A STUDY ON THE STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES IN THE ARTICLES ON TIME MAGAZINES
A STUDY ON THE STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
IN THE ARTICLES ON TIME MAGAZINES AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By FRANSISKA DEWI HASTUTI Student Number : 044214001
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
A STUDY ON THE STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
OF ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
IN THE ARTICLES ON TIME MAGAZINES
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
FRANSISKA DEWI HASTUTI
Student Number : 044214001
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis A STUDY ON THE STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
IN THE ARTICLES ON TIME MAGAZINES
By
FRANSISKA DEWI HASTUTI
Student Number: 044214001 Approved by
Dra. Bernardine Ria Lestari, M. S. August 11, 2009
Advisor Dr. Francis Borgias Alip, M. Pd., M. A. August 11, 2009 Co-AdvisorA Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
A STUDY ON THE STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
OF ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
IN THE ARTICLES OF TIME MAGAZINES
By
FRANSISKA DEWI HASTUTI
Student Number : 044214001 Defended before the Board of Examiners on August 22, 2009 and Declared Acceptable
BOARD OF EXAMINERS
Name SignatureChairman : Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M. Pd., M. A. __________________ Secretary : Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M. Hum. __________________ Member : Anna Fitriati, S.S., M. Hum. __________________ Member : Dra. Bernardine Ria Lestari, M. S. __________________ Member : Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M. Pd., M. A. __________________
Yogyakarta, August 31, 2009 Faculty of Letters Sanata Dharma University
Dean Dr. I. Praptomo Baryadi, M. Hum.
Be thankful for the difficult times.
During those times you grow.
Be thankful for your limitations.
Because they give you opportunities for improvement.
Be thankful for each new challenge.
Because it will build your strength and character.
Be thankful for your mistakes.
They will teach you valuable lessons.
(
pravsworld.com
) I dedicate this thesis to: Jesus Christ and Mother Mary My beloved Mom and Dad
My lovely Sister and Brother
I WILL ALWAYS LOVE YOU ALL
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN
AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Fransiska Dewi Hastuti
Nomor Mahasiswa : 044214001 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
A STUDY ON THE STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF ENGLISH
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES IN THE ARTICLES ON TIME MAGAZINES
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 31 Agustus 2009 Yang menyatakan (Fransiska Dewi Hastuti)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I have to thank so many people who have encouraged me with their love, prayer and support in the completion of writing this thesis. I could not manage my time well and I almost failed to fight against myself. I am very thankful to Jesus
Christ
and Mother Mary, who always bless my family and me in whatever condition we are. They also give me strength and patience in every second of my life. Thanks to Them, this thesis is finally done.
I am deeply indebted to Dra. Bernardine Ria Lestari, M. S., my advisor, who had patiently and wisely helped, guided, corrected and gave me invaluable suggestions for the completion of this thesis. I also would like to thank Dr. Fr. B.
Alip, M. Pd., M. A.
, my co-advisor, for giving me suggestion and correction. My deepest love and gratitude goes to my dearest father, Drs. A. B.
Susiloputro
, and my dearest mother, Agatha Maria, Amk, S. Pd, who always give me their endless love, care and patience. They are my best sponsors in life; without them, I am nobody. Thank you for giving me this opportunity to study in Yogyakarta, far from home. Also, I thank my sister Agnes “Eny” Purwanti and my brother Albertus “Wawan” Kurniawan. Thanks for your jokes and supports that always cheer me up. Dad, mom, Kak Eny and Wawan, thanks for giving me the best family I have ever had.
I want to say my biggest thanks to all my lovely sisters in Syantikara Dormitory, especially Sister Ben “Bonito” as the head of the dorm who patiently took care of me during my living in Jogja. Thanks to all my friends in the dorm,
Lisa
, Clara, Windy, Siska, Dewi, Trisna, Ester, Ika), ex-Unit 3 (Kak Ari
“Umi”, Kak Na, Anyesh, Agacil, Iin, Achonk, Etho, Bella, Galih, ZhaZha),
Kak Wulan, Kak Ela, Mary “Doi Seng”, Gita, Laura, Elis Inang, Yu’ Yeni,
Tela, and all Syantikers everywhere they are. Thanks for our precious and unforgettable moments. Caritas et Sapientia! My gratitude is also aimed to all my lovely friends in English Letters 2004, especially Disty, Rani, Sheilla, Indri Nesta, Tini Smart, Dita Ndut, Nofee,
Lutfi, Pita, Ella Moru, Elin, Amel, Astrid, Lisis, Ririn, Corry, Dede, Mas
Jati, Bang Ison, Bang Veme, Bang Ucok, Soni, Six, Rizky, Nanang, “Didi”
Reena Ray, Widi, Tata, crew of play performance ”In the Blood” (Donny and
Fred
), members of KKN Tangkilan XXXIV (Siska “Toa”, Ditha Kacamata,
Mami Mpit, Fika, Stev “Bo Bo Ho”, Om Dito, Boris, Ci’ Fenny ), and so on.
Thanks for being my friends and introducing me the “flavor” of Java. Matur nuwun.
I give special thanks to all English Letters Teaching Staff for their guidance during my study here. I also send gratitude to all secretariat staff, especially mbak
Nik , who have helped me with the administration matters. Big thanks also to all
the library staff and ‘mitra’ in Sanata Dharma University Library. It is impossible to do this without their help.
Finally, many thanks are addressed to those who have given me a hand, whose names I cannot mention here one by one but I believe that God always blesses them all. Doumo arigatou gozaimasu…
Fransiska Dewi Hastuti
TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................. i
APPROVAL PAGE ………………………………………………………... ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ……………………………………………………. iii
MOTTO PAGE …………………………………………………………….. iv
DEDICATION PAGE ……………………………………………………... v
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH …………… vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………….. viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………….. ix
LIST OF TABLE …………………………………………………………… xi
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………… xii
ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………………….. xiii
b. Adverbial Clauses of Place……………………………….... 19
5. The Position and Punctuation of Adverbial Clauses……………32
h. Adverbial Clauses of Condition …………………………… 28 i. Adverbial Clauses of Degree………………………………. 31
g. Adverbial Clauses of Manner……………………………… 27
f. Adverbial Clauses of Contrast……………………………... 24
e. Adverbial Clauses of Purpose……………………………… 23
d. Adverbial Clauses of Result……………………………….. 22
c. Adverbial Clauses of Cause/Reason……………………….. 20
a. Adverbial Clauses of Time………………………………… 17
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………… 1 A. Background of the Study………………………………………….. 1 B. Problem Formulation……………………………………………… 4 C. Objectives of the Study…………………………………………… 5 D. Definition of Terms……………………………………………….. 5
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW………………………………... 7
A. Review of Related Studies………………………………………… 7 B. Review of Related Theories……………………………………….. 94. Semantic Functions of Adverbial Clauses……………………... 17
c. Verbless Clauses…………………………………………… 16
b. Non-Finite Adverbial Clauses………………………………14
a. Finite Adverbial Clauses…………………………………… 12
3. Structural Types of Adverbial Clauses………………………… 12
2. Subordinating Conjunction of Adverbial Clauses……………... 10
1. Definition of Adverbial Clauses ………………………………. 9
C. Theoretical Framework…………………………………………….. 34
x
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY………….…………………………..….. 35 A. Object of the Study…………………………………..……………. 35
B. Method of the Study………………………………..……………... 35
1. Kind of Research………………………………………………..35
2. Data Collection…………………………………...……………. 36
3. Data Analysis……………………………………..…………… 37
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS………………………………………………….. 38 A. The Functions of the Adverbial Clauses…………………………… 38
1. Adverbial Clauses of Time…………………………………….. 39
2. Adverbial Clauses of Place……………………………….......... 43
3. Adverbial Clauses of Cause/Reason…………………………… 44
4. Adverbial Clauses of Result…………………………………… 46
5. Adverbial Clauses of Purpose………………………………….. 47
6. Adverbial Clauses of Contrast……………………………......... 49
7. Adverbial Clauses of Manner………………………………….. 51
8. Adverbial Clauses of Condition ……………………………….. 52
9. Adverbial Clauses of Degree……………………………...…… 54
B. The Structure of the Adverbial Clauses……………………………. 56
1. Finite Adverbial Clauses……………………………………….. 57
2. Non-Finite Adverbial Clauses ………………………………….59
a. Infinitive Clauses ………………………………………….. 60
b. –ed Clauses …………………………………………………62
c. –ing Clauses………………………………………………... 64
3. Verbless Adverbial Clauses …………………………………… 67
4. The Position and Punctuation of the Adverbial Clauses………. 69
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION……………………………………………….75 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………….. 78 APPENDICES………………………………………………………………… 80
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.The Functions of Adverbial Clauses Found in the Articles of Time Magazines published on May 26 and June 2, 2008 …………………………… 39 Table 2.
Subordinators of Adverbial Clause of Time …………………………. 40 Table 3. Subordinators of Adverbial Clause of Cause/Reason ………………… 44 Table 4. Subordinators of Adverbial Clause of Purpose……………………….. 48 Table 5. Subordinators of Adverbial Clause of Contrast ……………………….49 Table 6. Subordinators of Adverbial Clause of Condition …………………….. 52 Table 7. The Structural Types of Adverbial Clauses found in the Articles on Time
Magazines………………………..……………………………………………… 56 Table 8.
Numbers of Non-Finite Adverbial Clauses…………………………… 59 Table 9. Position of the Adverbial Clauses……………………………………... 70
ABSTRACT
FRANSISKA DEWI HASTUTI (2009). A Study on the Structures and
Functions of Adverbial Clauses in the Articles on Time Magazines.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.Complex sentence is frequently used to combine two or more simple sentences of different levels in order to make an effective writing. It consists of a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. One of the commonest subordinate clauses used in writing is adverbial clause. Adverbial clause is a clause functions as an adverb, mainly as an adjunct or a disjunct. Therefore, it describes a verb, an adjective or the other adverb. Since adverbial clause has the most subordinating conjunctions, which enables us to arrange numerous sentences, there can be sentences of great complexity that may cause ambiguity and misunderstanding. Therefore, this thesis is meant to analyze the structures and the functions of the adverbial clause in several articles on Time Magazines.
This thesis has two objectives. First, to find out the functions of the adverbial clauses mostly used in the articles on Time magazines. After finding out the functions of the adverbial clauses, then, the second objective is to find out the structures of each function of adverbial clauses in the articles on Time magazines.
In order to analyze those problems, the researcher applied the method of empirical research. First, the data were collected and grouped into several functions. Then, the researcher analyzed the structures of the data collected. The researcher also implements a library research to gain the theories and information.
The results of this research can be drawn from the analysis of the adverbial clauses as the answer of the problem formulation. The articles cover all functions of adverbial clauses. They are adverbial clauses of time, place, cause/reason, result, purpose, contrast, manner, condition, and degree. The most frequent function is the adverbial clause of time (55.2 %) and the least frequent one is the adverbial clause of place (0.3 %). The structures consist of the finite adverbial clause, non-finite adverbial clause and the verbless adverbial clause. Among all functions of adverbial clauses in the corpus, only adverbial clauses of time appear in those three forms. Finite adverbial clause covers almost all functions of adverbial clauses, except for adverbial clause of purpose. For non-finite form, the functions appear in this form are adverbial clauses of time, purpose, degree, contrast, and cause/reason. Furthermore, non-finite adverbial clauses can be divided into three main classes: infinitive clauses, -ed clauses and –ing clauses. The adverbial clauses in infinitive form are clauses of purpose and clauses of degree; those in –ed form are clauses of time and clauses of cause/reason; and those in –ing form are clauses of time, clauses of contrast and clauses of degree. For verbless adverbial clause, there are only two functions appearing in this form; they are clauses of time and clauses of condition. The adverbial clauses in the corpus have three possible positions. However, most adverbial clauses frequently
ABSTRAK
FRANSISKA DEWI HASTUTI (2009). A Study on the Structures and
Functions of Adverbial Clauses in the Articles on Time Magazines.
Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.Kalimat majemuk sering digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua atau lebih kalimat sederhana yang berbeda tingkatan agar membuat tulisan menjadi efektif. Kalimat majemuk terdiri dari sebuah klausa utama dan satu atau lebih klausa bawahan. Salah satu klausa bawahan yang paling sering digunakan dalam tulisan adalah klausa keterangan. Klausa keterangan adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai keterangan, terutama sebagai adjunct dan disjunct. Oleh karena itu, klausa ini menjelaskan kata kerja, kata sifat, dan kata keterangan lainnya. Karena klausa keterangan memiliki kata hubung antarklausa yang paling banyak yang memudahkan kita untuk membuat beragam kalimat, akan timbul kalimat-kalimat yang sangat kompleks yang dapat menyebabkan ambigu dan kesalahpahaman. Maka, tesis ini disusun untuk menganalisa struktur dan fungsi klausa keterangan pada beberapa artikel pada Majalah Time.
Tesis ini memiliki dua tujuan. Pertama, untuk menemukan fungsi klausa keterangan yang paling sering digunakan pada artikel Majalah Time. Kemudian tujuan kedua adalah untuk menemukan struktur dari setiap fungsi klausa keterangan tersebut.
Dalam menganalisa permasalahan di atas, peneliti menerapkan metode penelitian empiris. Pertama, data dikumpulkan dan dikelompokkan menjadi beberapa fungsi. Kemudian peneliti menganalisa struktur dari data yang telah dikumpulkan. Peneliti juga menerapkan studi kepustakaan untuk memperoleh teori-teori dan informasi.
Hasil penelitian dapat diambil dari analisis tentang klausa keterangan sebagai jawaban atas rumusan masalah yang diajukan. Artikel mencakup semua fungsi klausa keterangan, yaitu klausa keterangan waktu, tempat, sebab, akibat, tujuan, pertentangan, cara, syarat, dan tingkat. Fungsi yang paling sering muncul adalah klausa keterangan waktu (55,2%) dan yang paling jarang muncul adalah klausa keterangan tempat (0,3%). Struktur klausa keterangan terdiri dari klausa terbatas, klausa tak terbatas, dan klausa tanpa kata kerja. Di antara semua fungsi klausa keterangan yang terdapat pada data, hanya klausa keterangan waktu yang muncul dalam ketiga bentuk tersebut. Klausa keterangan terbatas mencakup hampir semua fungsi klausa keterangan, kecuali klausa keterangan tujuan. Fungsi klausa keterangan pada klausa tak terbatas mencakup klausa keterangan waktu, tujuan, tingkat, pertentangan, dan sebab. Selanjutnya, klausa keterangan tak terbatas dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga kelompok: klausa infinitive, klausa –ed, dan klausa –ing. Klausa keterangan pada kelompok klausa infinitive adalah klausa keterangan tujuan dan klausa keterangan tingkat; klausa keterangan pada kelompok klausa –ed adalah klausa keterangan waktu dan klausa keterangan sebab; dan klausa keterangan pada kelompok klausa -ing adalah klausa keterangan klausa keterangan tanpa kata kerja, hanya terdapat dua fungsi, yakni klausa keterangan waktu dan klausa keterangan syarat. Klausa keterangan yang terdapat pada data memiliki tiga posisi yang memungkinkan. Namun, sebagian besar klausa keterangan sering terletak pada posisi awal dan posisi akhir.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Human beings are not only individual creature but also social creature. As
social creature, they need to communicate and interact with other people. Without
communication, people will not be able to do their daily activities easily in their
life. Hence, we need a language as the crucial vehicle of all human knowledge. “It
is the basic foundation of all human cooperation, without which no civilization is
possible” (Pei, 1984: 210).By using the language, we are able to express our ideas, opinions and
feelings such as love, hate, evil, sympathy and so on. We can also use language to
transmit information to others, either in spoken or in written form. The spoken
form is related to the use of sound. It can be spoken directly like when two people
or more are in conversation, or recorded mechanically like when a newscaster is
reading news on television. The written form can be found in any kind of printed
media such as literary text, schoolbooks, newspaper, magazine, journal and so on.
To use a language well and to make other people comprehend what we are
talking or writing about, we need to know the grammar of a language. Radford
states that a grammar of particular language will take a familiar form of a set of rules or principles which tell the learners how to ‘speak’ and ‘understand’ the2 principles which specify how to form, pronounce, and interpret Phrases and Sentences in the language concerned” (Radford, 1988: 2).
It means that grammar provides the learners with a set of rules or principles
applied in every English sentence from the very simple sentence up to the
complex sentence.In simple sentences, there is only one clause. According to Quirk et al.
(1972: 342), a clause is a unit that can be analyzed into the elements Subject,
Verb, Complement, Object, and Adverbial. Therefore, a simple sentence contains
only one subject and one verb phrase, and may have an object or a complement
and one or more adverbials as well.Using only simple and short sentences, we will not be able to explain what
we intend to say completely. Besides, a series of simple and short sentences in
explaining something can make our writings become not efficient. Therefore, we
can combine simple sentences with other simple sentences to form compound
sentences, complex sentences or even compound-complex sentence. For example,
the simple sentence Lisa sings on the stage can be combined with the simple
sentence John accompanies her on the piano to form the compound sentence Lisa
sings on the stage and John accompanies her on the piano. In a compound
sentence, all the simple sentences have grammatically equal importance to one
another and they are combined with a coordinating conjunction such as and, or
and but.Different from a compound sentence, in a complex sentence there is more
3
is a sentence consisting of only one main clause and one or more subordinate
clause functioning as element of the sentence. The main clause is an independent
clause since it can constitute a simple sentence and the subordinate clause is a
dependent clause because it makes up a grammatical sentence only if subordinate
to a further clause (1972: 720-721).Furthermore, Greenbaum and Quirk (1997: 304-305) distinguish four
major categories of subordinate clauses based on their potential functions. They
are nominal clauses, relative clauses, adverbial clauses and comparative clauses.
A nominal or noun clause is a clause which has a function like a noun phrase or a
pronoun, such as subject, object, complement, appositive, or prepositional
complement. For example, in the sentence That we need a larger computer has
become obvious, the nominal clause that we need a larger computer functions as
the subject of the sentence. A relative or adjective clause does the work of an
adjective in modifying the noun phrase or a pronoun. It provides extra information
about the noun it follows. For example, The girl who wears glasses is my sister.
The adjective clause who wears glasses modifies the noun phrase the girl.
Meanwhile, adverbial clause is a clause functions as an adverb, mainly as an
adjunct or a disjunct. Therefore, it describes a verb, an adjective or the other
adverb. For example, We left after the speeches ended. The adverbial clause after
the speeches ended modifies the verb left. The last subordinate clause is a
comparative clause, that is a clause resembles adjective and adverb in their
4
modifying functions. It is equivalent to degree adverb. For example, She has more
patience than you have.Among four major categories of subordinate clauses above, an adverbial
clause has the most subordinating conjunctions, which enables us to arrange
numerous clause structures. As the result, there can be sentences of great
complexity that may cause ambiguity and misunderstanding. Kolln (1990: 360)
states that the long list of subordinators, which enables us to connect ideas for a
wide variety of reasons, may often show up problems related to the meaning of
the sentence: the wrong idea gets subordinated and the meaning of the
subordinator is imprecise. We still can find those problems in many kinds of
writings including the published articles that many people read.In this thesis, the writer conducted a study on English adverbial clauses
used in several articles on Time magazines published on May 26 and June 2, 2008.
The study focuses on the structures and the functions of the adverbial clause as
subordinate clause in a complex sentence in order that the reader may get better
understanding on adverbial clauses and use the subordinators precisely in the
complex sentence.B. Problem Formulation
Based on the explanation affirmed earlier, these are some questions I
would like to discuss as the main way for the next analysis on this paper. The
questions to gain a comprehensive understanding on the title of this paper can be
5
1. What are the functions of adverbial clauses mostly used in the articles on Time
magazines published on May 26 and June 2, 2008?2. How are every function of adverbial clauses constructed in the articles on
Time magazines published on May 26 and June 2, 2008? C.
Objectives of the Study Having problem formulations above, this thesis has some objectives, they
are: first, to find out the functions of the adverbial clauses mostly used in the
articles on Time magazines. By knowing the functions of the adverbial clauses, we
can find the precise subordinators that introduce the adverbial clauses. After
finding out the functions of the adverbial clauses, then, the second objective is to
find out the structures of each function of adverbial clauses in the articles on Time
magazines.D. Definition of Terms
This is a study conducted to analyze the structures and the functions of
adverbial clauses. Therefore, we need to define the terms structures, functions and
adverbial clauses into a more specific linguistic definition.1. Structure In Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English
Language, structure is defined as “a complex system considered from the point of
view of the whole rather than of any single part” (Webster, 1989: 1410).
6
viewed as a system in which the elements are defined in terms of relationship to
other elements” (Pei, 1966: 262).Therefore, the term structure used in this thesis refers to the regularities
and patterns of a complex system as a whole unity in relationship to other
elements. It categorizes the adverbial clauses syntactically into finite adverbial
clauses, non-finite adverbial clauses, verbless adverbial clauses, and also the
position and the punctuation of the adverbial clauses.2. Function The writer uses the term function to refer to the semantic function
according to Greenbaum and Quirk’s A Student’s Grammar of the English
Language. Greenbaum and Quirk say that the semantic function of adverbial
clause is the meaning of adverbial clause in relation to the main clause (1997:
314). Therefore, it categorizes the meaning of adverbial clauses into several types:
adverbial clauses of time, adverbial clauses of place, adverbial clauses of contrast,
etc.3. Adverbial Clause As the name indicates, an adverbial clause is a dependent clause that
replaces the position of an adverb in a simple sentence. It functions mainly as an
adjunct or a disjunct (Quirk et al., 1972: 743). It modifies a verb, an adjective, or
an adverb, and is introduced by subordinating conjunctions to express the relation
between the clause and the rest of the sentence (Warriner, 1982: 62).
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW Chapter II contains three parts. The first part, Review of Related Studies,will reveal the studies conducted by two scholars about the similar object, in this
case adverbial clauses. To support the topic, some theories that are going to be
applied will be presented in the second part, Review of Related Theories. These
theories are provided for the analysis. They concern about the structures of
adverbial clauses as well as the functions of adverbial clauses. The last part is
Theoretical Framework. This part will cover the important review of related
theories in answering the problem formulations. This thesis discusses about the
analysis of adverbial clauses in the articles on Time magazines.A. Review of Related Studies
Many scholars have conducted a study on adverbial clauses. For example,
Wisnu Widya Tama analyzed parts of adverbial clauses in his thesis entitled “A
Study of the Construction of English Cause and Reason Clauses” in Time Asia
magazines published on September 30, October 07, 14 and 21, 2002. The
problems discussed are: the forms used to construct English cause and reason
clauses and the distribution of the forms. He used library research method as the
method of the study. In doing his analysis, Wisnu used data collection and data
8 For the first problem, he subsequently concluded that the statement of English
cause and reason could occur in independent clauses, dependent clauses with
subordinators or transitions, and verbless and non-finite dependent clauses. For
the second problem, he concluded that a clause with a specific conjunction can
have position in the beginning, middle or at the end of complex sentence, whereas
some clauses introduced by some conjunctions are seemingly placed in a fixed
distribution.Similar to Wisnu, Pia Yongkik Suprihatin also discussed about part of
adverbial clause in her thesis entitled “The Frequency of so…that, such…that,
…enough to infinitive, too…to infinitive Adverbial Clauses of Result used by
Native Writers”. In composing her thesis, she collected the data from the samples
of five books of science, three books of literature, and four magazines. Pia was
trying to explore the frequency of so…that, such…that, …enough to infinitive, and
too…to infinitive adverbial clauses of result. The research was also intended to
classify so…that, such…that, …enough to infinitive, and too…to infinitive
adverbial clauses of result whether they belong to the high, medium or low
frequency level.This current study is similar to both previous studies above since it also
discusses adverbial clauses. However, unlike those previous studies that
investigate only one or two parts of adverbial clauses, this thesis will analyze the
adverbial clauses deeply and completely. This will include all the syntactic and
B. Review of Related Theories
In this part, the writer includes several theories from some linguists to analyze the object of the study in order to give limitation and help the writer to process the data and draw them into conclusion.
1. Definition of Adverbial Clauses
According to John E. Warriner in his book English Grammar and
Composition, adverbial clause can be defined as follows:
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that, like an adverb, modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. Adverb clauses often begin with a word like after, because, or when that expresses the relation between the clause and the rest of the sentence (1982: 62).
According to Quirk et al. in their book A Grammar of Contemporary
English, adverbial clauses are “clauses serving primarily as adjuncts or disjuncts
in the main clause and may be placed in various semantic categories, such as time, place, and manner” (1972: 743). They also add that adjuncts are integrated within the structure of the clause to at least some extent. For example, the adverbial clause in He writes to his parents because he wants to is an adjunct. On the other hand, disjuncts are peripheral to clause structure (Quirk et al., 1972: 421). As a disjunct, usually the adverbial clause is separated by a comma from its main clause. Textually, disjuncts represent a comment by the writer on the content of the clause as a whole (Downing and Locke, 2003: 62). For example, He is drunk,
because I saw him staggering. In this sentence there is an implication that might
be expressed by He is drunk, AND I CLAIM THAT because I saw him staggering.Semantically, disjuncts express an evaluation of what is being said either with respect to the form of the communication or to its content (Quirk and Greenbaum, 1973: 26). The other example is To be honest, I do not like him. The adverbial clause to be honest is a disjunct which is simply a comment. Therefore, it is separated by a comma from its main clause.
Based on the definition given by two linguists above, we can define that an adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions mainly as an adjunct or disjunct and modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb, and is introduced by subordinating conjunctions to express the relation between the clause and the rest of the sentence.
2. Subordinating Conjunction of Adverbial Clauses
Subordinating conjunction, or subordinator, is one of the important elements in complex sentence, especially in the subordinate clauses. Frank states that subordinating conjunction introduces a clause that depends on a main or independent clause. It is grammatically part of the clause it introduces; it is never separated from its clause by comma (1972: 206).