Numerical Approach To Wood Pyrolysis In Consideration Heat And Mass Transfer And Chemical Reaction
APPENDIX 1
Steps OF Numerical Simulation
After planning a CFD analysis on the model. Common step in the completion
of Fluent CFD analysis as follows:
1.
Create geometry and mesh on the model
2.
Choosing the right solver for the model (2d or 3d)
3.
Importing mesh model (grid)
4.
Pass the examination on the mesh models
5.
Choosing a solver formulation
6.
Selecting the basic equations used in the analysis, such laminar, tubulen,
chemical reactions, heat transfer, etc.
7.
Determining the material properties
8.
Determining the boundary conditions
9.
Set the parameters of the control solution
10.
Initialization the flow field
11.
Calculation / iteration
12.
Double check the results of the iteration
13.
Saving iteration results.
These steps are illustrated in the following flow chart in figure 1.1. bellow:
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Start
Constract the
geometri and
meshing
Identify of boundary
area at geomestri
Cheking
mesh
Good meshing
No
Yes
Properties
of Data
Determine
the boundary
condition
Numerical Process. The
chemical reaction eq. 2.1-2.6.
No
Converged itteration
Or Error of Itteration ?
(volume monitor is pressure)
Yes
Plotting of pressure
distribution,
temperature ect.
End
Figure 1.1. Flow Chart of Simulation
Universitas Sumatera Utara
APPENDIX 2
Temperature Distribution inside The Chamber at 400 S
Bottom of wood
Middle of wood
Top of wood
Top of chamber
Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature
0.00
394.08
0.00
304.00
0.00
305.57
0.00
304.05
3.18
394.07
3.18
304.00
3.18
305.57
3.18
304.05
6.35
394.07
6.35
304.00
6.35
305.58
6.35
304.05
9.53
394.08
9.53
304.00
9.53
305.60
9.53
304.05
12.70
394.08
12.70
304.00
12.70
305.63
12.70
304.05
15.88
394.08
15.88
304.00
15.88
305.67
15.88
304.05
19.05
394.09
19.05
304.00
19.05
305.73
19.05
304.06
22.23
394.10
22.23
304.00
22.23
305.82
22.23
304.06
25.40
394.12
25.40
304.00
25.40
305.98
25.40
304.06
28.58
394.17
28.58
304.00
28.58
306.46
28.58
304.06
31.75
394.18
31.75
304.00
31.75
306.79
31.75
304.06
34.93
394.13
34.93
304.00
34.93
306.16
34.93
304.06
38.10
394.10
38.10
304.00
38.10
306.00
38.10
304.07
41.28
394.09
41.28
304.00
41.28
305.97
41.28
304.07
44.45
394.08
44.45
304.00
44.45
305.99
44.45
304.07
47.63
394.08
47.63
304.00
47.63
306.05
47.63
304.07
50.80
394.08
50.80
304.00
50.80
306.13
50.80
304.08
53.98
394.09
53.98
304.00
53.98
306.24
53.98
304.08
57.15
394.10
57.15
304.00
57.15
306.41
57.15
304.09
60.33
394.12
60.33
304.00
60.33
306.70
60.33
304.09
63.50
394.15
63.50
304.00
63.50
307.52
63.50
304.10
66.68
394.12
66.68
304.00
66.68
306.98
66.68
304.10
69.85
394.10
69.85
304.00
69.85
306.90
69.85
304.11
73.03
394.09
73.03
304.00
73.03
306.98
73.03
304.11
76.20
394.08
76.20
304.01
76.20
307.15
76.20
304.12
79.38
394.08
79.38
304.02
79.38
307.38
79.38
304.13
82.55
394.09
82.55
304.04
82.55
307.70
82.55
304.13
85.73
394.10
85.73
304.08
85.73
308.14
85.73
304.14
88.90
394.11
88.90
304.15
88.90
308.77
88.90
304.15
92.08
394.14
92.08
304.29
92.08
309.83
92.08
304.16
95.25
394.19
95.25
304.83
95.25
312.61
95.25
304.17
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Continuance
Temperature Distribution inside The Chamber at 400 S
Bottom of wood
Middle of wood
Top of wood
Top of chamber
Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature
98.43
394.18
98.43
305.61
98.43
313.25
98.43
304.18
101.60
394.14
101.60
306.15
101.60
313.08
101.60
304.20
104.77
394.13
104.77
307.29
104.77
314.53
104.77
304.21
107.95
394.14
107.95
309.52
107.95
317.15
107.95
304.22
111.12
394.16
111.12
312.96
111.12
321.26
111.12
304.24
114.30
394.19
114.30
318.84
114.30
327.39
114.30
304.26
117.47
394.25
117.47
328.09
117.47
336.30
117.47
304.28
120.65
394.32
120.65
341.20
120.65
349.27
120.65
304.32
123.82
394.43
123.82
362.92
123.82
367.78
123.82
304.36
127.00
394.55
127.00
394.13
127.00
394.30
127.00
304.42
Universitas Sumatera Utara
APPENDIX 3
Temperature Distribution inside The Chamber at 800 S
Bottom of wood
Middle of wood
Top of wood
Top of chamber
Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature
0.00
540.55
0.00
304.00
0.00
311.46
0.00
305.72
3.18
540.55
3.18
304.00
3.18
311.47
3.18
305.72
6.35
540.55
6.35
304.00
6.35
311.52
6.35
305.72
9.53
540.55
9.53
304.00
9.53
311.60
9.53
305.73
12.70
540.56 12.70
304.00 12.70
311.72 12.70
305.74
15.88
540.57 15.88
304.00 15.88
311.90 15.88
305.75
19.05
540.58 19.05
304.00 19.05
312.14 19.05
305.77
22.23
540.61 22.23
304.00 22.23
312.49 22.23
305.79
25.40
540.64 25.40
304.00 25.40
313.02 25.40
305.81
28.58
540.71 28.58
304.00 28.58
314.58 28.58
305.83
31.75
540.73 31.75
304.00 31.75
315.65 31.75
305.86
34.93
540.65 34.93
304.00 34.93
313.77 34.93
305.89
38.10
540.60 38.10
304.00 38.10
313.29 38.10
305.92
41.28
540.58 41.28
304.00 41.28
313.23 41.28
305.96
44.45
540.57 44.45
304.00 44.45
313.34 44.45
306.00
47.63
540.57 47.63
304.00 47.63
313.57 47.63
306.04
50.80
540.57 50.80
304.01 50.80
313.92 50.80
306.09
53.98
540.58 53.98
304.01 53.98
314.40 53.98
306.14
57.15
540.59 57.15
304.02 57.15
315.06 57.15
306.19
60.33
540.63 60.33
304.04 60.33
316.13 60.33
306.25
63.50
540.69 63.50
304.10 63.50
318.93 63.50
306.31
66.68
540.63 66.68
304.16 66.68
317.60 66.68
306.38
69.85
540.59 69.85
304.22 69.85
317.60 69.85
306.44
73.03
540.58 73.03
304.34 73.03
318.17 73.03
306.52
76.20
540.57 76.20
304.54 76.20
319.09 76.20
306.60
79.38
540.57 79.38
304.86 79.38
320.37 79.38
306.68
82.55
540.58 82.55
305.35 82.55
322.08 82.55
306.76
85.73
540.60 85.73
306.09 85.73
324.32 85.73
306.85
88.90
540.63 88.90
307.19 88.90
327.37 88.90
306.95
92.08
540.68 92.08
308.80 92.08
331.94 92.08
307.05
95.25
540.76 95.25
313.93 95.25
342.55 95.25
307.16
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Continuance
Temperature Distribution inside The Chamber at 800 S
Bottom of wood
Middle of wood
Top of wood
Top of chamber
Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature
98.43
540.74 98.43
321.24 98.43
348.34 98.43
307.27
101.60
540.68 101.60
324.93 101.60
350.31 101.60
307.39
104.77
540.67 104.77
330.74 104.77
356.57 104.77
307.52
107.95
540.69 107.95
340.00 107.95
366.17 107.95
307.65
111.12
540.72 111.12
352.95 111.12
379.55 111.12
307.80
114.30
540.77 114.30
371.51 114.30
397.40 114.30
307.96
117.47
540.86 117.47
397.09 117.47
420.73 117.47
308.15
120.65
540.97 120.65
430.50 120.65
451.14 120.65
308.42
123.82
541.12 123.82
477.99 123.82
490.37 123.82
308.76
127.00
541.28 127.00
540.63 127.00
540.94 127.00
309.17
Universitas Sumatera Utara
APPENDIX 4
Temperature Distribution inside The Chamber at 1200 S
Bottom of wood
Middle of wood
Top of wood
Top of chamber
Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature
0.00
3.18
6.35
9.53
12.70
15.88
19.05
22.23
25.40
28.58
31.75
34.93
38.10
41.28
44.45
47.63
50.80
53.98
57.15
60.33
63.50
66.68
69.85
73.03
76.20
79.38
82.55
85.73
88.90
92.08
95.25
98.43
630.25
630.25
630.25
630.25
630.26
630.27
630.28
630.30
630.32
630.38
630.39
630.33
630.30
630.28
630.27
630.27
630.27
630.27
630.29
630.31
630.36
630.31
630.29
630.28
630.27
630.27
630.28
630.30
630.32
630.37
630.44
630.43
0.00
3.18
6.35
9.53
12.70
15.88
19.05
22.23
25.40
28.58
31.75
34.93
38.10
41.28
44.45
47.63
50.80
53.98
57.15
60.33
63.50
66.68
69.85
73.03
76.20
79.38
82.55
85.73
88.90
92.08
95.25
98.43
304.00
304.00
304.00
304.00
304.00
304.00
304.00
304.01
304.01
304.01
304.02
304.02
304.03
304.04
304.06
304.09
304.14
304.21
304.32
304.48
304.99
305.51
305.92
306.58
307.56
308.95
310.85
313.43
316.88
321.44
334.33
352.27
0.00
3.18
6.35
9.53
12.70
15.88
19.05
22.23
25.40
28.58
31.75
34.93
38.10
41.28
44.45
47.63
50.80
53.98
57.15
60.33
63.50
66.68
69.85
73.03
76.20
79.38
82.55
85.73
88.90
92.08
95.25
98.43
320.29
320.31
320.40
320.57
320.82
321.15
321.60
322.21
323.12
325.56
327.32
324.62
323.97
323.97
324.28
324.81
325.56
326.56
327.88
329.90
334.80
333.66
334.24
335.83
338.14
341.18
345.08
349.99
356.33
365.08
383.27
396.53
0.00
3.18
6.35
9.53
12.70
15.88
19.05
22.23
25.40
28.58
31.75
34.93
38.10
41.28
44.45
47.63
50.80
53.98
57.15
60.33
63.50
66.68
69.85
73.03
76.20
79.38
82.55
85.73
88.90
92.08
95.25
98.43
313.05
313.05
313.06
313.08
313.11
313.15
313.20
313.25
313.31
313.38
313.46
313.55
313.65
313.75
313.87
313.99
314.12
314.26
314.41
314.57
314.74
314.92
315.10
315.30
315.51
315.73
315.96
316.20
316.45
316.71
316.99
317.28
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Continuance
98. 3
630. 3 98. 3
35 . 7
98. 3
396.53
98. 3
3 7. 8
Temperature Distribution inside The Chamber at 1200 S
Bottom of wood
Middle of wood
Top of wood
Top of chamber
Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature
101.60
104.77
107.95
111.12
114.30
117.47
120.65
123.82
127.00
630.39
630.39
630.41
630.44
630.48
630.54
630.62
630.71
630.78
101.60
104.77
107.95
111.12
114.30
117.47
120.65
123.82
127.00
360.62
371.79
387.82
409.06
436.95
472.38
516.42
569.19
630.31
101.60
104.77
107.95
111.12
114.30
117.47
120.65
123.82
127.00
402.65
413.89
429.46
449.63
474.79
505.34
541.74
583.90
630.57
101.60
104.77
107.95
111.12
114.30
117.47
120.65
123.82
127.00
317.58
317.89
318.23
318.59
318.97
319.43
320.04
320.82
321.76
Universitas Sumatera Utara
APPENDIX 5
Transient Temperature
a.
Furnace
At the furnace, the transient temperature is given by the bottom temperature
from the experimental data that recorded every 60 seconds. We give the profil of the
transient temperature as bellow:
((Bottom transient 41 0)
(time
0
60
120
180
240
300
360
420
480
540
600
660
720
780
840
900
960
1020
1080
1140
1200
1260
1320
1380
1440
1500
Universitas Sumatera Utara
1560
1620
1680
1740
1800
1980
2160
2340
2520
2700
2880
3060
3240
3420
3600
)
(T
306
321
331
338
347
363
379
396
418
447
482
512
545
573
604
622
638
654
656
686
686
683
676
494
574
697
Universitas Sumatera Utara
683
640
737
743
753
762
776
765
764
772
778
815
832
853
863
)
)
b.
Top Furnace
On the top furnace is given the transient temperature of top temperature T2
from the experimental data. We give the profil of the transient temperature as bellow:
((Top transient 41 0)
(time
0
60
120
180
240
300
360
420
480
540
600
660
720
780
840
900
960
Universitas Sumatera Utara
1020
1080
1140
1200
1260
1320
1380
1440
1500
1560
1620
1680
1740
1800
1980
2160
2340
2520
2700
2880
3060
3240
3420
3600
)
(TTOP
306
306
307
307
307
308
308
309
310
312
314
318
320
327
336
336
339
Universitas Sumatera Utara
341
343
346
348
351
385
412
438
430
433
443
446
444
454
474
471
489
509
541
547
562
582
589
593
)
)
Universitas Sumatera Utara
APPENDIX 6
UDF Used in this Analysis
a.
Velocity Inlet:
Inlet velocity is an initial of volatile inlet, in this boundary condition the user
define function (UDF) is given. However, the velocity adjusted to obtain a
good deal on increasing the pressure inside chamber when the wood pyrolysis
process started. We give the profil of the transient temperature as bellow:
Volatile sublimation are:
#include "udf.h"
#include "mem.h"
DEFINE_PROFILE(soblimation,t, i)
{
cell_t c;
face_t f;
real tima;
real timma;
real vola;
tima=RP_Get_Double("flow-time");
timma=tima-900.0;
if(tima>=900.0)
{
begin_f_loop(f,t)
{
vola=8.0e-1*sqrt(timma/(timma*timma+40000.0));
if(vola>=1.0e-2) vola=1.0e-2;
Universitas Sumatera Utara
if(timma>=120.0)
{
vola=1.0e-6/(1.0e-7*(timma-120.0)*(timma-120.0)+1.0e-4);
if(vola
Steps OF Numerical Simulation
After planning a CFD analysis on the model. Common step in the completion
of Fluent CFD analysis as follows:
1.
Create geometry and mesh on the model
2.
Choosing the right solver for the model (2d or 3d)
3.
Importing mesh model (grid)
4.
Pass the examination on the mesh models
5.
Choosing a solver formulation
6.
Selecting the basic equations used in the analysis, such laminar, tubulen,
chemical reactions, heat transfer, etc.
7.
Determining the material properties
8.
Determining the boundary conditions
9.
Set the parameters of the control solution
10.
Initialization the flow field
11.
Calculation / iteration
12.
Double check the results of the iteration
13.
Saving iteration results.
These steps are illustrated in the following flow chart in figure 1.1. bellow:
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Start
Constract the
geometri and
meshing
Identify of boundary
area at geomestri
Cheking
mesh
Good meshing
No
Yes
Properties
of Data
Determine
the boundary
condition
Numerical Process. The
chemical reaction eq. 2.1-2.6.
No
Converged itteration
Or Error of Itteration ?
(volume monitor is pressure)
Yes
Plotting of pressure
distribution,
temperature ect.
End
Figure 1.1. Flow Chart of Simulation
Universitas Sumatera Utara
APPENDIX 2
Temperature Distribution inside The Chamber at 400 S
Bottom of wood
Middle of wood
Top of wood
Top of chamber
Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature
0.00
394.08
0.00
304.00
0.00
305.57
0.00
304.05
3.18
394.07
3.18
304.00
3.18
305.57
3.18
304.05
6.35
394.07
6.35
304.00
6.35
305.58
6.35
304.05
9.53
394.08
9.53
304.00
9.53
305.60
9.53
304.05
12.70
394.08
12.70
304.00
12.70
305.63
12.70
304.05
15.88
394.08
15.88
304.00
15.88
305.67
15.88
304.05
19.05
394.09
19.05
304.00
19.05
305.73
19.05
304.06
22.23
394.10
22.23
304.00
22.23
305.82
22.23
304.06
25.40
394.12
25.40
304.00
25.40
305.98
25.40
304.06
28.58
394.17
28.58
304.00
28.58
306.46
28.58
304.06
31.75
394.18
31.75
304.00
31.75
306.79
31.75
304.06
34.93
394.13
34.93
304.00
34.93
306.16
34.93
304.06
38.10
394.10
38.10
304.00
38.10
306.00
38.10
304.07
41.28
394.09
41.28
304.00
41.28
305.97
41.28
304.07
44.45
394.08
44.45
304.00
44.45
305.99
44.45
304.07
47.63
394.08
47.63
304.00
47.63
306.05
47.63
304.07
50.80
394.08
50.80
304.00
50.80
306.13
50.80
304.08
53.98
394.09
53.98
304.00
53.98
306.24
53.98
304.08
57.15
394.10
57.15
304.00
57.15
306.41
57.15
304.09
60.33
394.12
60.33
304.00
60.33
306.70
60.33
304.09
63.50
394.15
63.50
304.00
63.50
307.52
63.50
304.10
66.68
394.12
66.68
304.00
66.68
306.98
66.68
304.10
69.85
394.10
69.85
304.00
69.85
306.90
69.85
304.11
73.03
394.09
73.03
304.00
73.03
306.98
73.03
304.11
76.20
394.08
76.20
304.01
76.20
307.15
76.20
304.12
79.38
394.08
79.38
304.02
79.38
307.38
79.38
304.13
82.55
394.09
82.55
304.04
82.55
307.70
82.55
304.13
85.73
394.10
85.73
304.08
85.73
308.14
85.73
304.14
88.90
394.11
88.90
304.15
88.90
308.77
88.90
304.15
92.08
394.14
92.08
304.29
92.08
309.83
92.08
304.16
95.25
394.19
95.25
304.83
95.25
312.61
95.25
304.17
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Continuance
Temperature Distribution inside The Chamber at 400 S
Bottom of wood
Middle of wood
Top of wood
Top of chamber
Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature
98.43
394.18
98.43
305.61
98.43
313.25
98.43
304.18
101.60
394.14
101.60
306.15
101.60
313.08
101.60
304.20
104.77
394.13
104.77
307.29
104.77
314.53
104.77
304.21
107.95
394.14
107.95
309.52
107.95
317.15
107.95
304.22
111.12
394.16
111.12
312.96
111.12
321.26
111.12
304.24
114.30
394.19
114.30
318.84
114.30
327.39
114.30
304.26
117.47
394.25
117.47
328.09
117.47
336.30
117.47
304.28
120.65
394.32
120.65
341.20
120.65
349.27
120.65
304.32
123.82
394.43
123.82
362.92
123.82
367.78
123.82
304.36
127.00
394.55
127.00
394.13
127.00
394.30
127.00
304.42
Universitas Sumatera Utara
APPENDIX 3
Temperature Distribution inside The Chamber at 800 S
Bottom of wood
Middle of wood
Top of wood
Top of chamber
Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature
0.00
540.55
0.00
304.00
0.00
311.46
0.00
305.72
3.18
540.55
3.18
304.00
3.18
311.47
3.18
305.72
6.35
540.55
6.35
304.00
6.35
311.52
6.35
305.72
9.53
540.55
9.53
304.00
9.53
311.60
9.53
305.73
12.70
540.56 12.70
304.00 12.70
311.72 12.70
305.74
15.88
540.57 15.88
304.00 15.88
311.90 15.88
305.75
19.05
540.58 19.05
304.00 19.05
312.14 19.05
305.77
22.23
540.61 22.23
304.00 22.23
312.49 22.23
305.79
25.40
540.64 25.40
304.00 25.40
313.02 25.40
305.81
28.58
540.71 28.58
304.00 28.58
314.58 28.58
305.83
31.75
540.73 31.75
304.00 31.75
315.65 31.75
305.86
34.93
540.65 34.93
304.00 34.93
313.77 34.93
305.89
38.10
540.60 38.10
304.00 38.10
313.29 38.10
305.92
41.28
540.58 41.28
304.00 41.28
313.23 41.28
305.96
44.45
540.57 44.45
304.00 44.45
313.34 44.45
306.00
47.63
540.57 47.63
304.00 47.63
313.57 47.63
306.04
50.80
540.57 50.80
304.01 50.80
313.92 50.80
306.09
53.98
540.58 53.98
304.01 53.98
314.40 53.98
306.14
57.15
540.59 57.15
304.02 57.15
315.06 57.15
306.19
60.33
540.63 60.33
304.04 60.33
316.13 60.33
306.25
63.50
540.69 63.50
304.10 63.50
318.93 63.50
306.31
66.68
540.63 66.68
304.16 66.68
317.60 66.68
306.38
69.85
540.59 69.85
304.22 69.85
317.60 69.85
306.44
73.03
540.58 73.03
304.34 73.03
318.17 73.03
306.52
76.20
540.57 76.20
304.54 76.20
319.09 76.20
306.60
79.38
540.57 79.38
304.86 79.38
320.37 79.38
306.68
82.55
540.58 82.55
305.35 82.55
322.08 82.55
306.76
85.73
540.60 85.73
306.09 85.73
324.32 85.73
306.85
88.90
540.63 88.90
307.19 88.90
327.37 88.90
306.95
92.08
540.68 92.08
308.80 92.08
331.94 92.08
307.05
95.25
540.76 95.25
313.93 95.25
342.55 95.25
307.16
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Continuance
Temperature Distribution inside The Chamber at 800 S
Bottom of wood
Middle of wood
Top of wood
Top of chamber
Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature
98.43
540.74 98.43
321.24 98.43
348.34 98.43
307.27
101.60
540.68 101.60
324.93 101.60
350.31 101.60
307.39
104.77
540.67 104.77
330.74 104.77
356.57 104.77
307.52
107.95
540.69 107.95
340.00 107.95
366.17 107.95
307.65
111.12
540.72 111.12
352.95 111.12
379.55 111.12
307.80
114.30
540.77 114.30
371.51 114.30
397.40 114.30
307.96
117.47
540.86 117.47
397.09 117.47
420.73 117.47
308.15
120.65
540.97 120.65
430.50 120.65
451.14 120.65
308.42
123.82
541.12 123.82
477.99 123.82
490.37 123.82
308.76
127.00
541.28 127.00
540.63 127.00
540.94 127.00
309.17
Universitas Sumatera Utara
APPENDIX 4
Temperature Distribution inside The Chamber at 1200 S
Bottom of wood
Middle of wood
Top of wood
Top of chamber
Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature
0.00
3.18
6.35
9.53
12.70
15.88
19.05
22.23
25.40
28.58
31.75
34.93
38.10
41.28
44.45
47.63
50.80
53.98
57.15
60.33
63.50
66.68
69.85
73.03
76.20
79.38
82.55
85.73
88.90
92.08
95.25
98.43
630.25
630.25
630.25
630.25
630.26
630.27
630.28
630.30
630.32
630.38
630.39
630.33
630.30
630.28
630.27
630.27
630.27
630.27
630.29
630.31
630.36
630.31
630.29
630.28
630.27
630.27
630.28
630.30
630.32
630.37
630.44
630.43
0.00
3.18
6.35
9.53
12.70
15.88
19.05
22.23
25.40
28.58
31.75
34.93
38.10
41.28
44.45
47.63
50.80
53.98
57.15
60.33
63.50
66.68
69.85
73.03
76.20
79.38
82.55
85.73
88.90
92.08
95.25
98.43
304.00
304.00
304.00
304.00
304.00
304.00
304.00
304.01
304.01
304.01
304.02
304.02
304.03
304.04
304.06
304.09
304.14
304.21
304.32
304.48
304.99
305.51
305.92
306.58
307.56
308.95
310.85
313.43
316.88
321.44
334.33
352.27
0.00
3.18
6.35
9.53
12.70
15.88
19.05
22.23
25.40
28.58
31.75
34.93
38.10
41.28
44.45
47.63
50.80
53.98
57.15
60.33
63.50
66.68
69.85
73.03
76.20
79.38
82.55
85.73
88.90
92.08
95.25
98.43
320.29
320.31
320.40
320.57
320.82
321.15
321.60
322.21
323.12
325.56
327.32
324.62
323.97
323.97
324.28
324.81
325.56
326.56
327.88
329.90
334.80
333.66
334.24
335.83
338.14
341.18
345.08
349.99
356.33
365.08
383.27
396.53
0.00
3.18
6.35
9.53
12.70
15.88
19.05
22.23
25.40
28.58
31.75
34.93
38.10
41.28
44.45
47.63
50.80
53.98
57.15
60.33
63.50
66.68
69.85
73.03
76.20
79.38
82.55
85.73
88.90
92.08
95.25
98.43
313.05
313.05
313.06
313.08
313.11
313.15
313.20
313.25
313.31
313.38
313.46
313.55
313.65
313.75
313.87
313.99
314.12
314.26
314.41
314.57
314.74
314.92
315.10
315.30
315.51
315.73
315.96
316.20
316.45
316.71
316.99
317.28
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Continuance
98. 3
630. 3 98. 3
35 . 7
98. 3
396.53
98. 3
3 7. 8
Temperature Distribution inside The Chamber at 1200 S
Bottom of wood
Middle of wood
Top of wood
Top of chamber
Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature
101.60
104.77
107.95
111.12
114.30
117.47
120.65
123.82
127.00
630.39
630.39
630.41
630.44
630.48
630.54
630.62
630.71
630.78
101.60
104.77
107.95
111.12
114.30
117.47
120.65
123.82
127.00
360.62
371.79
387.82
409.06
436.95
472.38
516.42
569.19
630.31
101.60
104.77
107.95
111.12
114.30
117.47
120.65
123.82
127.00
402.65
413.89
429.46
449.63
474.79
505.34
541.74
583.90
630.57
101.60
104.77
107.95
111.12
114.30
117.47
120.65
123.82
127.00
317.58
317.89
318.23
318.59
318.97
319.43
320.04
320.82
321.76
Universitas Sumatera Utara
APPENDIX 5
Transient Temperature
a.
Furnace
At the furnace, the transient temperature is given by the bottom temperature
from the experimental data that recorded every 60 seconds. We give the profil of the
transient temperature as bellow:
((Bottom transient 41 0)
(time
0
60
120
180
240
300
360
420
480
540
600
660
720
780
840
900
960
1020
1080
1140
1200
1260
1320
1380
1440
1500
Universitas Sumatera Utara
1560
1620
1680
1740
1800
1980
2160
2340
2520
2700
2880
3060
3240
3420
3600
)
(T
306
321
331
338
347
363
379
396
418
447
482
512
545
573
604
622
638
654
656
686
686
683
676
494
574
697
Universitas Sumatera Utara
683
640
737
743
753
762
776
765
764
772
778
815
832
853
863
)
)
b.
Top Furnace
On the top furnace is given the transient temperature of top temperature T2
from the experimental data. We give the profil of the transient temperature as bellow:
((Top transient 41 0)
(time
0
60
120
180
240
300
360
420
480
540
600
660
720
780
840
900
960
Universitas Sumatera Utara
1020
1080
1140
1200
1260
1320
1380
1440
1500
1560
1620
1680
1740
1800
1980
2160
2340
2520
2700
2880
3060
3240
3420
3600
)
(TTOP
306
306
307
307
307
308
308
309
310
312
314
318
320
327
336
336
339
Universitas Sumatera Utara
341
343
346
348
351
385
412
438
430
433
443
446
444
454
474
471
489
509
541
547
562
582
589
593
)
)
Universitas Sumatera Utara
APPENDIX 6
UDF Used in this Analysis
a.
Velocity Inlet:
Inlet velocity is an initial of volatile inlet, in this boundary condition the user
define function (UDF) is given. However, the velocity adjusted to obtain a
good deal on increasing the pressure inside chamber when the wood pyrolysis
process started. We give the profil of the transient temperature as bellow:
Volatile sublimation are:
#include "udf.h"
#include "mem.h"
DEFINE_PROFILE(soblimation,t, i)
{
cell_t c;
face_t f;
real tima;
real timma;
real vola;
tima=RP_Get_Double("flow-time");
timma=tima-900.0;
if(tima>=900.0)
{
begin_f_loop(f,t)
{
vola=8.0e-1*sqrt(timma/(timma*timma+40000.0));
if(vola>=1.0e-2) vola=1.0e-2;
Universitas Sumatera Utara
if(timma>=120.0)
{
vola=1.0e-6/(1.0e-7*(timma-120.0)*(timma-120.0)+1.0e-4);
if(vola