General Biology Paidi 2011

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Picture 1. Scientific skill (Rezba et al, 1995: 1)

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Diversity & Unity

Time Allocation: 2 x 50’

Learning Objective (s):
1. To identify varieties in one group of organisms
2. To identify uniformity in varieties of organisms
3. To explain principles of diversity and unity in biology
4. To explain taxonomical and non-taxonomical diversity

Diversity & Unity

Diversity & Unity

Differences
Gene – level ---- Within species
Species-level ---- Among species
Ecosystem-level ---- Among system

Similarities
Morphologically
Anatomically
Bio molecularly

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color Gy
size LL
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Fur

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tail

A Linnean hierarchical classification
binomial nomenclature

Kingdoms

Clasiffication
A. To Classify objects only

Clasiffication
A. To Classify objects only

Principles of clasiffication
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Morphological, anatomical, etc… biochemical

Clasiffication
B. To Determinate of phylogeny
Classification of organism:

Taxonomy of organism

Phylogeny tree of organism

Principles of clasiffication

Methods of classification: traditional, phentic, and cladistic.

Organism and its Environment
Organism:

Individual
Population
Community

Biome

Organism and its Environment
Environment:

Niche
Habitat
Biosphere

Association of Organism
and
Interaction Organism and its Environment

Competition
Altruism-innate-instinctive
Predation (Predator - Preyor)
Symbiotic Relationship (mutual, parasitic, commensal)
Non-Symbiotic Relationship (amensalism)
Ecosystem

Components & Structure of Ecosystem
I. Biotic (Living Thing)
a. Producer
b. Consumer (herbivore, carnivore)
c. Detritivore
d. Decomposer
II. Non-Biotic (Non Living Thing)
a. Climatic
b. Edaphic

Functions of Ecosystem
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Density (community)
Distribution (community)
Dominance (community)
Energy flow (ecosystem)
Biogeochemical cycle (ecosystem)

Energy Flow

Consumer III

Energy Flow

(Carnivore or omnivore)
Example: Snake

0,09
90% energy lost

0,1
10% transferred energy

Consumer II
(Carnivore / omnivore)

Example: Frog

0,9
90% energy lost

1
10% transferred energy

Consumer I
(Herbivore)
Example: grasshopper

9
90% energy lost

10
10% transferred energy

Producer

90

Example: Plant Leafs

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90% energy lost
to the
environment
Transferred energy
Energy lost

Free Nitrogen (N2)

Nitrogen in
protein of animal

Death
animal

Nitrogen in
protein of plant

Bacteri
tranforming esrth
nitrogen to free N2

Bacteria bounding
free N2 udara to
earth nitrogen
Death plant

Death Bacteria

Earth nitrogen (Nitrate, Amonia)

Stability and Balance

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Blending Theory-Interbreeding

Blending Theory-Interbreeding

Di hybrid

differential reproduction
Mutation
Variation
selection pressure
survival of the fittest

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