Lieutenant tonder`s characteristics under the influence of settings as seen in John Steinbeck`s The Moon is Down.
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ABSTRACT
BILLY TALUSAKATA. Lieutenant Tonder’s Characteristics under the
Influence of Settings as Seen in John Steinbeck’s The Moon is
Down.Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata
Dharma University, 2013.
This thesis analyzes one of John Steinbeck’s novels entitled, The Moon is
Down. The writer discusses the influence of settings toward Lieutenant Tonder
characteristics. Lieutenant Tonder is one of major characters in this novel who is
assigned to conquer a town. The settings give great effect to Lieutenant Tonder.
The writer focuses on finding out the influence of settings toward Lieutenant
Tonder’s characteristics.
This thesis has three problems. The first problem is about the characterization
of Lieutenant Tonder. The second problem is how the settings of the Novel
described. The last problem is about how the settings of the novel influence the
major character Lieutenant Tonder.
To develop this study, the writer uses New Criticism approach. There are
some theories on character, characterization and setting applied in this thesis.
Those theories are worthwhile to answer the three problems formulated of this
thesis.
There are three important conclusions as the result of this study. The first
conclusion is the writer concludes that Lieutenant Tonder has romantic,
sentimental, weak and fearful characteristics.
The second conclusion is the setting of time and the settings of social of this
novel has a big contribution influencing Lieutenant Tonder’s characteristics. The
setting of time is around the winter. There are heavy snowfall covering the town
which creates cold wheater. The social settings of this novel reveal that the people
in the town are loyal to their government against the invader. They convinced
them that they are solid and dangerous society.
The third conclusion shows that the settings in the novel have a certain effect
toward the shape of Lieutenant Tonder’s characteristics. The setting of the time
which is in the winter and the setting of society which is around rebellious society
influence Lieutenant Tonder’s characteristics. It reveals his real him which are
romantic, sentimental, weak and fearful.
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ABSTRACT
BILLY TALUSAKATA. Lieutenant Tonder’s Characteristics Under the
Influence of Settings as Seen in John Steinbeck’s The Moon is
Down.Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata
Dharma, 2013.
Skripsi in menganalisa salah satu novel John Steinbecks yang berjudul The
Moon is Down. Penulis membahas tentang bagaimana seting-seting yang terjadi
mempengaruhi karakter LetnanTonder. Letnan Tonder adalah salah satu karakter
utama di dalam novel ini, yang di tugaskan untuk menaklukkan sebuah kota.
Seting member pengaruh besar terhadap Letnan Tonder. Penulis memusatkan
perhatian untuk menguraikan pengaruh seting-seting terhadap karakter Letnan
Tonder.
Skripsi ini memiliki tiga tujuan. Yang pertama adalah tentang bagaimana
karakterisasi Letnan Tonder. Yang kedua adalah bagaimana seting-seting novel
ini digambarkan. Yang ketiga adalah tentang bagaimana seting-seting di novel ini
mempengaruhi karakter utama Letnan Tonder.
Untuk memperkuat skripsi ini, penulis menggunakan pendekatan New
Criticism. Ada beberapa teori lainnya seperti teori karakter, karakterisasi dan
seting yang di terapkan dalam skripsi ini. Teori-teori tersebut sangat berguna
untuk menjawab tiga tujuan yang telah di rumuskan di dalam skripsi ini.
Ada tiga pokok kesimpulan penting dari hasil skripsi ini. Kesimpulan yang
pertama adalah penulis menyimpulkan bahwa Lieutenant Tonder memiliki
karateristik yang romantis, sentimental, lemah dan penakut.
Kesimpulan yang kedua adalah seting waktu dan seting-seting sosial didalam
novel ini mempunyai kontribusi yang besar dalam mempengaruhi karakter Letnan
Tonder. Seting waktu terjadi dalam kondisi musim dingin yang sangat buruk salju
turun dengan sangat banyak dan membuat kondisi sangat dingin. Seting-seting
social di dalam novel digambarkan bahwa penduduk kota tersebut setia terhadap
pemerintahnya dan masyarakat yang memberontak. Dari seting-seting ini para
penduduk kota kota memberontak melawan para penyerbu, mereka meyakinkan
para penyerbu bahwa para penduduk sangat kokoh dan masyarakat yang
berbahaya.
Kesimpulan yang ke tiga adalah seting-seting yang terdapat di novel memiliki
pengaruh khusus terhadap karakteristik Letnan Tonder. Setting waktu yang berada
di tengah musim dingin dan seting social lingkungan mempengaruhi karakteristik
Letnan Tonder. Sehingga hal ini membuka karakteristik-nya yang romantic,
sentimental, lemah dan penakut.
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LIEUTENANT TONDER’S CHARACTERISTICS UNDER THE
INFLUENCE OF SETTINGS AS SEEN IN
JOHN STEINBECK’S THE MOON IS DOWN
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
BILLY TALUSAKATA
Student Number: 074214078
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
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LIEUTENANT TONDER’S CHARACTERISTICS UNDER THE
INFLUENCE OF SETTINGS AS SEEN IN
JOHN STEINBECK’S THE MOON IS DOWN
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
BILLY TALUSAKATA
Student Number: 074214078
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
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This thesis is dedicated to:
My beloved Parents, Sisters, Family
&
My endless love Benedikta Thia and her family
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertandatangan dibawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama
Nomor Mahasiswa
: Billy Talusakata
: 074214078
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
LIEUTENANT TONDER’S CHARACTERISTICS UNDER THE INFLUENFE
OF SETTINGS AS SEEN IN JOHN STEINBECK’S THE MOON IS DOWN
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan
dalam bentuk lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan
secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk
kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan loyalti
kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 8 october 2013
Yang menyatakan
(Billy Talusakata)
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I honestly declared that this thesis entitled Lieutenant Tonder’s Characteristics
Under the Influence of Settings as seen in John Steinbeck’s The Moon is Down
which I have written, does not contain ideas, phrases, sentences or parts of work other
people except those cited in the quotations and references, as a scientific paper
should.
Yogyakarta, 8 october, 2013
Billy Talusakata
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, the writer’s would like to dedicate his greatest gratitude to Jesus
Christ for everything. The writer’s deepest gratitude goes to his parents Veronika
Yuliana and Yulius Lipkian for their endless love, patience, prayer and support.
They have been the best parents for him.
The writer’s expresses his sincere gratitude to Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka,
M.Hum., as his advisor, who has given his time, guidance and support during writing
this undergraduate thesis. The writer’s next thanks go to Maria Ananta Tri S., S.S.,
M.Ed, my co-advisor, who has given her time, suggestions and convinced him on his
undergraduate thesis.
Special thanks are given to his sisters, Beatrice Mayana, Marry Christine,
Anne Dara Patbarime. His endless love Benedikta Thia and Thia’s family. The
writer’s also thanks to His big family who have given best wishes, encouraged and
supported him from the beginning of his study until the process of this thesis writing.
The writer also thanks to his best friends, Nurvita Wijayanti, Hafsyah, Josephine
Dewi Utami, Tyas, Edwin Sugara and all 07 friends who always give support for
him.
The last gratitude goes to all whose names are not listed in this thesis which
cannot mention one by one. This does not mean that he forgets them since they have
been part of his life.
Billy Talusakata
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE .......................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGE ................................................................................................ ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE .......................................................................................... iii
DEDICATION PAGE ............................................................................................. iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................ viii
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. x
ABSTRAK .............................................................................................................. xi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study ..................................................................................... 1
B. Problem Formulation ........................................................................................... 3
C. Objectives of the Study ....................................................................................... 3
D. Definition of Terms ............................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ......................................................... 4
A. Review of Related Studies ........................................................................ 4
B. Review of Related Theories ...................................................................... 6
1. Theory of Character ............................................................................ 6
2. Theory of Characterization ................................................................. 7
3. Theory of Setting................................................................................. 10
C. Theoretical Framework ............................................................................. 11
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...................................................................... 12
A. Object of the Study.................................................................................... 12
B. Approach of the Study .............................................................................. 13
C. Method of the Study .................................................................................. 14
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ................................................................................... 15
A. The Characteristics of Lieutenant Tonder ................................................. 15
1. Romantic ............................................................................................. 15
2. Sentimental.......................................................................................... 17
3. Weak ................................................................................................... 19
4. Fearful ................................................................................................. 21
B. The Setting of The Moon is Down ........................................................... 22
1. The of Place......................................................................................... 23
2. The of Winter ...................................................................................... 25
3. The social setting of The Moon is Down............................................. 28
4. Rebellious Society against Human right ............................................. 28
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C.
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5. Loyalty Society to the Government .................................................... 34
The Influence of the Setting Toward Lieutenant Tonder .......................... 37
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .............................................................................. 47
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................... 50
APPENDIX: The Summary of John Steinbeck’s The Moon is Down ..................... 52
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ABSTRACT
BILLY TALUSAKATA. Lieutenant Tonder’s Characteristics under the
Influence of Settings as Seen in John Steinbeck’s The Moon is Down.Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.
This thesis analyzes one of John Steinbeck’s novels entitled, The Moon is Down.
The writer discusses the influence of settings toward Lieutenant Tonder
characteristics. Lieutenant Tonder is one of major characters in this novel who is
assigned to conquer a town. The settings give great effect to Lieutenant Tonder. The
writer focuses on finding out the influence of settings toward Lieutenant Tonder’s
characteristics.
This thesis has three problems. The first problem is about the characterization of
Lieutenant Tonder. The second problem is how the settings of the Novel described.
The last problem is about how the settings of the novel influence the major character
Lieutenant Tonder.
To develop this study, the writer uses New Criticism approach. There are some
theories on character, characterization and setting applied in this thesis. Those
theories are worthwhile to answer the three problems formulated of this thesis.
There are three important conclusions as the result of this study. The first
conclusion is the writer concludes that Lieutenant Tonder has romantic, sentimental,
weak and fearful characteristics.
The second conclusion is the setting of time and the settings of social of this
novel has a big contribution influencing Lieutenant Tonder’s characteristics. The
setting of time is around the winter. There are heavy snowfall covering the town
which creates cold wheater. The social settings of this novel reveal that the people in
the town are loyal to their government against the invader. They convinced them that
they are solid and dangerous society.
The third conclusion shows that the settings in the novel have a certain effect
toward the shape of Lieutenant Tonder’s characteristics. The setting of the time which
is in the winter and the setting of society which is around rebellious society influence
Lieutenant Tonder’s characteristics. It reveals his real him which are romantic,
sentimental, weak and fearful.
x
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ABSTRACT
BILLY TALUSAKATA. Lieutenant Tonder’s Characteristics Under the
Influence of Settings as Seen in John Steinbeck’s The Moon is Down.Yogyakarta:
Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013.
Skripsi in menganalisa salah satu novel John Steinbecks yang berjudul The Moon
is Down. Penulis membahas tentang bagaimana seting-seting yang terjadi
mempengaruhi karakter LetnanTonder. Letnan Tonder adalah salah satu karakter
utama di dalam novel ini, yang di tugaskan untuk menaklukkan sebuah kota. Seting
member pengaruh besar terhadap Letnan Tonder. Penulis memusatkan perhatian
untuk menguraikan pengaruh seting-seting terhadap karakter Letnan Tonder.
Skripsi ini memiliki tiga tujuan. Yang pertama adalah tentang bagaimana
karakterisasi Letnan Tonder. Yang kedua adalah bagaimana seting-seting novel ini
digambarkan. Yang ketiga adalah tentang bagaimana seting-seting di novel ini
mempengaruhi karakter utama Letnan Tonder.
Untuk memperkuat skripsi ini, penulis menggunakan pendekatan New Criticism.
Ada beberapa teori lainnya seperti teori karakter, karakterisasi dan seting yang di
terapkan dalam skripsi ini. Teori-teori tersebut sangat berguna untuk menjawab tiga
tujuan yang telah di rumuskan di dalam skripsi ini.
Ada tiga pokok kesimpulan penting dari hasil skripsi ini. Kesimpulan yang
pertama adalah penulis menyimpulkan bahwa Lieutenant Tonder memiliki
karateristik yang romantis, sentimental, lemah dan penakut.
Kesimpulan yang kedua adalah seting waktu dan seting-seting sosial didalam
novel ini mempunyai kontribusi yang besar dalam mempengaruhi karakter Letnan
Tonder. Seting waktu terjadi dalam kondisi musim dingin yang sangat buruk salju
turun dengan sangat banyak dan membuat kondisi sangat dingin. Seting-seting social
di dalam novel digambarkan bahwa penduduk kota tersebut setia terhadap
pemerintahnya dan masyarakat yang memberontak. Dari seting-seting ini para
penduduk kota kota memberontak melawan para penyerbu, mereka meyakinkan para
penyerbu bahwa para penduduk sangat kokoh dan masyarakat yang berbahaya.
Kesimpulan yang ke tiga adalah seting-seting yang terdapat di novel memiliki
pengaruh khusus terhadap karakteristik Letnan Tonder. Setting waktu yang berada di
tengah musim dingin dan seting social lingkungan mempengaruhi karakteristik
Letnan Tonder. Sehingga hal ini membuka karakteristik-nya yang romantic,
sentimental, lemah dan penakut.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
All human beings want to live in peace. However, they never know what will
happen in their life, their world, and what will happen with their country. Destruction
in the peace of humans life might happen. It could be created by them self because of
their desire. Destruction and war are two things that cannot be separated.
Kalevij states that war is a decision made by elites and views it as a duel, an
avenue for game, glory, and honor, an act of self defense, the execution of a
judgment, a crime, a technique of persuasion, or as an act of mutual suicide (1991: 910). This statement clearly states that war happens and it is created as an interest for a
country, caused by several causes, to gain precious benefit by using some ways.
Furthermore a war is only calamity and disaster because it brings pain, grief and
sorrow for everyone in the world, especially for those who get involved in it. War
also takes anything away not only wealth and happiness but also human life. War
brings disadvantages for human and it takes lots of victims.
As seen in those problems people who are involved in it will experience many
problems that related to his or her life, especially as a soldier in a war condition.
These problems occur in the human personal which as a conqueror and those who are
being conquered.
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As in the Great War, World War II is one of the most important events in 20th
century. This war involves almost all countries in the world. This event is
commemorated by any visual or printed media. The theme of war has influenced
some authors of novel to make literary work based on it, one of them is John
Steinbeck who made a novel which depicted World War II that exposed the effect
and other side of war entitled The Moon is Down.
The Moon is Down is a simple but meaningful story that tells about the other side
of war. It is about human problems especially a soldier life, which is represented in
one of the main character Lieutenant Tonder. He is in a duty as a soldier to conquer a
town and he thinks that he can fulfill his duty successfully. He also thinks that he can
survive with the conquered-town environment. He is a good example of a character
who is representing a human being who has two different sides in his life. First is the
calling of his duty and second is the calling of his humanity. For the first time he sees
that the town is a good place to live. All of the people in the town being conquered
look very nice to him.
However, the fact is different the conquered people begin to revolt. They want a
freedom because they have the right on it, and then Tonder feels this movement as a
threat for his life. The condition of the town is getting worst because it happens in
snow season. In one hand, he begins losing his control as a soldier who forgets his
duty, and he also becomes worried and nervous. The characteristics of Lieutenant
Tonder revealed because the settings from the town changes.
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B. Problem Formulation
Based on the background of the study, there are three problem formulations to be
analyzed.
1.
How is Lieutenant Tonder characterized?
2.
How are the settings described?
3.
How do the settings influence the characteristic of Lieutenant Tonder?
C. Objectives of the Study
The problem formulations consist of the three questions; therefore the objectives
of study are divided into three parts. First, the writer tries to find Lieutenant Tonder’s
characterization. Second, the writer finds the setting that is described in the story. The
last objective is to find out the settings influencing the characteristic of Lieutenant
Tonder during the war.
D. Definition of Terms
There is one term that needs to be explained to avoid misunderstanding that is
“Soldier”. Soldier is a member of an army, especially one of who is not an officer.
(Oxford Advanced Learner’s 2005:1456).
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part is the review of related
studies. It presents comments toward John Steinbeck’s and his work The Moon is
Down. The second part is the review of related theories that contain theory of
character, theory of characterization and theory of setting. And the third is theoretical
framework. This part explains about the framework of the study and application of
the theories to analyze problem formulation.
A. Review of Related Studies
The Moon is Down tells about Nazi invasion in unnamed town in a part of
Europe. To get better understanding on the work of literature, some critics have been
made for Steinbeck’s works. There are many comments on The Moon is Down. David
states that The Moon is Down is interesting novel. This novel portrayed the situation
of World War two. It does not contain stereotype and it shows human emotion and
human weakness. He also points out that Steinbeck describes Nazis as not evil
enough and makes this novel more realistic.
Fransicsa in his thesis says, Steinbeck’s The Moon is Down is a novel about
human relationships, the relationships between a small town and its invaders, the
relationships between town officials and the townspeople or local people. It is a story
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that can be seen from both sides. The main characters include both the townspeople
and the officers of the occupying force (2007: 1).
Another thesis says that The Moon is Down a patron of literature and history,
regard this novel as one of great literary works, it is very sympathetic to not only the
conquered people but also the conquerors. It truly shows the way of war that full of
despair, hate, longing and killer depression. I was simply blown away with it. It
means that the author describe his point of view on the conflicting parties in balance
(Budhi Satrio, 2007:22).
Cameo points out that The Moon is Down is simple story but meaningful, so the
readers do not need long time to read it to understand what Steinbeck means. He
emphasizes the psychological aspect that occur in every characters in The Moon is
Down. Steinbeck represents the strong spirit from each character, from the conquered
and the conqueror, how they fight with their problem and how to survive from their
condition (www.goodreads.com, October 11 2012).
Moreover, Anne Marie states that, this amazing novel is not a well-known novel
among Steinbeck’s other novels. However, the theme of this book is worthy to be
discussed because it reveals the value of human that has two different sides.”That I
think was the point Steinbeck was trying to make, there are always two sides to the
coin”(www.goodreads.com, October 16 2012).
According to Janus, The Moon is Down is easy to read because it is very well
written. In this novel Steinbeck shows us amazing understanding of humanity and its
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civilizations through the characters. The characters are revealed as unique person
with different personalities.
Steinbeck's perfect prose and amazing understanding of humanity and its
civilizations make this one of the most eerily realistic works of fiction I have
ever read. The characters are essentially the conquerors and the conquered each
possessing of an array of different people with different personalities and quirks.
It's a short, easy read that is as enjoyable as literature (www.jacketflap.com,
Janus, October 23 2012).
The writer’s of this thesis wants to show the influence of settings surround the
main character’s characteristics, which is the setting of time and social environment.
The writer wants to show that these two factors have big effect on the main
character’s personality trait. Thus this will differentiate this thesis from the other
studies.
B. Review of Related Theories
In analyzing literary works, some theories are needed. Literary theories such as
theories of character and characterization are put in the first part while the second part
is the theory of setting.
1.
Theory of Character
Character is the intrinsic elements in literary work which is very important.
Character makes the story in the novel becomes live. According to Abrams in his
book A Glosarry of Literary Terms.
Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are
interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and
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emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say the dialogue and by what
they do the action (Abrams 1985: 23).
From the quotation above, character is described as a person who plays in a
drama or novel. A person with an emotional feeling that his/her presented by
dialogues or actions that his/her does in the story of the novel. Lieutenant Tonder is
one of major characters in The Moon is Down, a character that can represents the
main point from the novel besides other main characters.
Stanton in his book An Introduction to Fiction states that the character portrays
the person or individuals in the story. Most stories contain a central character, which
is relevant to every event in the story; usually the events cause some changes in him
or in our attitude toward him. Thus, the meaning of character can be both the actor in
a story and the characteristic of the characters. There must be a relationship between
an actor and the characteristic that he has (1965:17).
2.
Theory of Characterization
To find out how the characters are characterized in this novel, the writer needs to
know the theory of characterization. According to Holman and Harmon in A
Handbook to Literature, Characterization is the way in which the author reveals or
creates or the characters in his/her work, making them ‘alive’ for the reader (1986:
81).
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According to M.J. Murphy in his book Understanding Unseen: An Introduction
to English Poetry & Novel for Overseas Student (1972: 161-173), there are nine ways
to represent the characters.
a.
Personal description.
Personal description means that the author tries to describe the character through
his physical appearances. The author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes
such as his build, his skin-color, his hair or his face.
b.
Character as seen by another.
Using this way means that the author can describe the character through the eyes
and opinions of another. They will give explanations, comments, or opinion about
what character is like. Their opinions can help the readers to understand a character.
c.
Speech.
The author can give the reader insight into the character of one of the person in
the book through what the character says. Whenever a person is speaking, he is
giving the reader some clue to his character.
d.
Past life.
The author can give the reader a clue to even that has helped to shape a person’s
character by learning about a person’s past life. This can be done by direct comment
by the author, through the person’s thought, through the conversation or the medium
of another person.
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Conversation of others.
It means that the author can give the reader clues to a person’s character through
conversations and things they say about him. People talk about other people and
things they say often give the reader a clue to the character of the person spoken
about.
f.
Reaction.
The readers will know a person’s character through seeing how he reacts to
various situation and events.
g.
Direct comment.
The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly.
h.
Thoughts.
The author gives the reader direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about.
In this respect, he is able to do what we cannot do in the real life. He can tell the
reader what different people are thinking. In the novel we accept this. The reader then
is in privileged position; he has, as it were, a secret listening device plugged in to the
inmost thoughts of a person in a novel.
i.
Mannerism.
The author may describe a person’s mannerism, habits, or idiosyncrasies that
may also tell the reader something about his character.
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Theory of Setting
Remembering a word and also the act of the character does not release from a
setting that the author create in their book, as one of intrinsic elements in the
literature work.
A setting makes the story become interesting, showed by the author to make an
imagination in our mind. A setting may figure as more than the background or
underpinning. It can make things happen.
According to Kenny in his book How to Analyze Fiction, there are four elements
of setting. The first element is the actual geographical location. It includes
topography, scenery, even the details of a room’s interior. The second elements of the
setting are the occupations and mode of day-to-day existence of the characters. The
third element of setting is time in which the action takes place, for instance, historical
period, season of the year. The forth elements of the setting are the religious, moral,
intellectual, social and emotional environment of the characters (1966:40).
Moreover, to clarify the definition setting of social environment the writer uses a
theory from Horbny, this terms consists of two words, they are “social” and
“environment”. According to Hornby in his book Oxford Advance Learner’s
Dictionary of Current English, “social” deals with a concerning the organization,
relations between people and communities. The term “environment” means condition
or circumstance which affects people’s lives (1989:1213).
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C. Theoretical Framework
The theories mentioned in the previous part are useful to answer the three
problem formulations. To answer the questions that have been formulated, theory of
new criticism is needed because the major concern of the analysis is in the the text
itself, so that the writer focuses on the text of the literary work.
Theory of characters and characterization is used to analyze how Lieutenant
Tonder is characterized. The theory of setting is needed because this theory makes the
readers understand more and imagine how the environment of war happens in the
novel and creates problems that faced by Lieutenant Tonder.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study.
The object of this study is The Moon is Down which was written by John
Steinbeck. It was one of Steinbeck’s masterpiece works of literature that was ever
made. The Moon is Down was firstly published by The Viking Press, New York City
March 1942. This was simultaneously published in Canada by The Macmillan
Company of Canada Limited 700 advanced printing 1st editions sold exclusively to
booksellers and total copies approached 500,000 marks in 1942.
This book consists of 188 pages divided into 8 chapters. In 1942 this books
become a play performed at Marin Beck Theater, New York city, on April 7,
produced by Oscar Serlin and became movie version in 1943, opened in United State
March 26, from Twentieth Century Fox, produced by Nunnally Johnson, directed by
Irving Pichel. World premiere was held in Toronto, March 14, 1943. The Moon is
Down received many reviews upon its publication during the war in 1942 due to John
Steinbeck's incredible popularity at the time.
The Moon is Down is telling about story of the struggles in a war. It is a bit of
Steinbeck's propaganda during the early days of World War II, the novel for its
sympathetic portrayals of Nazi soldiers. There are some major characters in this novel
which is very exciting to be revealed, one of them is Lieutenant Tonder who is quite
interesting to be revealed.
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Lieutenant Tonder is a soldier who always follows the order at the same time he
hopes that the townspeople being conquered in the town can accept him.
B. Approach.
In analyzing works of literature, some critics have their own ways and
approaches. This study goes deeper on analyzing the characteristics of a soldier. The
analysis will go directly seeing the text of the novel, it is suitable to choose new
criticism as the approach.
Bressler in his book An Introduction to Theory and Practice Literary Criticism
asserts that new criticism approach concentrates to reveal the structure of the work of
art and its interrelationship to find out the idea developed from the work itself
(1999:43). New criticism is chosen since the thesis focuses on the elements within the
story, such as setting, character and characterization. Theory of setting and character
is helpful to support new criticism since it becomes the main approach for this study.
This approach is chosen to analyze The Moon is Down, focusing on Lieutenant
Tonder character experiencing some problems while he is in duty as a soldier. This
approach is related to setting that appears in the text. As one of intrinsic element in
literature, setting has an influence to the story of this novel and toward the characters
that exist in the novel.
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C. Method of the Study.
There are some steps in analyzing this study. First, the writer read the novel The
Moon is down by John Steinbeck to decide the idea being studied.
Second, the writer formulated the problems to be studied: how Lieutenant
Tonder was characterized, how the setting of the novel was described. The last was
how the setting influenced the characteristics of Lieutenant Tonder. These three
questions were important to decide the most appropriate approach of the study.
Third, the writer used some books to help analyzing the main study such as,
Abrams’s A Glosarry of Literary Terms, (1981). Stanton’s An Introduction to Fiction,
(1965). Holman and Harmon’s A Handbook to Literature, (1986). M .J. Murphy’s
Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry & Novel for Overseas
Student, (1972). Kenny’s How to Analyze Fiction, (1966). Bressler’s An Introduction
to Theory and Practice Literary Criticism, (1999).
Fourth, the writer answered those three questions of the study. And the last step
was making a conclusion after answering and analyzing questions from problem
formulation.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
In this part, the writer answers the problem formulations that have been
formulated in the first chapter. Based on the three problems stated in the previous
chapter, this chapter is divided into three major parts.
The first part is analyzing the character of Lieutenant Tonder. The second part
analyzes the setting in the story. The third part analyzes the third problem that is to
find the influence of the setting toward the characteristics of Lieutenant Tonder.
A. The characteristics of Lieutenant Tonder.
Since Lieutenant Tonder becomes the main character of this novel, the writer
attempts to analyze his character. Lieutenant Tonder is a young snot-nose soldier and
sentimental given to tears and to furies. Lieutenant Tonder undergraduates, trained in
the politics, who believes the great new system he has never bothered to evaluate its
results.The characteristics of Lieutenant Tonder are described in details in the next
paragraphs.
1.
Romantic
There are some definitions of romantic in Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary. To clarify this part the writer finds some definitions of romantic from
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. The first definition is having an attitude to
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life where imagination and the emotions are especially important, not looking at
situations in a realistic way. The second definition is beautiful in a way that makes
you think of love or feel strong emotions (2005:1320). The definitions represent the
characteristics of Lieutenant Tonder as a romantic person who has some evidences.
Lieutenant Tonder is a young soldier man who also needs eagerness in his life
even in war atmosphere and he uses his romantic side to express his feeling toward a
woman by saying verse. By his imagination, he is described as “a romantic naive poet
who felt the enemy should love him, A bitter poet who dreams of perfect, ideal love
of elevated young men for poor girls and with a vision as wide as his experience he
sometimes spoke blank verse under his breath to imaginary dark women” (p.46).
As a soldier he prosecutes for contempt of death on the battlefield. A courage is
one important thing that a soldier should have. Lieutenant Tonder by his romantic
side sometimes “longed for death on the battlefield, with weeping parents in the
background, and the Leader, brave but sad in the presence of the dying youth” (p.46).
Moreover, Lieutenant Tonder has a vision if he died in the war; he imagined his death
in romantic vision.
He imagined his death very often, lighted by a fair setting sun which glinted on
broken military equipment, his men standing silently around him, with heads
hung low, as over a fat cloud galloped the Valkyries, big-breasted, mothers and
mistresses in one, while Wagnerian thunder crashed in the background. And he
even had his dying words ready (p.46)
Lieutenant Tonder also shows his romantic side to Molly. He comes to Molly’s
house at the night with a purpose to make a relationship with Molly. He wants Molly
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becoming his friend. He does not want to think that Molly considers him as a soldier
or, worse, a conquer. To steal Molly’s attention toward him, he makes a poem for her.
He said, No, it's a tiny little poem. It's a little bit of a poem." He reached inside
his tunic and brought out a folded paper and handed it to her. She leaned close
to the lamp and put on her glasses and she read quietly” (p.130).
These evidences show that Lieutenant Tonder is a romantic person, who dreams
for ideal love for him. The writer is able to know from the fact that he always
imagines and says something in romantic way. He has a vision of happiness for his
life and event for his death that he reveals in romantic language.
2.
Sentimental
There are two definitions of sentimental, that is used to clarify the purpose of this
part. The writer uses Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary to find out those
definitions. First, sentimental is connected with your emotions, rather than reason.
Second is producing emotions such as pity, romantic love or sadness, which may be
too strong or not appropriate (2005:1383). By these definitions the writer can give
evidences toward Lieutenant Tonder characteristics.
Without any experience of war before, Lieutenant Tonder thinks the country that
he invades is a beautiful place. It will be a nice place to settle, with all the availability
in this country. The evidence is shown in the conversation between Lieutenant
Tonder and his Commander.
"Well," said Tonder, "it's a nice country, nice people. Our men - some of them
might even settle here."
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Lanser said jokingly, "You've seen some place you like, perhaps?" "Well," said
Tonder, "there are some beautiful farms here. If four or five of them were
thrown together, it would be a nice place to settle, I think"(p.58).
The passage implies that Lieutenant Tonder dreams having a nice place or even
lives in the country that he invades. He sees the goodness of the townspeople; it
makes him more interested in settling in that country.
Through other action Lieutenant Tonder shows his sentimental side. When he in
conversation between Molly. Molly said, “Who are you? “What do you want? “You
can’t come in here. He entered the room he said “I don’t mean any harm, “Miss I only
want to talk, that’s all. I want to hear you talk. That’s all I want” (p.126). Moreover in
another conversation:
“Tonder tried to explain, “Can you understand this can you believe this? Just for
a while, can’t we forget this war? Just for a little while. Just for a little while,
can’t we talk together like people –together?. “She said, You don’t know who
I’am, do you?”. Tonder said, “I’ve seen you in the town. I know you’re lovely. I
know I want to talk to you. Molly continued speaking quietly, “Why, you’re
lonely. It’s as simple as that, isn’t it?”. “His words came tumbling out. “I’m
lonely to the point of illness. I’m lonely in the quiet and the hatred.” “And he
pleadingly, “Can’t we talk, just a little bit?”(p.128).
The quotation above shows that Lieutenant Tonder wants to put aside his main
duty. He try to fulfill his desire by come to Molly house, asking Molly to talk with
him. Lieutenant Tonder also shows his sentimental side by other quotation “I’m
sorry.” After a moment he said, “I wish I could do something. I’ll have the snow
pushed off the roof”. “No” said Molly, “no”. “Why not”, he said. “Because, the
people would think I had joined with you. They would expel me. I don’t want to be
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expelled. Tonder said, “Yes, I see how that would be. You all hate us. But I’ll take
care of you if you’ll let me”(p.128).
Moreover, in other action in the conversation with Molly, the sentimental side
that Lieutenant Tonder shown. Molly said “You are the conqueror. “Your men don’t
have to ask. They take what they want. “You want me to like you don’t you,
Lieutenant?”, “He said simply,”yes”, and he raised his head and he said, “You are so
beautiful, so warm. Your hair is bright. Oh, I’ve seen no kindness in a woman’s face
for so long!” (129). This quotation show an expression of love. He come to Molly, to
make Molly see him as a friend not an invader, he wants Molly like him.
The evidences above shows that Lieutenant Tonder is a sentimental soldier, who
act mostly using his emotions than the reason why he come to that country, the
feeling to love the place where he assigned, the action that he wants Molly like him,
he try to put aside his duty in fact he offering Molly to help her. He should not worry
and not supposed to do that action he is a soldier who is on duty to conquer a town
because those action will endanger himself, his group or maybe ruin the mission.
3.
Weak
Soldiers generally are described as a strong and tough man. Soldiers usually have
flat faces and ‘flat’ hearts that barely see anything through heart, only by logicality.
Lieutenant Tonder has the exceptional. He always sees things based on two sides, his
logic and humanity. As a result, he always feels sorry for the townspeople whom
suppose he invades of. In this case, the characteristic of Lieutenant Tonder is weak.
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Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary states weak that is a person or thing
without power easy to influence, not having much power (2005-1726). In the
beginning of the story he thinks that it is a nice country with nice people.
"Well," said Tonder, "it's a nice country, nice people. Our men some of them
might even settle here."
Lanser said jokingly, "You've seen some place you like, perhaps?"
"Well," said Tonder, "there are some beautiful farms here. If four or five of
them were thrown together, it would be a nice place to settle, I think" (p.58).
The quotation above shows that Lieutenant Tonder enjoying his job in the
country that he invades. The enjoying means that he really loves the atmosphere of
the country for he states that he wants to settle in the country with some of his
friends. It is not appropriate for a soldier who is supposed to get away as soon as
possible when he gets anything he wants from a country.
By the time in the middle of the story, Lieutenant Tonder begins to feel
uncomfortable with the condition where he belongs. The time changes many things.
He has experienced in bad or good condition. He usually writes a piece of letter to be
sent to his hometown, but it is unusual that he only receives one letter in two weeks
that makes him feel worried what is happening “It’s strange more letters don’t come
through. I’ve only had one in two weeks”(p.109). At this moment his weakness
arises. He doesn’t think to stay in that country anymore. He thinks to go back to his
hometown, finding a better condition.
“Reinforcements!” he said softly. Or maybe replacements. Maybe we could go
home for a while. And he said, smiling, “Maybe I could walk down the street
and people would say, ‘Hello,’ and they’d say, “There goes a soldier,’ and they’d
be glad for me and they’d be glad of me. And there’d be friends about, and I
could turn my back to a man without being afraid” (p.117).
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The passage implies that Lieutenant Tonder dreams about going home. He
demands of replacements or reinforcements which allow him to go home even though
just for a while. He imagines people in his town will respect him so much that make
him feel secured. The other evidence is shown in this quotation “I want to go home,’
he said” (p.119).
In this situation it shows that Lieutenant Tonder involves a conversation among
the other soldiers. He whining hysterically to go home because this action, the other
soldiers have to punch him to get his awareness back.
4.
Fearful
The other characteristic of Lieutenant Tonder is fearful. In Webster’s
Encyclopedic Dictionary it is stated that fearful is causing or likely to cause fear,
fright, or alarm especially because of dangerous quality (2006-670). As the soldier in
the war, being fear is something which is very human. As in a conversation which is
involved by other soldier, Lieutenant Tonder shows his fear.
He said, "That's it! The enemy's everywhere! Every man, every woman, even
children! The enemy's everywhere! Their faces look out of doorways. The
white faces behind the curtains, listening.
We have beaten them, we have won everywhere, and they wait and obey, and
they wait”(p.112).
The passage implies that Lieutenant Tonder shows his fear and worries. He
worries that the townspeople will plan something. He thinks even they succeed
beating the townspeople, he has believed it because of his fear, that the townspeople
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will not stay calm, they will fight back. The other evidences are shown in the
quotation”Oh these horrible people are waiting in the snow!"(p.113).
Moreover in the other actions he shows his fear in a conversation that is involved
by the other soldiers. Lieutenant Tonder in h
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ABSTRACT
BILLY TALUSAKATA. Lieutenant Tonder’s Characteristics under the
Influence of Settings as Seen in John Steinbeck’s The Moon is
Down.Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata
Dharma University, 2013.
This thesis analyzes one of John Steinbeck’s novels entitled, The Moon is
Down. The writer discusses the influence of settings toward Lieutenant Tonder
characteristics. Lieutenant Tonder is one of major characters in this novel who is
assigned to conquer a town. The settings give great effect to Lieutenant Tonder.
The writer focuses on finding out the influence of settings toward Lieutenant
Tonder’s characteristics.
This thesis has three problems. The first problem is about the characterization
of Lieutenant Tonder. The second problem is how the settings of the Novel
described. The last problem is about how the settings of the novel influence the
major character Lieutenant Tonder.
To develop this study, the writer uses New Criticism approach. There are
some theories on character, characterization and setting applied in this thesis.
Those theories are worthwhile to answer the three problems formulated of this
thesis.
There are three important conclusions as the result of this study. The first
conclusion is the writer concludes that Lieutenant Tonder has romantic,
sentimental, weak and fearful characteristics.
The second conclusion is the setting of time and the settings of social of this
novel has a big contribution influencing Lieutenant Tonder’s characteristics. The
setting of time is around the winter. There are heavy snowfall covering the town
which creates cold wheater. The social settings of this novel reveal that the people
in the town are loyal to their government against the invader. They convinced
them that they are solid and dangerous society.
The third conclusion shows that the settings in the novel have a certain effect
toward the shape of Lieutenant Tonder’s characteristics. The setting of the time
which is in the winter and the setting of society which is around rebellious society
influence Lieutenant Tonder’s characteristics. It reveals his real him which are
romantic, sentimental, weak and fearful.
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ABSTRACT
BILLY TALUSAKATA. Lieutenant Tonder’s Characteristics Under the
Influence of Settings as Seen in John Steinbeck’s The Moon is
Down.Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata
Dharma, 2013.
Skripsi in menganalisa salah satu novel John Steinbecks yang berjudul The
Moon is Down. Penulis membahas tentang bagaimana seting-seting yang terjadi
mempengaruhi karakter LetnanTonder. Letnan Tonder adalah salah satu karakter
utama di dalam novel ini, yang di tugaskan untuk menaklukkan sebuah kota.
Seting member pengaruh besar terhadap Letnan Tonder. Penulis memusatkan
perhatian untuk menguraikan pengaruh seting-seting terhadap karakter Letnan
Tonder.
Skripsi ini memiliki tiga tujuan. Yang pertama adalah tentang bagaimana
karakterisasi Letnan Tonder. Yang kedua adalah bagaimana seting-seting novel
ini digambarkan. Yang ketiga adalah tentang bagaimana seting-seting di novel ini
mempengaruhi karakter utama Letnan Tonder.
Untuk memperkuat skripsi ini, penulis menggunakan pendekatan New
Criticism. Ada beberapa teori lainnya seperti teori karakter, karakterisasi dan
seting yang di terapkan dalam skripsi ini. Teori-teori tersebut sangat berguna
untuk menjawab tiga tujuan yang telah di rumuskan di dalam skripsi ini.
Ada tiga pokok kesimpulan penting dari hasil skripsi ini. Kesimpulan yang
pertama adalah penulis menyimpulkan bahwa Lieutenant Tonder memiliki
karateristik yang romantis, sentimental, lemah dan penakut.
Kesimpulan yang kedua adalah seting waktu dan seting-seting sosial didalam
novel ini mempunyai kontribusi yang besar dalam mempengaruhi karakter Letnan
Tonder. Seting waktu terjadi dalam kondisi musim dingin yang sangat buruk salju
turun dengan sangat banyak dan membuat kondisi sangat dingin. Seting-seting
social di dalam novel digambarkan bahwa penduduk kota tersebut setia terhadap
pemerintahnya dan masyarakat yang memberontak. Dari seting-seting ini para
penduduk kota kota memberontak melawan para penyerbu, mereka meyakinkan
para penyerbu bahwa para penduduk sangat kokoh dan masyarakat yang
berbahaya.
Kesimpulan yang ke tiga adalah seting-seting yang terdapat di novel memiliki
pengaruh khusus terhadap karakteristik Letnan Tonder. Setting waktu yang berada
di tengah musim dingin dan seting social lingkungan mempengaruhi karakteristik
Letnan Tonder. Sehingga hal ini membuka karakteristik-nya yang romantic,
sentimental, lemah dan penakut.
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LIEUTENANT TONDER’S CHARACTERISTICS UNDER THE
INFLUENCE OF SETTINGS AS SEEN IN
JOHN STEINBECK’S THE MOON IS DOWN
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
BILLY TALUSAKATA
Student Number: 074214078
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
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LIEUTENANT TONDER’S CHARACTERISTICS UNDER THE
INFLUENCE OF SETTINGS AS SEEN IN
JOHN STEINBECK’S THE MOON IS DOWN
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
BILLY TALUSAKATA
Student Number: 074214078
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
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This thesis is dedicated to:
My beloved Parents, Sisters, Family
&
My endless love Benedikta Thia and her family
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertandatangan dibawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama
Nomor Mahasiswa
: Billy Talusakata
: 074214078
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
LIEUTENANT TONDER’S CHARACTERISTICS UNDER THE INFLUENFE
OF SETTINGS AS SEEN IN JOHN STEINBECK’S THE MOON IS DOWN
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan
dalam bentuk lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan
secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk
kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan loyalti
kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 8 october 2013
Yang menyatakan
(Billy Talusakata)
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I honestly declared that this thesis entitled Lieutenant Tonder’s Characteristics
Under the Influence of Settings as seen in John Steinbeck’s The Moon is Down
which I have written, does not contain ideas, phrases, sentences or parts of work other
people except those cited in the quotations and references, as a scientific paper
should.
Yogyakarta, 8 october, 2013
Billy Talusakata
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, the writer’s would like to dedicate his greatest gratitude to Jesus
Christ for everything. The writer’s deepest gratitude goes to his parents Veronika
Yuliana and Yulius Lipkian for their endless love, patience, prayer and support.
They have been the best parents for him.
The writer’s expresses his sincere gratitude to Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka,
M.Hum., as his advisor, who has given his time, guidance and support during writing
this undergraduate thesis. The writer’s next thanks go to Maria Ananta Tri S., S.S.,
M.Ed, my co-advisor, who has given her time, suggestions and convinced him on his
undergraduate thesis.
Special thanks are given to his sisters, Beatrice Mayana, Marry Christine,
Anne Dara Patbarime. His endless love Benedikta Thia and Thia’s family. The
writer’s also thanks to His big family who have given best wishes, encouraged and
supported him from the beginning of his study until the process of this thesis writing.
The writer also thanks to his best friends, Nurvita Wijayanti, Hafsyah, Josephine
Dewi Utami, Tyas, Edwin Sugara and all 07 friends who always give support for
him.
The last gratitude goes to all whose names are not listed in this thesis which
cannot mention one by one. This does not mean that he forgets them since they have
been part of his life.
Billy Talusakata
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE .......................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGE ................................................................................................ ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE .......................................................................................... iii
DEDICATION PAGE ............................................................................................. iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................ viii
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. x
ABSTRAK .............................................................................................................. xi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study ..................................................................................... 1
B. Problem Formulation ........................................................................................... 3
C. Objectives of the Study ....................................................................................... 3
D. Definition of Terms ............................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ......................................................... 4
A. Review of Related Studies ........................................................................ 4
B. Review of Related Theories ...................................................................... 6
1. Theory of Character ............................................................................ 6
2. Theory of Characterization ................................................................. 7
3. Theory of Setting................................................................................. 10
C. Theoretical Framework ............................................................................. 11
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...................................................................... 12
A. Object of the Study.................................................................................... 12
B. Approach of the Study .............................................................................. 13
C. Method of the Study .................................................................................. 14
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ................................................................................... 15
A. The Characteristics of Lieutenant Tonder ................................................. 15
1. Romantic ............................................................................................. 15
2. Sentimental.......................................................................................... 17
3. Weak ................................................................................................... 19
4. Fearful ................................................................................................. 21
B. The Setting of The Moon is Down ........................................................... 22
1. The of Place......................................................................................... 23
2. The of Winter ...................................................................................... 25
3. The social setting of The Moon is Down............................................. 28
4. Rebellious Society against Human right ............................................. 28
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C.
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5. Loyalty Society to the Government .................................................... 34
The Influence of the Setting Toward Lieutenant Tonder .......................... 37
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .............................................................................. 47
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................... 50
APPENDIX: The Summary of John Steinbeck’s The Moon is Down ..................... 52
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ABSTRACT
BILLY TALUSAKATA. Lieutenant Tonder’s Characteristics under the
Influence of Settings as Seen in John Steinbeck’s The Moon is Down.Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.
This thesis analyzes one of John Steinbeck’s novels entitled, The Moon is Down.
The writer discusses the influence of settings toward Lieutenant Tonder
characteristics. Lieutenant Tonder is one of major characters in this novel who is
assigned to conquer a town. The settings give great effect to Lieutenant Tonder. The
writer focuses on finding out the influence of settings toward Lieutenant Tonder’s
characteristics.
This thesis has three problems. The first problem is about the characterization of
Lieutenant Tonder. The second problem is how the settings of the Novel described.
The last problem is about how the settings of the novel influence the major character
Lieutenant Tonder.
To develop this study, the writer uses New Criticism approach. There are some
theories on character, characterization and setting applied in this thesis. Those
theories are worthwhile to answer the three problems formulated of this thesis.
There are three important conclusions as the result of this study. The first
conclusion is the writer concludes that Lieutenant Tonder has romantic, sentimental,
weak and fearful characteristics.
The second conclusion is the setting of time and the settings of social of this
novel has a big contribution influencing Lieutenant Tonder’s characteristics. The
setting of time is around the winter. There are heavy snowfall covering the town
which creates cold wheater. The social settings of this novel reveal that the people in
the town are loyal to their government against the invader. They convinced them that
they are solid and dangerous society.
The third conclusion shows that the settings in the novel have a certain effect
toward the shape of Lieutenant Tonder’s characteristics. The setting of the time which
is in the winter and the setting of society which is around rebellious society influence
Lieutenant Tonder’s characteristics. It reveals his real him which are romantic,
sentimental, weak and fearful.
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ABSTRACT
BILLY TALUSAKATA. Lieutenant Tonder’s Characteristics Under the
Influence of Settings as Seen in John Steinbeck’s The Moon is Down.Yogyakarta:
Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013.
Skripsi in menganalisa salah satu novel John Steinbecks yang berjudul The Moon
is Down. Penulis membahas tentang bagaimana seting-seting yang terjadi
mempengaruhi karakter LetnanTonder. Letnan Tonder adalah salah satu karakter
utama di dalam novel ini, yang di tugaskan untuk menaklukkan sebuah kota. Seting
member pengaruh besar terhadap Letnan Tonder. Penulis memusatkan perhatian
untuk menguraikan pengaruh seting-seting terhadap karakter Letnan Tonder.
Skripsi ini memiliki tiga tujuan. Yang pertama adalah tentang bagaimana
karakterisasi Letnan Tonder. Yang kedua adalah bagaimana seting-seting novel ini
digambarkan. Yang ketiga adalah tentang bagaimana seting-seting di novel ini
mempengaruhi karakter utama Letnan Tonder.
Untuk memperkuat skripsi ini, penulis menggunakan pendekatan New Criticism.
Ada beberapa teori lainnya seperti teori karakter, karakterisasi dan seting yang di
terapkan dalam skripsi ini. Teori-teori tersebut sangat berguna untuk menjawab tiga
tujuan yang telah di rumuskan di dalam skripsi ini.
Ada tiga pokok kesimpulan penting dari hasil skripsi ini. Kesimpulan yang
pertama adalah penulis menyimpulkan bahwa Lieutenant Tonder memiliki
karateristik yang romantis, sentimental, lemah dan penakut.
Kesimpulan yang kedua adalah seting waktu dan seting-seting sosial didalam
novel ini mempunyai kontribusi yang besar dalam mempengaruhi karakter Letnan
Tonder. Seting waktu terjadi dalam kondisi musim dingin yang sangat buruk salju
turun dengan sangat banyak dan membuat kondisi sangat dingin. Seting-seting social
di dalam novel digambarkan bahwa penduduk kota tersebut setia terhadap
pemerintahnya dan masyarakat yang memberontak. Dari seting-seting ini para
penduduk kota kota memberontak melawan para penyerbu, mereka meyakinkan para
penyerbu bahwa para penduduk sangat kokoh dan masyarakat yang berbahaya.
Kesimpulan yang ke tiga adalah seting-seting yang terdapat di novel memiliki
pengaruh khusus terhadap karakteristik Letnan Tonder. Setting waktu yang berada di
tengah musim dingin dan seting social lingkungan mempengaruhi karakteristik
Letnan Tonder. Sehingga hal ini membuka karakteristik-nya yang romantic,
sentimental, lemah dan penakut.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
All human beings want to live in peace. However, they never know what will
happen in their life, their world, and what will happen with their country. Destruction
in the peace of humans life might happen. It could be created by them self because of
their desire. Destruction and war are two things that cannot be separated.
Kalevij states that war is a decision made by elites and views it as a duel, an
avenue for game, glory, and honor, an act of self defense, the execution of a
judgment, a crime, a technique of persuasion, or as an act of mutual suicide (1991: 910). This statement clearly states that war happens and it is created as an interest for a
country, caused by several causes, to gain precious benefit by using some ways.
Furthermore a war is only calamity and disaster because it brings pain, grief and
sorrow for everyone in the world, especially for those who get involved in it. War
also takes anything away not only wealth and happiness but also human life. War
brings disadvantages for human and it takes lots of victims.
As seen in those problems people who are involved in it will experience many
problems that related to his or her life, especially as a soldier in a war condition.
These problems occur in the human personal which as a conqueror and those who are
being conquered.
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As in the Great War, World War II is one of the most important events in 20th
century. This war involves almost all countries in the world. This event is
commemorated by any visual or printed media. The theme of war has influenced
some authors of novel to make literary work based on it, one of them is John
Steinbeck who made a novel which depicted World War II that exposed the effect
and other side of war entitled The Moon is Down.
The Moon is Down is a simple but meaningful story that tells about the other side
of war. It is about human problems especially a soldier life, which is represented in
one of the main character Lieutenant Tonder. He is in a duty as a soldier to conquer a
town and he thinks that he can fulfill his duty successfully. He also thinks that he can
survive with the conquered-town environment. He is a good example of a character
who is representing a human being who has two different sides in his life. First is the
calling of his duty and second is the calling of his humanity. For the first time he sees
that the town is a good place to live. All of the people in the town being conquered
look very nice to him.
However, the fact is different the conquered people begin to revolt. They want a
freedom because they have the right on it, and then Tonder feels this movement as a
threat for his life. The condition of the town is getting worst because it happens in
snow season. In one hand, he begins losing his control as a soldier who forgets his
duty, and he also becomes worried and nervous. The characteristics of Lieutenant
Tonder revealed because the settings from the town changes.
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B. Problem Formulation
Based on the background of the study, there are three problem formulations to be
analyzed.
1.
How is Lieutenant Tonder characterized?
2.
How are the settings described?
3.
How do the settings influence the characteristic of Lieutenant Tonder?
C. Objectives of the Study
The problem formulations consist of the three questions; therefore the objectives
of study are divided into three parts. First, the writer tries to find Lieutenant Tonder’s
characterization. Second, the writer finds the setting that is described in the story. The
last objective is to find out the settings influencing the characteristic of Lieutenant
Tonder during the war.
D. Definition of Terms
There is one term that needs to be explained to avoid misunderstanding that is
“Soldier”. Soldier is a member of an army, especially one of who is not an officer.
(Oxford Advanced Learner’s 2005:1456).
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part is the review of related
studies. It presents comments toward John Steinbeck’s and his work The Moon is
Down. The second part is the review of related theories that contain theory of
character, theory of characterization and theory of setting. And the third is theoretical
framework. This part explains about the framework of the study and application of
the theories to analyze problem formulation.
A. Review of Related Studies
The Moon is Down tells about Nazi invasion in unnamed town in a part of
Europe. To get better understanding on the work of literature, some critics have been
made for Steinbeck’s works. There are many comments on The Moon is Down. David
states that The Moon is Down is interesting novel. This novel portrayed the situation
of World War two. It does not contain stereotype and it shows human emotion and
human weakness. He also points out that Steinbeck describes Nazis as not evil
enough and makes this novel more realistic.
Fransicsa in his thesis says, Steinbeck’s The Moon is Down is a novel about
human relationships, the relationships between a small town and its invaders, the
relationships between town officials and the townspeople or local people. It is a story
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that can be seen from both sides. The main characters include both the townspeople
and the officers of the occupying force (2007: 1).
Another thesis says that The Moon is Down a patron of literature and history,
regard this novel as one of great literary works, it is very sympathetic to not only the
conquered people but also the conquerors. It truly shows the way of war that full of
despair, hate, longing and killer depression. I was simply blown away with it. It
means that the author describe his point of view on the conflicting parties in balance
(Budhi Satrio, 2007:22).
Cameo points out that The Moon is Down is simple story but meaningful, so the
readers do not need long time to read it to understand what Steinbeck means. He
emphasizes the psychological aspect that occur in every characters in The Moon is
Down. Steinbeck represents the strong spirit from each character, from the conquered
and the conqueror, how they fight with their problem and how to survive from their
condition (www.goodreads.com, October 11 2012).
Moreover, Anne Marie states that, this amazing novel is not a well-known novel
among Steinbeck’s other novels. However, the theme of this book is worthy to be
discussed because it reveals the value of human that has two different sides.”That I
think was the point Steinbeck was trying to make, there are always two sides to the
coin”(www.goodreads.com, October 16 2012).
According to Janus, The Moon is Down is easy to read because it is very well
written. In this novel Steinbeck shows us amazing understanding of humanity and its
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civilizations through the characters. The characters are revealed as unique person
with different personalities.
Steinbeck's perfect prose and amazing understanding of humanity and its
civilizations make this one of the most eerily realistic works of fiction I have
ever read. The characters are essentially the conquerors and the conquered each
possessing of an array of different people with different personalities and quirks.
It's a short, easy read that is as enjoyable as literature (www.jacketflap.com,
Janus, October 23 2012).
The writer’s of this thesis wants to show the influence of settings surround the
main character’s characteristics, which is the setting of time and social environment.
The writer wants to show that these two factors have big effect on the main
character’s personality trait. Thus this will differentiate this thesis from the other
studies.
B. Review of Related Theories
In analyzing literary works, some theories are needed. Literary theories such as
theories of character and characterization are put in the first part while the second part
is the theory of setting.
1.
Theory of Character
Character is the intrinsic elements in literary work which is very important.
Character makes the story in the novel becomes live. According to Abrams in his
book A Glosarry of Literary Terms.
Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are
interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and
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emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say the dialogue and by what
they do the action (Abrams 1985: 23).
From the quotation above, character is described as a person who plays in a
drama or novel. A person with an emotional feeling that his/her presented by
dialogues or actions that his/her does in the story of the novel. Lieutenant Tonder is
one of major characters in The Moon is Down, a character that can represents the
main point from the novel besides other main characters.
Stanton in his book An Introduction to Fiction states that the character portrays
the person or individuals in the story. Most stories contain a central character, which
is relevant to every event in the story; usually the events cause some changes in him
or in our attitude toward him. Thus, the meaning of character can be both the actor in
a story and the characteristic of the characters. There must be a relationship between
an actor and the characteristic that he has (1965:17).
2.
Theory of Characterization
To find out how the characters are characterized in this novel, the writer needs to
know the theory of characterization. According to Holman and Harmon in A
Handbook to Literature, Characterization is the way in which the author reveals or
creates or the characters in his/her work, making them ‘alive’ for the reader (1986:
81).
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According to M.J. Murphy in his book Understanding Unseen: An Introduction
to English Poetry & Novel for Overseas Student (1972: 161-173), there are nine ways
to represent the characters.
a.
Personal description.
Personal description means that the author tries to describe the character through
his physical appearances. The author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes
such as his build, his skin-color, his hair or his face.
b.
Character as seen by another.
Using this way means that the author can describe the character through the eyes
and opinions of another. They will give explanations, comments, or opinion about
what character is like. Their opinions can help the readers to understand a character.
c.
Speech.
The author can give the reader insight into the character of one of the person in
the book through what the character says. Whenever a person is speaking, he is
giving the reader some clue to his character.
d.
Past life.
The author can give the reader a clue to even that has helped to shape a person’s
character by learning about a person’s past life. This can be done by direct comment
by the author, through the person’s thought, through the conversation or the medium
of another person.
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e.
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Conversation of others.
It means that the author can give the reader clues to a person’s character through
conversations and things they say about him. People talk about other people and
things they say often give the reader a clue to the character of the person spoken
about.
f.
Reaction.
The readers will know a person’s character through seeing how he reacts to
various situation and events.
g.
Direct comment.
The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly.
h.
Thoughts.
The author gives the reader direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about.
In this respect, he is able to do what we cannot do in the real life. He can tell the
reader what different people are thinking. In the novel we accept this. The reader then
is in privileged position; he has, as it were, a secret listening device plugged in to the
inmost thoughts of a person in a novel.
i.
Mannerism.
The author may describe a person’s mannerism, habits, or idiosyncrasies that
may also tell the reader something about his character.
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3.
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Theory of Setting
Remembering a word and also the act of the character does not release from a
setting that the author create in their book, as one of intrinsic elements in the
literature work.
A setting makes the story become interesting, showed by the author to make an
imagination in our mind. A setting may figure as more than the background or
underpinning. It can make things happen.
According to Kenny in his book How to Analyze Fiction, there are four elements
of setting. The first element is the actual geographical location. It includes
topography, scenery, even the details of a room’s interior. The second elements of the
setting are the occupations and mode of day-to-day existence of the characters. The
third element of setting is time in which the action takes place, for instance, historical
period, season of the year. The forth elements of the setting are the religious, moral,
intellectual, social and emotional environment of the characters (1966:40).
Moreover, to clarify the definition setting of social environment the writer uses a
theory from Horbny, this terms consists of two words, they are “social” and
“environment”. According to Hornby in his book Oxford Advance Learner’s
Dictionary of Current English, “social” deals with a concerning the organization,
relations between people and communities. The term “environment” means condition
or circumstance which affects people’s lives (1989:1213).
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C. Theoretical Framework
The theories mentioned in the previous part are useful to answer the three
problem formulations. To answer the questions that have been formulated, theory of
new criticism is needed because the major concern of the analysis is in the the text
itself, so that the writer focuses on the text of the literary work.
Theory of characters and characterization is used to analyze how Lieutenant
Tonder is characterized. The theory of setting is needed because this theory makes the
readers understand more and imagine how the environment of war happens in the
novel and creates problems that faced by Lieutenant Tonder.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study.
The object of this study is The Moon is Down which was written by John
Steinbeck. It was one of Steinbeck’s masterpiece works of literature that was ever
made. The Moon is Down was firstly published by The Viking Press, New York City
March 1942. This was simultaneously published in Canada by The Macmillan
Company of Canada Limited 700 advanced printing 1st editions sold exclusively to
booksellers and total copies approached 500,000 marks in 1942.
This book consists of 188 pages divided into 8 chapters. In 1942 this books
become a play performed at Marin Beck Theater, New York city, on April 7,
produced by Oscar Serlin and became movie version in 1943, opened in United State
March 26, from Twentieth Century Fox, produced by Nunnally Johnson, directed by
Irving Pichel. World premiere was held in Toronto, March 14, 1943. The Moon is
Down received many reviews upon its publication during the war in 1942 due to John
Steinbeck's incredible popularity at the time.
The Moon is Down is telling about story of the struggles in a war. It is a bit of
Steinbeck's propaganda during the early days of World War II, the novel for its
sympathetic portrayals of Nazi soldiers. There are some major characters in this novel
which is very exciting to be revealed, one of them is Lieutenant Tonder who is quite
interesting to be revealed.
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Lieutenant Tonder is a soldier who always follows the order at the same time he
hopes that the townspeople being conquered in the town can accept him.
B. Approach.
In analyzing works of literature, some critics have their own ways and
approaches. This study goes deeper on analyzing the characteristics of a soldier. The
analysis will go directly seeing the text of the novel, it is suitable to choose new
criticism as the approach.
Bressler in his book An Introduction to Theory and Practice Literary Criticism
asserts that new criticism approach concentrates to reveal the structure of the work of
art and its interrelationship to find out the idea developed from the work itself
(1999:43). New criticism is chosen since the thesis focuses on the elements within the
story, such as setting, character and characterization. Theory of setting and character
is helpful to support new criticism since it becomes the main approach for this study.
This approach is chosen to analyze The Moon is Down, focusing on Lieutenant
Tonder character experiencing some problems while he is in duty as a soldier. This
approach is related to setting that appears in the text. As one of intrinsic element in
literature, setting has an influence to the story of this novel and toward the characters
that exist in the novel.
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C. Method of the Study.
There are some steps in analyzing this study. First, the writer read the novel The
Moon is down by John Steinbeck to decide the idea being studied.
Second, the writer formulated the problems to be studied: how Lieutenant
Tonder was characterized, how the setting of the novel was described. The last was
how the setting influenced the characteristics of Lieutenant Tonder. These three
questions were important to decide the most appropriate approach of the study.
Third, the writer used some books to help analyzing the main study such as,
Abrams’s A Glosarry of Literary Terms, (1981). Stanton’s An Introduction to Fiction,
(1965). Holman and Harmon’s A Handbook to Literature, (1986). M .J. Murphy’s
Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry & Novel for Overseas
Student, (1972). Kenny’s How to Analyze Fiction, (1966). Bressler’s An Introduction
to Theory and Practice Literary Criticism, (1999).
Fourth, the writer answered those three questions of the study. And the last step
was making a conclusion after answering and analyzing questions from problem
formulation.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
In this part, the writer answers the problem formulations that have been
formulated in the first chapter. Based on the three problems stated in the previous
chapter, this chapter is divided into three major parts.
The first part is analyzing the character of Lieutenant Tonder. The second part
analyzes the setting in the story. The third part analyzes the third problem that is to
find the influence of the setting toward the characteristics of Lieutenant Tonder.
A. The characteristics of Lieutenant Tonder.
Since Lieutenant Tonder becomes the main character of this novel, the writer
attempts to analyze his character. Lieutenant Tonder is a young snot-nose soldier and
sentimental given to tears and to furies. Lieutenant Tonder undergraduates, trained in
the politics, who believes the great new system he has never bothered to evaluate its
results.The characteristics of Lieutenant Tonder are described in details in the next
paragraphs.
1.
Romantic
There are some definitions of romantic in Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary. To clarify this part the writer finds some definitions of romantic from
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. The first definition is having an attitude to
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life where imagination and the emotions are especially important, not looking at
situations in a realistic way. The second definition is beautiful in a way that makes
you think of love or feel strong emotions (2005:1320). The definitions represent the
characteristics of Lieutenant Tonder as a romantic person who has some evidences.
Lieutenant Tonder is a young soldier man who also needs eagerness in his life
even in war atmosphere and he uses his romantic side to express his feeling toward a
woman by saying verse. By his imagination, he is described as “a romantic naive poet
who felt the enemy should love him, A bitter poet who dreams of perfect, ideal love
of elevated young men for poor girls and with a vision as wide as his experience he
sometimes spoke blank verse under his breath to imaginary dark women” (p.46).
As a soldier he prosecutes for contempt of death on the battlefield. A courage is
one important thing that a soldier should have. Lieutenant Tonder by his romantic
side sometimes “longed for death on the battlefield, with weeping parents in the
background, and the Leader, brave but sad in the presence of the dying youth” (p.46).
Moreover, Lieutenant Tonder has a vision if he died in the war; he imagined his death
in romantic vision.
He imagined his death very often, lighted by a fair setting sun which glinted on
broken military equipment, his men standing silently around him, with heads
hung low, as over a fat cloud galloped the Valkyries, big-breasted, mothers and
mistresses in one, while Wagnerian thunder crashed in the background. And he
even had his dying words ready (p.46)
Lieutenant Tonder also shows his romantic side to Molly. He comes to Molly’s
house at the night with a purpose to make a relationship with Molly. He wants Molly
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becoming his friend. He does not want to think that Molly considers him as a soldier
or, worse, a conquer. To steal Molly’s attention toward him, he makes a poem for her.
He said, No, it's a tiny little poem. It's a little bit of a poem." He reached inside
his tunic and brought out a folded paper and handed it to her. She leaned close
to the lamp and put on her glasses and she read quietly” (p.130).
These evidences show that Lieutenant Tonder is a romantic person, who dreams
for ideal love for him. The writer is able to know from the fact that he always
imagines and says something in romantic way. He has a vision of happiness for his
life and event for his death that he reveals in romantic language.
2.
Sentimental
There are two definitions of sentimental, that is used to clarify the purpose of this
part. The writer uses Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary to find out those
definitions. First, sentimental is connected with your emotions, rather than reason.
Second is producing emotions such as pity, romantic love or sadness, which may be
too strong or not appropriate (2005:1383). By these definitions the writer can give
evidences toward Lieutenant Tonder characteristics.
Without any experience of war before, Lieutenant Tonder thinks the country that
he invades is a beautiful place. It will be a nice place to settle, with all the availability
in this country. The evidence is shown in the conversation between Lieutenant
Tonder and his Commander.
"Well," said Tonder, "it's a nice country, nice people. Our men - some of them
might even settle here."
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Lanser said jokingly, "You've seen some place you like, perhaps?" "Well," said
Tonder, "there are some beautiful farms here. If four or five of them were
thrown together, it would be a nice place to settle, I think"(p.58).
The passage implies that Lieutenant Tonder dreams having a nice place or even
lives in the country that he invades. He sees the goodness of the townspeople; it
makes him more interested in settling in that country.
Through other action Lieutenant Tonder shows his sentimental side. When he in
conversation between Molly. Molly said, “Who are you? “What do you want? “You
can’t come in here. He entered the room he said “I don’t mean any harm, “Miss I only
want to talk, that’s all. I want to hear you talk. That’s all I want” (p.126). Moreover in
another conversation:
“Tonder tried to explain, “Can you understand this can you believe this? Just for
a while, can’t we forget this war? Just for a little while. Just for a little while,
can’t we talk together like people –together?. “She said, You don’t know who
I’am, do you?”. Tonder said, “I’ve seen you in the town. I know you’re lovely. I
know I want to talk to you. Molly continued speaking quietly, “Why, you’re
lonely. It’s as simple as that, isn’t it?”. “His words came tumbling out. “I’m
lonely to the point of illness. I’m lonely in the quiet and the hatred.” “And he
pleadingly, “Can’t we talk, just a little bit?”(p.128).
The quotation above shows that Lieutenant Tonder wants to put aside his main
duty. He try to fulfill his desire by come to Molly house, asking Molly to talk with
him. Lieutenant Tonder also shows his sentimental side by other quotation “I’m
sorry.” After a moment he said, “I wish I could do something. I’ll have the snow
pushed off the roof”. “No” said Molly, “no”. “Why not”, he said. “Because, the
people would think I had joined with you. They would expel me. I don’t want to be
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expelled. Tonder said, “Yes, I see how that would be. You all hate us. But I’ll take
care of you if you’ll let me”(p.128).
Moreover, in other action in the conversation with Molly, the sentimental side
that Lieutenant Tonder shown. Molly said “You are the conqueror. “Your men don’t
have to ask. They take what they want. “You want me to like you don’t you,
Lieutenant?”, “He said simply,”yes”, and he raised his head and he said, “You are so
beautiful, so warm. Your hair is bright. Oh, I’ve seen no kindness in a woman’s face
for so long!” (129). This quotation show an expression of love. He come to Molly, to
make Molly see him as a friend not an invader, he wants Molly like him.
The evidences above shows that Lieutenant Tonder is a sentimental soldier, who
act mostly using his emotions than the reason why he come to that country, the
feeling to love the place where he assigned, the action that he wants Molly like him,
he try to put aside his duty in fact he offering Molly to help her. He should not worry
and not supposed to do that action he is a soldier who is on duty to conquer a town
because those action will endanger himself, his group or maybe ruin the mission.
3.
Weak
Soldiers generally are described as a strong and tough man. Soldiers usually have
flat faces and ‘flat’ hearts that barely see anything through heart, only by logicality.
Lieutenant Tonder has the exceptional. He always sees things based on two sides, his
logic and humanity. As a result, he always feels sorry for the townspeople whom
suppose he invades of. In this case, the characteristic of Lieutenant Tonder is weak.
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Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary states weak that is a person or thing
without power easy to influence, not having much power (2005-1726). In the
beginning of the story he thinks that it is a nice country with nice people.
"Well," said Tonder, "it's a nice country, nice people. Our men some of them
might even settle here."
Lanser said jokingly, "You've seen some place you like, perhaps?"
"Well," said Tonder, "there are some beautiful farms here. If four or five of
them were thrown together, it would be a nice place to settle, I think" (p.58).
The quotation above shows that Lieutenant Tonder enjoying his job in the
country that he invades. The enjoying means that he really loves the atmosphere of
the country for he states that he wants to settle in the country with some of his
friends. It is not appropriate for a soldier who is supposed to get away as soon as
possible when he gets anything he wants from a country.
By the time in the middle of the story, Lieutenant Tonder begins to feel
uncomfortable with the condition where he belongs. The time changes many things.
He has experienced in bad or good condition. He usually writes a piece of letter to be
sent to his hometown, but it is unusual that he only receives one letter in two weeks
that makes him feel worried what is happening “It’s strange more letters don’t come
through. I’ve only had one in two weeks”(p.109). At this moment his weakness
arises. He doesn’t think to stay in that country anymore. He thinks to go back to his
hometown, finding a better condition.
“Reinforcements!” he said softly. Or maybe replacements. Maybe we could go
home for a while. And he said, smiling, “Maybe I could walk down the street
and people would say, ‘Hello,’ and they’d say, “There goes a soldier,’ and they’d
be glad for me and they’d be glad of me. And there’d be friends about, and I
could turn my back to a man without being afraid” (p.117).
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The passage implies that Lieutenant Tonder dreams about going home. He
demands of replacements or reinforcements which allow him to go home even though
just for a while. He imagines people in his town will respect him so much that make
him feel secured. The other evidence is shown in this quotation “I want to go home,’
he said” (p.119).
In this situation it shows that Lieutenant Tonder involves a conversation among
the other soldiers. He whining hysterically to go home because this action, the other
soldiers have to punch him to get his awareness back.
4.
Fearful
The other characteristic of Lieutenant Tonder is fearful. In Webster’s
Encyclopedic Dictionary it is stated that fearful is causing or likely to cause fear,
fright, or alarm especially because of dangerous quality (2006-670). As the soldier in
the war, being fear is something which is very human. As in a conversation which is
involved by other soldier, Lieutenant Tonder shows his fear.
He said, "That's it! The enemy's everywhere! Every man, every woman, even
children! The enemy's everywhere! Their faces look out of doorways. The
white faces behind the curtains, listening.
We have beaten them, we have won everywhere, and they wait and obey, and
they wait”(p.112).
The passage implies that Lieutenant Tonder shows his fear and worries. He
worries that the townspeople will plan something. He thinks even they succeed
beating the townspeople, he has believed it because of his fear, that the townspeople
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will not stay calm, they will fight back. The other evidences are shown in the
quotation”Oh these horrible people are waiting in the snow!"(p.113).
Moreover in the other actions he shows his fear in a conversation that is involved
by the other soldiers. Lieutenant Tonder in h