a. Domestic Violence
Alberta Justice Communication (2008) in Domestic Violence Handbook says
that domestic violence is defined as any use of physical or sexual force, actual
or threatened, in an intimate relationship. It may include a single act of
violence or a number of acts forming a pattern of abuse of assaultive and
controlling behavior. The pattern of abuse may include Physical Abuse,
Emotional Abuse and Sexual Abuse. Domestic violence and emotional abuse
are behaviors used by one person in a relationship to control the other.
Partners may be married or not married; heterosexual, gay, or lesbian; living
together, separated or dating.
b. Motivation
According to Stanton (1965), motivation is a reason why people behave as
they do (p.17). In this study, Tom’s motivation is to fulfill his needs and
satisfy his desire.
c. Character
According to Abrams (1981), character is the person in a dramatic or narrative
work, who is interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and
disposition qualities and expressed in what they say or the dialogue and they
do or their action (p.20).
d. Witness
According to The Canadian Bar Association (2012), witness is a person who
sees something happen and is able to describe it to other people. The witness

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in this novel does not refer to the witness who is in the court, but the witness
here is formed into a novel as a dedication to Gayle’s mother.

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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The second chapter presents two important points. They are Review of
Related Theories and Theoretical Framework. Review of relatedtheoriesis applied
in conducting the study. On the other hand, theoretical framework explains the
contribution of the theories to solve the problem and the reason why the study is
applied.

2.1 Review of Related Theories
In review of related literature, the writer discussed the Theories of Critical
Approach, Theory of Character and Characterization, Domestic Violence, Theory
of Motivation, Theories of Human Needs.

2.1.1

Theories of Critical Approach
Theoretical approach is very important in literary work. In studying

literary work, researcher may apply some approaches. Rohrberger and Woods
(1971) present five approaches to literature. They are formalist approach,
biographical approach, Sociocultural-historical approach, mythopic approach and
psychological approach (pp. 7-11).
a.

Formalist Approach
Formalist approach is used to comprehend the whole of the literary object.

The formalist approach pays attention on the body of the novel itself. The
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formalist approach leads the readers to understand the whole of the literary
objects.
b.

Biographical Approach
Biographical approach is related to author’s life and background that help

in shaping the work. It refers to the appreciation of ideas and personality of the
authors. Biographical approach speculates the writer’s own motivation in writing
the literary work. Therefore, it will become the reader’s response to the author's
personality.
c.

Sociocultural-Historical Approach
Sociocultural-Historical

approach

provides

its

framework

to

the

sociocultural references. It is needed to investigate the social milieu in which a
work was created that necessarily reflects. It asserts the analysis of social, cultural
and historical background as the references to the further understanding of the
story. This approach shows that time and place of the creation give impact to the
meaning of the work. The social-historical background influences the author’s
thinking and feeling in expressing the author’s ideas in his masterpiece.
d.

Mythopic Approach
The mythopic approach describes the way of the author's delivery of the

theme. Consciously or unconsciously the author uses patterns of withdrawal and
return and of the death and rebirth or other common initiation rites.
e.

Psychological Approach
The psychology approach conveys the understanding of thought and

behavior in human being which describes the human personality. Psychology

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approach believes that literature reflects the realm of human motivation and
behavior. The basis of psychological approach is the existence of human
consciousness - impulse, desires and feelings - that influences human emotion and
behavior. According to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory as cited in Petri
(1981), personality consists of three elements. They are the Id, Ego and Superego,
which work together in order to create complex human behaviors(pp.19-23).
The Id is an important part of person’s personality. It is present from the
time of birth that allows persons to get their basic needs. It is stated by Freud that
Id is based on person’s pleasure principles. In other words, the Id wants whatever
feels good at the time, with no consideration for the reality of the situation. When
a child is hungry, the Id wants food, and therefore the child cries. When a child
needs something the Id cries. When the child is uncomfortable, in pain, too hot,
too cold, or just wants attention, the Id speaks up until his or her needs are met.
The Id does not care about reality and about the needs of anyone else because its
desire is only its own satisfaction. The Id does not care for time. It does not
matter whether his parents are sleeping, relaxing, eating dinner, or bathing. When
the Id wants something, nothing else is more important.
The Ego is also present since a person was born but it develops through
interacting with others and also the environment. The Ego understands that other
people have needs and desires and sometimes being impulsive or selfish can hurt
us in the long run. Ego is the structure of personality that deals with the demands
of reality, reasoning and contains a proper understanding. Ego tries not to act until
he understands the reality accurately, understands what happened in the past and

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creates a realistic plan in the future. It is the ego's job to meet the needs of the Id,
while taking into consideration the reality of the situation.
The Superego is the moral part of a person and develops due to the moral
and ethical restraints placed on an individual by his caregivers. The functions of
Superego are to control the Id’s impulses and to persuade the Ego to turn to
moralistic goals rather than simply realistic ones and to strive for perfection.
Many equate the superego with the conscience as it dictates our belief on what is
right and wrong.
This approach is used to explore the character’s motivation and the
symbolic meaning of the events appears in the story. Therefore, this study uses
psychological approach to analyze the characters of Gayle Sander, Tom Sanders,
and Susan Sanders and the motivation of Tom in doing violence toward Susan as
seen from Gayle’s point of view.

2.1.2

Character
Character is an important element in the literary work. Character will help

the reader understands the story and makes the story alive. In this section, I will
present the theories of character and characterization which help the writer in
finding out the description of the main character.
a. Definition of Character
Character is an important element in a literary work, especially novel, that
helps the author to describe and to present the details of the story which make the
story rich in interpretation. Character is a brief descriptive sketch of the person

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who typifies some definite qualities. According to Abrams (1981), character is the
person in a dramatic or narrative work, who is interpreted by the reader as being
endowed with moral and disposition qualities and expressed in what they say or
the dialogue and what they do or their action (p.20).
Holman and Harmon (1986) also describe character as the person who is
described not as individualized personality but as an example of some voice or
virtue or type, such as a busy body, a glutton, a fop, a bumpkin, a garrulous man,
a happy milkmaid. It means that a character in literary works is a person who has
some sort of an identity. The identity is made up by appearance, conversation,
action, name and thoughts (p.81).
Furthermore, there are traits that influence the building of the whole
character. According to Kenny (1988), there are three traits that build up the
whole character. The first is social traits. Kenny said that these traits are related
to the character’s role in society. The second is physical traits that are related to
the physical appearance of the character. The third is psychological traits that
concern with the emotion, intellect, feeling, and motivation of the
character(pp.32-34).
b. Kinds of Character
According to Forster (1974), there are two kinds of character. They are flat
and round character. A flat character, which is also called a type or twodimensional, is built around a single idea or quality and is presented without
much individualizing details. It can be described in a single phrase or sentence.
These kinds of character are relatively simple and can be observed right away.

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One advantage of flat characters is that they are easily noticed whenever they are
present in the novel. Another advantage of the flat characters is that the reader
can easily remember these flat characters. The readers will exactly understand
about what will happen to these characters and their reaction to certain situation
can be easily predicted. In a literary work, especially novel, flat character has an
important part in creating a certain situation in a story(pp.44-54).
A round character is complex in temperament and motivation that is
represented with subtle particularity. Round characters are built from many traits
of human nature that resulted to complex personalities. Round characters vary in
temperament and motivation. Unlike in the flat character where the reader can
easily know the reaction of the character in a certain situation, the round character
causes the reader to be surprised in convincing ways.
According to Abrams (1981), character is categorized into two based on
their importance. They are major character and minor character. Major character
is the one that appears mostly in the novel. The major character is usually the
focus story from the beginning to the end.The minor character usually appears in
certain setting or only become the background of the major. Their roles are less
important than that of the major(pp.50-56).

2.1.3

Characterization
Characterization is very important to be understood in analyzing the

character that appears in the novel in knowing the process of creating the certain
character in the story.

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a. Definition of Characterization
According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971), characterization is the
process or procedure employed by an author to create character. This creation of
the character includes particular personalities and physical attributes (p.20).
Another definition by Holman and Harmon is that characterization is the creation
of an imaginary person in the story. The aim of characterization is to make the
imaginary person exists to be real as seen by the readers.
b. Methods of characterization
Murphy (1972)states that, there are nine elements to make the character
understandable and come alive for his reader. They are personal description,
character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions,
direct comments, thoughts, and mannerisms(pp.161-173).
a)

Personal Description
Personal description is the way the author describes a person in the story
through his appearance and the way he wears the clothes.

b)

Character as Seen by Another
Here the author may also describe the character through the eyes and
opinions of another person. The reader can get the description of the person
through another person’s judgment.

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c)

Speech
The author describes the character through what he says. Whenever he shares
his opinion in his conversation with another, the author is giving the readers
some clues about his character.

d)

Past Life
The author may give the past life of a character in the story in order to
understand his character. The reader could be able to notice the clues by
paying attention to the direct comments made by the author through the
person’s thoughts and conversations.

e)

Conversation of Others
The author may give clues to the readers in order to show the person’s
character through his conversation with other characters. What people are
saying about someone are clues to knowing the character of the person’s
being talked about.

f)

Reactions
The character of a person can be seen from his reaction in various situations.

g)

Direct Comment
Here the author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly.

h)

Thoughts
The author is able to give the readers direct knowledge of what the person is
thinking about. In other words, the reader can understand the person’s
character by knowing what he is thinking.

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i)

Mannerisms
The author may describe a person’s mannerism or habits which also tell the
readers something about his character. Mannerisms reveal the character’s
habit both positively and negatively.

2.1.4

Theories of Human Needs
Everyonehasdreams in life. Someone should be motivated to act or do

something that will help him to achieve his goals or dreams.
According to Maslow as cited in Petri (1981), there are five basic needs:
they are physiological needs, safety needs, love/belonging/social needs, esteem
needs and self-actualization needs(pp. 302-305).
a. Physiological Needs
Physiological needs are related to maintenance of human body such as air,
food, water, sex, sleep, etc. Physiological need is the most important part in
human life because it is the basic need that should be fulfilled before moving on
the higher level of needs. Physiological needs are very important for human to
survive. Physiological needs also control ones’ thoughts and behavior.
b. Safety Needs
Everyone needs security for his home and family. Safety needs consist of
security, shelter and freedom from fear and anxiety. However, if something is
wrong in a family it can endanger the security of the family.

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c. Love/Belongingness/Social Needs
They are related with acceptance, affection, giving, and receiving love.
People desire to be accepted in any group such as family, friends, club, etc. Every
people need to be loved to feel accepted.
d. Esteem Needs
Esteem needs are related to ego, success, status, recognition and
accomplishment. There are two types of esteem needs. The first one is the need
for self-esteem and the other one is the need for esteem from others. Self-esteem
comes from a competence or mastery of a task while esteem from others comes
from attention and recognition given by others.
e. Self-actualization Needs
The last one is self-actualization needs. They are related to self-fulfillment,
realization and enriching experiences. Everyone can maximize the potential that
they have. They can gain knowledge, peace, esthetic, experiences and selffulfillment, etc.

2.1.5

Theory of Motivation
This study is related to psychological study of human motivation.

Motivation can be seen clearly when someone wants to do something in order to
reach his goals. There are many things that motivate someone to do something,
for the purpose of getting what he wants. According to Petri (1981), motivation is
the concept used when we describe the forces acting within an organism to invite
or direct behavior. It is also used to explain differences in the intensity of

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behavior. More intense behavior is considered to be the result of higher levels of
motivation. He adds that peoples often use the concept of motivation to indicate
the direction of behavior. The energy source/selection device temporarily
translates the capabilities into actions, temporarily in the sense that it determines
why the individual is acting in a specific way at a specific time, given the wide
range of existing. Motivation explains why an organism acts in a certain way at a
certain time- it provides the bridge between learning and performance. Thus the
study of motivation is focused on how and why people behave the way they do
and what energizes and directs their behavior(p.3).
Many psychologists have given the definition of motivation. Petri (1981)
defines motivation as “the concept we used when we described the forces acting
on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior” (p. 3).

2.1.6

Domestic Violence
According to Alberta Justice Communication in her book Domestic

Violence Handbook (2008), Domestic violence is defined as any used of physical
or sexual force, actual or threatened, in an intimate relationship. It may include a
single act of violence or a number of acts forming a pattern of assaultive abuse
and controlling behavior. The pattern of abuse may include physical abuse,
emotional abuse and sexual abuse. Domestic violence and emotional abuse are
behavior used by one person in a relationship to control the other. Partners may be
married or not married; heterosexual, gay, or lesbian; living together, separated or
dating. Domestic violence is defined as the verbal, psychological or physical

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abuse of one person by another in a familial relationship, a marital union or a civil
partnership. It can happen to anyone of any gender, age, size or strength, yet the
problem is often ignored, overlooked or hidden. This is because the victim is
either embarrassed, in denial or is unwilling to leave his partner for love or fear.
a. Physical Abuse
Physical abuse is classified into hitting, shaking, choking, biting or other
physical attack on a child. It can lead to bruising, cuts, scratches, burns, fractures
and internal injuries. These may just be immediate and less fatal injuries or these
can also be longer term ones.
Physical abuse can, in most severe cases, end up with disability, medical
problems and long term pain. The longer the abuse lasts, more likely longer term
issues will arise. The age also influences how much damage should be done to the
child. The younger the child is the more damage can be done. For example, the
so-called “shaken baby syndrome” is a form of abuse that can lead to brain
damage, paralysis and blindness.
b. Emotional Abuse
Emotional abuse is commonly defined as the systematic tearing down of
another human being. Like most forms of violence, emotional abuse is based on
power and control over another person. It is probably the least understood type of
abuse, although it is the most prevalent and most destructive. A victim of
emotional abuse may come to see him or herself as unworthy of love, affection
and respect.

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c. Sexual Abuse
Sexual abuse is any sort of non-consensual sexual contact. Sexual abuse
can happen to men or women of any age. Sexual abuse by a partner/intimate can
include derogatory name calling, refusal to use contraception, deliberately causing
unwanted physical pain during sex, deliberately passing on sexual diseases or
infections and using objects, toys, or other items (e.g. baby oil or lubricants)
without consent and to cause pain or humiliation.

2.2 Theoretical Framework
This part presents the theories that will be used to answer and analyze the
two formulated problems. It is important to know the theories used for guidance to
analyze the novel. So here, the writer would like to explain which approaches and
theories are used and how they are applied in the analysis.
The first aim of this study is to find out the description of Tom Sanders,
Gayle Sanders and Susan Sanders as the major characters in the novel. The theory
that will be used is theory of character and characterization.
The second objective is to know how Gayle regarded about violence
experienced by her mother, Susan Sanders as seen in Gayle Sanders’s novel
entitled Mummy’s Witness. The theories that will be used are theory of critical
approach, character, characterization, human needs, motivation and domestic
violence.

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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the methodology used to conduct this study. It
consists of the objects of the study, approach of the study and method of the
study. Approach of the study deals with approaches which are employed in the
analysis, while the method of the study explains the procedures and steps used to
analyze the study.

3.1 Object of the Study
This research uses literary work as the object of the study. It deals with a
kind of literary work, a novel, as its object. The novel that is analyzed in this
thesis is entitled Mummy’s Witness, written by Gayle Sanders in 2007. It consists
of 306 pages in 20 chapters.
Mummy’s Witness is a gloomy true story on domestic violence struggled
by a girl named Gayle Sanders and her mother, Susan. This is a story of a violent
father and his family.
This novel is about the witness of Gayle’s mother who was treated so
badly by her father. Gayle’s father was an obsessive person. He would do
everything to fulfill his desire. This novel is about how bad Tom treated his wife,
Susan, and his daughter, Gayle. Gayle wrote this novel as the witness of the
death of her mother, because she saw her father killed her mother. Gayle was the
youngest child in her family. As the youngest child in the family, she was the one

20

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who stayed at home most of the time. Oftentimes, she could see her father
treating her mother so badly. She was growing in a shadow of fear toward her
father. Violence was a daily spectacle at home and the victims were her mother
and her but her mother suffered the most injury. At home, her father was cruel,
but outside he was so different. People knew him as a good man. Her father
looked like a good father and also a good husband to his wife. At home, Gayle
could usually see her father tortured her mother.

The abuse was not only

physical but also mental. Tom usually said nasty things toward her while he was
torturing his wife. The cruelty of her father toward her mother was so bad that
her mother died at the hands of her father. The torture-causing-death happened in
the middle of the divorce process.

3.2 Approach of the Study
To examine this novel, the writer used psychological approach presented
by Rohberger and Woods. I chose psychological approach because it is needed to
understand how Gayle regarded the violence conducted against her mother, Susan,
as seen in Gayle Sanders’ novel entitled Mummy’s Witness.

3.3 Method of the Study
The method of this study was library research. It means that the data and
information that the writer used in the analysis were taken from books on
literature that could be found in the library.

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The writer analyzed this novel using two sources. The first source was the
primary data and the second was secondary sources. The primary data was the
novel itself, Mummy’s Witness by Gayle Sanders. The secondary sources were
several books used to support the study, such as literary books and psychology
books. The writer also used electronic sources to support and complete the
information that the writer could not get from the printed books.
The writer carried out several steps in analyzing this novel. The first step
was reading the novel several times in order to have a deeper understanding on the
story and to find out some interesting points that the writer could use as the main
topic in this study. The second step was deciding the problem formulation. The
third step was trying to find suitable approaches to help the writer to analyze the
novel. The fourth step was analyzing the novel based on the formulated problem.
And the last step was making conclusions and suggestions for future researchers.

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CHAPTER 4
ANALYSIS

This chapter has two parts. The first part discussed the descriptions of
Gayle, Tom and Susan. The second part discussed Gayle’s regard the violence
committed against her mother as the motivation of Tom to satisfy his needs.

4.1.1.1 The Description of Gayle Sanders’ Character as Seen in Mummy’s
Witness Novel
Character is one of the important elements in a literary work because it
helps the reader to understand the story and makes the story alive. According to
Foster (1974), there are two kinds of character; flat and round character. A flat
character is a minor character in a literary work. This kind of character is
relatively simple and can be observed through any single occurrence because it
does not undergo substantial change or growth in the course of a story. The flat
character is used to support the main character. A round character is a major
character in a literary work that encounters conflict and is changed by it. Round
characters tend to be more fully developed and described than flat or static
character (p.44). In Mummy’s Witness’ novel by Gayle Sanders, the main
characters are Gayle, Tom and Susan.
Furthermore, according to Abrams (1981), characters are categorized into
two, namely: major character and minor character based on their importance. The
major character is usually the focus of the story from the beginning to the end.
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The minor character usually appears in certain setting or just become the
background of the major character and is less important than the major character.
In this novel the major character is Gayle. She does not just appear from the
beginning of the story but she also becomes the focus of the story (pp.50–56).
In order to understand more about character, Murphy (1972) enumerates
the nine ways of characterization. They are personal description, character as seen
by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comment,
thought, and mannerisms (pp.161-173). Here I did not use all of the nine ways of
characterization but only several of them.
4.1.1.1 Skinny
Gayle was born on the 26th of February 1974. She did not have any picture
when she was a baby. She did not know what kind of birth she had. When she was
a baby she used to be alone, crying in her cot and no one had noticed, or came. As
a child she did not know what to do. She had a sister named Sarah. Sarah was a bit
caring toward her. When she came home she would give her sweets to try to
comfort her. There was rarely food at home so she would creep into the kitchen to
look for food. If there were some food she would take them and eat them
somewhere where no one could see or know. If there was not any food she would
wait for her mother to give her something to eat.
Most of the time there wasn’t much food around at all. I would creep into
the kitchen to look for something to eat and eat it somewhere else so that I
wouldn’t be caught. Sometimes there weren’t meals, and at other times my
mother would send me off to wait until she gave me something to eat (p.
25).

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When she started to go to school food was still rare at home. In the
morning she used to go to school without having breakfast. There was no tea
when she came home from school. Food could not be able to be predicted. She
would have food for lunch but for dinner there might be any or at times none.
Sometimes if there was food Gayle did not want to eat because the food was
unappetizing. That was why she accustomed not to eat much that she became
skinny.
Food was a big issue for me because of the lack of it at home. I usually
went to school without breakfast. I’d have something to eat when I came
home for lunch, and later there might or might not be some dinner. What
food there was usually unappetizing, and I was often so anxious that I
could eat anyway. A lot of time I didn’t notice that I was hungry because
the fear I felt was so huge that there wasn’t room for anything else (p.39).
Dinner together with her complete nu