Pembuatan Material Anoda Lithium Titanate (Li4Ti5O12) dan Studi Pengaruh Ketebalan Elektroda Terhadap Performa Elektrokimia Baterai Ion Lithium
LAMPIRAN 1
Perbandingan komposisi bahan LTO : PVDF : AB
LTO : PVDF : AB = 85% : 10% : 5%
Massa LTO = 10 gram
10% PVDF
= 1,17 gram
85% . x = 10% x 10 gram
0,85 . x = 0,1 x 10 gram
0,85 x = 1 gram
x=
= 1,17 gram
5% Acetylene Black = 0,59 gram
85% . x = 5% x 10 gram
0,85 . x = 0,05 x 10 gram
0,85 x
= 0,5 gram
x =
= 0,59 gram
Perhitungan Massa Bahan Li4Ti5O12
Persamaan Stokiometri :
4 LiOH.H2O + 5 TiO2
Li4Ti5O12 + 6 H2O
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Diketahui massa atom relative masing-masing unsur adalah :
Ar Li = 6,941
Ar O = 16
Ar H = 1,008
Ar Ti = 47,87
Maka berat molekuldari masing-masing bahan adalah :
Mr. LiOH.H2O
= 41,9988 gr/mol
Mr. TiO2
= 79,997 gr/mol
Mr. Li4Ti5O12
= 459,9383 gr/mol
Massa LTO
= 10 gram
Menghitung jumlah mol Li4Ti5O12
0,02174205 mol
Menghitung massa LiOH.H2O
Perhitungan mol LiOH.H2O
x
Perhitungan massa
x Mr
mol x 41,9988
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Menghitung Massa TiO2
Perhitungan mol TiO2
=
Mol TiO 2
Mol TiO 2
=
= 0,10871025 mol
Perhitungan massa TiO2
x Mr
mol x 79,997
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LAMPIRAN 2
Menghitung Nilai Konduktivitas Sel Baterai
c
d
1 cm
b
a
Dengan
Keterangan :
= konduktivitas sel baterai (1/ Ω cm atau S/cm)
Re = hambatan elekronik (Ω)
Rct = hambatan transfer muatan (Ω)
A = luas permukaan persegi (cm2)
= tebal lembaran (cm)
Ztotal = penjumlahan dari hambatan elektronik dan hambatan transfer
muatan (Ω)
M-1 (ketebalan 50 m)
Ω
Ω
=
M-2 (ketebalan 80 m)
Ω
Ω
= 3,66
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M-4 (ketebalan 120 m)
Ω
Ω
= 1,58
Menghitung Energy Density
M-1 (ketebalan 50 m)
(
)
M-2 (ketebalan 80 m)
M-4 (ketebalan 1β0 m)
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Menghitung Power Density
M-1 (Ketebalan 50 m)
(
)
0,0017
M-2 (Ketebalan 80 m)
0,005
M-4 (Ketebalan 120 m)
0,0067
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LAMPIRAN 3
Gambar Bahan
Serbuk LiOH.H2O
Serbuk PVDF
DMAC
Serbuk TiO2
Serbuk Karbon AB
Aseton
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Alat-alat Karakterisasi Penelitian
Alat Uji CV/CD (WBCS 3000)
Alat Uji XRD
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LAMPIRAN 4
Analysis Results
General Information
Analysis date
2016/03/07 17:50:03
Sample name
LTO Mia
Measurement date
File name
LTO Mia.ras
Operator
Method
Rietveld
Measurement profile
500
Intensity (counts)
400
300
200
100
Intensity (counts)
0
50
0
-50
20
40
60
80
2-theta (deg)
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Peak list
No.
2-theta(deg)
d(ang.)
Height(cou
nts)
FWHM(deg)
Int. I(counts
deg)
Int. W(deg)
Asym.
factor
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
18.329(3)
27.405(6)
35.574(6)
36.077(13)
41.241(5)
43.259(6)
43.607(17)
47.346(10)
54.308(8)
56.635(18)
57.209(10)
62.839(4)
66.071(12)
69.000(10)
79.346(4)
4.8363(9)
3.2518(7)
2.5216(4)
2.4876(8)
2.1872(3)
2.0897(3)
2.0739(8)
1.9185(4)
1.6878(2)
1.6239(5)
1.6089(3)
1.47764(9)
1.4130(2)
1.35998(17)
1.20659(6)
336(18)
138(12)
159(13)
43(7)
19(4)
230(15)
40(6)
37(6)
64(8)
18(4)
62(8)
129(11)
38(6)
25(5)
26(5)
0.111(4)
0.084(7)
0.094(6)
0.158(16)
0.102(16)
0.099(5)
0.15(3)
0.052(18)
0.113(7)
0.106(14)
0.109(9)
0.095(6)
0.116(9)
0.091(11)
0.092(17)
52.8(12)
16.4(6)
19.2(7)
8.7(5)
2.3(3)
29.7(8)
8.4(6)
3.1(3)
8.2(4)
2.0(3)
8.5(4)
16.8(7)
4.7(4)
2.9(3)
4.2(3)
0.157(12)
0.119(15)
0.121(14)
0.20(4)
0.12(4)
0.129(12)
0.21(5)
0.08(2)
0.13(2)
0.11(4)
0.14(2)
0.130(17)
0.12(3)
0.12(4)
0.16(4)
0.57(5)
0.6(2)
1.3(3)
3.2(12)
4(6)
2.5(8)
0.9(4)
0.6(6)
1.3(4)
1.9(14)
1.4(6)
3.0(5)
1.4(6)
2.1(9)
0.6(4)
16
82.316(17)
1.1704(2)
21(5)
0.108(15)
2.5(3)
0.12(4)
0.8(5)
Parameters used for WPPF
Profile parameters
Common
parameter
Background
Data
LTO Mia
Function name
param0
param1
param2
param3
param4
param5
param6
param7
param8
param9
param10
param11
param12
param13
param14
param15
param16
node0
B-spline
84.313456644811268
75.984609655161563
50.773406249999972
53.593255532828387
22.948664595175941
23.921975167232532
25.283797123546346
13.652353505600127
17.687394539546787
21.240832360296785
21.216362598870347
15.48052523059904
9.8960776445077077
18.428149731217882
12.323205348706963
10.104624938353455
14.811131781541111
10
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Common
parameter
Peak shift
Lithium Titanium
Oxide
Scale factor
FWHM
Asym. factor
Decay rate factor
Preferred
orientationMarch-
Rutile, syn
Scale factor
FWHM
Asym. factor
Decay rate factor
Preferred
orientationMarch-
node1
node2
node3
node4
node5
node6
node7
node8
node9
node10
node11
node12
node13
node14
17.48
24.960000000000001
32.479999999999997
38.880000000000003
45.280000000000001
50.299999999999997
55.32
60.340000000000003
65.359999999999999
70.060000000000002
74.760000000000005
79.459999999999994
84.200000000000003
90
Function name
param0
param1
param2
S
U
V
W
A0
A1
etaL0/mL0
etaL1/mL1
etaL2/mL2
etaH0/mH0
etaH1/mH1
etaH2/mH2
H
K
L
March coefficient
S
U
V
W
A0
A1
etaL0/mL0
etaL1/mL1
etaL2/mL2
etaH0/mH0
etaH1/mH1
etaH2/mH2
H
K
L
March coefficient
Shift axial displacement
-0.040801143214112399
0
0
4.99(6)
0.015(6)
-0.020(6)
0.0118(13)
-0.45(9)
1.2(3)
1.36(19)
0.36(7)
0.0000
0.24(5)
0.56(15)
0.0000
0
0
0
1.000000
1.51(4)
0.05(3)
-0.05(2)
0.025(6)
0.36(17)
0.1(5)
0.27(10)
0.0(3)
0.0000
0.39(14)
0.0(5)
0.0000
0
0
0
1.000000
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Structure parameters
Data set
name
Phase Name
Elem
ent
x
y
z
Occu
pancy
Temperature
factor
LTO Mia
LTO Mia
LTO Mia
LTO Mia
LTO Mia
LTO Mia
Lithium Titanium Oxide
Lithium Titanium Oxide
Lithium Titanium Oxide
Lithium Titanium Oxide
Rutile, syn
Rutile, syn
Li
O
Li
Ti
Ti
O
0.625000
0.388100
0.000000
0.625000
0.000000
0.304850
0.6250
00
0.3881
00
0.0000
00
0.6250
00
0.0000
00
0.3048
50
0.625
000
0.388
100
0.000
000
0.625
000
0.000
000
0.000
000
0.172
1.000
1.000
0.828
1.000
1.000
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
Data set name
Rwp
Rp
Re
S
LTO Mia
38.45
27.42
32.84
1.1692
Lattice constants
Angular correction
Analysis results
Data set
name
a(A)
b(A)
c(A)
alpha(deg)
beta(deg)
gamma(deg)
LTO Mia
LTO Mia
8.3572(4)
4.5909(5)
8.3572(4)
4.5909(5)
8.3572(4)
2.9579(4)
90.000000
90.000000
90.000000
90.000000
90.000000
90.000000
Phase name
a(A)
b(A)
c(A)
alpha(deg)
beta(deg)
gamma(deg)
V(A^3)
Lithium Titanium Oxide
Rutile, syn
8.357
2(4)
4.590
9(5)
8.3572(4)
4.5909(5)
8.357
2(4)
2.957
9(4)
90.000000
90.000000
90.00000
0
90.00000
0
90.000000
90.000000
583.70(5)
62.340(12)
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9
8.5
8
7.5
7
Lattice constants (ang.)
6.5
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
LTO Mia
LTO Mia
Data set
a
b
c
Crystal structure analysis results
Indexing
Phase name
Formula
Figure of
merit
Phase reg. detail
DB card
number
Lithium Titanium Oxide
Rutile, syn
Li1.33 Ti1.66 O4
Ti O2
0.580
0.520
ICDD (PDF-4+ 2014 RDB)
ICDD (PDF-4+ 2014 RDB)
04-009-5069
04-004-4338
Quantitative analysis results
-
Phase name
Content(%)
Lithium Titanium Oxide
Rutile, syn
77.3(10)
22.7(6)
Lattice information
Phase name
a(A)
b(A)
c(A)
alpha(deg)
beta(
deg)
gamma(deg)
V(A^3)
Lithium Titanium
Oxide syn
Rutile,
8.3572(4)
4.5909(5)
8.3572(4)
4.5909(5)
8.357
2(4)
2.957
9(4)
90.000000
90.000000
90.00
0000
90.00
0000
90.000000
90.000000
583.70(5)
62.340(1
2)
Phase name
Space group
Z
Z'
Calc. density(g/cm^3)
Lithium Titanium Oxide
Rutile, syn
227 : Fd-3m,choice-1
136 : P42/mnm
8
2
0.042
0.125
3.469
4.247
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Structure determination
Refinement
Measurement range: 10.0000-90.0000deg Refinement range: 10.0000-90.0000deg (1.09 A)
Number of refined parameters: 41
Phase name
Atomic cords
# of indep. reflns
Lithium Titanium Oxide
Rutile, syn
Fractional cords
Fractional cords
19
20
Rwp = 38.45%
S = 1.1692
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LAMPIRAN 5
Sampel M-1
Measurement Time
Frequency Z(ohm)
deg(deg) Rs(ohm) X(ohm)
Vmoni(V) Imoni(A)
15:21:49
50000
1.28E+01
-49.14 8.35E+00 9.65E+00
0.01 7.72E-04
15:21:50
36350
1.57E+01
-51.06 9.88E+00 1.22E+01
0.012 7.53E-04
15:21:51
26430
1.93E+01
-51.68 1.19E+01 1.51E+01
0.014 7.26E-04
15:21:52
19220
2.37E+01
-51.55 1.47E+01 1.85E+01
0.016 6.89E-04
15:21:54
13970
2.89E+01
-50.89 1.82E+01 2.24E+01
0.019 6.49E-04
15:21:55
10160
3.48E+01
-49.78 2.25E+01 2.66E+01
0.021 6.05E-04
15:21:56
7388
4.17E+01
-48.43 2.77E+01 3.12E+01
0.023 5.44E-04
15:21:57
5372
4.94E+01
-46.84 3.38E+01 3.60E+01
0.025 5.06E-04
15:21:58
3906
5.84E+01
-45.4 4.10E+01 4.16E+01
0.027 4.64E-04
15:22:00
2840
6.82E+01
-44.05 4.91E+01 4.74E+01
0.029 4.25E-04
15:22:01
2065
7.96E+01
-42.67 5.85E+01 5.39E+01
0.031 3.86E-04
15:22:02
1501
9.36E+01
-41.24 7.04E+01 6.17E+01
0.032 3.39E-04
15:22:04
1092
1.08E+02
-39.68 8.33E+01 6.91E+01
0.034 3.14E-04
15:22:05
793.7
1.25E+02
-38.01 9.82E+01 7.67E+01
0.036 2.86E-04
15:22:06
577.1
1.43E+02
-36.07 1.15E+02 8.39E+01
0.037 2.58E-04
15:22:07
419.6
1.62E+02
-33.82 1.35E+02 9.04E+01
0.038 2.33E-04
15:22:08
305.1
1.84E+02
-31.38 1.57E+02 9.56E+01
0.039 2.11E-04
15:22:09
221.8
2.05E+02
-28.58 1.80E+02 9.81E+01
0.04 1.92E-04
15:22:11
161.3
2.26E+02
-25.38 2.04E+02 9.68E+01
0.041 1.77E-04
15:22:12
117.3
2.45E+02
-22.34 2.27E+02 9.31E+01
0.041 1.64E-04
15:22:13
85.27
2.62E+02
-19.38 2.47E+02 8.69E+01
0.04 1.49E-04
15:22:14
62
2.78E+02
-16.97 2.66E+02 8.10E+01
0.041 1.43E-04
15:22:16
45.08
2.88E+02
-15.02 2.78E+02 7.46E+01
0.041 1.40E-04
15:22:17
32.78
2.97E+02
-14.08 2.88E+02 7.23E+01
0.041 1.36E-04
15:22:18
23.83
3.05E+02
-13.7 2.96E+02 7.22E+01
0.042 1.34E04
15:22:19
17.33
3.15E+02
-13.93 3.05E+02 7.57E+01
0.042 1.30E-04
15:22:20
12.6
3.23E+02
-15.07 3.12E+02 8.39E+01
0.042 1.27E-04
15:22:22
9.161
3.38E+02
-16.58 3.24E+02 9.65E+01
0.042 1.21E-04
15:22:23
6.661
3.53E+02
-19.04 3.34E+02 1.15E+02
0.042 1.16E-04
15:22:24
4.843
3.74E+02
-22.11 3.47E+02 1.41E+02
0.042 1.10E-04
15:22:26
3.521
4.03E+02
-25.9 3.62E+02 1.76E+02
0.04 9.77E-05
15:22:28
2.56
4.39E+02
-30.28 3.79E+02 2.21E+02
0.04 8.96E-05
15:22:29
1.862
4.88E+02
-35.47 3.98E+02 2.83E+02
0.04 7.99E-05
15:22:31
1.354
5.53E+02
-40.79 4.19E+02 3.62E+02
0.039 6.94E-05
15:22:33
0.984
6.51E+02
-46.71 4.46E+02 4.74E+02
0.039 5.79E-05
15:22:36
0.716
7.75E+02
-51.8 4.79E+02 6.09E+02
0.038 4.75E-05
15:22:39
0.52
9.56E+02
-56.89 5.22E+02 8.01E+02
0.037 3.74E-05
15:22:46
0.378
1.21E+03
-62.21 5.64E+02 1.07E+03
0.036 2.95E-05
15:22:50
0.275
1.53E+03
-66.73 6.03E+02 1.40E+03
0.035 2.26E-05
15:22:57
0.2
1.99E+03
-69.54 6.94E+02 1.86E+03
0.035 1.70E-05
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V
LIM
RANGE
OPEN
SHORT
DELAY
AVE
SPEED
0.050V
OFF
AUTO
OFF
OFF
1.00s
OFF
NORMAL
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Sampel M-2
Measurement
Frequency Z(ohm)
deg(deg) Rs(ohm) X(ohm)
Vmoni(V) Imoni(A)
Time
17:39:16
50000
7.60E+00
-43.87 5.48E+00 5.27E+00
0.006
8.15E-04
17:39:17
37220
9.08E+00
-47.36 6.15E+00 6.68E+00
0.007
8.10E-04
17:39:18
27710
1.10E+01
-50.78 6.94E+00 8.50E+00
0.009
8.01E-04
17:39:19
20620
1.32E+01
-53.54 7.87E+00 1.07E+01
0.01
7.85E-04
17:39:21
15350
1.61E+01
-55.32 9.18E+00 1.33E+01
0.012
7.64E-04
17:39:22
11430
1.97E+01
-56.38 1.09E+01 1.64E+01
0.014
7.37E-04
17:39:23
8506
2.42E+01
-56.36 1.34E+01 2.02E+01
0.016
6.77E-04
17:39:24
6332
2.97E+01
-56.37 1.64E+01 2.47E+01
0.019
6.44E-04
17:39:26
4713
3.62E+01
-55.14 2.07E+01 2.97E+01
0.022
6.01E-04
17:39:27
3509
4.39E+01
-53.55 2.61E+01 3.53E+01
0.024
5.53E-04
17:39:28
2612
5.27E+01
-51.69 3.27E+01 4.14E+01
0.027
5.04E-04
17:39:29
1944
6.29E+01
-49.59 4.08E+01 4.79E+01
0.027
4.32E-04
17:39:30
1447
7.44E+01
-47.16 5.06E+01 5.45E+01
0.03
4.02E-04
17:39:32
1077
8.70E+01
-44.4 6.21E+01 6.09E+01
0.032
3.68E-04
17:39:33
801.9
1.02E+02
-41.51 7.61E+01 6.73E+01
0.034
3.34E-04
17:39:34
596.9
1.16E+02
-38.33 9.12E+01 7.21E+01
0.035
3.03E-04
17:39:35
444.3
1.32E+02
-34.69 1.08E+02 7.50E+01
0.036
2.74E-04
17:39:36
330.7
1.47E+02
-30.89 1.26E+02 7.53E+01
0.037
2.51E-04
17:39:38
246.2
1.61E+02
-26.72 1.44E+02 7.25E+01
0.038
2.32E-04
17:39:39
183.3
1.74E+02
-22.76 1.60E+02 6.72E+01
0.038
2.18E-04
17:39:40
136.4
1.85E+02
-18.94 1.75E+02 5.99E+01
0.039
2.08E-04
17:39:41
101.5
1.92E+02
-16.04 1.85E+02 5.31E+01
0.039
2.00E-04
17:39:43
75.59
1.99E+02
-13.56 1.94E+02 4.67E+01
0.038
1.88E-04
17:39:44
56.27
2.04E+02
-11.56 2.00E+02 4.09E+01
0.038
1.85E-04
17:39:45
41.88
2.08E+02
-10.12 2.05E+02 3.66E+01
0.039
1.83E-04
17:39:46
31.18
2.12E+02
-9.08 2.10E+02 3.35E+01
0.039
1.81E-04
17:39:47
23.21
2.15E+02
-8.5 2.13E+02 3.19E+01
0.039
1.79E-04
17:39:48
17.28
2.20E+02
-8.13 2.18E+02 3.11E+01
0.039
1.76E-04
17:39:50
12.86
2.23E+02
-8.37 2.21E+02 3.25E+01
0.039
1.74E-04
17:39:51
9.572
2.28E+02
-9 2.25E+02 3.56E+01
0.039
1.70E-04
17:39:52
7.126
2.32E+02
-9.21 2.29E+02 3.72E+01
0.039
1.67E-04
17:39:54
5.304
2.40E+02
-10.38 2.36E+02 4.33E+01
0.04
1.62E-04
17:39:55
3.948
2.47E+02
-11.13 2.43E+02 4.77E+01
0.038
1.50E-04
17:39:58
2.188
2.70E+02
-14.06 2.62E+02 6.55E+01
0.038
1.38E-04
17:40:00
1.629
2.83E+02
-15.18 2.73E+02 7.42E+01
0.037
1.29E-04
17:40:10
0.5
3.80E+02
-19.28 3.59E+02 1.26E+02
0.031
8.01E-05
Universitas Sumatera Utara
V
LIM
RANGE
OPEN
SHORT
DELAY
AVE
SPEED
0.050V
OFF
AUTO
OFF
OFF
1.00s
OFF
NORMAL
Cole-Cole Plot
4.00E+02
3.50E+02
3.00E+02
X Ħ
2.50E+02
2.00E+02
1.50E+02
1.00E+02
5.00E+01
0.00E+00
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Rs Ħ
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Sampel M-4
Measurement
Time
13:09:19
13:09:20
13:09:21
13:09:22
13:09:24
13:09:25
13:09:26
13:09:27
13:09:29
13:09:30
13:09:31
13:09:33
13:09:34
13:09:35
13:09:36
13:09:37
13:09:38
13:09:39
13:09:41
13:09:42
13:09:43
13:09:44
13:09:46
13:09:47
13:09:48
13:09:49
13:09:50
13:09:52
13:09:53
13:09:54
13:09:56
13:09:58
13:09:59
13:10:01
13:10:03
13:10:11
13:10:19
Frequency
50000
36350
26430
19220
13970
10160
7388
5372
3906
2840
2065
1501
1092
793.7
577.1
419.6
305.1
221.8
161.3
117.3
85.27
62
45.08
32.78
23.83
17.33
12.6
9.161
6.661
4.843
3.521
2.56
1.862
1.354
0.984
0.52
0.275
Z(ohm)
deg(deg) Rs(ohm) X(ohm)
Vmoni(V) Imoni(A)
1.38E+01
-34.64 1.14E+01 7.85E+00
0.01
7.35E-04
1.57E+01
-39.66 1.21E+01 1.00E+01
0.011
7.28E-04
1.86E+01
-44.11 1.33E+01 1.29E+01
0.013
7.13E-04
2.21E+01
-48.53 1.46E+01 1.65E+01
0.015
6.93E-04
2.69E+01
-51.85 1.66E+01 2.12E+01
0.018
6.65E-04
3.30E+01
-54.82 1.90E+01 2.70E+01
0.021
6.28E-04
4.08E+01
-57.11 2.22E+01 3.43E+01
0.023
5.69E-04
5.09E+01
-58.9 2.63E+01 4.36E+01
0.027
5.24E-04
6.37E+01
-60.29 3.16E+01 5.54E+01
0.03
4.70E-04
8.02E+01
-61.07 3.88E+01 7.02E+01
0.033
4.12E-04
1.02E+02
-61.53 4.87E+01 8.98E+01
0.036
3.52E-04
1.29E+02
-60.96 6.25E+01 1.13E+02
0.037
2.89E-04
1.63E+02
-59.73 8.21E+01 1.41E+02
0.04
2.43E-04
2.04E+02
-57.75 1.09E+02 1.73E+02
0.042
2.02E-04
2.55E+02
-54.74 1.47E+02 2.09E+02
0.043
1.66E-04
3.14E+02
-50.93 1.98E+02 2.44E+02
0.044
1.37E-04
3.80E+02
-46.38 2.62E+02 2.75E+02
0.045
1.15E-04
4.50E+02
-41.44 3.37E+02 2.98E+02
0.045
9.79E-05
5.16E+02
-35.43 4.21E+02 2.99E+02
0.045
8.57E-05
5.76E+02
-30.22 4.98E+02 2.90E+02
0.046
7.71E-05
6.29E+02
-25.14 5.69E+02 2.67E+02
0.044
6.85E-05
6.77E+02
-21.47 6.30E+02 2.48E+02
0.045
6.46E-05
7.04E+02
-17.43 6.72E+02 2.11E+02
0.045
6.24E-05
7.25E+02
-14.36 7.03E+02 1.80E+02
0.045
6.09E-05
7.42E+02
-11.05 7.28E+02 1.42E+02
0.045
5.97E-05
7.60E+02
-10.51 7.48E+02 1.39E+02
0.045
5.84E-05
7.55E+02
-9.94 7.44E+02 1.30E+02
0.045
5.87E-05
7.85E+02
-9.62 7.74E+02 1.31E+02
0.045
5.65E-05
7.99E+02
-9.92 7.87E+02 1.38E+02
0.046
5.56E-05
8.15E+02
-10.11 8.03E+02 1.43E+02
0.046
5.45E-05
8.39E+02
-11.22 8.23E+02 1.63E+02
0.044
5.09E-05
8.67E+02
-12.64 8.46E+02 1.90E+02
0.044
4.94E-05
8.95E+02
-13.8 8.69E+02 2.13E+02
0.044
4.75E-05
9.54E+02
-15.92 9.17E+02 2.62E+02
0.044
4.49E-05
9.95E+02
-17.77 9.48E+02 3.04E+02
0.043
4.20E-05
1.15E+03
-21.5 1.07E+03 4.21E+02
0.042
3.62E-05
1.30E+03
-24.67 1.18E+03 5.43E+02
0.038
2.87E-05
Universitas Sumatera Utara
V
LIM
RANGE
OPEN
SHORT
DELAY
AVE
SPEED
0.050V
OFF
AUTO
OFF
OFF
1.00s
OFF
NORMAL
Cole-Cole Plot
1.40E+03
1.20E+03
1.00E+03
X Ħ
8.00E+02
6.00E+02
4.00E+02
2.00E+02
0.00E+00
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
Rs Ħ
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Perbandingan komposisi bahan LTO : PVDF : AB
LTO : PVDF : AB = 85% : 10% : 5%
Massa LTO = 10 gram
10% PVDF
= 1,17 gram
85% . x = 10% x 10 gram
0,85 . x = 0,1 x 10 gram
0,85 x = 1 gram
x=
= 1,17 gram
5% Acetylene Black = 0,59 gram
85% . x = 5% x 10 gram
0,85 . x = 0,05 x 10 gram
0,85 x
= 0,5 gram
x =
= 0,59 gram
Perhitungan Massa Bahan Li4Ti5O12
Persamaan Stokiometri :
4 LiOH.H2O + 5 TiO2
Li4Ti5O12 + 6 H2O
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Diketahui massa atom relative masing-masing unsur adalah :
Ar Li = 6,941
Ar O = 16
Ar H = 1,008
Ar Ti = 47,87
Maka berat molekuldari masing-masing bahan adalah :
Mr. LiOH.H2O
= 41,9988 gr/mol
Mr. TiO2
= 79,997 gr/mol
Mr. Li4Ti5O12
= 459,9383 gr/mol
Massa LTO
= 10 gram
Menghitung jumlah mol Li4Ti5O12
0,02174205 mol
Menghitung massa LiOH.H2O
Perhitungan mol LiOH.H2O
x
Perhitungan massa
x Mr
mol x 41,9988
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Menghitung Massa TiO2
Perhitungan mol TiO2
=
Mol TiO 2
Mol TiO 2
=
= 0,10871025 mol
Perhitungan massa TiO2
x Mr
mol x 79,997
Universitas Sumatera Utara
LAMPIRAN 2
Menghitung Nilai Konduktivitas Sel Baterai
c
d
1 cm
b
a
Dengan
Keterangan :
= konduktivitas sel baterai (1/ Ω cm atau S/cm)
Re = hambatan elekronik (Ω)
Rct = hambatan transfer muatan (Ω)
A = luas permukaan persegi (cm2)
= tebal lembaran (cm)
Ztotal = penjumlahan dari hambatan elektronik dan hambatan transfer
muatan (Ω)
M-1 (ketebalan 50 m)
Ω
Ω
=
M-2 (ketebalan 80 m)
Ω
Ω
= 3,66
Universitas Sumatera Utara
M-4 (ketebalan 120 m)
Ω
Ω
= 1,58
Menghitung Energy Density
M-1 (ketebalan 50 m)
(
)
M-2 (ketebalan 80 m)
M-4 (ketebalan 1β0 m)
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Menghitung Power Density
M-1 (Ketebalan 50 m)
(
)
0,0017
M-2 (Ketebalan 80 m)
0,005
M-4 (Ketebalan 120 m)
0,0067
Universitas Sumatera Utara
LAMPIRAN 3
Gambar Bahan
Serbuk LiOH.H2O
Serbuk PVDF
DMAC
Serbuk TiO2
Serbuk Karbon AB
Aseton
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Universitas Sumatera Utara
Alat-alat Karakterisasi Penelitian
Alat Uji CV/CD (WBCS 3000)
Alat Uji XRD
Universitas Sumatera Utara
LAMPIRAN 4
Analysis Results
General Information
Analysis date
2016/03/07 17:50:03
Sample name
LTO Mia
Measurement date
File name
LTO Mia.ras
Operator
Method
Rietveld
Measurement profile
500
Intensity (counts)
400
300
200
100
Intensity (counts)
0
50
0
-50
20
40
60
80
2-theta (deg)
Universitas Sumatera Utara
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Peak list
No.
2-theta(deg)
d(ang.)
Height(cou
nts)
FWHM(deg)
Int. I(counts
deg)
Int. W(deg)
Asym.
factor
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
18.329(3)
27.405(6)
35.574(6)
36.077(13)
41.241(5)
43.259(6)
43.607(17)
47.346(10)
54.308(8)
56.635(18)
57.209(10)
62.839(4)
66.071(12)
69.000(10)
79.346(4)
4.8363(9)
3.2518(7)
2.5216(4)
2.4876(8)
2.1872(3)
2.0897(3)
2.0739(8)
1.9185(4)
1.6878(2)
1.6239(5)
1.6089(3)
1.47764(9)
1.4130(2)
1.35998(17)
1.20659(6)
336(18)
138(12)
159(13)
43(7)
19(4)
230(15)
40(6)
37(6)
64(8)
18(4)
62(8)
129(11)
38(6)
25(5)
26(5)
0.111(4)
0.084(7)
0.094(6)
0.158(16)
0.102(16)
0.099(5)
0.15(3)
0.052(18)
0.113(7)
0.106(14)
0.109(9)
0.095(6)
0.116(9)
0.091(11)
0.092(17)
52.8(12)
16.4(6)
19.2(7)
8.7(5)
2.3(3)
29.7(8)
8.4(6)
3.1(3)
8.2(4)
2.0(3)
8.5(4)
16.8(7)
4.7(4)
2.9(3)
4.2(3)
0.157(12)
0.119(15)
0.121(14)
0.20(4)
0.12(4)
0.129(12)
0.21(5)
0.08(2)
0.13(2)
0.11(4)
0.14(2)
0.130(17)
0.12(3)
0.12(4)
0.16(4)
0.57(5)
0.6(2)
1.3(3)
3.2(12)
4(6)
2.5(8)
0.9(4)
0.6(6)
1.3(4)
1.9(14)
1.4(6)
3.0(5)
1.4(6)
2.1(9)
0.6(4)
16
82.316(17)
1.1704(2)
21(5)
0.108(15)
2.5(3)
0.12(4)
0.8(5)
Parameters used for WPPF
Profile parameters
Common
parameter
Background
Data
LTO Mia
Function name
param0
param1
param2
param3
param4
param5
param6
param7
param8
param9
param10
param11
param12
param13
param14
param15
param16
node0
B-spline
84.313456644811268
75.984609655161563
50.773406249999972
53.593255532828387
22.948664595175941
23.921975167232532
25.283797123546346
13.652353505600127
17.687394539546787
21.240832360296785
21.216362598870347
15.48052523059904
9.8960776445077077
18.428149731217882
12.323205348706963
10.104624938353455
14.811131781541111
10
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Common
parameter
Peak shift
Lithium Titanium
Oxide
Scale factor
FWHM
Asym. factor
Decay rate factor
Preferred
orientationMarch-
Rutile, syn
Scale factor
FWHM
Asym. factor
Decay rate factor
Preferred
orientationMarch-
node1
node2
node3
node4
node5
node6
node7
node8
node9
node10
node11
node12
node13
node14
17.48
24.960000000000001
32.479999999999997
38.880000000000003
45.280000000000001
50.299999999999997
55.32
60.340000000000003
65.359999999999999
70.060000000000002
74.760000000000005
79.459999999999994
84.200000000000003
90
Function name
param0
param1
param2
S
U
V
W
A0
A1
etaL0/mL0
etaL1/mL1
etaL2/mL2
etaH0/mH0
etaH1/mH1
etaH2/mH2
H
K
L
March coefficient
S
U
V
W
A0
A1
etaL0/mL0
etaL1/mL1
etaL2/mL2
etaH0/mH0
etaH1/mH1
etaH2/mH2
H
K
L
March coefficient
Shift axial displacement
-0.040801143214112399
0
0
4.99(6)
0.015(6)
-0.020(6)
0.0118(13)
-0.45(9)
1.2(3)
1.36(19)
0.36(7)
0.0000
0.24(5)
0.56(15)
0.0000
0
0
0
1.000000
1.51(4)
0.05(3)
-0.05(2)
0.025(6)
0.36(17)
0.1(5)
0.27(10)
0.0(3)
0.0000
0.39(14)
0.0(5)
0.0000
0
0
0
1.000000
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Structure parameters
Data set
name
Phase Name
Elem
ent
x
y
z
Occu
pancy
Temperature
factor
LTO Mia
LTO Mia
LTO Mia
LTO Mia
LTO Mia
LTO Mia
Lithium Titanium Oxide
Lithium Titanium Oxide
Lithium Titanium Oxide
Lithium Titanium Oxide
Rutile, syn
Rutile, syn
Li
O
Li
Ti
Ti
O
0.625000
0.388100
0.000000
0.625000
0.000000
0.304850
0.6250
00
0.3881
00
0.0000
00
0.6250
00
0.0000
00
0.3048
50
0.625
000
0.388
100
0.000
000
0.625
000
0.000
000
0.000
000
0.172
1.000
1.000
0.828
1.000
1.000
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
Data set name
Rwp
Rp
Re
S
LTO Mia
38.45
27.42
32.84
1.1692
Lattice constants
Angular correction
Analysis results
Data set
name
a(A)
b(A)
c(A)
alpha(deg)
beta(deg)
gamma(deg)
LTO Mia
LTO Mia
8.3572(4)
4.5909(5)
8.3572(4)
4.5909(5)
8.3572(4)
2.9579(4)
90.000000
90.000000
90.000000
90.000000
90.000000
90.000000
Phase name
a(A)
b(A)
c(A)
alpha(deg)
beta(deg)
gamma(deg)
V(A^3)
Lithium Titanium Oxide
Rutile, syn
8.357
2(4)
4.590
9(5)
8.3572(4)
4.5909(5)
8.357
2(4)
2.957
9(4)
90.000000
90.000000
90.00000
0
90.00000
0
90.000000
90.000000
583.70(5)
62.340(12)
Universitas Sumatera Utara
9
8.5
8
7.5
7
Lattice constants (ang.)
6.5
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
LTO Mia
LTO Mia
Data set
a
b
c
Crystal structure analysis results
Indexing
Phase name
Formula
Figure of
merit
Phase reg. detail
DB card
number
Lithium Titanium Oxide
Rutile, syn
Li1.33 Ti1.66 O4
Ti O2
0.580
0.520
ICDD (PDF-4+ 2014 RDB)
ICDD (PDF-4+ 2014 RDB)
04-009-5069
04-004-4338
Quantitative analysis results
-
Phase name
Content(%)
Lithium Titanium Oxide
Rutile, syn
77.3(10)
22.7(6)
Lattice information
Phase name
a(A)
b(A)
c(A)
alpha(deg)
beta(
deg)
gamma(deg)
V(A^3)
Lithium Titanium
Oxide syn
Rutile,
8.3572(4)
4.5909(5)
8.3572(4)
4.5909(5)
8.357
2(4)
2.957
9(4)
90.000000
90.000000
90.00
0000
90.00
0000
90.000000
90.000000
583.70(5)
62.340(1
2)
Phase name
Space group
Z
Z'
Calc. density(g/cm^3)
Lithium Titanium Oxide
Rutile, syn
227 : Fd-3m,choice-1
136 : P42/mnm
8
2
0.042
0.125
3.469
4.247
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Structure determination
Refinement
Measurement range: 10.0000-90.0000deg Refinement range: 10.0000-90.0000deg (1.09 A)
Number of refined parameters: 41
Phase name
Atomic cords
# of indep. reflns
Lithium Titanium Oxide
Rutile, syn
Fractional cords
Fractional cords
19
20
Rwp = 38.45%
S = 1.1692
Universitas Sumatera Utara
LAMPIRAN 5
Sampel M-1
Measurement Time
Frequency Z(ohm)
deg(deg) Rs(ohm) X(ohm)
Vmoni(V) Imoni(A)
15:21:49
50000
1.28E+01
-49.14 8.35E+00 9.65E+00
0.01 7.72E-04
15:21:50
36350
1.57E+01
-51.06 9.88E+00 1.22E+01
0.012 7.53E-04
15:21:51
26430
1.93E+01
-51.68 1.19E+01 1.51E+01
0.014 7.26E-04
15:21:52
19220
2.37E+01
-51.55 1.47E+01 1.85E+01
0.016 6.89E-04
15:21:54
13970
2.89E+01
-50.89 1.82E+01 2.24E+01
0.019 6.49E-04
15:21:55
10160
3.48E+01
-49.78 2.25E+01 2.66E+01
0.021 6.05E-04
15:21:56
7388
4.17E+01
-48.43 2.77E+01 3.12E+01
0.023 5.44E-04
15:21:57
5372
4.94E+01
-46.84 3.38E+01 3.60E+01
0.025 5.06E-04
15:21:58
3906
5.84E+01
-45.4 4.10E+01 4.16E+01
0.027 4.64E-04
15:22:00
2840
6.82E+01
-44.05 4.91E+01 4.74E+01
0.029 4.25E-04
15:22:01
2065
7.96E+01
-42.67 5.85E+01 5.39E+01
0.031 3.86E-04
15:22:02
1501
9.36E+01
-41.24 7.04E+01 6.17E+01
0.032 3.39E-04
15:22:04
1092
1.08E+02
-39.68 8.33E+01 6.91E+01
0.034 3.14E-04
15:22:05
793.7
1.25E+02
-38.01 9.82E+01 7.67E+01
0.036 2.86E-04
15:22:06
577.1
1.43E+02
-36.07 1.15E+02 8.39E+01
0.037 2.58E-04
15:22:07
419.6
1.62E+02
-33.82 1.35E+02 9.04E+01
0.038 2.33E-04
15:22:08
305.1
1.84E+02
-31.38 1.57E+02 9.56E+01
0.039 2.11E-04
15:22:09
221.8
2.05E+02
-28.58 1.80E+02 9.81E+01
0.04 1.92E-04
15:22:11
161.3
2.26E+02
-25.38 2.04E+02 9.68E+01
0.041 1.77E-04
15:22:12
117.3
2.45E+02
-22.34 2.27E+02 9.31E+01
0.041 1.64E-04
15:22:13
85.27
2.62E+02
-19.38 2.47E+02 8.69E+01
0.04 1.49E-04
15:22:14
62
2.78E+02
-16.97 2.66E+02 8.10E+01
0.041 1.43E-04
15:22:16
45.08
2.88E+02
-15.02 2.78E+02 7.46E+01
0.041 1.40E-04
15:22:17
32.78
2.97E+02
-14.08 2.88E+02 7.23E+01
0.041 1.36E-04
15:22:18
23.83
3.05E+02
-13.7 2.96E+02 7.22E+01
0.042 1.34E04
15:22:19
17.33
3.15E+02
-13.93 3.05E+02 7.57E+01
0.042 1.30E-04
15:22:20
12.6
3.23E+02
-15.07 3.12E+02 8.39E+01
0.042 1.27E-04
15:22:22
9.161
3.38E+02
-16.58 3.24E+02 9.65E+01
0.042 1.21E-04
15:22:23
6.661
3.53E+02
-19.04 3.34E+02 1.15E+02
0.042 1.16E-04
15:22:24
4.843
3.74E+02
-22.11 3.47E+02 1.41E+02
0.042 1.10E-04
15:22:26
3.521
4.03E+02
-25.9 3.62E+02 1.76E+02
0.04 9.77E-05
15:22:28
2.56
4.39E+02
-30.28 3.79E+02 2.21E+02
0.04 8.96E-05
15:22:29
1.862
4.88E+02
-35.47 3.98E+02 2.83E+02
0.04 7.99E-05
15:22:31
1.354
5.53E+02
-40.79 4.19E+02 3.62E+02
0.039 6.94E-05
15:22:33
0.984
6.51E+02
-46.71 4.46E+02 4.74E+02
0.039 5.79E-05
15:22:36
0.716
7.75E+02
-51.8 4.79E+02 6.09E+02
0.038 4.75E-05
15:22:39
0.52
9.56E+02
-56.89 5.22E+02 8.01E+02
0.037 3.74E-05
15:22:46
0.378
1.21E+03
-62.21 5.64E+02 1.07E+03
0.036 2.95E-05
15:22:50
0.275
1.53E+03
-66.73 6.03E+02 1.40E+03
0.035 2.26E-05
15:22:57
0.2
1.99E+03
-69.54 6.94E+02 1.86E+03
0.035 1.70E-05
Universitas Sumatera Utara
V
LIM
RANGE
OPEN
SHORT
DELAY
AVE
SPEED
0.050V
OFF
AUTO
OFF
OFF
1.00s
OFF
NORMAL
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Sampel M-2
Measurement
Frequency Z(ohm)
deg(deg) Rs(ohm) X(ohm)
Vmoni(V) Imoni(A)
Time
17:39:16
50000
7.60E+00
-43.87 5.48E+00 5.27E+00
0.006
8.15E-04
17:39:17
37220
9.08E+00
-47.36 6.15E+00 6.68E+00
0.007
8.10E-04
17:39:18
27710
1.10E+01
-50.78 6.94E+00 8.50E+00
0.009
8.01E-04
17:39:19
20620
1.32E+01
-53.54 7.87E+00 1.07E+01
0.01
7.85E-04
17:39:21
15350
1.61E+01
-55.32 9.18E+00 1.33E+01
0.012
7.64E-04
17:39:22
11430
1.97E+01
-56.38 1.09E+01 1.64E+01
0.014
7.37E-04
17:39:23
8506
2.42E+01
-56.36 1.34E+01 2.02E+01
0.016
6.77E-04
17:39:24
6332
2.97E+01
-56.37 1.64E+01 2.47E+01
0.019
6.44E-04
17:39:26
4713
3.62E+01
-55.14 2.07E+01 2.97E+01
0.022
6.01E-04
17:39:27
3509
4.39E+01
-53.55 2.61E+01 3.53E+01
0.024
5.53E-04
17:39:28
2612
5.27E+01
-51.69 3.27E+01 4.14E+01
0.027
5.04E-04
17:39:29
1944
6.29E+01
-49.59 4.08E+01 4.79E+01
0.027
4.32E-04
17:39:30
1447
7.44E+01
-47.16 5.06E+01 5.45E+01
0.03
4.02E-04
17:39:32
1077
8.70E+01
-44.4 6.21E+01 6.09E+01
0.032
3.68E-04
17:39:33
801.9
1.02E+02
-41.51 7.61E+01 6.73E+01
0.034
3.34E-04
17:39:34
596.9
1.16E+02
-38.33 9.12E+01 7.21E+01
0.035
3.03E-04
17:39:35
444.3
1.32E+02
-34.69 1.08E+02 7.50E+01
0.036
2.74E-04
17:39:36
330.7
1.47E+02
-30.89 1.26E+02 7.53E+01
0.037
2.51E-04
17:39:38
246.2
1.61E+02
-26.72 1.44E+02 7.25E+01
0.038
2.32E-04
17:39:39
183.3
1.74E+02
-22.76 1.60E+02 6.72E+01
0.038
2.18E-04
17:39:40
136.4
1.85E+02
-18.94 1.75E+02 5.99E+01
0.039
2.08E-04
17:39:41
101.5
1.92E+02
-16.04 1.85E+02 5.31E+01
0.039
2.00E-04
17:39:43
75.59
1.99E+02
-13.56 1.94E+02 4.67E+01
0.038
1.88E-04
17:39:44
56.27
2.04E+02
-11.56 2.00E+02 4.09E+01
0.038
1.85E-04
17:39:45
41.88
2.08E+02
-10.12 2.05E+02 3.66E+01
0.039
1.83E-04
17:39:46
31.18
2.12E+02
-9.08 2.10E+02 3.35E+01
0.039
1.81E-04
17:39:47
23.21
2.15E+02
-8.5 2.13E+02 3.19E+01
0.039
1.79E-04
17:39:48
17.28
2.20E+02
-8.13 2.18E+02 3.11E+01
0.039
1.76E-04
17:39:50
12.86
2.23E+02
-8.37 2.21E+02 3.25E+01
0.039
1.74E-04
17:39:51
9.572
2.28E+02
-9 2.25E+02 3.56E+01
0.039
1.70E-04
17:39:52
7.126
2.32E+02
-9.21 2.29E+02 3.72E+01
0.039
1.67E-04
17:39:54
5.304
2.40E+02
-10.38 2.36E+02 4.33E+01
0.04
1.62E-04
17:39:55
3.948
2.47E+02
-11.13 2.43E+02 4.77E+01
0.038
1.50E-04
17:39:58
2.188
2.70E+02
-14.06 2.62E+02 6.55E+01
0.038
1.38E-04
17:40:00
1.629
2.83E+02
-15.18 2.73E+02 7.42E+01
0.037
1.29E-04
17:40:10
0.5
3.80E+02
-19.28 3.59E+02 1.26E+02
0.031
8.01E-05
Universitas Sumatera Utara
V
LIM
RANGE
OPEN
SHORT
DELAY
AVE
SPEED
0.050V
OFF
AUTO
OFF
OFF
1.00s
OFF
NORMAL
Cole-Cole Plot
4.00E+02
3.50E+02
3.00E+02
X Ħ
2.50E+02
2.00E+02
1.50E+02
1.00E+02
5.00E+01
0.00E+00
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Rs Ħ
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Sampel M-4
Measurement
Time
13:09:19
13:09:20
13:09:21
13:09:22
13:09:24
13:09:25
13:09:26
13:09:27
13:09:29
13:09:30
13:09:31
13:09:33
13:09:34
13:09:35
13:09:36
13:09:37
13:09:38
13:09:39
13:09:41
13:09:42
13:09:43
13:09:44
13:09:46
13:09:47
13:09:48
13:09:49
13:09:50
13:09:52
13:09:53
13:09:54
13:09:56
13:09:58
13:09:59
13:10:01
13:10:03
13:10:11
13:10:19
Frequency
50000
36350
26430
19220
13970
10160
7388
5372
3906
2840
2065
1501
1092
793.7
577.1
419.6
305.1
221.8
161.3
117.3
85.27
62
45.08
32.78
23.83
17.33
12.6
9.161
6.661
4.843
3.521
2.56
1.862
1.354
0.984
0.52
0.275
Z(ohm)
deg(deg) Rs(ohm) X(ohm)
Vmoni(V) Imoni(A)
1.38E+01
-34.64 1.14E+01 7.85E+00
0.01
7.35E-04
1.57E+01
-39.66 1.21E+01 1.00E+01
0.011
7.28E-04
1.86E+01
-44.11 1.33E+01 1.29E+01
0.013
7.13E-04
2.21E+01
-48.53 1.46E+01 1.65E+01
0.015
6.93E-04
2.69E+01
-51.85 1.66E+01 2.12E+01
0.018
6.65E-04
3.30E+01
-54.82 1.90E+01 2.70E+01
0.021
6.28E-04
4.08E+01
-57.11 2.22E+01 3.43E+01
0.023
5.69E-04
5.09E+01
-58.9 2.63E+01 4.36E+01
0.027
5.24E-04
6.37E+01
-60.29 3.16E+01 5.54E+01
0.03
4.70E-04
8.02E+01
-61.07 3.88E+01 7.02E+01
0.033
4.12E-04
1.02E+02
-61.53 4.87E+01 8.98E+01
0.036
3.52E-04
1.29E+02
-60.96 6.25E+01 1.13E+02
0.037
2.89E-04
1.63E+02
-59.73 8.21E+01 1.41E+02
0.04
2.43E-04
2.04E+02
-57.75 1.09E+02 1.73E+02
0.042
2.02E-04
2.55E+02
-54.74 1.47E+02 2.09E+02
0.043
1.66E-04
3.14E+02
-50.93 1.98E+02 2.44E+02
0.044
1.37E-04
3.80E+02
-46.38 2.62E+02 2.75E+02
0.045
1.15E-04
4.50E+02
-41.44 3.37E+02 2.98E+02
0.045
9.79E-05
5.16E+02
-35.43 4.21E+02 2.99E+02
0.045
8.57E-05
5.76E+02
-30.22 4.98E+02 2.90E+02
0.046
7.71E-05
6.29E+02
-25.14 5.69E+02 2.67E+02
0.044
6.85E-05
6.77E+02
-21.47 6.30E+02 2.48E+02
0.045
6.46E-05
7.04E+02
-17.43 6.72E+02 2.11E+02
0.045
6.24E-05
7.25E+02
-14.36 7.03E+02 1.80E+02
0.045
6.09E-05
7.42E+02
-11.05 7.28E+02 1.42E+02
0.045
5.97E-05
7.60E+02
-10.51 7.48E+02 1.39E+02
0.045
5.84E-05
7.55E+02
-9.94 7.44E+02 1.30E+02
0.045
5.87E-05
7.85E+02
-9.62 7.74E+02 1.31E+02
0.045
5.65E-05
7.99E+02
-9.92 7.87E+02 1.38E+02
0.046
5.56E-05
8.15E+02
-10.11 8.03E+02 1.43E+02
0.046
5.45E-05
8.39E+02
-11.22 8.23E+02 1.63E+02
0.044
5.09E-05
8.67E+02
-12.64 8.46E+02 1.90E+02
0.044
4.94E-05
8.95E+02
-13.8 8.69E+02 2.13E+02
0.044
4.75E-05
9.54E+02
-15.92 9.17E+02 2.62E+02
0.044
4.49E-05
9.95E+02
-17.77 9.48E+02 3.04E+02
0.043
4.20E-05
1.15E+03
-21.5 1.07E+03 4.21E+02
0.042
3.62E-05
1.30E+03
-24.67 1.18E+03 5.43E+02
0.038
2.87E-05
Universitas Sumatera Utara
V
LIM
RANGE
OPEN
SHORT
DELAY
AVE
SPEED
0.050V
OFF
AUTO
OFF
OFF
1.00s
OFF
NORMAL
Cole-Cole Plot
1.40E+03
1.20E+03
1.00E+03
X Ħ
8.00E+02
6.00E+02
4.00E+02
2.00E+02
0.00E+00
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
Rs Ħ
Universitas Sumatera Utara