The unfair world seen in Gayle Sanders` Mummy`s Witness

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THE UNFAIR WORLD AS SEEN IN GAYLE SANDERS’
MUMMY’S WITNESS
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
Realino Oscar Artana
Student Number: 091214148

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013

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THE UNFAIR WORLD AS SEEN IN GAYLE SANDERS’
MUMMY’S WITNESS
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
Realino Oscar Artana

Student Number: 091214148

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
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“Push yourself to the Limit
And
You will Know
How Strong you are”

this thesis is gratefully dedicated to:
j my savior, my jesus christ
j my beloved parents

j myself

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STATEMENT OF WORKS’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work
or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the
references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, 14th of August 2013
The writer

Realino Oscar Artana
091214148

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama

: Realino Oscar Artana

Nomor Mahasiswa

: 091214148

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah ini yang berjudul:
THE UNFAIR WORLD AS SEEN IN GAYLE SANDERS’ MUMMY’S
WITNESS
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikan saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya
maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal: 23 Juli 2013
Yang menyatakan,

Realino Oscar Artana

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ABSTRACT
Artana, Realino Oscar. (2013). The Unfair World as Seen in Gayle Sanders’
Mummy’s Witness. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program,
Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and
Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This study analyzes Mummy’s Witness, a novel written by Gayle Sanders.

The story is about a four-year-old girl, Gayle Sanders, who lives in Hythe, a small
town in Kent, United Kingdom. She lives with her father, Tom Sanders, her
mother, Susan, brother and sister. The problem is rising when her father violets
her mother and she becomes the only witness of her father’s brutality. The terrible
moment which makes her depressed and traumatized is when her father kills her
mother right in front of her eyes. The scene of violence and killing always become
her nightmare every time she wants to sleep. However, with her efforts and the
support from people around her, she struggles to have a better life. Since the story
is full of Psychological matters, I was interested to read further and used this
novel as a primary source of this study. Besides, psychopath becomes a
phenomenon among people around the world. General people are not able to
define someone as psychopath.
The aim of this study is to examine her life that she regards as unfair. In
order to do so, I have two questions to answer, namely: (1) How Gayle Sanders is
depicted in the novel and (2) How Gayle Sanders regards her life as unfair.
In this study, there are two sources; they are primary and secondary
sources. The primary source is the novel. The secondary sources are the books,
journal, texts and the Internet. The theories used in this study are theories of
character, characterization, psychopath, pathological lying, emotional poverty,
repression, PTSD, fear and worry, anxiety, critical approach and, thematic

analysis. The approach used is the psychological approach.
Based on the analysis, Gayle is a tough, smart, and independent girl. Her
past traumatic experiences begin as unfair when her father starts to do horrible and
brutal action by abusing her mother. Besides, he also abuses Gayle sexually. The
most horrible accident is that she has to witness her father kills her mother in front
of her. The fear, anxiety, guilty and other feelings shock and cover her in
paralyze. It causes her to have a flashback and nightmares, as the symptoms of
those who have traumatic events in their life. Therefore, through her bad
experiences, she wants to help in preventing domestic violence toward children.
This study suggests the future researchers analyze Tom Sanders’
background in having abnormal behavior. It recommends the novel as the
materials to teach reading and writing in XII grade of Senior High School.
Keywords: unfairness, world, violence

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ABSTRAK
Artana, Realino Oscar. (2013). The Unfair World as Seen in Gayle Sanders’
Mummy’s Witness. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris,
Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan,
Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Studi ini menganalisa novel berjudul Mummy’s Witness yang ditulis oleh
Gayle Sanders. Novel ini bercerita tentang seorang gadis empat tahun, bernama
Gayle Sanders, yang tinggal di Folkestone, sebuah kota kecil di Kent. Dia tinggal
di rumah dengan ayahnya, Tom Sanders dan ibunya, Susan beserta 2 orang
kakaknya. Ada sebuah konflik yang muncul ketika ayahnya melakukan kekerasan
terhadap ibunya dan dia menjadi satu-satunya saksi kebrutalan ayahnya.
Mengerikannya, yang membuat dia tertekan dan trauma adalah ketika ayahnya
membunuh ibunya tepat di depan matanya. Adegan dari kekerasan dan
pembunuhan selalu menjadi mimpi buruk ketika dia hendak tidur. Namun, dengan
upaya dan dukungan orang banyak, ia berjuang untuk mendapat hidup yang lebih
baik.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk meneliti kehidupan Gayle yang

beranggapan bahwa hidupnya tidak adil. Untuk melakukannya, saya memiliki dua
pertanyaan untuk dijawab, yaitu: (1) Bagaimana Gayle Sanders digambarkan
dalam novel dan (2) Bagaimana Gayle Sanders menganggap hidupnya yang tidak
adil?
Dalam penelitian ini, ada dua sumber, yaitu sumber utama dan sekunder.
Sumber utama adalah novel yang merupakan sumber penting dalam studi ini.
Sumber sekunder adalah buku, jurnal, teks dan internet. Teori yang digunakan
dalam penelitian ini adalah teori karakter, teori karakterisasi, teori psikopat,
teori represi, teori PTSD, teori ketakutan, kekhawatiran dan kecemasan, teori
pendekatan kritis dan teori analisis tematik. Pendekatan ini menggunakan
pendekatan psikologis.
Berdasarkan hasil analisis, Gayle adalah seorang gadis yang cerdas,
tangguh, dan mandiri. Pengalaman traumatis masa lalunya dianggap sebagai
ketidakadilan ketika ayahnya mulai melakukan tindakan mengerikan dan brutal
dengan menyiksa ibunya. Selain itu ia juga melakukan kekerasan seksual kepada
Gayle. Kejadian yang paling mengerikan bahwa dia harus menyaksikan ayahnya
membunuh ibunya tepat di depan matanya. Ketakutan, kecemasan, perasaan
bersalah dan lainnya yang berhubungan dengan trauma membuatnya memiliki
kilas balik dan mimpi buruk, sebagai gejala dari mereka yang memiliki peristiwa
traumatis dalam hidup mereka. Oleh karena itu, melalui pengalaman buruknya,
dia ingin membantu mencegah kekerasan rumah tangga terjadi pada anak-anak.
Studi ini juga menyarankan bagi peneliti selanjutnya untuk menganalisa
latar belakang tindakan Tom Sanders. Saya merekomendasikan novel ini sebagai
bahan ajar bahasa inggris untuk kompetensi membaca dan menulis di SMA kelas
XII
Kata kunci: unfairness, world, violence
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would give special gratitude to my hero, my inspiration, my idol, my
everything, Jesus Christ, for blessing me. Without His blessing, I would not have
reached this point.
The first, I would like to thank Dr. Antonius Herujiyanto M.A., who
guided me so far in my thesis writing process. I express my gratitude for his time,
consultation and guidance that he could help in correcting and giving the choices
of idea in my thesis.
The second, I would thank my late father Ignatius Suryanto and my
mother Carolina Adoe for their pray and supports in my study and especially my
thesis. Everyday, my mother prays that I can achieve my best in my study and
also in the society. The support was important to me and every step that I took,
could make her proud.
The third, I would thank my lecturers in the English Education Study
Program who taught me many lessons of knowledge and values of life that now I
can be a tough person with better understanding of English and life. The supports
were so important to me that I could stay in this program until I accomplished my
thesis.
I would thank Christina Artyka Puspitasari, Dhian Novitasari, Indria
Ajeng Noor Ambar, Hendrika Hayu Lakshita, Chatarina Dyah Puspitarini and
Lucia Nino Widiasmoro Dewati, in the English Language Education of 2009. I
thank them because they were always by my side when I was sad, happy,
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confused and supported me in accomplishing my thesis. I thank them for the
awesome memories and togetherness that had made from the very first semester
until the end of this study.
I would also thank my second family, Cantus Firmus Choir, for the great
experiences in singing. It was so great that I could join in this family and met the
best friends, Richard Alexander, Louis Roni Cipta Dwi Pradipta, Yustinus
Cahyadi Tresnantyo, Ursula Kanindya Chrysanthea, Fransisca Eka Budiarti,
Tjokorda Alexandra Putri Sudharsana, Angela Kenya Astari, Elisabeth Esti Ratna,
Stefani Ria Rusdiyanti, Sisilia Arini, Andreas atmojo, Uli Yunistra Rosari Silaen,
Aries Adven,

Arnold Dwihattomo, Yosa Windrawanto, Ana Anggi Artanti,

Khariton Ade Nuansa Tjahjadi, Liem Dhanny, Maria Elga Erstentia and Olivia
Priscilia Laisina.
I also thank my best friends at Sanata Dharma University’s Public
Relation batch 2012, like Desiderius Arysta Yuan, Putra Wiramuda,

Jeanet

Mauren Wola, Alezandra Putu, Fransisca Okfi Widyaningrum and Fransisca Eka
Budiarti, who always kept supporting me in accomplishing my thesis. The
memories in working with them were amazing because we could learn the real
working world together. Our togetherness was unforgettable.
The last but not the least, I also thank people around me who I could not
mention one by one. With their supports and pray, I could accomplish my thesis
and finish my study. God bless us.
Realino Oscar Artana
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ...............................................................................................

i

APPROVAL PAGES ....................................................................................

ii

DEDICATION .............................................................................................

iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ..............................................

v

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ...............................................

vi

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. vii
ABSTRAK ..................................................................................................... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..........................................................................

ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study ................................................................

1

1.2 Objective of the Study....................................................................

2

1.3 Problem Formulations ....................................................................

2

1.4 Benefits of the Study ......................................................................

3

1.5 Definition of Terms........................................................................

4

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Review of Related Theory..............................................................

6

2.1.1 Theory of Character .................................................................

6

2.1. 2 Theory of Characterization .....................................................

7

2.1.3 Psychopath .............................................................................

8

2.1.4 Pathological Lying ..................................................................

9

2.1.5 Emotional Poverty ..................................................................

9

2.1.6 Anxiety Disorder .................................................................... 10
2.1.6.1 Generalized Anxiety Disorder ........................................... 10
2.1.6.2 Panic Disorder .................................................................. 10
2.1.7 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ............................................... 11
2.1.8 Fear and Worry ....................................................................... 13
2.1.9 Repression .............................................................................. 14
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2.1.10 Critical Approach ............................................................... 15
2.1.11 Theory of Thematic Analysis ............................................. 16
2.2 Theoretical Framework ................................................................. 17
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Object of the Study ...................................................................... 19
3.2 Approach of the Study ................................................................. 20
3.3 Method of the Study ..................................................................... 20
CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS
4.1 Gayle Sanders ................................................................................ 22
4.1.1 Tough ....................................................................................... 23
4.1.2 Smart ........................................................................................ 25
4.1.3 Independent .............................................................................. 26
4.2

Gayle’s Unfair World ................................................................. 28

4.2.1 Literal Meaning of Her Unfair World ...................................... 28
4.2.1.1 Living with Unhappy Family ............................................ 28
4.2.1.2 Having a Psychopath Father ............................................. 30
4.2.1.2.1 Tom’s Failure in Accepting Responsibility for Own
Behavioral Control ..................................................... 31
4.2.1.2.2 Tom’s Pathological Lying ............................................ 32
4.2.1.2.3 Tom’s Emotional Poverty............................................. 32
4.2.1.2.4 Tom’s Manipulation ..................................................... 33
4.2.1.3 Having a Repressed Mother ................................................... 35
4.2.1.4 Violence ............................................................................... 38
4.2.1.5 Sexual Abused ....................................................................... 40
4.2.1.6 The Killing ........................................................................... 40
4.2.1.7 The Mental Disorders ............................................................ 42
4.2.2 The Deeper Meaning of the Unfair World ................................... 45
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions...................................................................................... 47
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5.2 Implications ..................................................................................... 48
5.3 Suggestions ...................................................................................... 49
REFERENCES ........................................................................................... 51
APPENDIXES............................................................................................. 53
APPENDIX A Summary of Mummy’s Witness ............................................. 54
APPENDIX B Writer’s Biography ................................................................ 56
APPENDIX C Lesson Plan for Teaching Reading and Writing ..................... 58

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

There are five points discussed in this chapter. The first is the background
of the study which shows the elaboration of my reason conducting this study. The
second is problem formulation, which is made to have a specific thing to be
analyzed. The third is objective of the study which states the purpose of the study.
The fourth is benefits of the study. The last is definition of terms, which consists
the terms which are used in this thesis.
1.1

Background of the Study
According to Huffman (2000), reading about people learning and

remembering, we can have a better study habits and create a better learning
environment for ourselves. Reading about motivation, we might be able to modify
undesirable behaviors, such as overeating or smoking. The study of human
psychology will help us understand someone’s habits and know the way to
respond tow his action correctly (pp. 8-9). Hence, learning from other’s
experience will advance our “window” to the world and become more sensitive
toward the phenomenon around us.
The novel that I chose in this study as my analysis is Mummy’s Witness. I
chose this novel because the plot of the story was interesting for me to read
further. Psychopath is a kind of mental disorder which includes to criminal. It is
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rarely found in our daily life. In the novel, the story is full of psychological
matters, especially psychopath and his family. The sense of psychopath is the
most interesting thing in this novel.
The Mummy’s Witness is the harrowing story of a childhood shattered by
brutality and Gayle’s inspirational determination to triumph over her past. To the
outside world, Sanders is a well-known and respectable family. The father is a
teacher; while the mother is a housewife and mother of three. No one could
believe that this family has a bit problem. The father is Tom Sanders who has
strange habits comparing to a normal human being. The only childhood memories
from Gayle Sanders is an unimaginable terror as she watched her father viciously
abuse her mother by smashing her limbs and breaking her spirit. Gayle herself
endured physical and sexual abuse. Meanwhile, Gayle who numbs with shock and
grief is passed from foster family to psychiatric hospital where she narrowly
survived a suicide attempt. Believing herself in safe nursing hands, she is
undergoing the further shocking trauma of rape. Therefore, I made the novel to be
my source to reveal the unfair world from Gayle Sanders point of view.
1.2

Objective of the Study
The objective of the study is to see how Gayle Sanders, the main character

of Gayle Sanders’ Mummy’s Witness, regards her life as unfair.
1.3

Problem Formulation
In this study, I formulated two problem formulations in order to limit this

study as follows.

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1. How is Gayle Sanders depicted in the novel?
2. Why does Gayle Sanders regard her life as unfair?
1.4

Benefits of the Study
The first, this study can be a guideline for the teachers in finding out the

characteristics of Gayle Sanders. The teachers would be able to explain the
characteristics of Gayle Sanders briefly.
The second, this study can be used by other students. The students can
easily understand the Mummy’s Witness story and take a lesson from its moral
values. Hopefully, after reading this paper, they can also appreciate other literary
works.
The third, since the study is discussing approximately about human
mentality, the reader who has read this paper and dealt with the mental disorder
could encourage themselves clearly the indication of human mental disorder and
could indicates the symptoms of it. Through this study, the reader could advance
themselves about the phenomenon. Finally, hopefully they could appreciate other
literary works.
The last, the study can be used by the future researchers. Hopefully this
study can be used as supporting references which can be a help for them in
completing their study. This study can guide them in understanding the story and
the problems related to this study.

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1.5

Definition of Terms
There are many terms which are used in this paper, they are;

1.5.1 Unfairness
This study used the word “unfairness”. According to Meier (2009), unfair
treatment can be regarded as a stressor. Stressors in term of persistent conditions
and negative daily events, affect psychological adjustment on a chronic level as
well as on a daily level. For instance, enduring stressor like experience of working
place bullying and discrimination are related to anxiety and depression.
Interpersonal rejection can occur in different situation of social context for
instance, rejection by romantic partner, bullying at school, and exclusion from
sport club or unfair treatment at the working place (p. 643).
Unfairness in this study is related to one of the characters in Mummy’s
Witness novel who faces difficult times in her whole life for example, witnessing
traumatic events when she is four years old, witnessing her father kills her mother
and the pain in which she should feel her childhood happily. Besides, she gets
some rejections from her own family and the society. Those rejections make her
depressed afterward.
1.5.2 World
In Random House Webster’s college dictionary, world are” (1) the earth or
globe considered as a planet,” “(2) the earth or the part of it, with its inhabitant,
affairs, etc during a particular period,” “(3) everything that exists, universe,
macrocosm.”
The world in this paper means that the situation around Gayle Sanders

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which turn to be stupid and scary for her.
1.5.3 Violence
According to Christie (2012), “violence is commonly defined as a learned
behavior in which one or more person intentionally threatens or attempt to
physical harm upon another person or persons” (p. 1168). Violence is an action of
intimidating people to achieve the advantages of it. It intentionally uses the
physical force or power, threatened or actual person, and has a result of injury
even death. In addition, Monahan (1981) adds some prediction of violence: the
first is the lack of support from immediate family members, the history of
violence among the family, the violent behavior pattern among peers, the absence
of steady employment, the availability of “willing” victims, and the availability of
weapons and prevalence of violence by individual (p. 81).
The word violence in this novel is closely related to Gayle’s life because
she always witnesses it in her house. It is related with her father, Tom Sanders,
who suffers psychopath and always does the abusing toward her and her mother
physically and verbally. Violence becomes the essential part in this study because
it is related to the plot of the story and the analysis of this study.

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter will discuss the theories which are related to analyzing of the
novel. There are two parts in this chapter, namely the review of related theories
and theoretical frame work.
2. 1

Review of Related Theory
This study presents some theories that can be used as a means to answer

the problems of the study. These theories are the character, theory of
characterization, theories of psychopath, theory of pathological lying, theory of
emotional poverty, theory of repression, theory of PTSD, theory of fear and
worries, theory of anxiety disorder, theory of critical approach and theory of
thematic analysis.
2.1.1 Character
According to Abrams (2005), the characters are the people presented in a
dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed
with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say - the
dialogue - and what they do - the action (p.2). Therefore, the characters are
important element in the story and it always introduces their characters to give a
description.
Stanton (1965) also adds information that character is commonly used in
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two ways. The first is character designate the individuals who appear in the story.
The second is characters refer to the mixture of interests, emotions, and moral
principles that makes up each of these individuals. The characters give a certain
situation or circumstance in the story because they show their emotion in it (p.
17).
In addition, according to Holman and Harmon (1986), character is a
complicated term that includes the idea of the moral constitution of the human
personality, presence of moral uprightness, and simpler notion of the presence of
creatures in art that seem to be human beings of one sort or another (p. 81).
According to Abrams (1985), there are two types of characters. The first is
a flat character which builds around “a single idea or quality”. It does not undergo
substantial change or growth in the story. The last is a round character which has a
complexity in temperament, emotion, and often portrayed as contradictory person
(p. 24).
2.1.2 Characterization
Abrams (2005) defines ccharacters as the person represented in a dramatic
or narrative work, which are interpreted by the reader as possessing.
Characterization itself is creating who the person is by the action, speech, thought
or description. There are two ways to convey the information about a character.
The first is explicit characterization, which means the author literally tells the
reader about what a character is like. It can be from narrator or another character
or by the character himself. The second is implicit characterization, which means
the reader must infer what the character is like from the speech, thought,

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interaction to other characters and also other character’s opinion about the
character itself (p. 56).
2.1.3 Psychopath
According to Blair and Mitchel (2005), psychopathy is an emotional
disorder which can put the person at risk of repeated displays of extreme
antisocial behavior. This antisocial behavior can involve reactive aggression but it
is important to note that psychopathy is unique in. it is also disorder which is
associated with elevated levels of instrumental aggression. Psychopathy is also
mental disorder which urgently needs an understanding (p. 17).
"Gacono and Meloy and their colleagues utilized the PCL-R (Hare, 1991)
as an independent measure and select Rorschach Indices as their
dependent variables in differentiating among psychopaths and other
antisocial personality disordered offenders (ASPD; American Psychiatric
Association, 1987). Their findings converged with the work of Hare and
his colleagues (Hare, 1965, 1966, 1970; Hare & McPherson, 1984;
Harpur, Hare, & Hakstian, 1989; Hart & Hare, 1989) suggesting that
psychopathic ASPDs were more narcissistic (Gacono, Meloy, &
Heaven,1990), less anxious, and more detached (Gacono & Meloy, 1991)
than nonpsychopathic ASPDs"(Huffman, 2000, p. 502)
From the citation above, we can conclude that there are many indications
for a person who suffers psychopath. They are narcissistic, less anxious, and more
detached.
There are many additional lists to categorize a person as psychopath. Hare
(“Checklist”, 1970) mentions that there are four additional characteristics of a
person who suffers psychopath. They are pathological lying, manipulative,
emotional poverty, lack empathy, and fails to accept responsibility for his own
behavior
McCoy (2006) explains that manipulation is an action to control or

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undermine others. Besides, this action is purposed by the actor to benefit himself
in somewhat event. Therefore, as a manipulator, he can be safe whenever the
event cornered him. In other hand, the manipulator wants the victim to follow his
game (pp. 2-3).
In order to have the specific indication, I use the lists of a person who
suffers psychopath. Through this theory, we can find who the real Tom Sanders is
in the Mummy’s Witness novel and as the aspect from Gayle Sanders’ unfair
world.
2.1.4 Pathological Lying
According to Dike (2007), pathological lying is an action which purposes
to benefit one’s self in various ways. The common purpose is getting what he
wants without considering others’ feeling. Dike adds that pathological lying is
worse in the sense that they do know what they have done, they still do it. There
are many common traits associated with pathological lying. The first is the
excessive lying that is easy to verify as untrue. The second is the lies are told that
bring no benefit and may be harmful to the liar. The third is the behavior is
repeated again and again with no regard for consequences. The last is the
pathological liars often cannot seem to tell the truth from lies and may contradict
themselves when questioned (p. 5)
2.1.5 Emotional Poverty
According to Crow (1958), emotional poverty or emotional deficiency is a
state of a person when he lacks of the ability to deal with specific circumstances
or life without a total melt down. People are always surviving and struggling in

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any difficulties, however some others cannot deal with their emotion (p. 61).
Therefore, those who cannot stand alone to survive on their own emotional
pressure. These emotional pressures may rise many reactions that can endanger
others. These reactions are going with your feelings, attacking others, shutting
down, complaining, and losing perspective.
2.1.6 Anxiety Disorders
Robinson and Whetshell. (1988) define that people with anxiety disorders
share one central defining characteristic, such as unreasonable, often paralyzing,
anxious or fearful. They feel threatened, ineffective, unhappy, and insecure by a
world that seems dangerous and hostile (p. 118). There are two major types of
anxiety disorders, they are;
2.1.6.1 Generalized Anxiety Disorder
According to Robinson at al. (2004), generalized anxiety disorder is a
long-lasting anxiety that is not focused on any particular object or situation.
People with anxiety disorder feel afraid of something, but are unable to articulate
the specific fear. They fret over something constantly and have a hard time
controlling their worries (p. 119).
2.1.6.2 Panic Disorder
Huffman (2000) states that panic disorder are more troubling than
generalized anxiety disorder. In panic disorder, the person suffers sudden and
brief attacks of intense apprehension that cause trembling and shaking, dizziness,
and breathing difficulty (p. 513).

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2.1.7 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
In Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety develops after a traumatic
event, such as rape, sudden disaster, war combat, or even being a bystander to
violence. According to Passer (2001), there are four majors symptoms commonly
occur in this anxiety. The first, the person experiences severe symptoms of
anxiety, arousal, and distress that were not present before the trauma, the victims
relives the trauma recurrently in flashback, dreams, and fantasy. The second, the
person becomes numb to the world and avoids stimuli that serve as reminders of
the trauma. The last, person experiences intense survivor guilt in instances where
others were killed and the individual was somehow spared (p. 539).
Huffman (2000) also adds some indications of person who suffers post
traumatic stress disorder in which the symptoms include the feeling of terror and
helplessness during the trauma and recurrent flashback, nightmares and may
continue for years after the event. In this case, people who suffer post traumatic
stress disorder will be disturbed by the flash back and it cannot be banished
forever. Banishing those symptoms needs a long time and correct healing
treatment (p. 539).
The theory shows many causes which make people suffer the PTSD. There
are rapes, sudden disasters, war combats, or victims of violence. In this point,
people who suffered these symptoms have recurrent maladaptive emotional
reaction such as flashback.
War-zone experiences can be a traumatic. The people in a war zone can be
exposed to a range of traumatic events. During deployment, they may have been

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attacked, seen others die, lost friends and comrades, been physically or sexually
assaulted, been exposed to mass death or suffering, or otherwise been the victim
or the witness of violence. Therefore, there are many ways in coping with PTSD.
Here, the symptoms do not completely disappear from the person. However there
are many ways in coping the PTSD which are able to help the person in moving
his life better than before.
The first is learning about the trauma and PTSD. The survivors are able to
know what is happening to them so that they can observe their inner selves and
build the motivation to survive and struggle in coping the PTSD and trauma. The
second is talking to family doctor about trauma and PTSD. Here, the doctor
knows how to decrease the indication of trauma and PTSD if the veterans do not
know how to do. The third is calling a counselor. Sometimes PTSD symptoms
worsen and ordinary efforts at coping do not seem to work well. The veteran may
feel fearful or depressed. At these times, it is important to reach out and call a
counselor, who can help the veteran turn things around.
After the traumatic events, some children will not develop any symptoms
for several weeks or even months. Sometimes, it will appear by the time the
traumatic event happen. It will continue years after the events and the nightmares
always come when they want to sleep. Other symptoms can be seen from their
eat-pattern changing.
In addition, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV-Text Revision (APA,
2000) defines nine symptoms. The first is re-experiencing the event through
dreams, flashbacks, or acting out the events. The second is being distant or feeling

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“emotionally numb”. The third is isolating behaviors or avoiding family and
friends. The fourth is the poor concentration, irritability or regressive behavior.
The fifth is the mood swings or feelings of anger and fear. The sixth is the
changes in sleep pattern, difficulty falling or staying asleep, sleeping too much
and experiencing nightmares and/or sleep disturbance. The seventh is Feeling of
guilt about surviving the event or being unable to change the event or prevent the
disaster. The eighth is Feeling a sense of doom about the future. The last is
Routine avoidance of and reminders of the events.
2.1.8 Fear and Worry
According to Crow (1958), fear and worry is a feeling when someone feels
afraid of something. He feels insecure with the situation or condition around them.
The child tends to fear a situation that threatens his safety or security. The child,
who has a great imagination and less experience in out-going with their friends,
has a sensitivity of imaging the situation, for instance; ghosts. He will imagine the
ghost with the horrible face, big-round-red eyes, scared and deep voice and
always scares human. Hence, it will build the fear in his mental and produce the
fear stimuli (p. 84).
The more imaginative the child is and the less experience he has in outgoing plays activities with peer-groups, the more sensitive he is to possible
fear-producing stimuli. Darkness, unusual sound, and similar situations
and conditions may so stimulate his imagination that he becomes lost in
mental world peopled by hobgoblins, robbers, ghosts, and other
“supernatural” agents of evil or harm to him. He may be in constant dread
of the loss of a beloved parents or friends, of an accident, or of personal
ineffectiveness.(Crow, 2005 : 85)
Robinson at al. (2004) also adds further information about the signs when
the children get stressed or feared. The signs can be seen first from physical

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manifestations which includes illness (real or imagined), head and stomach aches,
frequent urination, tiredness, loss of weigh, aches and pains, and profuse
sweating. Emotional reactions which includes crying, sensitivity, stammering,
“hair trigger” responses, irritability, excess giggling, easily startled, sudden
changes of expression, general unrest, and work habits which includes poor of
presentation, doodling, daydreaming, frequent absence, disorganization, cheating,
sleeping in class, not staying on task, and lack of concentration (p. 28)
2.1.9 Repression
According to Hall (1999), “Repression is a cathexis of the id, ego, or
superego which produces anxiety may be prevented from registering itself in
consciousness by being opposed by an anti-cathexis” (p. 85). Here, the people
who have these repressions always defend the pain which they had. However,
there is a limitation. If there is a problem which hurts the person, he will explode
the entire burden from the inside. There are two kinds of repression, namely;
primal repression and repression proper.
The primal repression means that barriers are responsible for keeping a
large part of the contents of id permanently unconsciously. These repressions have
been built into the person as a result of racial experience with painful situation.
The repression proper means after-pressure. This repression occurs because of
brutal action. It involves the physic derivatives from the differed representatives
or good-relationship-person who always commit the violence.

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2.1.10 Critical Approach
A critical approach to literature becomes a bridge between the writer and
the reader to make sure that the readers can understand of its nature, function, and
positive values. Therefore, as Rohrberger and Woods(1973) have said in their
book that a critic is involved applied esthetics that studies the nature of beauty.
Literary work has an esthetic value in art side, and the response is called esthetic
response. In studying a piece of literary work, we have to use critical approaches
to literature. Related to the critical approaches, there are many ways in evaluating
a literary work which can be used by the readers. They are the formalist approach,
the biographical approach, the sociocultural-history approach, the mythopoeic
approach, and the psychological approach (p. 3).
The formalist approach is an approach which examines only the idea of the
literary piece. Therefore, as a the reader, we have to examine its value without
paying attention to the facts of the author’s life, the genre or the development of
the genre, and the literary history or other sources that related to the work.
The biographical approach examines the literary work by observing or
knowing the author’s background to find the ideas of his writing. The readers
must know the the author’s personal life to get a better understanding to his work
because sometimes the author writes the work based on his life experiences or
feelings.
The sociocultural-historical approach is an approach in finding the idea
based on the social, culture, and historical background of the author in writing the
literary work. Through the literary work, the critics can investigate the social

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milieu in which a work was created.
The mythopoeic approach deals with the universally recurrent pattern of
human thoughts. This is considered to find expression in the related literary work.
The psychological approach is an approach which involves the
psychology’s theories to find out and analyze the behavior pattern in the literary
work.
Therefore, in this study I use psychological approach to solve the problems
of this study. Through this approach, I can analyze the novel from the
psychological side.
2.1.11 Thematic Analysis
The use of thematic analysis is to find out the deeper meaning of the
events which has written by Gayle Sanders. The advantage of using this method is
to ease me in finding the data and the deeper meaning of the story.
According to Braun and Clarke (2006), the meaning of thematic analysis is
an analysis which is included in qualitative analytic. The analysis is good to
identifying, analyzing, and reporting the themes of the subject or object through
data (p. 79). It helps the researcher in organizing and describing the data in detail.
However, it can be more than in the detailed way and various interpretation
instead.
The theme is important to be revealed in this analysis because it is the
result of human interpretation through analyzing the data which has been
captured. According to Braun and Clarke (2006), “a theme captures something
important about the data in relation to the research question and represents some

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level of patterned responses or meaning within the data set” (p. 82). The theme
which has been captured from the analysis becomes the result of the subject’s
responses.
The step of the thematic analysis is prepared before. Hence, in capturing
the theme of the data will be easy with the existence of the needed instruments; it
makes the capturing become structured.
Therefore, Braun and Clarke mention that there are six phases in conducting
thematic analysis. They are becoming familiar with the data, generating initial
codes, searching for themes, reviewing the themes, defining and naming the
themes, and producing the report.
Furthermore, through this analysis, the test used to measure the real
motivation through the events and their saying is Thematic Apperception Test
(TAT). The motivation should be unconscious; therefore there should be a test to
draw the exact meaning or motives.
2.2

Theoretical Framework
In order to solve the problem formulations in this study, I applied the

psychological approach. In analyzing the character, I applied the theory of
character and characterization. It was used to get a deeper understanding of Gayle
Sander is and how she is depicted in the Mummy’s Witness novel.
In analyzing the unfair world which happens in her life, I applied some
theories which were related to Gayle’s “Unfair World”. Firstly, I applied the
theory of psychopath to match with Tom Sanders personalities, which have an
indication to psychopath. Secondly, I applied the theory of anxiety disorder, fear

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and worry, and post traumatic stress disorder in order to reveal Gayle’s mentality.
Afterward, I applied the repression theory to have a description from Gayle’s
mother. Furthermore, to analyze the deeper meaning the past traumatic events
which hurt her, I chose the theory of thematic analysis to get the real Gayle’s
motivation due to her desperate life.

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides three parts. They are the object of the study,
approach of the study and method of the study. The object of the study deals with
the physical description of the novel Mummy’s Witness by Gayle Sanders and also
the focus of this study. The second part is the approach of the study that I use to
explain the approach in analyzing this novel. The last is the method of the study to
describe the analyzing of the study.
3.1

Object of the Study
The object of this study is a biographical novel by a writer named Gayle

Sanders. The novel is entitled Mummy’s Witness published in 2007 by Hodder &
Stoughton Ltd, a division of Hodder Headline, in Great Britain. The novel
consists of 297 pages in 20 chapters. This novel was released as a trade paperback
in July, 2007 by Hodder Headline.
Mummy’s Witness is a novel which tells us about the life, especially the
harrowing experiences of Gayle Sanders. Her childhood is extremely different
with other children around her. Unlike Gayle, the other children can feel the
affection and warmth from their parents. She cannot feel the warmth and affection
from her nuclear family. Her father always commits violence to her and her
mother. His violence is worsening when the things get hard afflicting him. The
19

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most terrible moment happens when she has to witness the murder of her mother
done by her father.
This novel is an interesting novel talking about harrowing story of a
childhood which shuttered by brutality.

I was interested to reveal the main

character in the novel who suffers pain in her life. In other hand, I was interested
to analyze why she regards her life as unfairness.
3.2

Approach of the Study
The approach used in this study is the psychological approach, one of the

five approaches proposed by Rohberger and Woods (2000, pp.6-15). This
approach focuses on human psychology. I used the approach to identify who
Gayle Sanders is by finding her actions and categorized them based on the theory
of character. The second is finding the unfairness in her life by identifying the
events. Through Gayle’s perspective, I dragged the deeper meaning or deeper
motivation all events.
3.3

Method of the Study
There were two kinds of sources that I used. They were primary and

secondary sources. Both of them were used to analyze the novel. The primary
source is the novel Mummy’s Witness written by Gayle Sanders.
Meanwhile, the secondary sources were some books concerning the
theories to be a guideline in conducting the analysis and proof or evidence to
validate the result. The theories used in this study were theory of character,
characterization, psychopath, pathological lying, emotional poverty, anxiety
disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, of fear and worry, repression, critical

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approach and thematic analysis.
There were several steps which were done to solve the problem
formulation. The first step was reading the Mummy’s Witness novel as the main
source of this. The second step was understanding the content in the novel, such
as; the story, the feelings which were shown in this novel and also the rising
conflicts of the novel.
The third step was making some checklists of events to be analyzed
according to the story. Besides, I also tried to find out the theories which were
related to my analysis, such as; character, characterization, psychopath, anxiety
disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder and many theories which were related to
Gayle’s unfair world.
The fourth step, applying the theories to help in seeing and understanding
the information inferred in the novel. The last step was drawing the conclusions
from the result of the analysis.

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CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS

This chapter will explore the answers from two big questions in this study.
It is divided into two parts. The first parts will discuss who Gayle Sanders is in the
novel. The second part will discuss Gayle’s life, especially her unfair world which
has happened in her life ever since she was four years old. This session consists of
two points; they are their literal and true meanings.
4.1

Gayle Sanders
According to Holman and Harmon (1986), character is a complicated

term including the idea of the moral constitution of the human personality, the
presence of moral uprightness, and also the simpler notion of presence of
creatures in art that seem to be huma