Systems Analysis and Design

  

Syst e m s An a lysis a n d Syst e m s An a lysis a n d D e sign D e sign D e sign D e sign Alan Dennis, Barbara Wixom , and David Tegarden ega de

Ch a pt e r 1 5 : I n st a lla t ion a n d Ope r a t ion s Copyright 2005 _{Slide 1} John Wiley & Sons, I nc. John Wiley & Sons I nc Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, I nc. J h Wil & S

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  Slide 2

  I n st a lla t ion ■ Be fam iliar with the system installation process.

  ■ Understand different types of conversion st rat egies and when t o use t hem .

  ■ Understand several techniques for ■ Understand several techniques for m anaging change.

  

■ Be fam iliar with post-installation processes.

  Slide 3

K I d Ke y I de a s

  Transit ioning t o new syst em s involves Transit ioning t o new syst em s involves m anaging change from pre- exist ing norm s and habit s. Change m anagem ent involves:

  Unfreezing Unfreezing - - loosening up peoples’ habit s loosening up peoples habit s and norm s Moving - - t ransit ion from old t o new syst em s Refreezing - - inst it ut ionalize and m ake _{Slide 4} efficient t he new way of doing t hings ffi i t t h f d i t hi

  e g n a h h C C g n ti ti n e m le l p _{S li d e 5} m

K I d Ke y I de a s

  Post - im plem ent at ion act ivit ies Post im plem ent at ion act ivit ies include providing:

S Syst em support t em ppo t , such as help desks h help de k

Syst em s m aint enance , fixing bugs and providing im provem ent s providing im provem ent s Proj ect assessm ent , learning how t o im prove from proj ect experiences im prove from proj ect experiences

  Slide 6

  N O

  I S R E

  V N O _{S li d e 7} C

M i t i Pl i M igr a t ion Pla n n in g

  What act ivit ies will be What act ivit ies will be perform ed when and by whom Technical aspect s _{– –}

I nst alling hardware and soft ware

  Convert ing dat a Organizat ional aspect s _{– –} Training users on t he syst em

  Mot ivat ing em ployees t o use t he new _{Slide 8} syst em t o aid in t heir work t t id i t h i k

  n o ti a r ig M a f o ts n e n m _{S li d e 9} la l le

C i St l Con ve r sion St yle s

  Direct conversion Direct conversion The new syst em inst ant ly replaces t he old

  Parallel conversion For a t im e bot h old and new syst em s are used. The old is syst em s are used The old is abandoned w hen t he new is _{Slide 10} proven fully capable proven fully capable

C i L t i Con ve r sion Loca t ion

  Pilot conversion Pilot conversion One or m ore locat ions are convert ed t o w ork out bugs before ext ending t o ot her locat ions out bugs before ext ending t o ot her locat ions

  Phased conversion Locat ions are convert ed in set s Locat ions are convert ed in set s

  Sim ult aneous conversion All locat ions are convert ed at t he sam e t im e All locat ions are convert ed at t he sam e t im e

  Slide 11

C i M d l Con ve r sion M odu le s

  Whole syst em conversion Whole syst em conversion All m odules convert ed in one st ep

  Modular conversion When m odules are loosely When m odules are loosely associat ed, t hey can be convert ed one at a t im e one at a t im e

  Slide 12

  s ie i g te t a tr t S S n i io s r e v _{1 3} n _{S li d e} o

Ke y Fa ct or s in Se le ct in g a C i St t Con ve r sion St r a t e gy

  Risk Risk Seriousness of consequences of rem aining bugs Cost Parallel requires paying for t w o syst em s for a period of t im e period of t im e Sim ult aneous requires m ore st aff t o support all locat ions

  Tim e Parallel, phased, and m odular require m ore _{Slide 14} t im e

  n io s r e v n o C f o s c ti is s r i ie te g c a te r ₅ a _e ¹ a _{S li d} h tr

Y T You r Tu r n

  Suppose you are leading t he conversion Suppose you are leading t he conversion

from one word processor t o anot her at

y your universit y. y Which conversion st rat egy w ould you use? Suppose you are convert ing t o a new

web- based course regist rat ion syst em ?

Which conversion st rat egy w ould you use for t his?

  Slide 16

  T N E M E G A N A M E G N A ₇ H _{S li d e 1} C

  Ke y Role s in Ch a n ge M t M a n a ge m e n t

  The sponsor is t he business person The sponsor is t he business person who init iat ed t he request for t he new syst em new syst em The change agent is t he person( s) w ho lead t he change effort h l d t h h ff t The pot ent ial adopt er( s) are t he people who m ust change.

  Slide 18

  s r to c A A t n e m e g a n a M M e g n _{e 1 9} a _{S li d} h h

Un de r st a n din g Re sist a n ce t Ch t o Ch a n ge

  What is good for t he organizat ion, is What is good for t he organizat ion is not necessarily good for t he individuals who work t here individuals who work t here

Cost versus benefit of t ransit ion as

well as of t o- be syst em ll f t b t Adapt ing t o new w ork processes requires effort , for which t here m ay be no addit ional com pensat ion

  Slide 20

  f o ts fi e n e B d n e a g n ts _{2 1} a s _{S li d e} o h h

Re visin g M a n a ge m e n t P li i Policie s

  No com put er syst em w ill be No com put er syst em w ill be successfully adopt ed unless m anagem ent policies support it s m anagem ent policies support it s adopt ion M Managem ent t ools for support ing t t l f t i adopt ion

  St andard operat ing procedures ( SOPs) Measurem ent s and rewards _{Slide 22} Resource allocat ion

Y T You r Tu r n

  I dent ify and explain t hree I dent ify and explain t hree

st andard operat ing procedures

for t he course in w hich you are f h h h using t his book g

  Discuss w het her t hey are form al or inform al or inform al Slide 23

Asse ssin g Cost s a n d B fit Be n e fit s

  Fa c to rs in Suc c e ssful Cha ng e Fa c to rs in Suc c e ssful Cha ng e _{Be ne fits o f to -b e syste m} Ce rta inty o f b e ne fits ^{What A c tio ns Will} _E ^y _{Co sts o f tra nsitio n Ce rta inty o f c o sts Enc o urag e the Fulle st} Me asure o f _{Eac h Fac to r?}

  Slide 24

M t i t i Ad t i M ot iva t in g Adopt ion

  The inform at ion st rat egy aim s t o The inform at ion st rat egy aim s t o convince adopt ers t hat change is bet t er bet t er The polit ical st rat egy uses organizat ional power t o m ot ivat e i t i l t ti t change Different iat e bet w een ready adopt ers, reluct ant adopt ers, and resist ant adopt ers _{Slide 25}

T i i Tr a in in g

  Every new syst em requires new Every new syst em requires new skills New skills m ay involve use of t he t echnology it self t he t echnology it self New skills m ay be needed t o handle t he changed business handle t he changed business processes

  Slide 26

W h t t T i W h a t t o Tr a in

  Should focus on helping users Should focus on helping users accom plish t heir t asks Use cases provide an out line for

com m on act ivit ies and a basis com m on act ivit ies and a basis

t o plan t raining

  Slide 27

Type s of Tr a in in g T f T i i

  _{One -to -One} Typ e s o f Tra ining Typ e s o f Tra ining _{Wo uld Yo u Whe n Whe n Co mp ute r-Ba se d Cla ssro o m The se Th} Use Eac h o f _{Me tho ds?} Training Slide 28

  d d o h th e M M g i in in i a r T T a g n i ti c _{e 2 9} le l _{S li} ^d e

  

POST- I M PLEM EN TATI ON POST I M PLEM EN TATI ON

ACTI V I TI ES Slide 30

I n st it u t ion a liz a t ion of t h e S t Syst e m

  Provide support Provide support Assist ance in using t he syst em

  Provide m aint enance Provide m aint enance Repair or fix discovered bugs or errors Add m inor enhancem ent s t o provide added Add m inor enhancem ent s t o provide added value

  Assess t he proj ect Assess t he proj ect Analyze what was done well Discover what act ivit ies need im provem ent in Discover what act ivit ies need im provem ent in _{Slide 31} t he fut ure

T f S t S t Type s of Syst e m Su ppor t

  On- dem and t raining at t im e of On dem and t raining at t im e of user need Online support

  Frequent ly asked quest ions ( FAQ) Frequent ly asked quest ions ( FAQ) Help desk

  Phone service for known issues _{Slide 32} Level 2 Support pp

S t M i t Syst e m M a in t e n a n ce

  Syst em m aint enance is t he Syst em m aint enance is t he process of refining t he syst em t o m ake sure it cont inues t o k m eet business needs

  Slide 33

  Sou r ce s of Ch a n ge Re qu e st s S f Ch R Operat ions group problem Operat ions group problem report s User request ed enhancem ent s Ot her syst em developm ent Ot her syst em developm ent proj ect s Changes in underlying syst em s Organizat ion st rat egy changes Organizat ion st rat egy changes _{Slide 34}

  t s e u q e R R e g n a h h C C a g in i s s e c _{li d e 3} ⁵ o _S r

  P j t A t Pr oj e ct Asse ssm e n t

  I m port ant for cont inued proj ect I m port ant for cont inued proj ect im provem ent

Especially im port ant for j unior

personnel t o im prove quickly personnel t o im prove quickly

  Slide 36

P j t T R i Pr oj e ct Te a m Re vie w

  Each m em ber prepares 2- 3 page Each m em ber prepares 2 3 page docum ent regarding her or his act ions during t he proj ect act ions during t he proj ect Focus on im provem ent not penalt ies Excellent behaviors are acknow ledged and diffused t o ot hers Team leader sum m arizes and dist ribut es lessons learned _{Slide 37}

S t R i Syst e m Re vie w

  

Exam ine t he ext ent t o which Exam ine t he ext ent t o which

t he cost s and benefit s of t he

syst em are realized l d Use t his inform at ion t o help in Use t his inform at ion t o help in m ore accurat ely est im at ing

cost s and benefit s for fut ure cost s and benefit s for fut ure

proj ect s

  Slide 38 How did t he conversion go at How did t he conversion go at CD Select ions? What did CD Select ions do t o aid change m anagem ent aid change m anagem ent processes? What were t he post - What were t he post

im plem ent at ion act ivit ies at CD

Select ions? _{Slide 39}

S Su m m a r y

  

Conversion Conversion is t he t echnical process is t he t echnical process

of replacing t he old syst em w it h t he

new one. Designers select t he new one Designers select t he

m et hod, t im ing, and locat ion of t he

conversion process conversion process.

  Change m anagem ent is aim ed at helping syst em users t o adopt t he h l i t t d t t h new syst em and use it product ively

  Slide 40

S Su m m a r y

  provide on- going support t o users,

include t raining people t o use t he include t raining people t o use t he

syst em and provide part icipant s in t he developm ent process t he t he developm ent process t he opport unit y t o learn and grow from t heir experiences t heir experiences

  Slide 41

E di t h D i Ex pa n din g t h e D om a in

  

An excellent source of inform at ion An excellent source of inform at ion

all aspect s of t raining Com put er- Based, w eb- based, and classroom is Based w eb based and classroom is t he Am erican Societ y for Training and Developm ent : and Developm ent : ht t p: / / w w w .ast d.org/

  Slide 42