Ornamentation Structure of Flower Pollen on Entomophyli Pollination.
Ornamentation Structure of Flower Pollen on Entomophyli Pollination
Ni Putu Adriani Astiti
[email protected]
Biology department , Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science . Udayana University.
Abstract
Research has been carried pollen from many plant species, with the aim to find out from
the wall of pollen morphology in the interest pollination carried by insects (entomophyli)
.Material taken from plants belonging to Monoicotyledoneae and Dicotyledoneae. Preparation
was done by acetolysis method and observation using light microscopy.
From the results showed that the pollen in flowers polination carried by insects
(entomophyli) generally have a flat surface, a bit rough with the noise - kind of ornamentation.
Ornamentation in the form of spine or sculpture with a different type for each species.
Key word: Pollen, Entomophyli, ornamentation
Introduction
Flowering is one aspect of plant life. Shape and color of the beautiful flowers, a neat
header regular interest, and the smell of fragrant flowers that invite insects to come looking for
honey .Fruit and seed crops depend on pollination results. Insects can cause pollen move from
one flower to another flower. When the pollen is already carried by the fall on the stigma, it
happens pollination. Once the importance of the role of insects in pollination, it is interesting to
note in particular flower pollen morphological structure, as in; pollen pollination plays an
important role especially in the event of conception.
The beauty of colors, flower shapes, as well as a special smell and produce honey or
nectar to attract different types of insects, so the animals - these animals often visit flowers and
pollinating accidentally (Arnet and Braungart, 1970)
Important role as a pollinator insects and pollen types are shown variations associated with
the visited flower. Some insects are helpful in pollination are bees, flies, wasps, butterflies and
beetles (Bhojwani and Bhatnagar, 1978).
1
Pollen produced by terrestrial plants is the privilege of development resistance of exterior
walls. The outer wall is eksin that contain wax or some kind of dammar. This helps the wax layer
scattering. Pollination interest carried by insects, the pollen surface ornamentation spine and
there are carved images to assist in the scattering (Kapp, 1969).
Materials and Methods
The samples taken were from the group Monocotyledoneae and Dicotyledoneae, respectively each five species. The group of monocotyledoneae is Lilium longiflorum , Gladiolus sp,
Amaryllis sp, sp Arachnis and Vanda sp, and the group of dicotyledoneae
is Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Crotalaria sp, Sesbania grandiflora Pers, Hibiscus rosasinensis and
Nymphaea sp. Preparation was done by acetolysis method (Soerodikoesoemo, 1983).
Pollen taken from anthers collected in a test tube (vial), which is already filled with glacial acetic
acid, then left for 24 hours. Then transferred into a centrifuge tube, and centrifugation performed.
The liquid was removed and replaced with glacial acetic acid with concentrated sulfuric acid
with the ratio 9: 1. Heating in a water bath from room temperature to boiling. After boiling
heating was stopped and settling for 15 minutes. Subsequently conducted centrifuge, then the
liquid was removed and replaced with distilled water. Observation with light microscope, was
still dark when bleaching is carried out using glacial acetic acid 2 cc of sodium Chlorates 2-3
drops 2-3 , drops of HCl, and then centrifugation. Furthermore, the liquid removed and the
sediments were washed with distilled water 2-3 times, with each laundering conducted centrifuge
again. Last distilled water was replaced with glycerin jelly that has been heated and mixed with
safranin dyes. Further observation with light microscope.
For the identification carried out:
- Mesurement of polar axis, and Equatorial.
- Determining of index P / E
- Determine the type of pollen (by Erdtman, 1952).
- View pollen ornamentation on the walls.
Photoshoot done using Olympus brand camera C 35 A, 100 ASA Kodak film.
2
From 10 species observed were obtained the following results:
.
• Tabel 1. Average Polar axis (P) and Equatorial (E) and the index
•
P / E of flowers with pollination by entomophyli.
1
Gladiolus sp
Average
P axis
77.42 + 1,580
2
Amaryllis sp
87.53 + 1.413
74.89 + 0.865
1.17 + 0.006
3
Lilium longiflorum
108. 07 + 0.865
91.01 + 0.865
1.19 + 0.002
4
Vanda sp
33.18 + 1.58
30.336 + 0.707
1.10 + 0.026
5
Arachnis sp
26.68 + 0.00
26.68 + 0.00
1.00 + 0.000
6
Caesalpinia pulcherrima
71.73 + 1.801
68.89 + 0.865
1.04 + 0.013
7
Crotalaria sp
23.38 + 1.322
19.28 + 1.322
1.21 + 0.016
8
Sesbania grandiflora Pers
30.97 + 1.413
27.49 + 1.413
1.13 + 0.007
9
Nymphaea sp
35.71 + 1.413
31.92 + 1.713
1.12 + 0.017
10
Hibiscus rosasinensis
82.40 + 1.517
82.40 + 1.400
1.00 + 0.000
No
Spesies
Average
E axis
64. 15 + 0.865
Indeks
P/E
1.21 + 1.008
.
Nymphaea sp
Caesalpinia pulcherrima
Sesbania grandiflora
Gladiolus sp
Amarrylis sp
Lilium longiflorum
Arachnis sp
Arachnis sp
Vanda sp
Crotalaria sp
Hibiscus rosasinensis
Fig. 1. Ornamentation structure pollen of Lilium longiflorum , Gladiolus sp, Amaryllis sp, sp
Arachnis and Vanda sp, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Crotalaria sp, Sesbania grandiflora Pers,
Hibiscus rosasinensis and Nymphaea sp.
3
Tabel 2. Pollen description of species
No
Species
Pollen Description
1
Gladiolus sp
Kolpus a rather long and coiled, type subprolata,
rough surface is full of warts (verucate)
2
Amarillis sp
3
Lilium longiflorum
Kolpus lengthwise on a polar axis, ellipse, type
subprolata, ornamentation in the form of a small
spine and short on the surface
Kolpus lengthwise on a polar axis, ellipse, type
subprolata, ornamentation in the form of a small
spine - small and short on the surface
4
Vanda sp
Kolpus polar axis elongates, tpe prolata sferoidal,
rough surface is full of warts (verucate)
5
Arachnis sp
rounded shape, oblate type sferoidal - prolata
sferoidal, ornamentation is not clear
6
Caesalpinia pulcherrima
Having a third aperture and three porous, rough
surface with warts (verucate), type prolata
sferoidal.
7
Crotalaria sp
Surface uneven, notched with three kolpus, type
subprolata
8
Sesbania grandiflora Pers
rough surface is full of warts (verucate), has three
kolpus, type prolata sferoidal
9
Nymphaea sp
uneven surfaces, kolpus rather long, sferoidal
prolata type, ornamentation is not clear
10
Hibiscus rosasinensis
ornamentation in the form of a long spine on the
surface (echinate), oblate type sferoidal - prolata
sferoidal.
In general, pollen of flowers pollination carried by insects (entomophyli) has an uneven surface,
a bit rough, with exquisite ornamentation such as spines, warts and the presence of sculptures sculpture such as nets. Type of individual - each a different species, although included in the
same family, such as Crotalaria sp, Sesbania grandiflora Pers and Caesalpinia pulcherima,
although all three are included in each type of the Leguminosae family is different because each
type of index P / E is different. Likewise with Vanda sp and sp Arachnis which both belong to
4
the family Orchidaceae, also different types . But Gladiolus sp, sp and Lilium longiflorum
Amaryllis sp, all three including the order Liliales (Pudjoarianto and Budi Rahayu, 1977)
have the same type of pollen that is subprolata. Accordingly Index P / E is to determine the type
of pollen from each - each species.
Conclusion
Pollen on flower pollination done by insects (entomophyli) has the structure:
1. Uneven surfaces. Slightly rough surface with ornamentation in the form of spine, the curve ,
warts and sculpture in the form of a net.
2. Type of each type differs depending on the index P / E .
Reference
Arnet, R.H. and D.C. Braungart. 1970. An Introduction to Plant Biology. Third Edition. C.V.
Mosby Company. Saint Louis. Toppan Company, LTD. Tokyo, Japan. p : 223 – 224.
Bhojwani, S.S. and S.P. Bhatnagar. 1974. The Embryology of Angiosperms. Third Revised
Edition. Vikas Publishing Hous, P.V.T, LTD. pp : 44 - 47, 95 – 96.
Erdtman, G. 1952. Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy. Angiosperm ( An Introduction to
Palynology I ). The Chronica Botanica CO. Walrtham, Mass, U.S.A.
Kapp, R.O. 1969. How to Know. Pollen and Spores. WM.C. Brown Company
Publishers.Dubuque. Iowa.
Pudjoarianto, A . dan S. Budi Rahayu. 1977. Diktat Sistematik Tumbuhan III. Jilid I. Seksi
Sistematik Tumbuh – Tumbuhan. Fakultas Biologi, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta.
Soerodikoesoemo, W. 1983. Petunjuk Praktikum Mikroteknik Tumbuhan. Lab. Embriologi dan
Mikroteknik Tumbuhan. Fakultas biologi, Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta
.
5
Ni Putu Adriani Astiti
[email protected]
Biology department , Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science . Udayana University.
Abstract
Research has been carried pollen from many plant species, with the aim to find out from
the wall of pollen morphology in the interest pollination carried by insects (entomophyli)
.Material taken from plants belonging to Monoicotyledoneae and Dicotyledoneae. Preparation
was done by acetolysis method and observation using light microscopy.
From the results showed that the pollen in flowers polination carried by insects
(entomophyli) generally have a flat surface, a bit rough with the noise - kind of ornamentation.
Ornamentation in the form of spine or sculpture with a different type for each species.
Key word: Pollen, Entomophyli, ornamentation
Introduction
Flowering is one aspect of plant life. Shape and color of the beautiful flowers, a neat
header regular interest, and the smell of fragrant flowers that invite insects to come looking for
honey .Fruit and seed crops depend on pollination results. Insects can cause pollen move from
one flower to another flower. When the pollen is already carried by the fall on the stigma, it
happens pollination. Once the importance of the role of insects in pollination, it is interesting to
note in particular flower pollen morphological structure, as in; pollen pollination plays an
important role especially in the event of conception.
The beauty of colors, flower shapes, as well as a special smell and produce honey or
nectar to attract different types of insects, so the animals - these animals often visit flowers and
pollinating accidentally (Arnet and Braungart, 1970)
Important role as a pollinator insects and pollen types are shown variations associated with
the visited flower. Some insects are helpful in pollination are bees, flies, wasps, butterflies and
beetles (Bhojwani and Bhatnagar, 1978).
1
Pollen produced by terrestrial plants is the privilege of development resistance of exterior
walls. The outer wall is eksin that contain wax or some kind of dammar. This helps the wax layer
scattering. Pollination interest carried by insects, the pollen surface ornamentation spine and
there are carved images to assist in the scattering (Kapp, 1969).
Materials and Methods
The samples taken were from the group Monocotyledoneae and Dicotyledoneae, respectively each five species. The group of monocotyledoneae is Lilium longiflorum , Gladiolus sp,
Amaryllis sp, sp Arachnis and Vanda sp, and the group of dicotyledoneae
is Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Crotalaria sp, Sesbania grandiflora Pers, Hibiscus rosasinensis and
Nymphaea sp. Preparation was done by acetolysis method (Soerodikoesoemo, 1983).
Pollen taken from anthers collected in a test tube (vial), which is already filled with glacial acetic
acid, then left for 24 hours. Then transferred into a centrifuge tube, and centrifugation performed.
The liquid was removed and replaced with glacial acetic acid with concentrated sulfuric acid
with the ratio 9: 1. Heating in a water bath from room temperature to boiling. After boiling
heating was stopped and settling for 15 minutes. Subsequently conducted centrifuge, then the
liquid was removed and replaced with distilled water. Observation with light microscope, was
still dark when bleaching is carried out using glacial acetic acid 2 cc of sodium Chlorates 2-3
drops 2-3 , drops of HCl, and then centrifugation. Furthermore, the liquid removed and the
sediments were washed with distilled water 2-3 times, with each laundering conducted centrifuge
again. Last distilled water was replaced with glycerin jelly that has been heated and mixed with
safranin dyes. Further observation with light microscope.
For the identification carried out:
- Mesurement of polar axis, and Equatorial.
- Determining of index P / E
- Determine the type of pollen (by Erdtman, 1952).
- View pollen ornamentation on the walls.
Photoshoot done using Olympus brand camera C 35 A, 100 ASA Kodak film.
2
From 10 species observed were obtained the following results:
.
• Tabel 1. Average Polar axis (P) and Equatorial (E) and the index
•
P / E of flowers with pollination by entomophyli.
1
Gladiolus sp
Average
P axis
77.42 + 1,580
2
Amaryllis sp
87.53 + 1.413
74.89 + 0.865
1.17 + 0.006
3
Lilium longiflorum
108. 07 + 0.865
91.01 + 0.865
1.19 + 0.002
4
Vanda sp
33.18 + 1.58
30.336 + 0.707
1.10 + 0.026
5
Arachnis sp
26.68 + 0.00
26.68 + 0.00
1.00 + 0.000
6
Caesalpinia pulcherrima
71.73 + 1.801
68.89 + 0.865
1.04 + 0.013
7
Crotalaria sp
23.38 + 1.322
19.28 + 1.322
1.21 + 0.016
8
Sesbania grandiflora Pers
30.97 + 1.413
27.49 + 1.413
1.13 + 0.007
9
Nymphaea sp
35.71 + 1.413
31.92 + 1.713
1.12 + 0.017
10
Hibiscus rosasinensis
82.40 + 1.517
82.40 + 1.400
1.00 + 0.000
No
Spesies
Average
E axis
64. 15 + 0.865
Indeks
P/E
1.21 + 1.008
.
Nymphaea sp
Caesalpinia pulcherrima
Sesbania grandiflora
Gladiolus sp
Amarrylis sp
Lilium longiflorum
Arachnis sp
Arachnis sp
Vanda sp
Crotalaria sp
Hibiscus rosasinensis
Fig. 1. Ornamentation structure pollen of Lilium longiflorum , Gladiolus sp, Amaryllis sp, sp
Arachnis and Vanda sp, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Crotalaria sp, Sesbania grandiflora Pers,
Hibiscus rosasinensis and Nymphaea sp.
3
Tabel 2. Pollen description of species
No
Species
Pollen Description
1
Gladiolus sp
Kolpus a rather long and coiled, type subprolata,
rough surface is full of warts (verucate)
2
Amarillis sp
3
Lilium longiflorum
Kolpus lengthwise on a polar axis, ellipse, type
subprolata, ornamentation in the form of a small
spine and short on the surface
Kolpus lengthwise on a polar axis, ellipse, type
subprolata, ornamentation in the form of a small
spine - small and short on the surface
4
Vanda sp
Kolpus polar axis elongates, tpe prolata sferoidal,
rough surface is full of warts (verucate)
5
Arachnis sp
rounded shape, oblate type sferoidal - prolata
sferoidal, ornamentation is not clear
6
Caesalpinia pulcherrima
Having a third aperture and three porous, rough
surface with warts (verucate), type prolata
sferoidal.
7
Crotalaria sp
Surface uneven, notched with three kolpus, type
subprolata
8
Sesbania grandiflora Pers
rough surface is full of warts (verucate), has three
kolpus, type prolata sferoidal
9
Nymphaea sp
uneven surfaces, kolpus rather long, sferoidal
prolata type, ornamentation is not clear
10
Hibiscus rosasinensis
ornamentation in the form of a long spine on the
surface (echinate), oblate type sferoidal - prolata
sferoidal.
In general, pollen of flowers pollination carried by insects (entomophyli) has an uneven surface,
a bit rough, with exquisite ornamentation such as spines, warts and the presence of sculptures sculpture such as nets. Type of individual - each a different species, although included in the
same family, such as Crotalaria sp, Sesbania grandiflora Pers and Caesalpinia pulcherima,
although all three are included in each type of the Leguminosae family is different because each
type of index P / E is different. Likewise with Vanda sp and sp Arachnis which both belong to
4
the family Orchidaceae, also different types . But Gladiolus sp, sp and Lilium longiflorum
Amaryllis sp, all three including the order Liliales (Pudjoarianto and Budi Rahayu, 1977)
have the same type of pollen that is subprolata. Accordingly Index P / E is to determine the type
of pollen from each - each species.
Conclusion
Pollen on flower pollination done by insects (entomophyli) has the structure:
1. Uneven surfaces. Slightly rough surface with ornamentation in the form of spine, the curve ,
warts and sculpture in the form of a net.
2. Type of each type differs depending on the index P / E .
Reference
Arnet, R.H. and D.C. Braungart. 1970. An Introduction to Plant Biology. Third Edition. C.V.
Mosby Company. Saint Louis. Toppan Company, LTD. Tokyo, Japan. p : 223 – 224.
Bhojwani, S.S. and S.P. Bhatnagar. 1974. The Embryology of Angiosperms. Third Revised
Edition. Vikas Publishing Hous, P.V.T, LTD. pp : 44 - 47, 95 – 96.
Erdtman, G. 1952. Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy. Angiosperm ( An Introduction to
Palynology I ). The Chronica Botanica CO. Walrtham, Mass, U.S.A.
Kapp, R.O. 1969. How to Know. Pollen and Spores. WM.C. Brown Company
Publishers.Dubuque. Iowa.
Pudjoarianto, A . dan S. Budi Rahayu. 1977. Diktat Sistematik Tumbuhan III. Jilid I. Seksi
Sistematik Tumbuh – Tumbuhan. Fakultas Biologi, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta.
Soerodikoesoemo, W. 1983. Petunjuk Praktikum Mikroteknik Tumbuhan. Lab. Embriologi dan
Mikroteknik Tumbuhan. Fakultas biologi, Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta
.
5