Formasi Mutiara Kerang Air Tawar Anodonta Woodiana Yang Menerima Material Iritan.
iii
Pearl formation in freshwater mussel Anodonta woodiana
implanted by irritant materials
ABSTRACT
The research on pearl formation in the freshwater mussel Anodonta woodiana
implanted by irritant materials was conducted at the Center of Freshwater
Culture, Dimembe District, North Minahasa Regency of North Sulawesi Province.
The preliminary study which was conducted by using randomized factorial design
experiment was aimed to determine the suitable anesthetic types and
concentrations for preconditioning the mussels for implantation. Test materials
used is material with four type of oil and three concentrations, which are menthol
oil, clove oil, nutmeg oil and citronella oil with each concentration of 1.5 ml/L,
2.5 ml/L, and 3 ml/L. While the main experiment was conducted to determine the
suitable irritant materials and their sizes for pearl formation in the mussels.
Materials irritant tested is grain of pebbles, broken glass, and beads with
diameter of each 3 mm and 6 mm. The result showed that there was an effect on
interaction between the type and the concentration of the anesthetics to the
‘relaxed condition’ of the mussels in order to ease the implantation process. It
was found that the use of nutmeg oil 2.5 ml/L is more effective for applying at the
preconditioned stage of the mussels (based on response, relaxation time, recovery
time, and mortality rate) compared to clove oil, menthol oil and citronella oil.
After the implantation, the survival rate of the mussels was between 89.8% and
96.2%, and the increasing body weight was from 1.31 to 1.76% per day. This
result was relatively similar to the mussels without any implantation treatment.
Implant materials were not found to cause any defect on mantle tissue of the
mussels, which was characterized by the absence of basophillic and eosinophillic
cells. The difference in types and sizes of the irritant materials did not give any
significant result in the success of the implantation. But the result showed that
more than 50% (between 59.16 and 84.99%) of the mussels used in the
experiment had succeeded to form a pearl. The increasing size of the irritants due
to the coating of pearl layers is affected by the interaction between types and
diameter of the irritants. The highest increase in size was found in pebbles
materials which had reached the diameter of 3 mm (0.039%) and 6 mm (0.137%).
Alumunium oxide was the dominant mineral compound composing the pearl
layers on the pebbles compared to other pearls. ‘Pebbles factor’ as the irritant is
found to produce the highest increase of pearl layers; 0.57% per day with the
thickness of aragonite/vaterite crystals can reach up to 0.36-0.56 µm.
Keywords: Pearl, Anodonta woodiana, anesthetics, irritant materials, crystal
tablets
iv
Formasi Mutiara Kerang Air Tawar Anodonta woodiana
yang Menerima Material Iritan
ABSTRAK
Penelitian untuk mempelajari formasi mutiara pada kerang air tawar Anodonta
woodiana yang menerima material iritan telah dilaksanakan di Balai Budidaya Air
Tawar Tatelu di Kecamatan Dimembe, Kabupaten Minahasa Utara, Provinsi
Sulawesi Utara. Penelitian pendahuluan yang dirancang secara eksperimental
dengan rancangan acak lengkap berpola faktorial bertujuan untuk menentukan
bahan dan dosis anestesi terhadap prakondisi kerang untuk implantasi. Bahan
anestesi yang digunakan adalah minyak menthol, minyak cengkeh, minyak pala,
dan minyak sereh dengan konsentrasi masing-masing 1,5 ml/L, 2,5 ml/L, dan
3 ml/L. Penelitian utama yang juga dirancang secara eksperimental bertujuan
untuk menentukan material dan diameter iritan yang tepat dalam formasi mutiara
pada kerang ini. Material iritan yang dicobakan adalah pasir kerikil, pecahan gelas
dan manik-manik, masing-masing berdiameter 3 mm dan 6 mm. Hasil penelitian
menunjukkan adanya pengaruh interaksi antara bahan dan dosis anestesi terhadap
kondisi rileks kerang untuk memudahkan penyisipan iritan pada tubuhnya.
Penggunaan bahan anestesi berupa minyak pala dengan dosis 2,5 ml/L lebih
efektif untuk prakondisi kerang (respons, waktu rileksasi, waktu pulih, dan
mortalitas) dibandingkan dengan bahan anestesi minyak cengkeh, minyak
menthol, dan minyak sereh. Selama pemeliharaan pasca pemberian iritan, kerang
tetap mampu hidup normal dengan laju sintasan yang bervariasi antara 89,8% dan
96,2%, demikian pula pertambahan bobot tubuhnya (1,31-1,76% per hari) relatif
sama dengan kerang yang tanpa implantasi iritan. Selain itu, material iritan tidak
menyebabkan peradangan pada jaringan mantel kerang, sebagaimana ditandai
dengan absennya sel-sel basofil dan eosinofil. Meskipun material dan diameter
yang berbeda, tidak signifikan menentukan perbedaan keberhasilan implantasi,
tapi percobaan ini menunjukkan lebih dari 50% (59,16 – 84,99%) kerang yang
diimplantasi berhasil membentuk lapisan mutiara. Pertambahan bobot iritan
karena terlapisi mutiara dipengaruhi interaksi antara material dan diameter iritan,
sementara pertambahan tertinggi terjadi pada material pasir kerikil berdiameter 3
mm (0,039%) dan berdiameter 6 mm (0,137%). Selain kalsium karbonat sebagai
wujud biomineralisasi mutiara, komposisi mineral lapisan mutiara pada iritan
pasir kerikil ditandai aluminium oksida yang dominan dibandingkan lapisan
mutiara lainnya. Faktor butiran pasir kerikil dalam implantasi kerang
menghasilkan laju pertambahan lapisan mutiara tertinggi, sebesar 0,57% per hari
dengan ketebalan tablet kristal aragonite/vaterite mencapai 0,36-0,56 µm.
Kata Kunci : mutiara, Anodonta woodiana, anestesi, material iritan, tablet kristal
Pearl formation in freshwater mussel Anodonta woodiana
implanted by irritant materials
ABSTRACT
The research on pearl formation in the freshwater mussel Anodonta woodiana
implanted by irritant materials was conducted at the Center of Freshwater
Culture, Dimembe District, North Minahasa Regency of North Sulawesi Province.
The preliminary study which was conducted by using randomized factorial design
experiment was aimed to determine the suitable anesthetic types and
concentrations for preconditioning the mussels for implantation. Test materials
used is material with four type of oil and three concentrations, which are menthol
oil, clove oil, nutmeg oil and citronella oil with each concentration of 1.5 ml/L,
2.5 ml/L, and 3 ml/L. While the main experiment was conducted to determine the
suitable irritant materials and their sizes for pearl formation in the mussels.
Materials irritant tested is grain of pebbles, broken glass, and beads with
diameter of each 3 mm and 6 mm. The result showed that there was an effect on
interaction between the type and the concentration of the anesthetics to the
‘relaxed condition’ of the mussels in order to ease the implantation process. It
was found that the use of nutmeg oil 2.5 ml/L is more effective for applying at the
preconditioned stage of the mussels (based on response, relaxation time, recovery
time, and mortality rate) compared to clove oil, menthol oil and citronella oil.
After the implantation, the survival rate of the mussels was between 89.8% and
96.2%, and the increasing body weight was from 1.31 to 1.76% per day. This
result was relatively similar to the mussels without any implantation treatment.
Implant materials were not found to cause any defect on mantle tissue of the
mussels, which was characterized by the absence of basophillic and eosinophillic
cells. The difference in types and sizes of the irritant materials did not give any
significant result in the success of the implantation. But the result showed that
more than 50% (between 59.16 and 84.99%) of the mussels used in the
experiment had succeeded to form a pearl. The increasing size of the irritants due
to the coating of pearl layers is affected by the interaction between types and
diameter of the irritants. The highest increase in size was found in pebbles
materials which had reached the diameter of 3 mm (0.039%) and 6 mm (0.137%).
Alumunium oxide was the dominant mineral compound composing the pearl
layers on the pebbles compared to other pearls. ‘Pebbles factor’ as the irritant is
found to produce the highest increase of pearl layers; 0.57% per day with the
thickness of aragonite/vaterite crystals can reach up to 0.36-0.56 µm.
Keywords: Pearl, Anodonta woodiana, anesthetics, irritant materials, crystal
tablets
iv
Formasi Mutiara Kerang Air Tawar Anodonta woodiana
yang Menerima Material Iritan
ABSTRAK
Penelitian untuk mempelajari formasi mutiara pada kerang air tawar Anodonta
woodiana yang menerima material iritan telah dilaksanakan di Balai Budidaya Air
Tawar Tatelu di Kecamatan Dimembe, Kabupaten Minahasa Utara, Provinsi
Sulawesi Utara. Penelitian pendahuluan yang dirancang secara eksperimental
dengan rancangan acak lengkap berpola faktorial bertujuan untuk menentukan
bahan dan dosis anestesi terhadap prakondisi kerang untuk implantasi. Bahan
anestesi yang digunakan adalah minyak menthol, minyak cengkeh, minyak pala,
dan minyak sereh dengan konsentrasi masing-masing 1,5 ml/L, 2,5 ml/L, dan
3 ml/L. Penelitian utama yang juga dirancang secara eksperimental bertujuan
untuk menentukan material dan diameter iritan yang tepat dalam formasi mutiara
pada kerang ini. Material iritan yang dicobakan adalah pasir kerikil, pecahan gelas
dan manik-manik, masing-masing berdiameter 3 mm dan 6 mm. Hasil penelitian
menunjukkan adanya pengaruh interaksi antara bahan dan dosis anestesi terhadap
kondisi rileks kerang untuk memudahkan penyisipan iritan pada tubuhnya.
Penggunaan bahan anestesi berupa minyak pala dengan dosis 2,5 ml/L lebih
efektif untuk prakondisi kerang (respons, waktu rileksasi, waktu pulih, dan
mortalitas) dibandingkan dengan bahan anestesi minyak cengkeh, minyak
menthol, dan minyak sereh. Selama pemeliharaan pasca pemberian iritan, kerang
tetap mampu hidup normal dengan laju sintasan yang bervariasi antara 89,8% dan
96,2%, demikian pula pertambahan bobot tubuhnya (1,31-1,76% per hari) relatif
sama dengan kerang yang tanpa implantasi iritan. Selain itu, material iritan tidak
menyebabkan peradangan pada jaringan mantel kerang, sebagaimana ditandai
dengan absennya sel-sel basofil dan eosinofil. Meskipun material dan diameter
yang berbeda, tidak signifikan menentukan perbedaan keberhasilan implantasi,
tapi percobaan ini menunjukkan lebih dari 50% (59,16 – 84,99%) kerang yang
diimplantasi berhasil membentuk lapisan mutiara. Pertambahan bobot iritan
karena terlapisi mutiara dipengaruhi interaksi antara material dan diameter iritan,
sementara pertambahan tertinggi terjadi pada material pasir kerikil berdiameter 3
mm (0,039%) dan berdiameter 6 mm (0,137%). Selain kalsium karbonat sebagai
wujud biomineralisasi mutiara, komposisi mineral lapisan mutiara pada iritan
pasir kerikil ditandai aluminium oksida yang dominan dibandingkan lapisan
mutiara lainnya. Faktor butiran pasir kerikil dalam implantasi kerang
menghasilkan laju pertambahan lapisan mutiara tertinggi, sebesar 0,57% per hari
dengan ketebalan tablet kristal aragonite/vaterite mencapai 0,36-0,56 µm.
Kata Kunci : mutiara, Anodonta woodiana, anestesi, material iritan, tablet kristal