PROS Karina B Lewerissa Lignocelluloses As Feedstock for Bio ethanol Full text
Presented at Forum Komunikasi llmiah
Ma Chung University, Malang, May 4, 2010
Studies on the
Tohoku J. Agric. Res.
Lignocelluloses As Feedstock for Bio-ethanol Production:
Their Prospects and Challenges
Karina Bianca Lewerissa
1
of carotenoid
, J. Agric. Food
R.; Catalano, A.;
effects of the
pluvialis in human colon
117
•-•nnn11rnlnl
1
Lecturer of Industrial Engineering Study ｾｲｯｧ｡ｭ＠
karina.bianca@machung.ac.id
Abstract
The adverse effect of fossil fuel combustions in accumulating green
houses gasses had ensured the urgency in searching possible options
for fossil fuels substitution. Bio-ethanol is one option for green energy.
It can be produced from different raw materials. In this report focus will
be put on the prospect of /ignocellu/oses as potential feedstock for bioethanol production.
Introduction
Bioenergy, which is obtained from energy crops and
li, is viewed as alternative energy sources for
mitigation of polluting gasses (Gomez et al, 2008). In this report, focus
will be put on bio-ethanol, as one example of the bio-energy.
Currently, the main feedstock for bio-ethanol production is from starch
materials Gomez et al, 2008; Claassen et al, 1999). The main crops
• presently grown for energy include sugar and starch crops (Claassen
et al, 1999). Sugar cane is produced in South America and Asia
whereas sugar beet and potato are typical European corps.
Meanwhile sweet potato and cassava are predominantly Asian and
African products, respectively (Claassen et al, 1999).
At present, the fermentation of sugars to ethanol is the best
established process for bio-ethanol production. Ethanol production
9
Lignocelluloses As Feedstock for Bio-ethanol Production: Their Prospects and
Challenges
from sugarcane started in Brazil and the United States in the early
1970s [(Claassen et al, 1999). According to Gomez (2008) bio-ethanol
originated from raw material which is also intendeCi for food
consumption is considered as first generation bio-ethanol. ｾﾷｔｨ･＠
use of
this kind of feedstock has become an issue concerning the
sustainability of biofuel supply due to the rising food price, ecosystem
destruction and poor energy balance (Taylor, 2008). Furthermore, the
cost of these raw materials can account up to 40% of the total cost
(von Sivers et al, 1994; Wyman, 1994) This means that for long-term
production, this type of bio-ethanol is not competitive for fossil fuels.
Those facts lead to the investigation of feedstock which is not
intended for food consumption. Energy crops such as trees, grass
and by-products from food industry such as wheat bran, corn stover
are considered as potential raw materials for bio-ethanol productions
(Sanchez et al, 2008). Bio·-fuel that is produced from such kinds of raw
materials is considered as second generation biofuels (Gomez et al,
2008).
Literature Reviews
Plant biomass is the most abundant component in the biosphere.
It comprises of plant cell wall, which is typically composed of
polysaccharides. They are good sources of sugar for fermentation
(Wyman, 1994)
There are two kinds of route for producing bioethanol, i.e.
thermochemical processing and biochemical processing (Gomez et al,
2008). The first one involves heating biomass in the presence of
different concentration of oxygen, resulting in hydrogen and organic
gases which can be converted into organic liquid. The latter, convert
biomass into sugars which can be fermented to produce alcohol. Due
the high cost of start up and plan maintenance for high temperature
processing demand, the first route is not so popularly chosen. In
contrast, the main challenge of biochemical process is the conversion
of biomass to sugars, the saccharification which represent the major
technical bottleneck to efficient biochemical processing due to the
high complexity of lignocellulosic materials.
10
Lignocellulosic m
and lignin (Chandrakl
lignocelluose is not
Pretreatment and hy.
physically, chemically,
treatments (Claassen
lignocelluloses has ga
microbiologist for man)
Cellulose microfib
[3-1,4- glucan chains a
bonding (Gomez et al
polysaccharides that in
cellulose, hemicellulos
main monomers preset
arabinose (Chandraka
aromatic polymer in na
there are no microc
monomers for ethanol I
Cellulose biodegr:
microorganisms which
different enzymes tha1
degradation, such c:
glucosidase (Perez et a
Due to the very CCl
enzymes (compared
degradation. Xylan, ｾ＠
requires cooperative a(
1,4-[3-xylanase and ｊｾ＠
breakdown of the bad
xylan esterase, ferulic
efficiently hydrolyze the
Karina Bianca Lewerissa
Their Prospects and
States in the early
(2008) bio-ethanol
also intendec for food
bio-ethanol. · The use of
issue concerning the
food price, ecosystem
2008). Furthermore, the
to 40% of the total cost
means that for long-term
.........,.tot"'"' for fossil fuels.
Lignocellulosic materials comprise of cellulose, hemicelluloses
lignin Ｈｃｾ｡ｮ､ｲｫｴ＠
et al, 1998). Unlike glucose and starch,
llgnocelluose IS not readily accessible for biological conversion .
Pretreatment and hydrolysis of lignocelllose can be carried out
physically, chemically, enzymatically or by a combination of those
ｴｾ･｡ｭｮｳ＠
(Claassen et al, 1999). The biological degradation of
llgnocelluloses has gained much of interest by biotechnologist and
microbiologist for many years.
ｾｮ､＠
ＮｲＡＬｾﾷ＠
feedstock which is not
such as trees, grass
wheat bran, corn stover
bio-ethanol productions
from such kinds of raw
biofuels (Gomez et al,
Cellulose microfibrils are macromolecular structure composed of
(3-1 .4.- glucan chains associated with one another through hydrogen
bondmg (Gomez et al, 2008) whereas hemicellulose is a group of
polysaccharides that interacts with cellulose microfibrils. In contrast to
cellulose, hemicelluloses are composed of heterosaccharides. The
ｭ｡ｩｾ＠
monomers present are D-xylose, D-manose, D-galactose and Larabmose (Chandrakant et al, 1998). Lignin is the most abundant
aromatic polymer in nature (Perez et al, 2002). However, up until now
there are no microorganisms available that can utilize lignin
monomers for ethanol production (Zaldivar et al, 2001 ).
Cellulose biodegradation is usually carried out· by cellulolytic
which belong to eubacteria and fungi. There are
d1fferent enzymes that are needed for the completion of cellulose
degradation, such as exogluconase, endogluconase and bglucosidase (Perez et al, 2002).
ｾｩ｣ｲｯｧ｡ｮｳｭ＠
bioethanol, i.e.
processing (Gomez et al,
in the presence of
in hydrogen and organic
liquid. The latter, convert
to produce alcohol. Due
for high temperature
so popularly chosen. In
process is the conversion
represent the major
processing due to the
Due to the very complex nature of hemicelluloses, more complex
enzymes (compared to cellulose) are necessary for complete
degradation. Xylan, the main carbohydrate found in hemicelluloses,
requires cooperative action of a variety of hydrolytic enzymes. Endo1,4-(3-xylanase and xylan 1,4-(3-xylosidase are needed for the
breakdown of the back bond of xylan. Accessory enzymes such as
xylan esterase, ferulic and p-coumaric esterase act synergistically to
efficiently hydrolyze the branch of xylan (Perez et al, 2002).
11
Lignocelluloses As Feedstock for Rio-ethanol Production: Their Prospects and
Challenges
Conclusions
Lignocelluloses are abundantly available in the world. They are
potential feed stock for bio-ethanol production. However, since they
are quite complex and has higher resistance for microbiologically
attacks, investigation for exploring potential enzymes that can
degrade them efficiently are still needed.
f
Perez, J., J. Mur'loz-000!
Biodegradation ｾ＠
hemicellulose 8ll
5(2): p. 53-63.
I
Zaldivar, J., J. Nielsen, a
lignocellulose: A
process integrati
2001. 56(1-2): p.
f
References
Gomez, L.D., C.G. Steele-King, and S.J. McQueen-Mason,
Sustainable liquid biofuels from biomass: The writing's on the
walls. New Phytologist, 2008. 178(3): p. 473-485.
Claassen, PAM., J.B. van Lier, A.M.L. Contreras, E.W.J. van Niel, L.
Sijtsma, A.J.M. Starns, S.S. de Vries, and R.A. Weusthuis,
Utilisation of biomass for the supply of energy carriers.
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 1999. 52(6): p. 741755.
Taylor, G., Biofuels and the biorefinery concept. Energy Policy, 2008.
36(12): p. 4406-4409.
von Sivers, M., G. Zacchi, L. Olsson, and B. Hahn-Hagerdal, Cost
analysis of ethanol from willow using recombinant Escherichia
coli. Biotechnol Prog, 1994(1 0): p. 555-560.
Wyman, C. E., Ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass: technology,
economics and opportunities. Bioresource Technology,
1994(50): p. 3-16.
Sanchez, O.J. and C.A. Cardona, Trends in biotechnological
production of fuel ethanol from different feedstocks.
Bioresource Technology, 2008. 99(13): p. 5270-5295.
Chandrakant, P. and V.S. Bisaria, Simultaneous bioconversion of
cellulose and hemicellulose to ethanol. Critical Reviews in
Biotechnology, 1998. 18(4): p. 2SS-331.
12
f
I
f
[
'
Karina Bianca Leu·erissa
· Their Prospects and
in the world. They are
However, since they
for microbiologically
enzymes that can
Perez, J., J. Munoz-Dorado, T.d.l. Rubia, and J. Martrnez,
Biodegradation and biological treatments of cellulose,
hemicellulose and lignin: an overview. lnt Microbial, 2002.
5(2): p. 53-63.
Zaldivar, J., J. Nielsen, and L. Olsson, Fuel ethanol production from
lignocellulose: A challenge for metabolic engineering and
process integration. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,
2001. 56(1-2): p. 17-34.
Energy Policy, 2008.
bioconversion of
Critical Reviews in
1.
120 1''-4.
JU Jt
13
Ma Chung University, Malang, May 4, 2010
Studies on the
Tohoku J. Agric. Res.
Lignocelluloses As Feedstock for Bio-ethanol Production:
Their Prospects and Challenges
Karina Bianca Lewerissa
1
of carotenoid
, J. Agric. Food
R.; Catalano, A.;
effects of the
pluvialis in human colon
117
•-•nnn11rnlnl
1
Lecturer of Industrial Engineering Study ｾｲｯｧ｡ｭ＠
karina.bianca@machung.ac.id
Abstract
The adverse effect of fossil fuel combustions in accumulating green
houses gasses had ensured the urgency in searching possible options
for fossil fuels substitution. Bio-ethanol is one option for green energy.
It can be produced from different raw materials. In this report focus will
be put on the prospect of /ignocellu/oses as potential feedstock for bioethanol production.
Introduction
Bioenergy, which is obtained from energy crops and
li, is viewed as alternative energy sources for
mitigation of polluting gasses (Gomez et al, 2008). In this report, focus
will be put on bio-ethanol, as one example of the bio-energy.
Currently, the main feedstock for bio-ethanol production is from starch
materials Gomez et al, 2008; Claassen et al, 1999). The main crops
• presently grown for energy include sugar and starch crops (Claassen
et al, 1999). Sugar cane is produced in South America and Asia
whereas sugar beet and potato are typical European corps.
Meanwhile sweet potato and cassava are predominantly Asian and
African products, respectively (Claassen et al, 1999).
At present, the fermentation of sugars to ethanol is the best
established process for bio-ethanol production. Ethanol production
9
Lignocelluloses As Feedstock for Bio-ethanol Production: Their Prospects and
Challenges
from sugarcane started in Brazil and the United States in the early
1970s [(Claassen et al, 1999). According to Gomez (2008) bio-ethanol
originated from raw material which is also intendeCi for food
consumption is considered as first generation bio-ethanol. ｾﾷｔｨ･＠
use of
this kind of feedstock has become an issue concerning the
sustainability of biofuel supply due to the rising food price, ecosystem
destruction and poor energy balance (Taylor, 2008). Furthermore, the
cost of these raw materials can account up to 40% of the total cost
(von Sivers et al, 1994; Wyman, 1994) This means that for long-term
production, this type of bio-ethanol is not competitive for fossil fuels.
Those facts lead to the investigation of feedstock which is not
intended for food consumption. Energy crops such as trees, grass
and by-products from food industry such as wheat bran, corn stover
are considered as potential raw materials for bio-ethanol productions
(Sanchez et al, 2008). Bio·-fuel that is produced from such kinds of raw
materials is considered as second generation biofuels (Gomez et al,
2008).
Literature Reviews
Plant biomass is the most abundant component in the biosphere.
It comprises of plant cell wall, which is typically composed of
polysaccharides. They are good sources of sugar for fermentation
(Wyman, 1994)
There are two kinds of route for producing bioethanol, i.e.
thermochemical processing and biochemical processing (Gomez et al,
2008). The first one involves heating biomass in the presence of
different concentration of oxygen, resulting in hydrogen and organic
gases which can be converted into organic liquid. The latter, convert
biomass into sugars which can be fermented to produce alcohol. Due
the high cost of start up and plan maintenance for high temperature
processing demand, the first route is not so popularly chosen. In
contrast, the main challenge of biochemical process is the conversion
of biomass to sugars, the saccharification which represent the major
technical bottleneck to efficient biochemical processing due to the
high complexity of lignocellulosic materials.
10
Lignocellulosic m
and lignin (Chandrakl
lignocelluose is not
Pretreatment and hy.
physically, chemically,
treatments (Claassen
lignocelluloses has ga
microbiologist for man)
Cellulose microfib
[3-1,4- glucan chains a
bonding (Gomez et al
polysaccharides that in
cellulose, hemicellulos
main monomers preset
arabinose (Chandraka
aromatic polymer in na
there are no microc
monomers for ethanol I
Cellulose biodegr:
microorganisms which
different enzymes tha1
degradation, such c:
glucosidase (Perez et a
Due to the very CCl
enzymes (compared
degradation. Xylan, ｾ＠
requires cooperative a(
1,4-[3-xylanase and ｊｾ＠
breakdown of the bad
xylan esterase, ferulic
efficiently hydrolyze the
Karina Bianca Lewerissa
Their Prospects and
States in the early
(2008) bio-ethanol
also intendec for food
bio-ethanol. · The use of
issue concerning the
food price, ecosystem
2008). Furthermore, the
to 40% of the total cost
means that for long-term
.........,.tot"'"' for fossil fuels.
Lignocellulosic materials comprise of cellulose, hemicelluloses
lignin Ｈｃｾ｡ｮ､ｲｫｴ＠
et al, 1998). Unlike glucose and starch,
llgnocelluose IS not readily accessible for biological conversion .
Pretreatment and hydrolysis of lignocelllose can be carried out
physically, chemically, enzymatically or by a combination of those
ｴｾ･｡ｭｮｳ＠
(Claassen et al, 1999). The biological degradation of
llgnocelluloses has gained much of interest by biotechnologist and
microbiologist for many years.
ｾｮ､＠
ＮｲＡＬｾﾷ＠
feedstock which is not
such as trees, grass
wheat bran, corn stover
bio-ethanol productions
from such kinds of raw
biofuels (Gomez et al,
Cellulose microfibrils are macromolecular structure composed of
(3-1 .4.- glucan chains associated with one another through hydrogen
bondmg (Gomez et al, 2008) whereas hemicellulose is a group of
polysaccharides that interacts with cellulose microfibrils. In contrast to
cellulose, hemicelluloses are composed of heterosaccharides. The
ｭ｡ｩｾ＠
monomers present are D-xylose, D-manose, D-galactose and Larabmose (Chandrakant et al, 1998). Lignin is the most abundant
aromatic polymer in nature (Perez et al, 2002). However, up until now
there are no microorganisms available that can utilize lignin
monomers for ethanol production (Zaldivar et al, 2001 ).
Cellulose biodegradation is usually carried out· by cellulolytic
which belong to eubacteria and fungi. There are
d1fferent enzymes that are needed for the completion of cellulose
degradation, such as exogluconase, endogluconase and bglucosidase (Perez et al, 2002).
ｾｩ｣ｲｯｧ｡ｮｳｭ＠
bioethanol, i.e.
processing (Gomez et al,
in the presence of
in hydrogen and organic
liquid. The latter, convert
to produce alcohol. Due
for high temperature
so popularly chosen. In
process is the conversion
represent the major
processing due to the
Due to the very complex nature of hemicelluloses, more complex
enzymes (compared to cellulose) are necessary for complete
degradation. Xylan, the main carbohydrate found in hemicelluloses,
requires cooperative action of a variety of hydrolytic enzymes. Endo1,4-(3-xylanase and xylan 1,4-(3-xylosidase are needed for the
breakdown of the back bond of xylan. Accessory enzymes such as
xylan esterase, ferulic and p-coumaric esterase act synergistically to
efficiently hydrolyze the branch of xylan (Perez et al, 2002).
11
Lignocelluloses As Feedstock for Rio-ethanol Production: Their Prospects and
Challenges
Conclusions
Lignocelluloses are abundantly available in the world. They are
potential feed stock for bio-ethanol production. However, since they
are quite complex and has higher resistance for microbiologically
attacks, investigation for exploring potential enzymes that can
degrade them efficiently are still needed.
f
Perez, J., J. Mur'loz-000!
Biodegradation ｾ＠
hemicellulose 8ll
5(2): p. 53-63.
I
Zaldivar, J., J. Nielsen, a
lignocellulose: A
process integrati
2001. 56(1-2): p.
f
References
Gomez, L.D., C.G. Steele-King, and S.J. McQueen-Mason,
Sustainable liquid biofuels from biomass: The writing's on the
walls. New Phytologist, 2008. 178(3): p. 473-485.
Claassen, PAM., J.B. van Lier, A.M.L. Contreras, E.W.J. van Niel, L.
Sijtsma, A.J.M. Starns, S.S. de Vries, and R.A. Weusthuis,
Utilisation of biomass for the supply of energy carriers.
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 1999. 52(6): p. 741755.
Taylor, G., Biofuels and the biorefinery concept. Energy Policy, 2008.
36(12): p. 4406-4409.
von Sivers, M., G. Zacchi, L. Olsson, and B. Hahn-Hagerdal, Cost
analysis of ethanol from willow using recombinant Escherichia
coli. Biotechnol Prog, 1994(1 0): p. 555-560.
Wyman, C. E., Ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass: technology,
economics and opportunities. Bioresource Technology,
1994(50): p. 3-16.
Sanchez, O.J. and C.A. Cardona, Trends in biotechnological
production of fuel ethanol from different feedstocks.
Bioresource Technology, 2008. 99(13): p. 5270-5295.
Chandrakant, P. and V.S. Bisaria, Simultaneous bioconversion of
cellulose and hemicellulose to ethanol. Critical Reviews in
Biotechnology, 1998. 18(4): p. 2SS-331.
12
f
I
f
[
'
Karina Bianca Leu·erissa
· Their Prospects and
in the world. They are
However, since they
for microbiologically
enzymes that can
Perez, J., J. Munoz-Dorado, T.d.l. Rubia, and J. Martrnez,
Biodegradation and biological treatments of cellulose,
hemicellulose and lignin: an overview. lnt Microbial, 2002.
5(2): p. 53-63.
Zaldivar, J., J. Nielsen, and L. Olsson, Fuel ethanol production from
lignocellulose: A challenge for metabolic engineering and
process integration. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,
2001. 56(1-2): p. 17-34.
Energy Policy, 2008.
bioconversion of
Critical Reviews in
1.
120 1''-4.
JU Jt
13