RACIAL PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION BY WHITE SOUTHERNERS TOWARD THE BLACK IN ALABAMA DURING 1930S AS REFLECTED IN HARPER LEE'S TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD.
RACIAI, PREJUOICE AND DISCRIMINATION BY \{HITE SOIJ'I'iIERNERS
TOWARD THE ITLACT( IN ALA}AMA DURING 19305 AS RSTLECTDD IN
llAIlPER LEE'S
Submifi€d itr
TO
KILL A MOCKINGRIN D
?.rti.l Fulfilln€nr
ro rb€
For tbe Dcsrce of Slriam
nrquircncot
S.stn
By
INDRA FENI
DEPARTEMENT
'N(;LISH
FACULTY OF LETTERS.ANI}AI,AS I]NI!NRSlr V
AI]SIRAK
Skipsi ini mctopak.tr aialisis tcnr.i! bcraeam disk nin.si lnng
terdapd di A'nerika Sdik t khususnya di ncgam bigiai $lalar Ahoik.,
labama. Dia.gkar dari scbuah novcl klasik b.iudul Io X,/, Mo.*,,s6iil
.l.h Ilarper Lee yans bdldar p.da rahun 1930- di Alibah.. pcnulh
mdigg.mbarkan persamam disk.iminisi lMg rciadi di Alab.fr. paJi {ahun
!910-.d deneen dnkriminlsi yans crdapar dahn novcllc.$bur.
Ufruk mengan.lnh pcmNlahan yan8 dikemlkak$ dda'n skripsi
inl. pcnulis menggunakd pcndck.lan mlmdik yang dikcrnukakor olch M H
Abdns yatre lemudian dikcmbanekan dci8m ncngrplik6ikan tcori
soroloti defgan mcnlgunakrd pc6pcktil pctuna utrtuk nenehubun8kan
thk.'lakla yang icrdapar did.lam scjamh dcigan kcj.dian yatre tcrd0par di
daL.m novel. l)alam pcnsumpuldd dda pcntrln mcngunakan ncrodc
kc p us6kan, sedrngkan pcn)_aj ian del, hcn$u na kan mctodc dcskripr it
Dari hasi! analisis drp.r disimpullon bahNa bc.b.eai disk.inid.li
tcrjadi
di Aiabama prdr hnln 1910-an mcncurlkan bcbcnpd asumsi dai
_vdng
pcilaku yaDe saLah mhra M.!. kulir purih tcdadap $.rga kulit hi6m.
,{nrmsi dan periiaku }an! srlih mcnnnbulkan adan}a lamngan pcmikahatr
bddr .as yane mengakibrrkrn tcrjadinyr pcniehan rcnpar rin8eaL anran
*ar8a yatre me alukan pcnikahan bcda ms dcnSaf Fare! yafS tidak
rclakukan pemikahrn bcda ras. Tidak adanya pcMmaan perlakmn atrr.m
r bc'u . g o.do Lcra.;' com e
-J lul. Nr \dJ1
6, \.li' h
"r
ga kulir l,ihm dengm sanear mcngci6k.n. Munculnta pobcddn kclas
sosial yatrg menemprtkrn rarga kuLir hitan mcij.di $.r!a kclas bas.h
drlam nmra kelas esiaL di Alabama paJa hhun !910 an s.lebn srsa ktrlit
purih niskin. Adaoun oerbedrm ke las $sial tEebu I mcnimbulku trjadinyx
pcdiehan
kulir putih dd kuLir hirrm.
l6ilirrs p€ndidikm.
didnuran). pcniehrn rempat peribadabn (-qeEja)
pendidikd
neninbtrlk.n
ridak
adant.
ke*inb.n$n
PcJnisahan tisilnas
pc.didikatr .nran trargr ktrlir putih dan kulil hilam sohinlgr menldbxbkan
\sba*iai bcs.r warg! kul i hira'n ,nenidi huh hutut
s
!,
lasililas
rd.r
d
CIIAPIER
I
INTRODUCTION
l-t
r'he Brckground orrhe
Racism G
!
R€sircn
slohal hsuc and becoDe an irreEsiiDe topic ro be disused. lr
has cxisted for rhouends
ol ya6 dd h6
been
ftnsmirtd lron gcncmrio. ro
eeneEtion Rachn h lhe belief rl,at a panicuLar nce is suptrior or inlcrior lo
dnorher, rhal a
inbom
persn\ seial a;d moFl tBits ee
biologidl chrtureristics. lt is supp.ned
''Racism is the rhcory lhat
prederemined by his or her
by CaLe in his book
psple ofone Dce
m
t
.,./ry€dtd
superiorto another.lla*ed
thal hums beings arc divided into Bces which lre distinguhhed by deir
physical chaEcrerisrics, lheir culuEl pa(ems and $en modes of behavior'
(2003:3).
It describes thar rrcisfr k lhe belielthat chaEcterinics
simply on lhe bash oftncn
m€dd
To uncover the roots of €c
wd
rhe
kn
c
be annbuted lo people
tha! some Bcialgrcups aE superior io
against bl&k i0 America the
idatharslavery
causl factor slaverr in rhc unncd s6rcd was narted in rhe b€8innin8
the sixtcenth cenlury. In thc soulhcd of Unired SL es, with
onll
a few
k
supponed by
DtglLi
presun.d lo be slaves" (O"r
grow$ ol slav€ry
rfle
slres
all nen of black or brcwn skin in the South
dozr tar.
ecoi.mic.
tntenaliout Etutlarydia of the
li
1935:136). The
ol
edy rnd
insic! ificant exception s, allslavcs rcrc blacl( and almost allblack were
This
orher
wet
nain rc.sons lbt dE
is also supp.nine by Gale in his anicle
sociat
kturus:
Shvcs \rcrc used as
achc$
xbdr fotoe rnJ ar r ptulihble rride g.od ln rhe
linircd Sh(cs llrc floinsacqtri.ed though
rhc grosrh
ol.he shipplns ind$ty
indNrirlisn
Sl.ycs sorked
nhnrxlions ir rhe
irr the
as
rhc.rt
r $Lrce
ofsurpLus Rerhh
i,l
ol
mc.ir. n.nh
frc.dsdd slaleE i\
mcird. in Bturil..n
enablished
b grin the economis oftr'nired
rheir nhniaii.ns
nlery *'s neiilr
$efrierlr ce'rtrD
slals hippciln
ii
l86i
]'r errir
strgarandc.ton
enJ\ marldd b_r rhc
lnrnci0arion l'jrocLxmltioD hsued hl President Abmha l.incoLn
all
ir
cikd.n F-nclc]otndirc.m).
surd trhichLscsL& rboroi
ln
aveir rerc an lmponant 6ctn
househoLds. in m nes andon
southem ks
Caribb..n (2003
Quohrtun abdv.
li
and
s
rvhen
lnnnallj- aboLishcJ thc sLarcry
civi srr ended
ht
bls.k
lieedo
lor
irhough th. govemmcnr hrs
Dor get rl,elr freed.m
elil!.
|totrc clain diar .lie dirJi:c
ces ol
I)eo|Le
d.
thel have b lrcr (h! ncial probLen
Raria/ pmhJcm hrpps
r
heca!:e arnc
ph)licrl chrnclc.inics lilc slin col!. is a
irrter \hnc
idcililri *ho n'pcrior
and
R.c rilLlhi',ks dD! black peo|e s inri.loriry.ace siice a
lonlr
ri'rcalolhen rhe]
iiicrio.iq .n
hecarnc a
basis ro
narc lnrshirc pcoplr. Slav$ is pLr.crl thd Lnbclol'
hlack skln on,4n.rican culrurc
s
nrpp!dcd bt Dc!lcr. _nu0rb.r
ilNcgrees dere.n,ined $c inlrrioriarus impo*d upoi rhc
is clerrly
rhrr
blrl p.opl..r.
rcdtrccd ro rhc
'nea'\
..r!lr rlic pndice olrrrlaL prciuJi.c
and
Kllu !h.kt,Oiil f'r t|a\'et
t-ee
Ta
bacl (1935rl5).h
posrioi ol inliirioril)
and il
di\rlmindrior.
n
a
no!elthalJe0ids racialproblems ln
,\ldbddr.nElras:prejudicernddi{rlminari.n sinccrhc 1960\a\$cdiscu*nrn
CHAPTI]R5
CONCLUSION
7i, /(i/l a Mo.ktngbtr4 rcnaciously crplorcs (hc
bcines. es|recially
dodl narue of hunrn
$e nruggle in evcry human soui beN*n ncial pr.judice
discriminaftrn. The novel is very effecrive in notoily Evealing pEjudie,
cx.nitringthenat'rt ofdi$rinination. hoq
rhough
$ill llad
bli
in
ir wolks. and irs consquences. Even
racialprtjudip h jus opinion or atritude agnin$
po$ible rhar kinJ df opinion
and
orher r.ce bur
ro thc acrions
d
it h qtrite
kno$n as tu.ial
discriminatioi. Therc are many €cial pEjudice ard dis$iminatjon in ,4labama
duri4
I
930s
6 rnectd
rrased on the
conclude rha! lheE
in Harp.r Lcc s
h
KiI
a
M).kinshit l.
ren'lt of.nalysis ol Ta KiI u Ma(kinsbil. thc *dter c.n
ar
m
rny racir I p.cj udice that e\perien*d b] ihe black mce in
Al.bama during l9l0s. Fdreranplc G anli-miscegenarion. Whire nce diegrees
.boul niscegendion idea beousc it wiu disopt the purity rnd sup€riorn_ of
white.!ce. As
a
Not only
di{rininarion
rtrard. whi!c melhat havc intenacial mariape will
eial
pftiudicq black mce in Alabama also h6
There is a lynching ihat
be
1o
aliei.t.d
fre
racirL
b€eu in lom Rohinv,ns tirl, rnd when
Tom isploed ir rhe loca jaiL. r mdb garheN lFch him. His dedh is very rDsi.
since he is shoi lTrimes.
Anoiherncia discriminarion @cu6 in theexisienFol
somc clGses in Maycon,b Comry. the place
lowed cl6s in s@ieq since lhey
mjusl
ol
black race have io ccupy lhe
considercd as
inLrior b] whilc ncc
BIBI,(X;RAPHY
Abanl M.H. mc Mn n nnd th? LonF tk'nd lic the.tr
7;z r|rd' New York: Oxlord Univc6i(r Pts. I 976.
LhL
Dellcr. C.N Out of Ou. 1'zr: The Farc6 fhat SlEtEd
York: I laaer Ro* Puhlisl€r.lnc. 1935.
nnd thr
Gitnal
Aneti.a Ncv
/'fqdt.;It'r /Ji.ti.mrj af the l liirtr l tdeas t1E C^lc Gt.rp
I3
Nov 2009
lnc. 2005. LncJLbrydia
I)uckkr. Johi.
t
.
G^le,lhonsar Ercylopctlio.J ld.. a,z/ ir.irh MacmiLlan Rcltrcn€ USA.
?OOA E .rtlopalid .o"'. lA Nor 2009. +npr]rv\$ en.wlop.Jia.QD>
CaLc. Thomson
rt y.lr??rrdrh?
Nov 200e.
Cove. Philiph
So.nn
Stiere.\. )AAa F:n.rtlop"dio
lr. ,/ebsrsrlt
un.
s?vehth Nev Collesulc Didiokary. laSA: G
6u.rlniL Darid B. t'rbrlerrr N.N ,torLl Di.tio rry.l
thc
&
3A
C
ln.n.dn I'ansnsL
Nelv York: world Ptrblidrillg.1972
ttxket.
\lcii@
Webeu OrliE Di.tiatury 200A. Meti@'Wehaer Onlire' 7
Mci 2003.
TOWARD THE ITLACT( IN ALA}AMA DURING 19305 AS RSTLECTDD IN
llAIlPER LEE'S
Submifi€d itr
TO
KILL A MOCKINGRIN D
?.rti.l Fulfilln€nr
ro rb€
For tbe Dcsrce of Slriam
nrquircncot
S.stn
By
INDRA FENI
DEPARTEMENT
'N(;LISH
FACULTY OF LETTERS.ANI}AI,AS I]NI!NRSlr V
AI]SIRAK
Skipsi ini mctopak.tr aialisis tcnr.i! bcraeam disk nin.si lnng
terdapd di A'nerika Sdik t khususnya di ncgam bigiai $lalar Ahoik.,
labama. Dia.gkar dari scbuah novcl klasik b.iudul Io X,/, Mo.*,,s6iil
.l.h Ilarper Lee yans bdldar p.da rahun 1930- di Alibah.. pcnulh
mdigg.mbarkan persamam disk.iminisi lMg rciadi di Alab.fr. paJi {ahun
!910-.d deneen dnkriminlsi yans crdapar dahn novcllc.$bur.
Ufruk mengan.lnh pcmNlahan yan8 dikemlkak$ dda'n skripsi
inl. pcnulis menggunakd pcndck.lan mlmdik yang dikcrnukakor olch M H
Abdns yatre lemudian dikcmbanekan dci8m ncngrplik6ikan tcori
soroloti defgan mcnlgunakrd pc6pcktil pctuna utrtuk nenehubun8kan
thk.'lakla yang icrdapar did.lam scjamh dcigan kcj.dian yatre tcrd0par di
daL.m novel. l)alam pcnsumpuldd dda pcntrln mcngunakan ncrodc
kc p us6kan, sedrngkan pcn)_aj ian del, hcn$u na kan mctodc dcskripr it
Dari hasi! analisis drp.r disimpullon bahNa bc.b.eai disk.inid.li
tcrjadi
di Aiabama prdr hnln 1910-an mcncurlkan bcbcnpd asumsi dai
_vdng
pcilaku yaDe saLah mhra M.!. kulir purih tcdadap $.rga kulit hi6m.
,{nrmsi dan periiaku }an! srlih mcnnnbulkan adan}a lamngan pcmikahatr
bddr .as yane mengakibrrkrn tcrjadinyr pcniehan rcnpar rin8eaL anran
*ar8a yatre me alukan pcnikahan bcda ms dcnSaf Fare! yafS tidak
rclakukan pemikahrn bcda ras. Tidak adanya pcMmaan perlakmn atrr.m
r bc'u . g o.do Lcra.;' com e
-J lul. Nr \dJ1
6, \.li' h
"r
ga kulir l,ihm dengm sanear mcngci6k.n. Munculnta pobcddn kclas
sosial yatrg menemprtkrn rarga kuLir hitan mcij.di $.r!a kclas bas.h
drlam nmra kelas esiaL di Alabama paJa hhun !910 an s.lebn srsa ktrlit
purih niskin. Adaoun oerbedrm ke las $sial tEebu I mcnimbulku trjadinyx
pcdiehan
kulir putih dd kuLir hirrm.
l6ilirrs p€ndidikm.
didnuran). pcniehrn rempat peribadabn (-qeEja)
pendidikd
neninbtrlk.n
ridak
adant.
ke*inb.n$n
PcJnisahan tisilnas
pc.didikatr .nran trargr ktrlir putih dan kulil hilam sohinlgr menldbxbkan
\sba*iai bcs.r warg! kul i hira'n ,nenidi huh hutut
s
!,
lasililas
rd.r
d
CIIAPIER
I
INTRODUCTION
l-t
r'he Brckground orrhe
Racism G
!
R€sircn
slohal hsuc and becoDe an irreEsiiDe topic ro be disused. lr
has cxisted for rhouends
ol ya6 dd h6
been
ftnsmirtd lron gcncmrio. ro
eeneEtion Rachn h lhe belief rl,at a panicuLar nce is suptrior or inlcrior lo
dnorher, rhal a
inbom
persn\ seial a;d moFl tBits ee
biologidl chrtureristics. lt is supp.ned
''Racism is the rhcory lhat
prederemined by his or her
by CaLe in his book
psple ofone Dce
m
t
.,./ry€dtd
superiorto another.lla*ed
thal hums beings arc divided into Bces which lre distinguhhed by deir
physical chaEcrerisrics, lheir culuEl pa(ems and $en modes of behavior'
(2003:3).
It describes thar rrcisfr k lhe belielthat chaEcterinics
simply on lhe bash oftncn
m€dd
To uncover the roots of €c
wd
rhe
kn
c
be annbuted lo people
tha! some Bcialgrcups aE superior io
against bl&k i0 America the
idatharslavery
causl factor slaverr in rhc unncd s6rcd was narted in rhe b€8innin8
the sixtcenth cenlury. In thc soulhcd of Unired SL es, with
onll
a few
k
supponed by
DtglLi
presun.d lo be slaves" (O"r
grow$ ol slav€ry
rfle
slres
all nen of black or brcwn skin in the South
dozr tar.
ecoi.mic.
tntenaliout Etutlarydia of the
li
1935:136). The
ol
edy rnd
insic! ificant exception s, allslavcs rcrc blacl( and almost allblack were
This
orher
wet
nain rc.sons lbt dE
is also supp.nine by Gale in his anicle
sociat
kturus:
Shvcs \rcrc used as
achc$
xbdr fotoe rnJ ar r ptulihble rride g.od ln rhe
linircd Sh(cs llrc floinsacqtri.ed though
rhc grosrh
ol.he shipplns ind$ty
indNrirlisn
Sl.ycs sorked
nhnrxlions ir rhe
irr the
as
rhc.rt
r $Lrce
ofsurpLus Rerhh
i,l
ol
mc.ir. n.nh
frc.dsdd slaleE i\
mcird. in Bturil..n
enablished
b grin the economis oftr'nired
rheir nhniaii.ns
nlery *'s neiilr
$efrierlr ce'rtrD
slals hippciln
ii
l86i
]'r errir
strgarandc.ton
enJ\ marldd b_r rhc
lnrnci0arion l'jrocLxmltioD hsued hl President Abmha l.incoLn
all
ir
cikd.n F-nclc]otndirc.m).
surd trhichLscsL& rboroi
ln
aveir rerc an lmponant 6ctn
househoLds. in m nes andon
southem ks
Caribb..n (2003
Quohrtun abdv.
li
and
s
rvhen
lnnnallj- aboLishcJ thc sLarcry
civi srr ended
ht
bls.k
lieedo
lor
irhough th. govemmcnr hrs
Dor get rl,elr freed.m
elil!.
|totrc clain diar .lie dirJi:c
ces ol
I)eo|Le
d.
thel have b lrcr (h! ncial probLen
Raria/ pmhJcm hrpps
r
heca!:e arnc
ph)licrl chrnclc.inics lilc slin col!. is a
irrter \hnc
idcililri *ho n'pcrior
and
R.c rilLlhi',ks dD! black peo|e s inri.loriry.ace siice a
lonlr
ri'rcalolhen rhe]
iiicrio.iq .n
hecarnc a
basis ro
narc lnrshirc pcoplr. Slav$ is pLr.crl thd Lnbclol'
hlack skln on,4n.rican culrurc
s
nrpp!dcd bt Dc!lcr. _nu0rb.r
ilNcgrees dere.n,ined $c inlrrioriarus impo*d upoi rhc
is clerrly
rhrr
blrl p.opl..r.
rcdtrccd ro rhc
'nea'\
..r!lr rlic pndice olrrrlaL prciuJi.c
and
Kllu !h.kt,Oiil f'r t|a\'et
t-ee
Ta
bacl (1935rl5).h
posrioi ol inliirioril)
and il
di\rlmindrior.
n
a
no!elthalJe0ids racialproblems ln
,\ldbddr.nElras:prejudicernddi{rlminari.n sinccrhc 1960\a\$cdiscu*nrn
CHAPTI]R5
CONCLUSION
7i, /(i/l a Mo.ktngbtr4 rcnaciously crplorcs (hc
bcines. es|recially
dodl narue of hunrn
$e nruggle in evcry human soui beN*n ncial pr.judice
discriminaftrn. The novel is very effecrive in notoily Evealing pEjudie,
cx.nitringthenat'rt ofdi$rinination. hoq
rhough
$ill llad
bli
in
ir wolks. and irs consquences. Even
racialprtjudip h jus opinion or atritude agnin$
po$ible rhar kinJ df opinion
and
orher r.ce bur
ro thc acrions
d
it h qtrite
kno$n as tu.ial
discriminatioi. Therc are many €cial pEjudice ard dis$iminatjon in ,4labama
duri4
I
930s
6 rnectd
rrased on the
conclude rha! lheE
in Harp.r Lcc s
h
KiI
a
M).kinshit l.
ren'lt of.nalysis ol Ta KiI u Ma(kinsbil. thc *dter c.n
ar
m
rny racir I p.cj udice that e\perien*d b] ihe black mce in
Al.bama during l9l0s. Fdreranplc G anli-miscegenarion. Whire nce diegrees
.boul niscegendion idea beousc it wiu disopt the purity rnd sup€riorn_ of
white.!ce. As
a
Not only
di{rininarion
rtrard. whi!c melhat havc intenacial mariape will
eial
pftiudicq black mce in Alabama also h6
There is a lynching ihat
be
1o
aliei.t.d
fre
racirL
b€eu in lom Rohinv,ns tirl, rnd when
Tom isploed ir rhe loca jaiL. r mdb garheN lFch him. His dedh is very rDsi.
since he is shoi lTrimes.
Anoiherncia discriminarion @cu6 in theexisienFol
somc clGses in Maycon,b Comry. the place
lowed cl6s in s@ieq since lhey
mjusl
ol
black race have io ccupy lhe
considercd as
inLrior b] whilc ncc
BIBI,(X;RAPHY
Abanl M.H. mc Mn n nnd th? LonF tk'nd lic the.tr
7;z r|rd' New York: Oxlord Univc6i(r Pts. I 976.
LhL
Dellcr. C.N Out of Ou. 1'zr: The Farc6 fhat SlEtEd
York: I laaer Ro* Puhlisl€r.lnc. 1935.
nnd thr
Gitnal
Aneti.a Ncv
/'fqdt.;It'r /Ji.ti.mrj af the l liirtr l tdeas t1E C^lc Gt.rp
I3
Nov 2009
lnc. 2005. LncJLbrydia
I)uckkr. Johi.
t
.
G^le,lhonsar Ercylopctlio.J ld.. a,z/ ir.irh MacmiLlan Rcltrcn€ USA.
?OOA E .rtlopalid .o"'. lA Nor 2009. +npr]rv\$ en.wlop.Jia.QD>
CaLc. Thomson
rt y.lr??rrdrh?
Nov 200e.
Cove. Philiph
So.nn
Stiere.\. )AAa F:n.rtlop"dio
lr. ,/ebsrsrlt
un.
s?vehth Nev Collesulc Didiokary. laSA: G
6u.rlniL Darid B. t'rbrlerrr N.N ,torLl Di.tio rry.l
thc
&
3A
C
ln.n.dn I'ansnsL
Nelv York: world Ptrblidrillg.1972
ttxket.
\lcii@
Webeu OrliE Di.tiatury 200A. Meti@'Wehaer Onlire' 7
Mci 2003.