ERROR ANALYSIS ON DESCRIPTIVE TEXTS MADE BY THE EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS AT SMP N 2 COLOMADU Error Analysis Of Descriptive Texts Made By The Eighth Grade Students At SMP N 2 Colomadu In 2014/2015 Academic Year.
ERROR ANALYSIS ON DESCRIPTIVE TEXTS MADE BY THE EIGHTH
GRADE STUDENTS AT SMP N 2 COLOMADU
IN 2014/2015 ACADEMIC YEAR
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by
RETNO WIDIASTUTIK
A 320 110 116
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2015
ii
iii
iv
MOTTO
Never ever blame other people, but blame yourself to
correct your mistakes
(Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M. Hum.)
Hardworking is the other name of miracle
(The writer)
v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
In the name of God Most Gracious, Most Merciful Peace and God
Blessing on we all. Alhamdullilahirabil alamin, glory to God Most High, Full of
Grace and Mercy, the Sustainer of the world that because of His blessing and
guidance, the writer is finally able to finish writing her entitled Error Analysis on
Descriptive Texts Made by the Eighth Grade Students in SMP N 2 Colomadu in
2014/2015 Academic Year as one of the requirements for getting bachelor degree
of education in English Department of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Praise is also given to the great messenger, Muhammad SAW, Peace be upon him,
glory person who gives his blessing to his masses in the next day.
In accomplishing this research paper, the writer gets much help and
guidance from others. Therefore, she would like to express her greatest gratitude
to the following people;
1.
Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, M. Hum., as Dean of Teacher Training and
Education Faculty of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, for approving
this research paper,
2.
Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph. D., as Head of English Department, who has
permitted her to write this research paper,
vi
3.
Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M. Hum., as the first consultant, who already
guided and advised patiently in correcting this research paper. More than
millions of thanks and deeply sorry from the writer’s heart is for her,
4.
Siti Fatimah, S.Pd., M. Hum., the second consultant who always supported
and guided her until she finished writing this research paper,
5.
Mr. Sulakir, S. Pd., M. Pd., as the headmaster of SMP N 2 Colomadu for
permitting her observe the data of this research,
6.
Mr. Suharto, S. Pd., as the English teacher of SMP N 2 Colomadu who
helped the writer for taking the data, thank you for being a nice teacher,
7.
Mrs. Ika Yuniati Rozi Safitri, S. Pd., as her English teacher when the writer
in Islamic Vocational High School, thank you for supporting her to take
English department as her major,
8.
All lecturers in English Department who cannot be mentioned one by one,
thanks a lot for teaching her this so far,
9.
Her lovely parents Mr. H. Jamal as her great father, her hero, her mentor and
Mrs. Hj. Manisah as her good mother. Thank you very much for the prayers,
loves, support, and spirit, and become good parents in the world, love you so
much,
10. Her little brothers Andre Ardiansyah, Sigit Trianto Aji and Sigit Adi
Trianto who gives her spirit to be a good sister,
11. Her mentor dr. Fahri Husaini Alkaff who always be a special person, thank
you for giving motivation for the writer to be better person in her life and the
writer will always be your admirer,
vii
12. Her sweet friends “The Bandit” Painah, Titik, Kenyum, Nisul, Nitnut,
Mbem, Biru, Papa Rop, Rikek, Kucing, Tokim, Kopet, Eriga,
13. Her nice friend in campus like Adam, Nanda, Momon, Dyah, Arin, and the
other students in class C who cannot be mentioned one by one,
14. Her great friends Lusi Ayus and Bety Kusuma Wardhani, thank you so
much for helping the writer when she did not understand about something in
her lessons. Then, Anggarani “dudut” Dias and Ambar Sari, thank you so
much for giving information when the writer needs and always support her
for finishing this research,
15. Her friends in Maritza boarding house like Mimi, Habibah, Alya, Mbak
Sari. Then her friend’s Gontory, Mita Apriliawati and Meita A. Wisty, and
others who cannot be mentioned one by one. The writer got nice memory
with them when stayed in that place and felt happy because of them,
16. Everyone who can’t be mentioned one by one for the spirit and support in
finishing this report.
The writer realizes that this research paper is far from being perfect, in
order to make it better, the writer accepts some advice and criticism. The last, the
writer wishes this research paper would be useful for us.
Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
Surakarta, June 2015
Writer
viii
SUMMARY
Retno Widiastutik. A320110116. ERROR ANALYSIS ON DESCRIPTIVE
TEXTS MADE BY THE EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS AT SMP N 2
COLOMADU IN 2014/2015 ACADEMIC YEAR. The Research Paper.
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. 2015
The aims of this research are: (1) to describe errors made by eighth grade
students of SMP N 2 Colomadu in their writing descriptive texts, (2) identifying
the types of lexical errors, grammatical errors, and discourse errors and also
explain the frequency of each type of errors, and (3) describing the dominant type
of errors, and identifying the sources of errors.
The type of this research is descriptive qualitative research because there is
no calculating data in this research. The qualitative research are describing data
and not using any statistic procedure. The technique for collecting the data is
analyzing. Analyzing is the method of collecting data by documents, books,
letters, agenda, worksheet, and other which is written. Then, the steps for
collecting the data they are: (1) taking two classes to collect descriptive texts
made by students there is VIIIA, (2) asking the students to make descriptive texts
in a topic given by the researcher, (3) reading the students’ texts one by one,
marking erroneous sentences based on the data, (4) writing the erroneous
sentences on the notebook, (5) grouping the data into general classifications of
errors, (6) identifying erroneous sentence found in the data, and (7) listing
erroneous sentences into classification of errors. The researcher uses James’
theory for classification, Dulay, et al.’s theory, and Brown’s theory for sources of
errors.
The result of this study shows that the researcher found in the lexical level
they are: wrong spelling 11, 70%, and code switching 3, 54%. Then in the
grammatical level, found 16 types of errors which divided into some parts, they
are the use of verb tense divided into three, they are: the use of V1 without (-s) for
3rd person singular 13, 12%, the wrong form of V1 for 3rd person singular 10,
28%, and the use of V1 for gerund 2, 48%. Then for BE divided into four, they
are: addition of BE in the present tense 8, 86%, omission of BE as predicate 6,
73%, and the wrong selection of BE 1, 41%, and the use of BE 1, 06%. The next
for article is addition of article 7, 80%. The error in pronoun divided into seven,
they are: subjective for possessive pronoun 7, 09%, the wrong selection of
pronoun 3, 90%, omission of possessive 1, 06%, possessive for subjective
pronoun 0, 70%, addition of possessive 0, 70%, subjective for objective pronoun
0, 35%, and the wrong form of relative clause 0, 35%. Then the last error in
grammatical level is misordering 5, 67%.The discourse level found 4 types of
errors they are: generic structure 9, 21%, reference 1, 77%, conjunction 1, 77%,
and language feature 0, 35%. The highest percentage of error is the use of V1
without (-s) for 3rd person singular is 37 errors (13, 12%).
Key words: error analysis, descriptive text, sources of errors.
ix
DEDICATION
I gratefully dedicate this research paper to:
My greatest father and mother “H. Jamal” and “Hj. Manisah”,
My beloved brothers “Andre, Aji and Adi”,
My consultants and lecturers,
All my best friends, friends, and the readers.
x
TABLE OF CONTENT
page
COVER ............................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL ........................................................................................................ ii
ACCEPTANCE ................................................................................................. iii
TESTIMONY ..................................................................................................... iv
MOTTO .............................................................................................................. v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .................................................................................... vi
SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... ix
DEDICATION .................................................................................................... x
TABLE OF CONTENT ..................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1
A. Background of the Study ...................................................... 1
B. Limitation of the Study ......................................................... 4
C. Problem Statement ............................................................... 4
D. Objective of the Study .......................................................... 5
E. Significance of the Study ..................................................... 5
F. Research Paper Organization ............................................... 5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .................................. 7
A. Previous Study ...................................................................... 7
B. Notion of Errors Analysis .................................................... 12
C. Pedagogical Goal of Error Analysis .................................... 13
D. Errors and Mistakes .............................................................. 13
E. Classification of Error .......................................................... 14
1. Linguistic Category Taxonomy ...................................... 14
a. Morphological Error .................................................... 15
b. Grammatical Error ....................................................... 15
c. Discourse...................................................................... 16
2. The Surface Strategy Taxonomy .................................... 18
a. Omission ...................................................................... 18
xi
b. Addition ....................................................................... 18
c. Misformation................................................................ 19
d. Misordering.................................................................. 20
3. Comparative Taxonomy ................................................. 20
a. Development Error....................................................... 20
b. Interlingual Error ......................................................... 21
4. Communicative Effect Taxonomy .................................. 21
a. Global Error ................................................................. 21
b. Local Error ................................................................... 21
F. Sources of Errors .................................................................. 22
1. Interlingual Transfer ....................................................... 22
2. Intralingual Transfer ....................................................... 22
3. Context of Learning ........................................................ 23
4. Communicative Strategy Based Errors ........................... 23
G. English Text ......................................................................... 24
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD ........................................................... 26
A. Type of the Research ........................................................... 26
B. Subject and Object of the Research ..................................... 26
C. Data and Data Source .......................................................... 27
D. Method of Collecting Data .................................................. 27
E. Technique for Analyzing Data ............................................ 28
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION .......................... 29
A. Research Finding ................................................................. 29
B. Discussion of Finding .......................................................... 60
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION, PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATION, AND
SUGGESTION ......................................................................... 66
A. Conclusion ........................................................................... 67
B. Pedagogical Implication ...................................................... 68
C. Suggestion ........................................................................... 70
BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................. 72
APPENDIX
xii
GRADE STUDENTS AT SMP N 2 COLOMADU
IN 2014/2015 ACADEMIC YEAR
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by
RETNO WIDIASTUTIK
A 320 110 116
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2015
ii
iii
iv
MOTTO
Never ever blame other people, but blame yourself to
correct your mistakes
(Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M. Hum.)
Hardworking is the other name of miracle
(The writer)
v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
In the name of God Most Gracious, Most Merciful Peace and God
Blessing on we all. Alhamdullilahirabil alamin, glory to God Most High, Full of
Grace and Mercy, the Sustainer of the world that because of His blessing and
guidance, the writer is finally able to finish writing her entitled Error Analysis on
Descriptive Texts Made by the Eighth Grade Students in SMP N 2 Colomadu in
2014/2015 Academic Year as one of the requirements for getting bachelor degree
of education in English Department of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Praise is also given to the great messenger, Muhammad SAW, Peace be upon him,
glory person who gives his blessing to his masses in the next day.
In accomplishing this research paper, the writer gets much help and
guidance from others. Therefore, she would like to express her greatest gratitude
to the following people;
1.
Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, M. Hum., as Dean of Teacher Training and
Education Faculty of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, for approving
this research paper,
2.
Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph. D., as Head of English Department, who has
permitted her to write this research paper,
vi
3.
Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M. Hum., as the first consultant, who already
guided and advised patiently in correcting this research paper. More than
millions of thanks and deeply sorry from the writer’s heart is for her,
4.
Siti Fatimah, S.Pd., M. Hum., the second consultant who always supported
and guided her until she finished writing this research paper,
5.
Mr. Sulakir, S. Pd., M. Pd., as the headmaster of SMP N 2 Colomadu for
permitting her observe the data of this research,
6.
Mr. Suharto, S. Pd., as the English teacher of SMP N 2 Colomadu who
helped the writer for taking the data, thank you for being a nice teacher,
7.
Mrs. Ika Yuniati Rozi Safitri, S. Pd., as her English teacher when the writer
in Islamic Vocational High School, thank you for supporting her to take
English department as her major,
8.
All lecturers in English Department who cannot be mentioned one by one,
thanks a lot for teaching her this so far,
9.
Her lovely parents Mr. H. Jamal as her great father, her hero, her mentor and
Mrs. Hj. Manisah as her good mother. Thank you very much for the prayers,
loves, support, and spirit, and become good parents in the world, love you so
much,
10. Her little brothers Andre Ardiansyah, Sigit Trianto Aji and Sigit Adi
Trianto who gives her spirit to be a good sister,
11. Her mentor dr. Fahri Husaini Alkaff who always be a special person, thank
you for giving motivation for the writer to be better person in her life and the
writer will always be your admirer,
vii
12. Her sweet friends “The Bandit” Painah, Titik, Kenyum, Nisul, Nitnut,
Mbem, Biru, Papa Rop, Rikek, Kucing, Tokim, Kopet, Eriga,
13. Her nice friend in campus like Adam, Nanda, Momon, Dyah, Arin, and the
other students in class C who cannot be mentioned one by one,
14. Her great friends Lusi Ayus and Bety Kusuma Wardhani, thank you so
much for helping the writer when she did not understand about something in
her lessons. Then, Anggarani “dudut” Dias and Ambar Sari, thank you so
much for giving information when the writer needs and always support her
for finishing this research,
15. Her friends in Maritza boarding house like Mimi, Habibah, Alya, Mbak
Sari. Then her friend’s Gontory, Mita Apriliawati and Meita A. Wisty, and
others who cannot be mentioned one by one. The writer got nice memory
with them when stayed in that place and felt happy because of them,
16. Everyone who can’t be mentioned one by one for the spirit and support in
finishing this report.
The writer realizes that this research paper is far from being perfect, in
order to make it better, the writer accepts some advice and criticism. The last, the
writer wishes this research paper would be useful for us.
Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
Surakarta, June 2015
Writer
viii
SUMMARY
Retno Widiastutik. A320110116. ERROR ANALYSIS ON DESCRIPTIVE
TEXTS MADE BY THE EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS AT SMP N 2
COLOMADU IN 2014/2015 ACADEMIC YEAR. The Research Paper.
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. 2015
The aims of this research are: (1) to describe errors made by eighth grade
students of SMP N 2 Colomadu in their writing descriptive texts, (2) identifying
the types of lexical errors, grammatical errors, and discourse errors and also
explain the frequency of each type of errors, and (3) describing the dominant type
of errors, and identifying the sources of errors.
The type of this research is descriptive qualitative research because there is
no calculating data in this research. The qualitative research are describing data
and not using any statistic procedure. The technique for collecting the data is
analyzing. Analyzing is the method of collecting data by documents, books,
letters, agenda, worksheet, and other which is written. Then, the steps for
collecting the data they are: (1) taking two classes to collect descriptive texts
made by students there is VIIIA, (2) asking the students to make descriptive texts
in a topic given by the researcher, (3) reading the students’ texts one by one,
marking erroneous sentences based on the data, (4) writing the erroneous
sentences on the notebook, (5) grouping the data into general classifications of
errors, (6) identifying erroneous sentence found in the data, and (7) listing
erroneous sentences into classification of errors. The researcher uses James’
theory for classification, Dulay, et al.’s theory, and Brown’s theory for sources of
errors.
The result of this study shows that the researcher found in the lexical level
they are: wrong spelling 11, 70%, and code switching 3, 54%. Then in the
grammatical level, found 16 types of errors which divided into some parts, they
are the use of verb tense divided into three, they are: the use of V1 without (-s) for
3rd person singular 13, 12%, the wrong form of V1 for 3rd person singular 10,
28%, and the use of V1 for gerund 2, 48%. Then for BE divided into four, they
are: addition of BE in the present tense 8, 86%, omission of BE as predicate 6,
73%, and the wrong selection of BE 1, 41%, and the use of BE 1, 06%. The next
for article is addition of article 7, 80%. The error in pronoun divided into seven,
they are: subjective for possessive pronoun 7, 09%, the wrong selection of
pronoun 3, 90%, omission of possessive 1, 06%, possessive for subjective
pronoun 0, 70%, addition of possessive 0, 70%, subjective for objective pronoun
0, 35%, and the wrong form of relative clause 0, 35%. Then the last error in
grammatical level is misordering 5, 67%.The discourse level found 4 types of
errors they are: generic structure 9, 21%, reference 1, 77%, conjunction 1, 77%,
and language feature 0, 35%. The highest percentage of error is the use of V1
without (-s) for 3rd person singular is 37 errors (13, 12%).
Key words: error analysis, descriptive text, sources of errors.
ix
DEDICATION
I gratefully dedicate this research paper to:
My greatest father and mother “H. Jamal” and “Hj. Manisah”,
My beloved brothers “Andre, Aji and Adi”,
My consultants and lecturers,
All my best friends, friends, and the readers.
x
TABLE OF CONTENT
page
COVER ............................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL ........................................................................................................ ii
ACCEPTANCE ................................................................................................. iii
TESTIMONY ..................................................................................................... iv
MOTTO .............................................................................................................. v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .................................................................................... vi
SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... ix
DEDICATION .................................................................................................... x
TABLE OF CONTENT ..................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1
A. Background of the Study ...................................................... 1
B. Limitation of the Study ......................................................... 4
C. Problem Statement ............................................................... 4
D. Objective of the Study .......................................................... 5
E. Significance of the Study ..................................................... 5
F. Research Paper Organization ............................................... 5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .................................. 7
A. Previous Study ...................................................................... 7
B. Notion of Errors Analysis .................................................... 12
C. Pedagogical Goal of Error Analysis .................................... 13
D. Errors and Mistakes .............................................................. 13
E. Classification of Error .......................................................... 14
1. Linguistic Category Taxonomy ...................................... 14
a. Morphological Error .................................................... 15
b. Grammatical Error ....................................................... 15
c. Discourse...................................................................... 16
2. The Surface Strategy Taxonomy .................................... 18
a. Omission ...................................................................... 18
xi
b. Addition ....................................................................... 18
c. Misformation................................................................ 19
d. Misordering.................................................................. 20
3. Comparative Taxonomy ................................................. 20
a. Development Error....................................................... 20
b. Interlingual Error ......................................................... 21
4. Communicative Effect Taxonomy .................................. 21
a. Global Error ................................................................. 21
b. Local Error ................................................................... 21
F. Sources of Errors .................................................................. 22
1. Interlingual Transfer ....................................................... 22
2. Intralingual Transfer ....................................................... 22
3. Context of Learning ........................................................ 23
4. Communicative Strategy Based Errors ........................... 23
G. English Text ......................................................................... 24
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD ........................................................... 26
A. Type of the Research ........................................................... 26
B. Subject and Object of the Research ..................................... 26
C. Data and Data Source .......................................................... 27
D. Method of Collecting Data .................................................. 27
E. Technique for Analyzing Data ............................................ 28
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION .......................... 29
A. Research Finding ................................................................. 29
B. Discussion of Finding .......................................................... 60
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION, PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATION, AND
SUGGESTION ......................................................................... 66
A. Conclusion ........................................................................... 67
B. Pedagogical Implication ...................................................... 68
C. Suggestion ........................................................................... 70
BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................. 72
APPENDIX
xii