THE CHANGE OF MAIN CHARACTERS’ PERCEPTION ABOUT MARRIAGE AS SEEN IN JULIE GARWOOD’S ONE PINK ROSE

  

THE CHANGE OF MAIN CHARACTERS’ PERCEPTION

ABOUT MARRIAGE AS SEEN IN JULIE GARWOOD’S

ONE PINK ROSE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

MARTINI ARYANI MAHARDIKA

  Student Number: 034214036

  

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2007

  

A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

THE CHANGE OF MAIN CHARACTERS’ PERCEPTION ABOUT

MARRIAGE AS SEEN IN JULIE GARWOOD’S ONE PINK ROSE

  Yogyakarta, 1 June 2007 Yogyakarta, 16 June 2007

  

A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

THE CHANGE OF MAIN CHARACTERS’ PERCEPTION ABOUT

MARRIAGE AS SEEN IN JULIE GARWOOD’S ONE PINK ROSE

  By

MARTINI ARYANI MAHARDIKA

  Student Number: 034214036

  

You have the ability;

To attain whatever you seek;

Within you is every potential you can imagine.

Always aim higher than you believe you can reach.

  

So often, you’ll discover

That when your talents are set free

By your imagination,

You can achieve any goal.

If people offer their help or wisdom

As you go through life,

  

Accept it gratefully.

You can learn much from those

Who have gone before you.

  

But never be afraid or hesitant

To step off in your own direction

If your hearts tells you

That it’s the right way for you.

Always believe that you will ultimately succeed

At whatever you do,

  

And never forget the value

Of persistence, discipline, and determination.

  

You are meant to be

Whatever you dream of becoming

• Edmund O’ Neill-

  Dedicated to My beloved family; Papi, Mami, Nandul, Encos. The Guardian of My Heart, Yonathan Yudha Prasanto. The Lemoterz;

Grace, Motz, Cha, Ka, and Daq.

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

  For the endless blessing given to me, for the amazing grace that never stops in my life, I praise My Lord, Jesus Christ. His guidance has enabled me to finish this project at the right time.

  I would like to express my best gratitude to my beloved family; papi, mami, nandul, encos, and hunya. I am grateful to have all of you as my family. Thanks for the laughter and tears that we share together.

  My gratitude goes to my advisor, Dra. Th. Enny Anggraini, M. A, who has been so patient in guiding me with this undergraduate thesis. I thank her great ideas and encouragements from the beginning until the end of this undergraduate thesis’ process. I thank my co-advisor, M. Luluk Artika W., S. S, who has shared her great ideas and given much contribution to this undergraduate thesis. I also thank my academic advisor, Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M. Pd., M. A, and all the lecturers, who have guided me during my study in Sanata Dharma University.

  I thank my great friends in Lemoterz Club; Grace, Motz, Cha, Ka, and Daq. Thanks for coloring my days in Sanata Dharma University. All of you mean a lot to me. Special for Grace and Motz, double thanks to both of you for sharing me your printer. I also thank Yudi, who has been so helpful to me in repairing my computer.

  Last, I would like to give my special thank to Yonathan Yudha Prasanto for accompanying me through good and bad times. I am grateful to The Lord for having you as a wonderful blessing in my life.

  Martini Aryani Mahardika

  TABLE OF CONTENTS

  1. The Personality of Travis Clayborne .................................................... 23

  1. Travis Clayborne ................................................................................... 38

  C. The Change of the Main Characters’ Perception about Marriage ..................... 38

  2. Emily Finnegan ..................................................................................... 35

  1. Travis Clayborne ................................................................................... 32

  B. The Perception of the Main Characters about Marriage ................................... 32

  2. The Personality of Emily Finnegan ....................................................... 27

  CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .......................................................................... 18 A. Object of the Study ............................................................................................ 18 B. Approach of the Study ...................................................................................... 19 C. Method of the Study .......................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ....................................................................................... 22 A. The Personality of the Main Characters ............................................................ 22

  TITLE PAGE APPROVAL PAGE ....................................................................................................... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ................................................................................................. iii MOTTO PAGE ............................................................................................................. iv DEDICATION PAGE ................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................ vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. viii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... x ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................... xi

  C. Theoretical Framework ..................................................................................... 17

  5. Theories on Marriage ............................................................................ 16

  4. Hierarchy of Needs by Abraham Maslow ............................................. 14

  3. Theories on Perception .......................................................................... 12

  2. Theories on Personality.......................................................................... 9

  1. Theories on Character and Characterization .......................................... 7

  CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1 A. Background of the Study ................................................................................... 1 B. Problem Formulation ........................................................................................ 3 C. Objective of the Study ....................................................................................... 3 D. Definition of Terms ........................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ............................................................. 5 A. Review of Related Studies ................................................................................ 5 B. Review of Related Theories .............................................................................. 7

  2. Emily Finnegan ..................................................................................... 43

  

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .................................................................................. 48

BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................... 52

  

ABSTRACT

  MARTINI ARYANI MAHARDIKA. The Change of the Main Characters’s

  

Perception about Marriage. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of

Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2007.

  The way people perceive something is different between one and another. There are many things that can influence someone’s perception. One of them is personality. Perception is also something that people always learn. Therefore, it is able to change. This thesis discusses One Pink Rose, a novel by Julie Garwood. It tells about two main characters; Travis Clayborne and Emily Finnegan, whose life and personality are different but finally are united with love. The thesis deals with the change of Travis’ and Emily’s perception about marriage, which is influenced by their needs and personality.

  There are three objectives in this thesis. The first objective is to see Travis’ and Emily’s personality. The second objective is to analyze Travis’ and Emily’s perception about marriage, which is influenced by their personality based on their needs. Last is to see the change of Travis’ and Emily’s perception about marriage.

  To answer the problems, the writer uses the novel itself as the primary source and the books of psychology. Here, the writer used library research method. As an addition, several data were also gained from the internet. Then, the approach used was psychological approach.

  The result of the analysis shows that Travis and Emily have different perception about marriage, which is influenced by their personality and based on their needs. Travis, who is stubborn, introvert, and choleric, never thinks that marriage is a part of his life. He considers marriage as a serious thing, which he is not ready yet, since it requires legal commitment. Different from Travis, Emily sees marriage as a way to get her pride back, which is hurt after she is betrayed by her fiancé in. As a sanguine and extrovert person, Emily is easy to change and put her new hope toward something. Therefore, she also sees marriage as a way to have a newborn life in order to forget her bad past. However, at the end, Travis’ and Emily’s perception change, as both of them can satisfy each other’s needs. Travis’ insecure feeling can be satisfied by Emily’s existence. He could feel comfortable with her. On the other hand, Emily also feels the same thing. She is able to get pleasure when she is with Travis. Travis’ existence has made her feel comfortable. Moreover, Travis can be a good listener for her. To conclude, Travis does not consider marriage as something beyond his life anymore. Emily’s needs also lead her to have a new perception that marriage is about love and needs. It is not merely about a way to gain pride and a newborn life.

  ABSTRAK

  MARTINI ARYANI MAHARDIKA. The Change of the Main Characters’

  

Perception about Marriage. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra,

Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2007.

  Cara orang dalam memandang sesuatu tidaklah sama antara satu dengan yang lainnya. Ada banyak hal yang dapat mempengaruhi persepsi seseorang. Salah satunya ialah kepribadian. Persepsi juga merupakan sesuatu yang orang selalu pelajari. Karena itu, persepsi dapat berubah. Tesis ini membahas One Pink Rose, sebuah novel karya Julie Garwood. Novel ini menceritakan dua tokoh utama; Travis Clayborne dan Emily Finnegan, yang hidup dan kepribadiannya berbeda namun akhirnya dipersatukan oleh cinta. Tesis ini membahas perubahan persepsi Travis dan Emily terhadap pernikahan, yang dipengaruhi oleh kebutuhan dan kepribadian mereka.

  Ada tiga pokok tujuan dalam tesis ini. Tujuan pertama adalah untuk melihat kepribadian Travis dan Emily. Tujuan kedua adalah untuk membahas persepsi Travis dan Emily tentang pernikahan, yang dipengaruhi oleh kepribadian berdasarkan kebutuhan mereka. Yang terakhir adalah untuk melihat perubahan persepsi Travis dan Emily tentang pernikahan.

  Untuk menjawab permasalahan diatas, penulis mengacu pada novel ini dan buku-buku ilmu psikologi. Dalam hal ini, penulis menggunakan metode penelitian pustaka. Sebagai pelengkap, beberapa data diperoleh dari internet. Kemudian, pendekatan yang digunakan ialah pendekatan psikologi.

  Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Travis dan Emily memiliki persepsi yang berbeda terhadap pernikahan, yang dipengaruhi oleh kepribadian dan berdasarkan kebutuhan mereka. Travis, yang keras kepala, tertutup, dan koleris, tidak pernah berpikir bahwa pernikahan merupakan bagian dalam hidupnya. Baginya pernikahan adalah hal yang serius, yang ia belum siap untuk hadapi, karena pernikahan menuntut komitmen resmi. Berbeda dengan Travis, Emily memandang pernikahan sebagai sarana untuk mendapatkan kembali harga dirinya yang terluka setelah dikhianati oleh tunangannya. Sebagai orang yang sanguin dan terbuka, Emily mudah berubah dan berharap pada sesuatu hal. Karena itu, ia melihat pernikahan sebagai suatu cara untuk memiliki hidup baru, sehingga ia dapat melupakan masa lalunya yang buruk. Namun, pada akhirnya, persepsi Travis dan Emily berubah, karena mereka dapat saling melengkapi kebutuhan masing-masing. Perasaan tidak aman yang Travis miliki dapat hilang dengan keberadaan Emily. Ia merasa nyaman bersama Emily. Sebaliknya, Emily juga merasakan hal yang sama. Ia dapat merasa senang bersama Travis. Travis membuatnya nyaman. Terlebih, Travis dapat menjadi pendengar yang baik untuknya. Sebagai kesimpulan, Travis tidak lagi menganggap pernikahan sebagai sesuatu diluar jangkauan hidupnya. Kebutuhan Emily juga membawanya pada persepsi baru bahwa pernikahan merupakan cinta dan kebutuhan, bukan hanya suatu cara untuk mendapatkan harga diri dan kehidupan yang baru.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Human beings are created to be unique creatures. Therefore, the personality of

  each individual is not similar. A mother’s personality might be different from her daughter’s. Twins might also experience this thing, although they are identically the same. Jess Feist and Gregory J. Feist in their book, Theories of Personality, said that “each person, though like others in some way, has a unique personality” (2006:4).

  The uniqueness of people’s personality does not happen instantly. There are many things that can influence someone’s personality. Based on Hurlock in her book,

  

Personality Development , society determines someone’s personality beside other

  aspects in an individual’s life, such as tradition, norms in the society, educational background, family background, etc (1974:122).

  Similar with personality, people’s perception about something is also different from each other. It depends on what they have experienced in their life. According to Floyd L. Ruch in his book, Psychology and Life,

  Perception is a process whereby sensory cues and relevant past experience are organized to give us the most structured, meaningful picture possible under the circumstances (1963:300).

  Perception is also a personal thing as it is closely related to the way someone sees something. People are accustomed to see something based on what they have

  2 learned in their life and in their environment. Richard A. Kasschau in his book,

  Understanding Psychology , says that

  Whatever you saw, you saw because of your past experiences and current expectations. People invariably organize their experience into figure and ground (1995:121).

  Meaning to say, past experience, which is one way to represent someone’s characteristic, has important role in shaping someone’s perception. For instance, when someone has experienced terrible accident by airplane, he will have bad perception about going by airplane and it directly leads him to avoid using airplane.

  Then, as perception is closely related to someone’s experience, people may not give judgment that someone’s perception is wrong, especially because perception of each individual is not similar, as everyone has different experience. However, as it is stated in Psychology in Action by Huffman and Vernoy that perception is also influenced by personal needs and motivation, it is able to change (2000:109). It means that when someone has already had perception about something, but then he finds certain personal needs or motivation, his previous perception is able to change.

  Based on the fact above, the writer is interested to analyze the change of the main characters’ perception about marriage in Julie Garwood’s novel, One Pink Rose.

  Before the writer analyzes the change of the main characters’ perception, she will firstly analyze the personality of the main characters. Then, she will continue to analyze the main characters’ perception about marriage, which is influenced by their personality based on their personal needs. Last, the writer will analyze the change of

  3 the main characters’ perception about marriage. And as it is an interesting element to be analyzed further, the readers will not only enjoy the story, but also get new knowledge in understanding why people have different perception about something and why it is able to change.

  B. Problem Formulation

  1. How are Travis’ and Emily’s personality depicted?

  2. How do Travis’ and Emily’s personality influence their perception about marriage based on their personal needs?

  3. How do Travis’ and Emily’s perception about marriage change?

  C. Objective of the Study

  The first aim of this study is to find out Travis’ and Emily’s personality. The second aim of this study is to find out how Travis’ and Emily’s personality based on their personal needs influence their perception about marriage. The third aim is to find out how Travis’ and Emily’s perception about marriage change.

  D. Definition of Terms

  In order to clarify about the content of the analysis, there are some terms needed to be clarified, they are:

  4

  1. Personality A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world (Santrock, 2005:477).

  2. Perception Based on Psychology and Life by Ruch, perception is a process whereby sensory cues and relevant past experience are organized to give us the most structured, meaningful picture possible under the circumstances (1963:300).

  3. Personal needs According to Maslow in Psychology in Action, personal needs are the needs of individual toward something in his life. Those needs are different for each individual and they must be satisfied before people are able to go to their higher needs (1997:383).

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW This chapter is divided into three parts. They are Review of Related Studies, Review of Related Theories, and Theoretical Framework. Review of Related Studies

  is presented in order to give information on some studies and criticism related to the writer’s study. Review of Related Theories is presented in order to explain the theories that the writer will use in analyzing her study. Last, Theoretical Framework is provided to show the contributions of the theories and studies.

A. Review of Related Studies

  Talking about someone’s personality and the way he thinks about something is an interesting thing. We are able to know and understand why some people have certain point of view. However, personality is not formed by itself. There are some determinants that will influence one’s personality. Dewi Krisna Ningtyas in her study,

  

The Influence of Childhood Experiences Upon the Main Characters’ Later

Personality as Seen in George Eliot’s The Mill on the Floss , says that,

  There are some determinants that will influence one’s personality. Those determinants include influences from the family and peers. Treatments from the closest person that is received during childhood will give a big influence in building one’s personality (2006:52).

  6 Siane Indriani in her study, The Influences of Family and Its Environment

  

toward Jody’s Personality Development in John Steinbeck’s the red Pony says the

similar thing.

  The most influential people for a child are his family where he gets his earliest experiences from his or her family, a child can learn how to behave, how to respect others, and how to appreciate life. So, a family really determines what kind of person a child will be (2001:32).

  The two studies concern on analyzing the influence of childhood experience toward one’s personality and give focus on the personality development of the main characters. Then, Yulius Yoma Preston in his study The Influences of Peers and

  

Family on Tom Sawyer in his Social Development as depicted in Mark Twain’s The

Adventures of Tom Sawyer also has similar point of view about it, although its focus

  is not in the personality development, but in the social development of the main character.

  Human beings all have been in a child and in the childhood, whether it is realized or not, there are some influences from their environment in the process of socialization. For example, in the society where they directly have a contact with others like in the school, church, neighborhood, even family. Perhaps they don’t know actually a person or group has given some influences to their life and it can be in the behavior, action, personality, and way of thinking. This kind of influences is a result of the socialization during the process of human development (2003:1-2).

  However, different from those three studies, the writer would like to analyze the personality of the main characters that can influence their perception towards a marriage. The writer will give focus on analyzing the change of the main characters’ perception about marriage. It is different from the studies which analyze characters’

  7 development, because they require the change of the whole personality, while the focus of the writer’s study will be on the perception, which is a part of the personality development’s series.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theories on Character and Characterization

  According to Abrams in his book, A Glossary of Literary Terms, Characters are the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say (the dialogue) and what they do (the action) (1985:23).

  Character has an important role in a literary work. Through character’s dialogue or actions, the readers will be helped in understanding the story easily.

  Character is also an interesting element, as they make the story more alive.

  E. M. Forster in Aspect of the Novel explains that there are two kinds of characters presented in literary work. They are a flat character and a round character.

  A flat character, which is also called as an unchanged character, is built around “a single idea or quality” and is presented without much individualizing detail.

  Therefore, it can be fairly adequately described in a single phrase or sentence. While a round character is complex in temperament and motivation and is presented with subtle particularity. Meaning to say, he is as difficult to describe with any adequacy as a person in a real life, and like most people, he is capable of surprising the readers (1927:20).

  8 M. J. Murphy in his book Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English

  

Poetry and Novel for Overseas Student (1972:161-173) mentions nine ways in

representing the characters.

  a. Personal description The author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes. It means that the author describes character through his physical appearance, such as his hair, his skin-color, or the clothes he wears.

  b. Character as seen by another The author can describe a character through the eyes and opinions of another.

  Meaning to say, the author describes a character through other characters’ point of view about the character.

  c. Speech This way means that the author can give the readers an insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what the person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving the readers some clue to his character.

  d. Past life The author can give the readers a clue to events that have helped to shape a person’s character by letting the readers learn something about a person’s past life. This can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person’s thought, through his conversation or through the medium of another person.

  9 e. Conversation of others The author can also give the readers clues to a person’s character through the conversation of other people and the things they say often give the readers clue to the character of the person spoken about.

  f. Reactions This way means that the author can also give the readers clue to a person’s character by letting the readers know how that person reacts to various situations and events.

  g. Direct comment The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly. In this case, the author directly gives clues or comments on the character’s description.

  h. Thought The author can give the readers direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about.

  In this respect he is able to do what the readers can not do in a real life. He can tell us what different people are thinking. In the novel, the readers can accept this. i. Mannerism It means that the author can describe a person’s mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies which may also tell us something about his character.

2. Theories on Personality

  According to Phares in Psychology: An Introduction by Morris, Personality is the pattern of characteristic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persists over time and situations and that distinguishes one person from another (1990:450).

  10 Phares also explains that personality refers to those aspects that distinguish one person from everybody else. Personality is a person’s psychological signature: the behaviors, attitudes, motives, tendencies, outlooks, and emotions with which he or she responds to the world. Here, personality is both characteristic of and unique to a particular person (1990:450).

  Beverly LaHaye in her book, How to Develop Your Child’s Temperament, explains that there are four types of people’s personality (1977:23-40). They are: a. Sanguine Sanguine people are easy to be recognized from their friendly and cheerful personality. They are very talkative and active. Their emotion is unstable and they are easy to change. They are easily influenced by their feeling and circumstance.

  b. Choleric Choleric people are very independent. They do not like to depend on others. They like to do everything by themselves. Their will is also very strong. Therefore, Choleric people tend to be stubborn.

  c. Melancholic Melancholic people are very creative and talented. They are able to do something zealously. However, they are very sensitive. They tend to do everything based on their feeling. They are also very perfectionist. They tend to see everything perfectly.

  11 d. Phlegmatic Different from Sanguine, Phlegmatic people are very calm, silent, and peaceful. They tend to be the audience in their life. They are also inexpressive, as they are not able to express their feeling easily. In Personality and Problems of Adjustment by Young, Hippocrates also explains about four types of personality (1945: 302:303). They are Choleric, Melancholic, Phlegmatic, and Sanguine. Choleric is characterized by irascible and hot-tempered. Melancholic is marked by a depressed, sad, and gloomy outlook on life.

  Then, Phlegmatic is indicated by sluggish and apathetic disposition. Last, Sanguine is characterized by the cheerful, hopeful, or even ardent nature.

  According to Pavlov, Choleric, Sanguine, and Phlegmatic are the strong type. The strong type is characterized by formation of positive conditioned reflexes, by efficient cortical organization, and by adaptability. Meanwhile, Melancholic is the weak type which is noted for its slow formation of positive reflexes, its poor adaptation, and the diminished capacity of the cortical cells. Melancholic is considered as the weak type because melancholic people often do a certain psychological weakness, a certain difficulty in adapting themselves to the social and material environment. In contrast, individuals of choleric, sanguine, or phlegmatic disposition seem to manage their way in the world more adequately (Young, 1945: 304-305).

  In the same book, Jung as the follower of Freud also explains another types of personality’s theory. He divides personality into two types, which are extrovert and

  12 introvert. The extrovert is one whose fundamental orientation is toward the exterior world. His attitudes and values centre in objects outside himself. Individuals of extrovert tend to feel and act according to the demands and expectations of the situation, identify themselves easily with emotions of those around them. They are difficult to describe. They are great successes in social contacts with others, but their skill is rather of an intuitive, spontaneous, almost unconscious sort rather than the result of logical thought. In contrast, the introvert centres his attention in himself, in his inner or subjective world, and his contact with the externalities around him, people or things, is predominantly coloured and changed by his efforts to retreat from the impress of this outside world into his own inner mental sanctum. He finds his chief values and satisfaction within a realm which he has re-created subjectively for himself. The individuals of introvert love within their own internal world of emotions and feelings. They react much more egocentrically rather than the extrovert people. Certain creative artists would fall into this class. They see, hear, and touch the world around them, but almost entirely from the viewpoint of their own inner meanings (1945: 305-308).

3. Theories on Perception

  Human’s perception is closely related to their past experience. In Psychology

  

and Life by Floyd L. Ruch, perception is defined as a process whereby sensory cues

  and relevant past experience are organized, so that it can give us the most structured,

  13 meaningful picture possible under the circumstances. Perception includes objects, relationships, and points of special focus (1963:300).

  Kasschau in his book, Understanding Psychology, said that people saw something based on what they have experienced in the past and their current expectation. Then, they invariably organize them into figure and ground (1995:121). He also said that people’s perception can develop, as perceiving is something that they learn to do (1995:123).

  Having seen some definitions above, it can be inferred that past experience has important role in shaping someone’s perception. Therefore, someone’s perception might be different from others’. Ruch said that,

  Perception is a very personal thing. It enables the individual to know where he stands in relation to the objects, conditions, and people in his environment and to act accordingly (1963:301).

  However, besides of past experience, perception is also influenced by some other factors. Ruch stated that there are four kinds of factor, which can influence people’s perception (1963:307-313).

  a. Previous experience Someone is prepared to see, hear, smell, or feel some particular type of thing because preceding events have aroused certain processes of knowledge or motivation.

  b. Organic condition It means organic needs of someone influence his or her perception about something.

  The experiments have shown that when there are pictures of food flashed on a screen

  14 for very short intervals, they can be recognized more readily by hungry people than people who are not hungry.

  c. Personal needs and values There is a relationship between the individual’s needs and values and his perception of the people and objects in his environment. For example, in the society, money seems to many people the common denominator of success or at least an important and recognizable attribute of the successful person. Therefore, people who feel the greatest need for money and success will have perception that money is the first important thing and they will see everything based on it.

  d. Social factors As human beings are social creatures, many of our perceptions are directly or indirectly shaped by our social experience. The social factors are cultural opportunities and limitations, social taboos, and social suggestion.

4. Hierarchy of Needs by Abraham Maslow

  Need is an important thing in human’s life. Being realized it or not, people always try to fulfill what they need in every way. People will try to get any food when they are hungry. People will try to earn more money, when they feel lack of

  th

  money. In Psychology in Action-4 edition by Huffman, Karen, Mark Vernoy, and Judith Vernoy, Abraham Maslow says that,

  Motives differ primarily on the basis of prepotence, or relative strength, and stronger needs (such as hunger and thirst) must be satisfied before one can move on to the higher needs, such as self-esteem (1997:382-383).

  15 Maslow developed a five-level hierarchy of needs, with basic physiological needs at the bottom and self-actualization at the top. He believed that once human freed from the ‘lower’ needs, they are drawn to satisfy needs that will help them grow and develop (1997:383).

  Self-actualization needs: to find self-fulfillment and realize one’s potential Esteem needs: to achieve, be competent, gain approval, and excel

  Belonging and love needs: to affiliate with others, be accepted, and give and receive attention Safety needs: to feel secure and safe, to seek pleasure and avoid pain

  Physiological needs: hunger, thirst, and maintenance of internal state of the body Physiological needs consist of survival and stimulation needs. Survival needs are food, water, air, rest, temperature, elimination, and pain avoidance. These needs should be satisfied as they are matters of life and death. Stimulation needs concern about the appreciation of life, such as sex, exploration, manipulation, activity, and novelty.

  The second level is safety needs. People should feel safe in their life, as they have right to feel secure from any violence, losing valuable things and person.

  After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third level is belonging and love needs. This level relates to have a family, sexual intimacy, and friendship.

  People want to be accepted and to be loved sexually and non-sexually.

  The next level is esteem needs. A person needs to be respected and well treated by others. A person also needs to respect himself, because when he could respect himself, others will respect him more than if he doesn’t respect himself.

  16 The top level is self-actualization needs. According to Maslow, self- actualization is the inborn drive to develop all one’s talents and capacities. It involves understanding one’s own potential, accepting one and others as unique individuals, and using a problem-centered approach to situations (1997:463). This level relates to self-fulfillment. People realize their potential and they concern about the way they want to be. Usually, they use their potential to express it.

5. Theories on Marriage For some people, marriage is a goal, which they want to achieve in their life.

  Hauck in his book, How to Love and be Loved states that Marriages are made by two individuals who have made the judgment that they have a higher than average degree of compatibility and can please each other to such an extent that institutionalizing the relationship seems only logical (1983:24).

  Different from Hauck, Bowman (1954:2) says a marriage is a legal institution in a social pattern. It consists of attitudes, ideas, ideals, and also legal restriction. It is much more than mating. Furthermore, Kane in his book Marriage and the Family, says that

  Fundamentally people marry because such an institution exists in society and the system of values accords prestige to this institution. If the marriage did not exist, no one could marry. The culture however, possesses such institution (1954:99).

  Meaning to say, marriage is a kind of institution because of such values in such society. However, marriage is also a kind of human relationship and learning

  17 process between two individuals with different sex. It is the process of adjustment between husband and wife in their personalities, whether later on they can achieve fuller expression or just being trapped with a deadly routine activity and are frustrated (Merrill, 1959:310). Here, a success marriage depends largely on the personalities of the spouses. Marriage also can be said as a way to develop the couples’ personality.

  Therefore, the couple should try to understand each other in this process of developing so that the success of a marriage can be achieved.

C. Theoretical Framework

  The writer will use theories cited above in order to help her in analyzing the problem formulation in chapter I. The theory of character and characterization and also the theories on personality will be used to answer the first problem. The theories on perception, theories on personality, and theories on marriage will be very useful to answer the second problems, which are the perception of the main characters about marriage that come from the influence of their personality based on their personal needs. Then, theories on perception, theories on personality, and hierarchy of needs will be used to answer the third problem.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This chapter is divided into three subchapters. They are Object of the Study, Approach of the Study, and Method of the Study. Object of the Study describes the

  object or data of the literary work that is analyzed. Approach of the Study explains the approach that is used in analyzing the work. Method of the Study describes the way or steps taken in analyzing the work.

A. Object of the Study

  This undergraduate thesis analyzes the novel entitled One Pink Rose written by Julie Garwood. One Pink Rose is published in June 1997. The novel has 128 pages.

  One Pink Rose is divided into a prologue and twelve chapters. The first

  chapter is entitled ‘Rosehill Ranch, Montana Valley, 1880’ while the rest chapters are not given title. One Pink Rose is one of the successful novels by Julie Garwood. It is one of the series from For the Roses, which was adapted as a Hallmark Hall of Fame television special, “Rose Hill.”

  In sum, One Pink Rose is a story about Travis Clayborne, the youngest of the Claybornes, and his sweet love story with a woman named Emily Finnegan. They met when Travis is asked to escort Emily to her mail order groom in Golden Crest. At first, they were not interested to each other, as Emily has already been engaged to Mr.

  19 O’ Toole, her mail order groom. Besides, Travis was not a marrying kind. Both of them have different perception about marriage. However, the journey across the beautiful land has opened their heart. It also made them realize that they needed each other. At the end, they changed their perception and got married.

B. Approach of the Study The approach that the writer will use in her study is psychological approach.

  In order to explain the characters’ personality in the novel, there are various theories of psychology that are used by psychological approach. Those theories explain personality, motivation, emotion, and some causes that influence personality, and then influence behavior and attitude.

  Lewis Leary in his book, A Study and Research Guide states that, A psychological approach is an approach that applies principles of modern psychology to characters or situations within a literary work or to the person who wrote that work (1976:57).

  The writer considers that the psychological approach is the most appropriate approach for her study. This approach will help the writer to examine the psychological aspect experienced by the main characters in the novel. By using this approach, some theories of psychology are seen to be useful to answer the two problems in this study.

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C. Method of the Study

  In analyzing this study, the writer did the library research as the method of gathering the sources in this study. There are two types of source that are used in this study. The first source was the primary source and the second was the secondary source. The primary source is the novel One Pink Rose written by Julie Garwood.

  The secondary source is some books, which discussed theories on literature, theories on critical approaches of literature, psychological theories, theories on perception, and theories on marriage. The writer also took some further information from the internet.

  For the research, the writer took some steps. The first step was reading and rereading the novel, One Pink Rose. In doing the rereading, the writer gave more attention on the perception of the main characters about marriage, which is influenced by their personality based on their personal needs and on the changing of the main characters’ perception about marriage. The second step was reading some books in order to give additional references in analyzing the problem formulation. In maintaining the theory on character and characterization, the writer used some books. They were A Glossary of Literary Terms by M. H Abrams, Aspect of the Novel by E. M. Forster, Understanding Unseen by M. J. Murphy.

  The writer also used some psychological theories to know the perception of the main characters and the change of the main characters’ perception about marriage.

  Those books are Psychology and Life by Floyd L. Ruch; Psychology in Action by Karen Huffman, Mark Vernoy, and Judith Vernoy; Theories of Personality by Jess

  21 Feist and Gregory J. Feist; Understanding Psychology by Richard A. Kasschau; How

  

to Develop Your Child’s Temperament by Beverly LaHaye; Psychology: An

Introduction by Morris; and Personality and Problems of Adjustment by Kimball

  Young.

  Since the thesis also dealt with marriage, the writer applied the theory of marriage. The books used are Marriage and the Family by John Kane, How to Love

  

and be Loved by Paul Hauck, Marriage for Moderns by Henry A. Bowman,

Courtship and Marriage by Francis E. Merril. These books were chosen since the

  writer found that their ideas about marriage are appropriate to the main characters’ perception about marriage.

  In the next step, the writer chose the appropriate approach, which was psychological approach. Then, the writer began to analyze the problems in the problem formulation. First, the writer tried to analyze the personality of the main characters using the theory of character and characterization and the theories on personality. Then the writer tried to depict Travis’ and Emily’s perception about marriage, which was caused by their personality based on their personal needs using the theories on marriage, the theories on personality, and the theories on perception. After that, the writer tried to present the change of Travis’ and Emily’s perception about marriage using the theories on perception, theories on personality, and hierarchy of needs by Abraham Maslow. Last, the writer drew the conclusion based on the analysis.