Root Anatomy and Growth of Capsicum frutescens L. on Verticulture with Different Watering Supply | Ratmadanti | Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 22258 52176 3 PB

J. Trop. Biodiv. Biote h., Vol.

, —

Jour al of Tropi al Biodiversity a d Biote h ology
jour al ho epage: htp://jt

.or.id

Cha ges i Root A atomy Due to Dife e t Wate i g Supply i the
G o th of Capsicu frutesce s L. o Ve i ultu e Te h i ue
Fitria ‘ahayu ‘at ada i , Marya i *
Undergraduate Student Alu ni, Fa ulty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia,
La oratory of Plant Stru ture and Develop ent, Fa ulty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia,
*Corresponding author, e ail:
yani@ug .a .id. tel.: +
fa .: +

A‘TICLE INFO

ABST‘ACT

Ari le history:
‘e eived / /
‘e eived i revised for
A epted / /

The rapid i rease i hu a populaio redu es la d produ ivity i ur a areas. Veri ulture is
a ay of pla i g i a veri al arra ge e t, su h as for Capsi u frutes ens L. This study ai ed
to e a i e the root a ato y a d gro th respo ses of C. frutes ens L. due to difere t ateri g
supply o veri ulture te h i ue. Fourtee days old seedli gs ere gro
i poly ags o the
grou d a d i to veri al pots ade of paralo pipe. Wateri g supply as give for every day,
o ei
days, a d o e i
days for
days, at height of
,
,
a d
. The

de reases i root dia eter, stele dia eter, a d yle dia eter, ut i rease the porio of
orte o urred i pla ts at
height o paralo pipe ith days i e i terval of ateri g
supply o pared to o trol pla ts gro
at
height. Gro th para eters sho ed the sa e
tre ds, here pla ts at
height at the paralo re eived ateri g supply o e i
days had
less gro th o pared to o trol pla ts y de reasi g i pla t height, leaf u er, le gth- idth
of leaves, fresh a d dry eight of roots a d shoots, hile hlorophyll o te t a d root le gth did
ot ha ge. The opi al i e i terval of ateri g supply for gro th o veri ulture te h i ue is
days, hile the opi al height at the paralo
as appro i ately
. The yle
as less
developed i pla ts at higher posiio o pared to the lo er posito o the paralo pipe a d
this as ore dete ted i pla ts ith less i e i terval of ateri g supply. De reasi g pla t
gro th o urs i o diio s of ater shortage a d the higher posiio of pla t o paralo .

/

/

Key ords:
A ato y
‘oots
Veri ulture
Wateri g
DOI:

.

/jt

.

. I t odu io

arra ge e t a

e re ta gular, tria gular, or shaped like a

stair ase ith several terra es Luk a ,
Populaio i reases have a i pa t o i provi g the

Pla ts usually gro

o versio of agri ultural la d i to reside ial la d Wartapa

seaso al vegeta les ith a

et al.,
i

, espe ially i ur a areas. The use of arro ield

ur a

area should

e opi ized i

order to re ai

e a ple aye
Luk a ,

i

.

veri ulture te h i ue are

a i u

height of o e

e peppers, letu e, spi a h, asil a d to ato
. Pepper pla t has high e o o i value ith a

produ ive to support the populaio survival. Veri ulture is

variety of e eits, su h as for spi es, vegeta les,

the good hoi e for far i g i this area.

a d or a e tal pla ts Aifah et al.,

Veri ulture is a te h i ue of far i g i
arra ge e t to ards the free air spa e
veri ally gro i g

edia

ith a

Wartapa et al.,

a veri al

array of
. This

te h i ue is very appropriate to e applied i li ited a d
arro
a

spa e BPTP,
oo or

ediu

ith i

a s, plasi guter PVC,

oode pla ks arra ged i stages as ulivaio

BPTP,

; Wartapa et al.,

. Veri ulture

Ce tral Bureau of Staisi s BPS,
ost sought vegeta le o
ater the o io ,
espe ially i
of hili i

eter, for

, hili is o e of the

odiies of I do esia

ith yields de reased i

ig iies i Java Isla d. I
I do esia rea hed

edi i al

. A ordi g to

,

,

people

every area,

, the produ io
to s BPS,

.

Chilies have a o plete utrie t o te t, i ludi g protei ,
fat, ar ohydrates,

i erals

al iu , phosphorus, a d iro ,

J. Trop. Biodiv. Biote h., Vol.

, —

vita i s A, B , B , B , a d C , lavo oids, a i-o ida ts, ash,
rude i er, a d astri ge t useful as a drug Bosla d et al.,

o post, a d ri e husk i raio of : :
i h i

supply
to

ith opi al i te sity so that

ateri g

ater re ai s availa le

eet the eeds of the pla t o sideri g the gro i g

edia

o strai t o

ater supply. Li ited

ater is a

gro th of pla ts, e ause
o tai i g

-

ai

o po e t i the

% of the ody parts of pla ts

ater Widiyo o a d Hidayai,

dei it is the

grou d Figure

physiologi al,

By gro i g aye

that a

gro

ere

atered

as

ith difere t

T ,a d

ith ive repli aio s. Pla ts
ateri g supply,

hi h

ere a

every si days P
ater

a d

ateri g appli aio

as stopped

days.

. . Gro th Para eters
The gro th para eters i

afe t
u

ere ou ted a d

.

e pepper i veri ulture te h i ue

ter s of pla t height,

er of leaves, le gth a d idth of leaves a d roots le gth

Fresh a d dry

easured at the e d of the treat e t.

eight of roots a d shoots

ere

easured at

the e d of treat e t

orphology a d physiology of pla ts tha those
ithout

veri ulture

te h i ue.

Difere t

. . Chlorophyll

soil

that the Capsi u
difere t pla es

frutese ens L. hy rid pla ted i

ith difere t soil a d e viro

o diio s give difere t results.

I ‘e

e tal

a g, Boyolali a d

easure e t

The ith leaf of ea h treated pla t

properies also give difere t results, as fou d y Syukur et al.

hlorophyll

a d grou ded o a
Leaves e tra t
the

photo etri ally at

ot e separated fro

the difere es i te perature, soil type,

oisture a d other

physi al fa tors. Therefore, this study

as

o serve root a ato y a d gro th of aye

ortar o tai i g

hlorophyll

o te t

spe troa d

ethod y Har or e

.

easure e ts of

issue a d stele dia eter fro

the

ross se io of roots as per a e tly prepared usi g parai

e pepper C. frutes ens L. seeds o tai ed fro
ere su -dried for a

eddi g te h i ues ith a si gle safra i stai i g
y ‘uzi

. . Pla ts a d Culivaio Media Sour e
eek, soaked for o e ight

a d ger i ated i a s uare tray o tai i g soil as

ediu .

ai tai ed i the gree house of Fa ulty

of Agri ulture, U iversitas Gadjah Mada,
slides preparaio

easured
a d

the i ter al stru ture of roots as ell as the

e

as

% a eto e.

‘oot a ato i al para eters i luded a des ripio of

e pepper gro

. Mate ials a d Methods

Pla t ulivaio

L of

eighted

. . ‘oots A ato y

ori al thi k ess, yle

Caye

as

avele gth of

al ulated a ordi g a

o du ted to

o veri ulture te h i ue ith difere t ateri g supply.

as

as iltered usi g a What a paper No. a d

Those three areas have lo er alitude a d rai fall o pared
to those i Bogor. This possi ility a

as used for

easure e t. A out . g leaves

Su a g produ ed a eter yield tha that pla ted i Bogor.

ripe fruits

T ,

the

daily asis P , o e i every three days P , a d o e i

orphologi al

ith difere t ateri g supply ill give a difere t respo se i
a ato y,

ade o ea h pipe,

. Water

io he i al, a ato i al a d

pro esses So g Ai a d Ba yo,

, hi h ere

T . Ea h treat e t

iggest fa tor afe i g the gro th a d

produ ivity of pla ts Shao et al.,

height as a treat e t of

o e for ea h pla t, posiio ed at difere t heights fro

ajor

gro th a d develop e t of pepper pla ts,

espe ially i dry la d. Water is the

dia eter a d

veri ulture te h i ue. Three holes ere

are i a veri al arra ge e t. To o tai the opi al gro th,
pla ts eed sui ie t

o the

grou d as a o trol K a d i to ea h hole o the paralo pipe

.
Pla i g o veri ulture te h i ue re uires

a d gro

. ‘oots se io s

ere ut fro

pri ary roots at a out

dista e fro

‘oots a ato i al overvie

as do u e ted

o

e ted to a

ethod

±

of

the root ase.
ith Opila

i ros ope a d a o puter. Measure e t of

a ato i al para eters as do e ith ‘aster I age Progra .

hile a ato i al

as do e i La oratory of Pla t Stru ture

a d Develop e t, Fa ulty of Biology, U iversity of Gadjah
Mada, Yogyakarta, I do esia i Mar h to July

. . Data A alysis
Qua itaive data

ere a alyzed

y a alysis of

varia e ANOVA a d if there is a sig ii a t difere e,

.

as

follo ed y DM‘T at the % sig ii a e level to lo ate the
sig ii a t difere e et ee treat e ts. Qualitaive data

. . Treat e t
Fourtee

days old seedli gs

ith

tra sferred-pla ted i to poly ags size
a

i ture of

ulivaio

ediu

that

-

leaves

ere

o tai i g
o sisted of soil,

ere prese ted des ripively.

J. Trop. Biodiv. Biote h., Vol.
ells are arra ged to for
i

, —

irregular i gers, ith phloe

et ee . Pla ts gro

i poly ags ith the lo er ateri g

supply KP a d KP , have less developed yle

T

tra hea ells, ut larger ells tha
those of P T . I
to

P . This

ith fe er
as si ilar to

o diio of less i e i terval of

supply, pla t tried to drai
T

ater i to the leaves

ide the tra hea ells, ut the yle

ith the less i e i terval of
for aio

ateri g

ith eforts

ells redu ed i

their for aio a d difere iaio . Pla ts gro
redu ed yle

ells

i PVC pipe,

ateri g supply , sho ed

ith s aller ells a d this

pari ularly visi le o the pla ts at the higher posiio

T

as
P T

a d P T . Those t o treat e ts produ ed appare t
arro er vas ular u dles area

ith a arro

yle

issue,

hile the porio of the orte appeared larger. These results
are i li e

ith resear h y Shao et al.

vie poi t of a ato y, drought
Qualitaively, redu io
espe ially yle

a d i reased ell

A ato i ally, a ross se io of aye

e pepper root

o posed of a layer of issue

ells of

epider is, a fe layers of pare hy a o posed the orte ,
o e layer of e doder is, peri y le, vas ular u dles a d pith
o posed the stele. Duri g root develop e t, epider al
pla ts u der less i e i terval of

supply P , P

ith high posiio

thi ke i g i their ell all Figure
a fe

T , T

. The orte

layers of rou ded-ellipi al ells

issue that plays a

rii al role i

ateri g
ere see

o sisted of

ade of pare hy a

the regulaio

of the

tra sport of ater a d other su sta es via the apoplast a d
sy plast path ays. I di otyledo s, the orte te d to have
further gro th,

here the ells a develop se o dary

alls

a d lig ify, espe ially those losed to epider is. The pla ts
used i this study had the root orte proporio i the ra ge
of

% to

% of the ross se io area Figure

. Fro

Figure , e doder is a d the peri y le layers ere ot see .
The daily

ateri g supply at lo

posiio pla ts had i ta t

ori al ells, hile pla ts u der less i e i terval of ateri g
supply at higher posiio
irregular ells Figure
roots,

te d to have so e

shape. I

roke

a d

. Co trol pla ts sho ed rou ded

hile treated roots P T , P T , P T , P T

fully rou d i

ere ot

the gro th a d develop e t of

pla ts, root a ato i al stru ture has a very i porta t role
Ba o et al.,

issue fro

u

er.

ere also o served,

less i e i terval of

ateri g

ater shortage o diio s ge erally de reased their ell size

. . ‘oot A ato y

issue fro

ells size

ell

supply at higher posiio pla ts. Pla t issues e perie ed

. Results a d Dis ussio

as

o

the

auses root dia eter

de reases due to redu ed volu e a d

Figure . Model of pots o veri ulture used i the study

Figure

that fro

.

Vas ular u dle o upied the e tral of root. Xyle

all thi k ess Mak ul et al.,

higher the pla t posiio
ha es of

at the PVC pipe, the higher the

ater i the soil

as redu ed due to lo i g i to

T a d T posiio . A ato i ally, the root fro
o the grou d

. The

o trol pla ts

ere si ilar to the roots fro

treated pla ts

P at the posiio level of T , T a d T , hile the pla t of P
a d P sho ed slo er i the develop e t of yle
tha P , i all posiio s, at T , T or T
Qua itaively, Ta le
of P T pla ts

Figure

issue

.

sho ed that the root dia eter

ith every days ateri g a d at

heigh

o the paralo pipe

as sig ii a tly s aller that those i

P ,P i

ith T , T , T . Mea

daily

o

i aio

ateri g pla ts

dia eter that i

P

P

hile, i K pla ts,

had sig ii a t s aller root

or P

ith

thi k ess.

Corte thi k ess fro

i terval of

ateri g supply P

o difere t i

orte

pla ts u der less i e
at paralo

ere s aller

o pared to grou d pla ts at all ateri g supply P , P , P .
Fro

Ta le

a also e see that stele a d yle

dia eter

de reased due to the lo er of ateri g supply. I this study,
P T a d P T pla ts produ ed arro er stele a d yle
issue tha that i the P pla ts. The s aller dia eter of
vas ular issue u der drought also o ured i
Mak ul et al.,
. U der

a d Phaseoulus vulgaris Holste et al.,
ater shortage, stele dia eter redu io

due to de reasi g a u
Anarthrophyllu

soy ea

er of tra hea u

hilense, Ly iu

a d a de rease of yle

rigidu

as

er as fou d i
Dura te et al.,

dia eter Si aga,

. This

J. Trop. Biodiv. Biote h., Vol.

, —

Figure . Cross se io of Capsi u frutes ens L. root ater
days treated ith difere t ateri g supply o veri ulture te h i ue. e,
epider is; , orte ; p, phloe ; , yle issue; v , vessel/tra hea ell. Xyle issue as ostly less developed i P T , pla ts ith
atered every days at
posiio o the paralo pipe. Bar:

a

e related to the pro ess of a sorpio of

utrie ts fro
yle

the soil; due to the

dia eter

the aye

ore ei ie t tha

of the ater dei it.

as s aller a d
e ause it

resear h results y Aref et al.

ater shortage o diio

larger dia eter of the yle . Xyle
pores is very helpful

ater a d

stru ture
ill

e

the

ore resista t to

pla ts to drought a d to keep the ater o te t i the pla t
ody re ai s ala ed. I dry o diio s, spe ies of a a ia
tra heal dia eter,

yle

e pepper spe ies used i this study is less tolera t

. . Pla t gro th
Pla t gro th a d

ith i reased

ut the fre ue y is lo ,

hile the

fu da e tal pro esses
e viro
Fro

pla t posiio

stress pla ts a
the proporio

ha ges the yle

ay o tri ute to

ollapse risk, ithout o pro isi g pla t

gro th Guijarro-‘eal et al.,
ajority sho s the ei ie y of
a d orrelated

a ato y, y i reasi g

of s all tra heas that

preve t roots fro

. U der ater

. A ato y of the yle
ater tra sport of spe ies

ith the apa ity of tolera e to drought

stress Le s et al.,

. It a

dia eter a d de sity of the

o

T , as

ateri g supply

pla ts. This relates to the

ater supply o pla ts at a higher level
do

ard,

e ause i this study et ee T , T a d T there

as o

i sulaio

ater poured i to paralo pipe
for li ii g soil

le gth a d

edia i

ill lo

paralo . The

u

er,

idth of leaves de li ed as pla ts re eived less

ells of the

pla ts, P pla ts,

sho s

ha gi g fa tor.

ateri g supply P , P . The higher the
a d P T

availa ility of lo er

i e i terval of

yle

ater

y

PVC, the shorter the pla ts resulted,

espe ially for P T

e said that the size of the

variaio s et ee spe ies i ter a d spa ious. Based o the

ost

ei g re arka ly i lue ed

Ta le , it appears that the higher the

dia eter ut

er Aref et al.,

are t o

P , the pla ts te d to e higher tha that i pla ts re eived
less i e i terval of

u

io ass allo aio

e tal varia les i ludi g

drought tolera t a a ia spe ies produ ed a s aller tra heal
ore i

e assu ed that

ith s aller

drought. A ato i al stru ture ha ge is the adaptaio of

less tolera t of drought perfor

, it a

ateri g supply Ta le
ith P

. Outside the K

ateri g supply sho ed shorter

a d arro er leaves o pared to other treat e ts. The less

J. Trop. Biodiv. Biote h., Vol.
the

ateri g supply, pla ts leaves gre

shorter a d

arro er, a d it is as o e of the respo se of pla ts i the fa e

the elasi ity of the
i terrupi g the

ell a d

eta oli

resista e to stress

survive u der e tre

stress

gro th is a o

a io ida t

Xu et al.,

. U der

ater stress Jaleel et al.,

ater dei it i the soil,

eta olis

; La lor,

ater availa ility to

y

path ays so that pla ts

of drought stress o diio s. The i hi iio of shoot a d root
o respo se of

, —

o diio s

a

e.g., i rease

; Claeys a d I zé,

.

pla t ells is also restri ted, a d as the irst respo se, ells try
to save availa le ater y avoidi g a ive gro th. I addiio ,
the fe er leaves for aio

as a

tra spiraio of pla ts so that the
of the pla t is

efort to redu e

ater ala e i the ody

ai tai ed. The li itaio of ater ill redu e

the leaf orga develop e t. Efe t of ater dei it duri g the
vegetaive level is the for aio

of s aller leaves,

hi h

i pa t o the la k of light a sorpio . Shao et al.
stated that i the o diio of ater dei ie y, the pla t has
fe er leaves

ith s aller ell size, a d o posiio of its

lo aio o the tru k as de ser. This ould e a strategy for
this spe ies to e eter adapted to less
Fa i g
u

ith lo

er of

ater availa ility, the pla t develops a

e ha is s, a ely:

gei g out of the stress

y o plete its life y le efore the rii al
o ur,

ater availa ility.

ater shortages

ovoidi g stress y i reasi g the apa ity for the

a sorpio

of

ater

y for i g e te sive root syste ,

redu i g the leaf area a d restri i g tra spiraio ;
tolera e to stress y i reasi g the os oi a d i reases

Ta le . The hara ters of root a ato y of Capsi u
te h i ue.
T eatme t
P
P
P
A e age
T eatme t
P
P
P
A e age
T eatme t
P
P
P
A e age
T eatme t
P
P
P
A e age

K
.
.
.
.
K
.
.
.
.
K
.
.
.
.
K
.
.
.
.

d

f

d
y

h
de
f
y

Values follo ed y sa e leters i the sa e olu
average, did ot difer sig ii a tly at p ≤ %

Total hlorophyll o te t of leaves i reased
i e i terval of

.
.
T
.
.
.
.
T
.
.
.
.
T
.
.
.
.

.

f
a
y

de
a

g

de
h

ateri g supply Ta le

ith less

a d there

as o

sig ii a t difere e a o g the treat e ts. Wateri g supply
o e every

or

days did

hlorophyll o te t. This is i

ot sig ii a tly ha ge the
o trast to Pisu

hereas levels of hlorophyll a,
ith the i e i terval
E

iale et al.,

saivu

L.

a d total de reased alo g

ateri g of

days,

days a d

days

. A ordi g He driya i a d Seiari

, the fa tors that afe t the sy thesis of hlorophyll are
light,

ar ohydrates,

ater, te perature, ge ei , a d

ele e ts su h as N, Mg, Fe, M , Cu, ) , Su, a d O . I the
Sola a eae pla ts su h as potato, hlorophyll o te t varies
a d does ot rele t the se siivity or tolera e to drought
learly So g Ai a d Ba yo,
redu io

o

leaves

u

hlorophyll de rease i

. Eve though, there
er a d size,

ut there

all treat e ts,

as a
as

o

ea i g that

photosy thesis a sill take pla e opi ally. Further stress

frutes ens L. ater

T
.
d

. . Leaves hlorophyll o te t a d io ass

days treated

ith difere t

Root Diamete µm
T
. g
. e
. d
. z
Co i al Tissue Thi k ess µm
T
. f
. f
. d
. y
Stele Diamete µm
T
. h
. f
. d
. z
Xylem Tissue Diamete µm
T
. i
. d
. e
. z

T
.
.
.
.
T
.
.
.
.
T
.
.
.
.
T
.
.
.
.

ateri g supply o veri ulture

d

a

a
e
d

e

a

g

a

A e age
.
.
. p
.
A e age
.
. r
. p
.
A e age
. r
.
. p
.
A e age
. r
.
. p
.

a d ro s i all treat e ts for ea h para eter, or i the sa e ro or olu

for the

J. Trop. Biodiv. Biote h., Vol.

, —

Ta le . The gro th of Capsi u

frutes ens L. ater

T eatme t

K
.
.
.
.

P
P
P
A e age
T eatme t

T eatme t
P
P
P
A e age

.

K
.
.

T eatme t
P
P
P
A e age

.
.
.

T eatme t

a

a
a

T
.
.
.
.

d
d
a d
y

K
.

T
.
.
.
.

a
y

T
.
.
.
.

a
a
a

Values follo ed y sa e leters i the sa e olu
average, did ot difer sig ii a tly at p ≤ %

of

ater dei it

ill

a
a
a

T
.
.
.
.

a

.

K
.
.
.
.

P
P
P
A e age

T
.
.
.
.

a

K
.
.
.
.

P
P
P
A e age

days treated ith difere t ateri g supply o veri ulture te h i ue.

ause a redu io

a
a
a

d
a
a

a
a
a

a
a
a

Pla t Height m
T
. a
. a
. a
.
Lea es Num e /pla t
T
. a
. a
. a
.
Lea es Le gth m
T
. d
. a d
. a
. y
Lea es Width m
T
.
. a
. a
. y
Roots Le gth m
T
. a
. a
. a
.

T
.
.
.
.

a
a

T
.
.
.
.
T
.
.
.
.
T
.
.
.
.

A e age
.
. p
. p
.

a

A e age
. p
. p
. p
.

a
a
a

A e age
.
. p
. p
.

a d
a
a

A e age
.
. p
. p
.

a
a
a

T
.
.
.
.

A e age
. p
. p
. p
.

a
a
a

a d ro s i all treat e ts for ea h para eter, or i the sa e ro or olu

i

the rate of

photosy thesis Khaera a et al.,

, taki g

assi ilate produ io a d yield Neu a

,

utrie ts;

; Jaleel et al.,

pla e Si aga,
pla ts

. Shao et al.

ill de rease the dry

treated

for the

stated that so e

eight of the root-shoot

ith drought. Bio ass is o e of the

ost i porta t

para eters for sele io of pla t resista e to drought i

.
Although there

as

o redu io

i

hlorophyll

o te t, this study sho s that less i e i terval of
supply de li ed the io ass, as
shoots a d roots
lo est

eight

stress,

a

ateri g

easured y fresh a d dry

eight of roots a d shoots. The highest fresh
ere o served i

P

pla ts,

as fou d i P pla ts Ta le

redu e the difere iaio

eight of the

of

hile the

. Higher ater
e

orga s,

eggpla t Fita et al.,

. The de li e i leaf area provides a

lo er leaf surfa e area a d lo a ility to a sor light Morse
et al.,
)al ai

. Si ilar results

ere reported i the olive rop

Boughalle , a d Hajlaoui,

Krish a urthy et al.,

a d jatropha

. The de rease of root io ass

ould e due to less roots produ ed, ot due to shorter roots.
‘oot elo gaio i dry o diio s, ould e a possi le efort

e pa sio a d e large e t of e isi g orga s. The de rease

to i d the sour e of

of io ass a u ulaio

i porta t role i dry soil o diio s. O e efort to

leaves u

This

ould e due to the de rease of

er a d size Ta le

less i e i terval of
aye

he

e pepper

. Ta le

also sho s that the

ateri g supply, the lo ger the roots of

as o served, though it

as ot sig ii a t.

ea s that the root elo gaio is ot follo ed y the

deposit of io ass i root ells or
to i prove the status of

ater i

ore root gro th. I order
i es of drought, rop

ha ge the distri uio of assi ilates to support root gro th

ater. ‘oots

e o e i reasi gly
eet the

ater eeds of pla ts i her ody that is through i reasi g
the le gth of the roots to e pa d the ield of

ater

a sorpio . The allo aio of io ass is lo er to the stress
root ith less tra hea ells, a d it e a les the roots to a sor
ater a d utrie ts slo er. Mea
pla ts o

paralo

pipe, did

gro th a d io ass,

hile, i reasi g posiio of
ot sig ii a tly

ha ge the

ea i g that the availa ility of ater i

at the e pe se of the a opy, so the apa ity of the roots to

higher posiio of paralo pipe re ai ed sui ie t for pla t

a sor the

gro th, so that the

ater i reased a d photosy thesis a sill take

ater dei it ater the treat e t is ot

J. Trop. Biodiv. Biote h., Vol.
Ta le . Leaves hlorophyll o te t a d pla t io ass of Capsi u
veri ulture te h i ue.
T eatme t
P
P
P
A e age

K

.
.
.
.

T eatme t

T eatme t
P
P
P
A e age

.
.
.
.

T eatme t
P
P
P
A e age

.
.
.
.

T eatme t
P
P
P
A e age

.
.
.
.

a
a
a

K
.
.
.
.

P
P
P
A e age

T
.
.
.
.

K

a
a

.

y

a

d

.
.

d
a d
y

K

a
a

Values follo ed y sa e leters i the sa e olu
average, did ot difer sig ii a tly at p ≤ %

that e tre e o diio for this spe ies. Fro
a

e assu ed that the

T

aye

a

a
a
a
y

a
a
a

a d
a d
a

.
.
T
.
.
.
.

a

a

.

T
.
.
.
.

a

K

T
.
.

a

a
a
a

frutes ens L. ater

days treated

Lea es Chlo ophyll Co te t mggT
. a
. a
. a
.
Shoots F esh Weight g
T
.
. a
. a
. y
Roots F esh Weight g
T
.
. a
. a
.
Shoots D y Weight g
T
. d
. a d
. a
. y
Roots D y Weight g
T
.
. a
. a
.

ith difere t

, —

ateri g supply o

sampel

T
.
.
.
.

a
a

T
.
.
.
.
T
.
.
.
.

.
.
.

T

A e age
. p
. p
. p
.

a

A e age
.
. p
. p
.

a
a
a

A e age
.
.
. p
.

a
a
a

A e age
.
. p
. p
.

a d
a
a

.

T
.
.
.
.

A e age
.
. p
. p
.

a
a
a

a d ro s i all treat e ts for ea h para eter, or i the sa e ro or olu

these results, it

for the

A k o ledgme ts

e pepper pla ts avoid
Tha ks

dry ess ith a o servaive strategy of root syste .

ere delivered to Yayasa

Karya Sale

a

E pat a d PT I dofood Sukses Mak ur for their i a ial
. Co lusio s

support to the irst author for doi g her study.

The de reases i

the dia eter of root, stele, a d

Refe e es

yle , ut i rease the porio of orte o urred i pla ts at
height o paralo pipe

ith

days i e i terval of

ateri g o pared to o trol pla ts gro
Pla ts at

height at the paralo

supply o e i
pla ts

at

height.

re eived

ateri g

days had less gro th o pared to o trol

y de reasi g i

pla t height, leaf

idth of leaves, fresh a d dry

u

er, le gth-

eight of roots a d shoots,

hile hlorophyll o te t a d root le gth did ot ha ge. The
opi u

i e i terval of

veri ulture te h i ue as
at the paralo

as

.

ateri g supply for gro th o
days,

hile the opi u

height

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