THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FINITE ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND NON-FINITE ADVERBIAL CLAUSES: A CASE STUDY OF THE JAKARTA POST HEADLINE NEWS OF MAY 9

  

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FINITE ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

AND NON-FINITE ADVERBIAL CLAUSES:

A CASE STUDY OF THE JAKARTA POST HEADLINE NEWS OF

MAY 9 TH

  

TH

, 2011 EDITIONS AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

• - MAY 15

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

  Grety Valentine Putri

  Student Number: 084214028

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

  

2012

  

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FINITE ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

AND NON-FINITE ADVERBIAL CLAUSES:

A CASE STUDY OF THE JAKARTA POST HEADLINE NEWS OF

MAY 9 TH

  

TH

, 2011 EDITIONS AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

• - MAY 15

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

  Grety Valentine Putri

  Student Number: 084214028

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2012

     

   

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FINITE ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

AND NON-FINITE ADVERBIAL CLAUSES:

  

A CASE STUDY OF THE JAKARTA POST HEADLINE NEWS

TH TH

OF MAY 9 - MAY 15 , 2011 EDITIONS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

GRETY VALENTINE PUTRI

  Student Number: 084214028

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

   

   

   

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI

  Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:

  Grety Valentine Putri

  Nama : Nim : 084214028 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma kaya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

  

The Effectiveness of Finite Adverbial Clauses and Non-Finite Adverbial

th

  

Clauses: a Case Study of the Jakarta Post Headline News of May 9 - May

th 15 , 2011 Editions.

  Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan. Dengan demikian, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas dan mempublikasinya di internet atau media yang lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta izin dan saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

  Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal : 29 Agustus 2012 Yang menyatakan,

   

STATEMENT ORIGANILITY

  This is to certify that all ideas, phrases, sentences, unless otherwise stated, are the ideas, phrases, and sentences of the thesis writer. The writer understands the full consequences including degree cancelation if she took somebody else’s ideas, phrases or sentences without proper references.

  Yogyakarta, August 29, 2012 Grety Valentine Putri

   

I dedicate this thesis to my beloved parents, Drs.

SRIWIDADI and SEPTI YANTI, my sister Indah

Primaniarta Aji, and my brother Sution Aji

Depfinanta. I will always love you

   

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  My greatest gratitude goes to Allah SWT, the Almighty for always giving me strength to finish this thesis and I have to thank Muhammad SAW as the truth leader.

  I would also like to express my deep gratitude for those who have given me a great amount of help, support, and guidance in writing this undergraduate thesis.

  I am particularly grateful to J. Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, S.S., M.Hum., my thesis advisor, who has guided me patiently during the processes of finishing this thesis and has given me time to consult this thesis until it is done.

  This thesis would also not be finished without the guidance and supports of my co-advisor, Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. I greatly appreciate your patience and sincere helps during the process of finishing this thesis. Thanks to Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum., as my thesis examiner, who has given me guidance and corrections until I finish the revision.

  I would like to give my thanks to Sanata Dharma University and the Department of English Letters for giving me facilities and comfortable place to learn and grow up maturely and all of the secretarial staff: Bu Ninik and friends and also to my academic advisor, Maria Ananta Tri Suryandari S.S., M.Ed. for guiding me during my study.

  I dedicated this thesis to my beloved father, Sriwidadi and my beautiful mother Septi Yanti, my wonderful brother and sister; Sution Aji Depfinanta and

   

  love regard to my lovely. Thank you for all your love and support to me. I love you all.

  I would like to express my gratitude to my best friends: Rizka, Karina, Yani, and Silvia, I love our happy-crazy moments so much. They were so memorable.

  I would like to give my deepest thanks to all my friends in English Letters 2008, especially Michelle, Astu, Blesta, Vicka, Tri, Yoga, Putri, Deni, Rin-rin, Evi, Via, Ari, Dewi, Ajeng, Gisel, Ari, and others whom I cannot mention one by one. I thank them for their support to finish my study and for their friendship.

  Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all people who cannot be mentioned one by one. I thank them for their support and contribution to me during the completion of my study. I realize that this thesis is not perfect, so that I also expect comments and suggestions for better improvement.

  Grety Valentine Putri

    TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE .......................................................................................... ii

  

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ..................................................................................... iii

DEDICATION PAGE ....................................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................. vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. ix

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................ xi

LIST OF DIAGRAMS ...................................................................................... xii

ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... xiii

ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................... xiv

  CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 1 A. Background of the study ................................................................... 1 B. Problem Formulations ....................................................................... 5 C. Objectives of the study ...................................................................... 6 D. Definition of terms ............................................................................ 6 CH AP TER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ................................................... 8 A. Review of Related Studies ................................................................ 8 B. R

  eview of Related Theories .............................................................. 9 1.

  Complex Sentence ................................................................. 9 2. Structural Type of Dependent Clause ................................... 10 3. Adverbial Clauses ................................................................. 11 4. Finite Adverbial Clauses ....................................................... 14 5. Non-Finite Adverbial Clauses ............................................... 14 6. The advantages of Finite Adverbial Clauses and

  Non-Finite Adverbial Clauses ............................................... 16 a.

  The advantages of Finite Adverbial Clauses ................... 16 b. The advantages of Non-Finite Adverbial Clauses .......... 17 7. The disadvantages of Finite Adverbial Clauses and Non-

  Finite Adverbial Clauses ....................................................... 18 a.

  The disadvantages of Finite Adverbial Clauses .............. 18 b. The disadvantages of Non-Finite Adverbial Clauses ...... 19 8. Theory of Effectiveness in Newspaper Writing .................... 20 C. Theoretical Framework ..................................................................... 23

   

  The advantages of Non-finite Adverbial Clauses .......................... 38 a.

  

IBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. xv

APPENDICES

  Conclusion ........................................................................................ 81 B. Suggestion ......................................................................................... 83

  

HAPTER V: CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 81

A.

  The Effectiveness of Finite Adverbial Clauses ............................. 46 2. The Effectiveness of Non-Finite Adverbial Clauses ..................... 71

  The Effectiveness of Finite Adverbial Clauses and Non-finite Adverbial Clauses ................................................................................. 45 1.

  b. Creating unclear tenses ...................................................... 44  

  Making ambiguity .............................................................. 43

  Using long sentence .......................................................... 41 b. Creating more than one meaning ....................................... 42 2. The Disadvantages of Non-Finite Adverbial Clauses ................... 43 a.

  The Disadvantages of Finite Adverbial Clauses ............................ 40 a.

  Adverbial Clauses ............................................................................... 40 1.

  Shorting sentences.............................................................. 38 b. Compacting sentences ........................................................ 39 B. The Disadvantages of Finite Adverbial Clauses and Non-finite

  The Advantages of Finite Adverbial Clauses and Non-Finite Adverbial Clauses ................................................................................ 34 2.

  CHAPTER III: M A. O B. M C. R b.

  TER IV: ANALYSIS ............................................................................. 34 A.

  Data Collection .............................................................................. 28 Population and Sample .................................................................. 30 Data Analysis ................................................................................. 31 esearch Framework ........................................................................... 33

  Objective Data ................................................................... 26 Affective Data .................................................................... 27

  Kinds of Data ................................................................................. 26 a.

  bject of the study ............................................................................... 25 ethod of the study ............................................................................. 25 esearch Procedure ............................................................................. 26 1.

  C B ETHODOLOGY ................................................................ 25

  Structural clarity ................................................................. 36 b. Distinct tenses .................................................................... 37 C.

  The advantages of Finite Adverbial Clauses ................................. 35 a.

  CHAP 1.

  4. D. R

  3.

  2.

  1. Appendix 1………………………………………………………….xviii 2. Appendix 2……………………………………………………….....xxiii

    LIST OF TABLES

  Table 1. The exam ple of code finite adverbial clauses ....................................... 28 Table 2. The exam ple of questionnaire ............................................................... 29 Tabl e 3. The example of the analysis of non-finite adverbial clause .................. 32 Table 4. Nu mber of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses ... 35 Table 5. Th e result from the sentences containing finite adverbial clauses ........ 46 T able 6. The result from the sentences containing non-finite adverbia l clauses ................................................................................................... 71

                                     

   

LIST OF DIAGRAMS

  Diagram 1. Demographic Readers P rofile the Jakarta Pos t ............................... 27 Diagram 2. The result from the sentences containing finite adverbial clauses ... 47 Diagram 3. The result from the sentences containing non-finite adverbial clauses .............................................................................................. 72

                                           

 

   

ABSTRACT

  G RETY VALENTINE PUTRI. The Effectiveness of Finite Adverbial Clauses

  

a nd Non-Finite Adverbial Clauses: a Case Study of the Jakarta Post Headline

th th N ews of May 9 - May 15

  , 2011 Editions. Yogyakarta: Department of English

  Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sana ta Dharma University, 20 12.

  Complex sentence consist of main clause and subordinate clause. One of the common subordinate clauses is adverbial clauses. The main structural types of adverbial clauses are finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses . Finite adverbial clauses can be made from non-finite adverbial clauses and vice versa if the subject of the adverbial clause is the same as the subject of the main clause. The objects of the study were the finite adverbial clauses and the non- finite adverbial clauses. They were used to measure the effectiveness in h eadline

  th th news of the Jakarta Post published on May 9 – 15 , 2011 editions.

  This thesis has three objectives. The first objective is to find out the advantages of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses. The second objective is to find out the disadvantages of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses. The third objective is to find out the effectiveness of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses that are obtained from the results of the questionnaires from the readers of the Jakarta Post.

  This research applied qualitative research of case study because this research studied a particular context and a particular point in time. The library research was used as the method of the study because all the data, theories, and references were collected from written sources. This study also employed an empirical method by distributing some questionnaires to various respondents. Then, the researcher classified the data which contain finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses. The next step was identifying the advantages of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses, then identifying the disadvantages of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses. Finally, the researcher identified the effectiveness between the finite adverbial clauses and the non-finite adverbial clauses in terms of how clear and easy they are to be understood by the readers based on the result of the questionnaires.

  B ased on the analysis in this study, the advantages of finite adverbial clauses are structural clarity and distinct tenses. The advantages of non-finite adverbial clauses are able to shorten sentences, and to make sentences compacted. The disadvantages of finite adverbial clauses are they usually use a long sentence and some of the subordinator conjunctions have more than one meaning. The disadvantages of non-finite adverbial clauses are they can make the sentences ambiguous and the tenses of non-finite adverbial clauses are not clear. Based on

   

  the result of the questionnaires, the finite adverbial clauses are still complicated because many subordinators introduce clauses with different meanings while the non-finite adverbial clauses are complicated because the subject is difficult to determine.

   

ABST RAK

  GRETY VALENTINE PUTRI. The Effectiveness of Finite Adverbial Clauses

  

and Non-Finite Adverbial Clauses: a Case Study of the Jakarta Post Headline

th th News of May 9 - May 15 , 201

1 Editions. Yo gyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris,

  Fakultas sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharm a, 2012.

  Kalimat majemuk memiliki induk kalimat dan anak kalimat. Salah satu anak kalimat yang sering digunakan adalah klausa keterangan. Jenis struktur utama dari klausa keterangan adalah klausa keterangan terbatas dan klausa keterangan tidak te rbatas. Klausa keterangan terbatas dapat dibuat menjadi klausa tidak terbatas d an s ebaliknya, jika subjek dari klausa keterangan sama dengan subjek dari klausa utama.Objek dari penelitian ini adalah klausa keterangan terbatas dan klausa keterangan tidak terbatas untuk mengukur keefektifan dalam berita utama di the Jakarta Post pada edisi 9 Mei - 15 Mei, 2011.

  Tesis ini memiliki tiga tujuan. Tujuan pertama adalah untuk mengetahui keuntungan klausa keterangan terbatas dan klausa keterangan tidak terbatas. Tujuan kedua adalah untuk mengetahui kerugian klausa keterangan terbatas dan klausa keterangan tidak terbatas. Tujuan ketiga adalah untuk mengetahui sejauh mana keefektifan yang didapat dari klausa keterangan terbatas dan klausa keterangan tidak terbatas yang diperoleh dari hasil kuesioner.

  Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif studi kasus karena penelitian ini mempelajari suatu konteks tertentu dan dalam waktu tertentu. Studi pustaka sebagai metode penelitian karena semua data, teori, dan referensi dikumpulkan dari sumber tertulis. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan metode empiris dengan membagikan kuesioner kepada responden. Kemudian, peneliti mengklasifikasi data yang mengandung klausa keterangan terbatas dan klausa keterangan tidak terbatas. Setelah itu, mengidentifikasi keuntungan dari klausa keterangan terbatas dan klausa keterangan tidak terbatas. Selanjutnya adalah mengidentifikasi kerugian klausa keterangan terbatas dan klausa keterangan tidak terbatas. Dan yang terakhir, peneliti mengidentifikasi keefektifan antara klausa keterangan terbatas dan klausa keterangan tidak terbatas dalam hal seberapa jelas dan mudah klausa keterangan terbatas dan klausa keterangan tidak terbatas dipahami oleh pembaca berdasarkan hasil kuesioner.

  Berdasarkan analisis penelitian, keuntungan dari klausa keterangan terbatas adalah dapat membuat struktur dan kala waktu lebih jelas. Keuntungan dari klausa keterangan tidak terbatas adalah kalimat dapat ditulis lebih singkat dan padat. Kerugian klausa keterangan terbatas, biasanya dapat membuat kalimat lebih panjang dan beberapa kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya mempunyai lebih dari satu makna. Kerugian dari klausa keterangan tidak terbatas adalah kalimat dapat memiliki dua arti dan kala waktu kapan terjadinya tidak jelas. Berdasarkan hasil kuesioner, dapat disimpulkan bahwa klausa keterangan terbatas masih rumit karena banyak memperkenalkan kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya dengan

     

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Language is a system for human to communicate with others. It cannot be

  separated from our life. To understand our humanity we must understand the language that makes us human (Fromkin, Blair, and Collins, 4: 1988). Human system of communication uses arbitrary signal such as sound, gestures, or writing. Crystal in the Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language talks about distinction between spoken and written language.

  Spoken and written language display a number difference, over and above the obvious distinction in physical form- that speech uses the medium of ‘phonic substance’, typically air pressure movements produced by the vocal organs, whereas writing uses the medium of ‘graphic substance’ (Crystal, 1994: 19) The written form can be found in any kind of printed media such as literary text, books, magazine, journal, newspaper, and so on. A newspaper has an important role in human life. The newspaper today has become a medium of mass communication, facilitating both the spread of information, and the revival of cultures. People get many news and information from newspaper. News is the first report of an important event that might be attracting the public (Pareno, 2003: 6, translated).

  A journalist creates reports or articles in newspaper. The journalist should

  s

  write the article objective, factual, accurate, balance and make the current topics to interest the readers. The language of news must be brief, clear, and straight to

  2    

  the point, because it is read more hurriedly than any other medium of communication (Miller, 1969: 49).

  The journalist needs to know the grammar of the language in order to use the language well and to make the readers understand what the journalist writes.

  A grammar of particular language will take a familiar form a set of rules of principles which tell the learners how to ‘speak ‘ and ‘understand’ the language: more precisely, a grammar comprises of a set of rules or principles which specify how to form, pronounce, and interpret phrases and sentence in the language concerned” (Radford, 1988: 2). It means that grammar provides the learners with a set rules of principles applied in every English sentence from the simple sentence, compound sentence, and complex sentence.

  Simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought, for example: (1) She goes to library and studies every day. Compound sentence contains two independent clauses which are joined by coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.

  For example: (2) Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping.

  Complex sentence has an independent clause which are joined by one or more dependent clauses. Complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because,

  since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which.

  3    

  The example of complex sentence is: (3)

  After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies () (8 November 2011).

  Furthermore, Greenbaum and Quirk (1990: 304-305) has distinguished four major categories of subordinate clause based on their potential functions. They are nominal clauses, relative clauses, comparative clauses, and adverbial clauses. Semantic analysis of adverbial clauses is complicated by the fact that many subordinators introduce clauses with different meaning (Greenbaum et al., 1990: 314). The main structural types of adverbial clause are finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses.

  Finite adverbial clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunction which together with the context of “meaning” of the adverbial clause; e.g. because indicates “reason”. Non-finite adverbial clauses also occur with a subordinator, though the infinitive clause occurs without one with the meaning of “purpose” (Jackson, 1990: 214). The example of finite adverbial clauses in the newspaper

  the Jakarta Post is (10JP1) National Police officer Adj. Comr. Teddy Effendi was buried at the

  Tanah Kusir cemetery, South Jakarta, on Monday, while his wife, Irmawaty, was interred at Simabua cemetery, Agam, West Sumatra.

  The newspapers not only use the finite adverbial clauses but also non-finite adverbial clauses. The example of the non-finite adverbial clauses is

  4    

  

(10JP16) Let’s just see what the KNKT investigation result is,” he said after

reporting on the accident to President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.

  As the researcher in the examples as given above, the headline news are written in the form of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses.

  Those clauses are used randomly in the headline news. While the use of those clauses influences the effectiveness of the news toward the readers. Therefore, the researcher chooses the study of the effectiveness of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses.

  A good newspaper is able to communicate the important information from all over the world. A communication becomes effective if the idea, theme, and information that are delivered can be “equivalently understood” or have similarities for the people who involve in the communication behavior (Trimo, 1986: 28, translated).

  It is none that effective writing uses the finite adverbial clauses and avoids the non-finite adverbial clauses. The adverbial use of -ing and –en participle (non- finite) adverbial clauses-initial position is a potential problem for native as well as non native speakers of English (Celce and Larsen, 1999: 502).

  Based on its company profile, Jakarta Post itself is “...the largest English newspaper in Indonesia that provides up-to-date, in-depth accurate information and analyses. The Jakarta Post.com aspires to be a one-stop reference point on Indonesia that will serve both local and international audience.” ) (10 November 2011).

  5    

  Therefore, the Jakarta Post is chosen to analyse the effectiveness between finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses.

  By analysing the data and finally finding the answer, this research is aimed to give an explanation on the advantages and disadvantages of using finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses in writing English text. By doing this research, the researcher also expects that English learners can improve their skill in using finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses in order to get the effectiveness of writing English text.

B. Problem Formulations The problems of the research are formulated as follows.

  1. What are the advantages in using finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses that occur in the Jakarta Post published on May 9 – May 15, 2011? 2. What are the disadvantages in using finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses that occur in the Jakarta Post published on May 9 – May

  15, 2011? 3. How is the effectiveness of using finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses in the Jakarta Post published on May 9 – May 15, 2011?

  6     C.

   Objectives of the study

  There are three main objectives of the study. The objectives of the study are aimed to answer the related problem formulations above. The first objective is to find out and to contrast the differences of the advantages in using finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses. The second objective is to find out and to contrast differences of the disadvantages in using finite adverbial clauses and non- finite adverbial clauses. The third objective is to identify the effectiveness of using finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses in the Jakarta Post. In other words, how the use of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses influence the readers in understand the news.

D. Definition of Terms

  In order to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation in analysing the data, some definitions of the linguistics terminology are needed. The terms that are used in this analysis are adverbial clause, finite adverbial clauses, non-finite adverbial clauses, and effectiveness.

  The first term adverbial clause is a dependent clause that replaces the position of an adverb in the simple sentence. It functions mainly as adjunct or disjunct in the main clause, may be placed in various semantic categories such as time, place, and manner (Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvik, 1972: 743). It modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb, and is introduced by subordinating conjunction to express the relation between the clause and the rest of the sentence

  7    

  The second term finite clause is a clause containing a finite verb. It always contains a subject as well as a predicate, except in the case of commands and subject ellipsis in coordinate clauses (Quirk et al., 1972: 722). Finite adverbial clauses usually contain a subordinating conjunction, which makes it easier to identify.

  The third term needed to be known is non-finite clause. A non-finite clause is a clause containing a non-finite verb. It always has the ability to do without a subject, although in many kinds of non-finite clause a subject is optional (Quirk et al., 1972: 722). Non-finite adverbial clauses have a subordinating conjunction, but reducing adverbial clause is common.

  The fourth term is effectiveness. The Effective is “doing the right things.” (Handoko, 1984: 5, translated). In this paper, the effectiveness can be seen from how a journalist makes an effective sentence and makes the reader understand what the journalist writes. It happens because the journalist should write based on the level of the understanding of the readers. Keep in mind that many magazines or newspapers are written to the reading comprehension level of a sixth grader (http://www.theremsengroup.com/74) (8 November 2011).

  CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies There are some studies which also discuss about clauses. Pia Yongkik Suprihatin analysed the adverbial clauses in her thesis entitled The Frequency of

so...that, such....that, ...enough that infinitive, and too...to infinitive Adverbial

clauses of Result used by Native Writers (Suprihatin, 1994: 1). There are many

  books that are written using adverbial clauses and those books can be the population of the research. However, in her thesis, Suprihatin collected data from 5 science books, 3 literature books and 4 magazines. She selected so...that,

  

such...that, and ...enough to infinitive and too...to infinitive adverbial clauses of

  result from those books. She then classified so...that, such...that, and ...enough to

  

infinitive and too...to infinitive adverbial clauses of result; whether they belong to

the high, medium, or low frequency level.

  Fransiska Dewi Hastuti also did a research on adverbial clause entitled A

  

study on the Structures and Functions of Adverbial Clauses in the Articles on

Time Magazines . The study is based on the adverbial clauses that have the most

  subordinating conjunctions which enable us to arrange numerous clause structures (Hastuti, 2009: 4). The study focuses on the structures and the functions of the adverbial clauses. In her analysis, Fransiska collected the data which were all English complex sentences containing adverbial clauses in the articles on Time

  9  

  Although, there are similarities in both of the previous studies in terms of adverbial clauses analysis, however, unlike Suprihatin’s thesis that investigates part of adverbial clauses of result; Hastuti’s thesis investigates all the syntactic and semantic functions of adverbial clauses in complex sentence deeply and completely. Referring to those two studies, this thesis analyse the effectiveness of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses. It includes the advantages and disadvantages of finite adverbial clauses and non-finite adverbial clauses usage.

B. Review of Related Theories

  In this part, some theories are needed to support the analysis. They are used to give limitation on the study and to process the data to get into the conclusions.

1. Complex Sentence

  A complex sentence is a sentence that consists of two or more clauses, in which one of the clauses is subordinate to a main clause. A main clause is one that can stand alone, is not dependent on another clause (Close, 1977: 42). The complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A dependent clause is one that is subordinate to another clause and may in turn be superordinate to another clause as well (Quirk et al., 1972: 721).

  Dependent clause can be classified by its structural type. They are finite clauses, non-finite clauses and verbless clauses (Quirk et al., 1972: 722).

  10  

  Furthermore, Greenbaum and Quirk (1990: 304) distinguish four major categories of subordinate clause based on their potential functions. They are nominal clauses, relative clauses, comparative clauses, and adverbial clauses. Semantic analysis of adverbial clauses is complicated by the fact that many subordinators introduce clauses with different meaning. (Greenbaum et al., 1990: 314).

2. Structural Type of Dependent Clause

  Quirks et al. stated that structural type of dependent clause; there are three main classes (1972: 722): a.

  Finite Clause: a clause containing a finite verb (such as gave, can, has

  worked, is working, is seen )

  (4) because John is working b.

  Non-finite Clause: a clause containing a non-finite verb (such as to work

  having work, given )

  (5) (John) having seen the pictures c.

  Verbless Clause: a clause containing no verbal element at all (but nevertheless capable of being analyzed in terms of subject, object, complement or adverbial. (6) although always helpful

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3. Adverbial Clauses

  An adverbial clause is a clause which is found in a complex sentence and which is subordinated to another clause. The subordination is marked by the use of subordinators (subordinating conjunction) (Richard, Platt, and Weber, 1985: 58). Adverbial clause is a subordinate clause that, like an adverb, modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb (Warriner, 1982: 62).

  Curme stated that “adverbial clauses are divided into classes corresponding to those of adverbial elements - clauses of place, clause of time, manner, degree, cause, condition and exception, concession, purpose or end, and means" (1996: 176). Those types of clauses are elaborated as follows: a.

   Clauses of Place

  Adverbial clauses of place are introduced by where or wherever (Quirk et al., 1972: 745)

  (7) We live where the road crosses the river (Curme, 1996: 177). (8)

  They went wherever they could find work (Greenbaum et al., 1990: 315).

b. Clauses of Time

  Adverbial clauses of time are introduced by one of the following subordinators: “after, as, before, once, since, till, until, when(ever), while,

  

now(that), as long as, as soon as, immediately (that), directly (that)” (Quirk et al.,

  1972: 744). The uses of the subordinators in the sentence can be seen from the examples below:

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  (10) He felt better after he had a short nap (Greenbaum et al., 1990: 315).

  c. Clauses of Manner

  The clauses of manner are introduced by as if and as though (Quirk et al., 1972: 755).

  (11) He walked around as though he was in daze (Frank, 1972: 266). (12) They all treat him just as if he were a king (Frank, 1972: 267).

  d. Clauses of degree

  Clauses of degree are introduced by rather than and sooner than (Frank, 1972: 269).

  (13) Rather than give up his car, he would give up his home.

  e. Clauses of reason or cause

  Reason clauses are most commonly introduced by the subordinators because and since. Other subordinators include as, for <somewhat formal> (Greenbaum et al., 1990: 322).

  (14) They had to move because their building was to be torn down. (15)

  Since he could not take his wife with him, he decided not to go to the conference.

  (16) As Jane was eldest, she looked he needed it.

  f. Clauses of condition

  Adverbial clauses of condition are introduced by if and unless (Quirk et al., 1972: 746)

  (17) If you don’t believe me, what can I do?

  13   g. Clauses of concession

  This type of clause is also called clause of contrast. The clauses of concession are introduced by although, though, even if, while, whereas (Greenbaum et al., 1990: 319).

  (19) Mr Larson teaches physics, while Mr. Corby teaches chemistry. (20) No goals were scored, though it was an exciting game.

  h. Clauses of Purpose

  Clauses of purpose express the aim for doing something. Purpose clauses may be introduced by in order to and so as to (Greenbaum et al., 1990: 323).

  (21) Student should take notes (so as) to make revision easier. (22) They left the door open (in order) for me to hear the baby.

i. Clauses of Means

  The clauses of manner are introduced by the subordinator by (Curme, 1966: 199)

  (23) By holding on the rope firmly, I came safe to the shore, j.

   Clauses of result

  Frank states that the subordinators introducing adverbial clauses of result are so (that), so ... that, such (a) ... that, with the result that (1972, 249).

  (24) We paid him immediately, so (THAT) he left contented. (25) She is SO emotional THAT every little thing upset her.

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  4. Finite Adverbial Clauses

  Jackson stated that adverbial clauses most frequently have a finite form. As finite clauses, adverbial clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunction which together with the context, indicates the meaning of the adverbial clause. For example, because indicates ‘reason’ and although indicates ‘contrast’ (1990: 214).

  Finite clauses always contain a subject as well as predicate except in the case of command and subject ellipsis in coordinate clause (Quirk et al., 1972: 722).

  5. Non-finite Adverbial Clauses

  The non-finite clause is a clause whose verb element is non-finite. The absence of the finite verb from non-finite clauses means that they have no distinction of person, number, or modal auxiliary (Quirk et al., 1972: 724). Non- finite adverbial clauses also occur with a subordinator, though the infinitive clause occurs without one with the meaning of ‘purpose’ (Jackson, 1990: 214). The finite adverbial clause can be changed into the non-finite adverbial clause using to- infinitive, -ing participle, and –ed participle.

  a.

• –ing Participle To change the finite adverbial clause into the non-finite adverbial clause using –ing participle, the subject and be form of the verb are omitted or omit the subject and change the verb into –ing form if the clauses do not contain the be form of the verb. We can use –ing form of a verb or the past participle in a clause that has an adverbial meaning (Hewings, 2001: 75).

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  e (26)

  Non-finite adverbial clause: The stranger, having discarded his jacket, moved threateningly towards me (Quirk et al., 1972: 744).

  (27) Finite adverbial clause: The stranger, after he had discarded his jacket, moved threateningly towards me (Quirk et al., 1972: 744).

  The following are the other examples: (28)

  Non-finite adverbial clause: Opening her eyes, the baby began to cry (Hewings, 2001: 75).

  (29) Finite adverbial clause: When she opened her eyes, the baby began to cry (Hewings, 2001: 75).

  In non-finite –ing adverbial clause, the subject of non-finite adverbial clause is usually the same as the subject of the main clause. Subordinator when in sentence (29) expresses clause of time.

  b. –Ed participl Like the non-finite clause, -ed participle is usually used when the clause is in the passive forms (Close, 1977: 94). To transform the finite adverbial clause into the non-finite adverbial clause, we can use the-ed form, the subject, and the be form of the verb are omitted.

  (30) Finite adverbial clause: If the house is painted white, it looks bigger. (31)

  Non-finite adverbial clause: Painted white, this house looks bigger (Close, 1977: 95).

  The implied subject of clause like this is usually the same as the subject of the main clause. –Ed participle in the sentence (31) can be used to express clause

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  c.

  To-infinitive To-infinitive clauses can be used to substitute finite adverbial clause of purpose (Close, 1977: 97).

  (32) Finite adverbial clause: His work was so good, him internationally famous

  (33) Non-finite adverbial clause: His work was so good as to make him internationally famous (Close, 1977: 97).

6. The Advantages of Finite Adverbial Clauses and Non-Finite Adverbial Clauses a. The advantages of finite adverbial clauses

  The advantage of finite adverbial clauses is to make the tense of the sentence clear. Lock states that only finites are marked of tense (1996: 13). In finite adverbial clauses, the verb is able to show grammatical properties such as tense (past or present), person (first person, second person, or third person), and number (singular or plural).

  (34) Since she felt sick, she went bed early, I asked him to repeat the directions.

  Sentence (34) contains an independent clause and dependent clause which contains a finite verb felt. From the sentence, we can see that the tense of the finite adverbial clause is past tense. The tense of finite adverbial clause in the sentence is clear. The subordinate of adverbial clause is since.

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b. The advantages of non-finite adverbial clauses

  The advantage of non-finite adverbial clauses is that the sentence can be written shorter. The finite adverbial clauses can also be changed into the non- finite clauses using –ing participle, -ed participle, and to-infinitive. The non-finite adverbial clause does not show a contrast in tense between past and present and usually cannot mark for person and number. It means that non-finite adverbial clause, both initial and final, may appear in subordinate clause in which subject and sometimes also the auxiliary verb seem to have been deleted. If the subject of the non-finite adverbial clause is not present, it is assumed that the subject of adverbial clause is the same as the subject of the main clause (Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech and Jan Svartvik, 1992: 1121). Certain kinds of non-finite clauses are particularly favored in the studied of written prose, where the writer has the leisure to make a virtue out of compactness (Quirk et al., 1972: 724).

  (35) Although he was knowing French, he attended the course. (Finite adverbial clause, 9 words)

  (36) Although knowing French, he attended the course. (Non-finite adverbial clause, 7 words)

  Non-finite adverbial clause can stand shorter than the finite adverbial clause because the subject can be reduced. Another example about the advantage of non- finite adverbial clauses is