A morphological analysis on english derived verbs using the suffix-ize - USD Repository

  A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ON ENGLISH DERIVED

  VERBS USING THE SUFFIX –IZE AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillments of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

ADISTI HERLININGTYAS

  Student Number: 044214018

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2008

  A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ON ENGLISH DERIVED

  VERBS USING THE SUFFIX –IZE AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillments of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

ADISTI HERLININGTYAS

  Student Number: 044214018

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2008

  DO THE BEST YOU CAN DO IN YOUR LIFE AND NEVER GIVE UP UNTIL THE END OF YOUR LIFE

Whatever you do in words or deed,

do all in the name of the Lord

  

Jesus.

(Colossians 3:17)

  

FOR

MY BELOVED JESUS CHRIST

MY BELOVED PARENTS, MOM and DAD

MY BELOVED BROTHER AND SISTER

  

MY BELOVED FAMILY

MY BELOVED LECTURERS

MY BELOVED SPECIAL CLOSE FRIEND

MY BELOVED BEST FRIENDS

  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  I want to dedicate this thesis to those who had supported me from the first semester until I graduated from Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta on this year. First, I am very thankful to Jesus Christ, who always blesses me and my family and also people around me along my life no matter whether we are in good or bad condition.

  Second, I am grateful with Dra. Bernardine Ria Lestari, M.S. as the advisor for my thesis who always helps me when I have trouble with this thesis and thanks for the book title “The Pronunciation of English: A Course Book in Phonology” that she lend me. She always gives her suggestion in the writing of this study patiently. Then, Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. as my co- advisor, who read and gave a lot of suggestion and correction to this study.

  Third, I want to dedicate this thesis for my Mom, my Dad, though he has the kidney’s problem, and also my younger brother Yus, who helps me when I have trouble with my computer. I want to thank so much for your pray, hope and desire. It will give motivation for me to work hard to be a successful woman, to be more energetic also stronger.

  Fourth, I want to say thanks for my beloved chubby Yohanes Adi Kusumo Kristianto Putro, who loves me with grateful heart and also accompanies with me along this time in every condition. Then, for his parents, his younger brother Dani, and his younger sister Fica too.

  Fifth, I am also thankful for my lovely friends from Sanata Dharma University from English Letters Faculty, Siska, Indri Nesta, Bu Guru Atur, Dita Ndutz, Sheilla, Nofi, Lutfi, Rani, Martha, Risa “Cha2”, Elin, Deta, Astrid, Intan, Ci’e Amel, Pita, Corry, Ririn, Dede’, Lisis, Mas Jati, Soni, Sis, Rizqi, Edward, Nanang, Feme, Bang Ison, Mas Vitra, Ferdi “sapi putih”, crew of play performance “In the Blood” (Donny, Fred, Crisci, Jojo, Ucok), members of KKN Ponggok XXXIV (Dimas “Jantro”, Franky “Pepeng”, Vembri “Tata”, Wisni, Heni, Lucy, Wenni, Theo, and Mace Rini), and so on.

  Thanks for being my friend, I love them all.☺☺☺☺☺☺ Sixth, I want to say thanks to my lovely sister in my second home in

  Jogja, Sister Lina “Tamara”, Sister Widhi, and Younger Odhie, also my family in my second home Mr. Edy, Mrs. Nancy and Kevin. Then, for my friends in AATC office, Mba Indy and Bu Eny, who gave me suggestion and support me to be a good woman. Then, for my friends from Agriculture Faculty of Gadjah Mada University, Mas Abid, Mas Mono, Mas Gembuz, and Shinta. At last, all of my best friends who always support and encourage me. I would like to thank so much for Astria, Veni, Mas Rukhi, Dian Polwan, Rani, Nida, Wenni, Renita, Dita Karlos, Dyarike, Brian, Popo, Agnes, Fenty “Jepunk”, Frida, Troy “Trondol”, Ika, Ajeng, Adri, Angger, Bambang, Jack, Sogol, Gudheg, Mas Tomy, Pandhoe, Yosep, Mas Ian, Koh Andre, Maya, Zil, Angga “Bro”, Giri, Sani, Ari, Aji’x, Sulis, Topan, Adi “Gimbal”, and so on.

  Adisti Herliningtyas

  TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE .. .................................................................................................. i

APPROVAL PAGE ........................................................................................... ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...................................................................................... iii

MOTTO PAGE .................................................................................................. iv

DEDICATION PAGE ....................................................................................... v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................. vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. ix

LIST OF TABLE ............................................................................................... x

ABSTRACT ..... .................................................................................................. xi

ABSTRAK ....... .................................................................................................. xii

  

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 1

  1 A. Background of the Study ................................................................................

  3 B. Problem Formulation ......................................................................................

  3 C. Objectives of the Study ...................................................................................

  4 D. Benefit of the Study.........................................................................................

  5 E. Definition of Terms .......................................................................................

  5 1. Morphology . ..................................................................................................

  5 2. Suffix ........... ..................................................................................................

  3. Morpheme ... .................................................................................................. 5

  4. Derivation..... .................................................................................................. 6

  6 5. Morphophonemic Process ..............................................................................

  6 6. Causative ..... ..................................................................................................

  CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW .................................................... 7

  7 A. Review of Related Studies .............................................................................

  8 B. Review of Related Theories ...........................................................................

  8 1. Theories of Morpheme ...............................................................................

  2. Theories of Allomorph ............................................................................... 13

  3. Theories of Morphophonemic Processes .................................................... 15

  4. Theories of Affixation ................................................................................ 17

  5. Theories of Derivation ................................................................................ 17

  6. Theories of Causative Verbs ....................................................................... 19

  7. Review on the suffix -ize ............................................................................. 20

  C. Theoretical Framework .................................................................................. 20

  CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................................. 22 A. Object of the Study ......................................................................................... 22 B. Method of the Study ....................................................................................... 23 C. Research Procedure ........................................................................................ 24

  1. Data Collection ........................................................................................... 24

  2. Data Analysis .............................................................................................. 25

  CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS .............................................................................. 26

  1. Adjectives .................................................................................................. 28

  2. Noun........ .................................................................................................. 28

  B. The Function and Meaning of the Suffix -ize29

  3. The Function of the Suffix –ize ................................................................. 29

  4. The Meaning of the Suffix –ize ................................................................. 31

  C. The Distribution of the Suffix -ize35

  1. The Affixation of the Suffix –ize............................................................... 35

  2. The derivatives formed with two morphemes ........................................... 35

  3. The derivatives formed with three morphemes ........................................ 36

  4. The derivatives formed with more than three morphemes ....................... 38

  5. The Suffix that can be attached before the derivatives of suffix –ize........ 38

  6. The Suffix –al ............................................................................................ 39

  7. The Suffix –an............................................................................................ 39

  8. The Suffix -ar............................................................................................ 40

  9. The Suffix -ic ............................................................................................ 40

  10. The Suffix -ile ....................................................................................... 41

  11. The Affix that can be attached after the Derivatives of Suffix –ize....... 41

  12. The Suffix –ion....................................................................................... 41

  13. The Suffix –er......................................................................................... 42

  14. The Prefix de-......................................................................................... 42

  15. The Prefix dis-........................................................................................ 43

  D. The Morphophonemic Processes Occuring in the Suffixation of Suffix –ize .. .................................................................................................. 44

  1. Stress Shift ................................................................................................. 44

  2. Consonant Change ..................................................................................... 46

  3. Vowel Change............................................................................................ 47

  4. Insertion .. .................................................................................................. 48

  

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ......................................................................... 51

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 54

APPENDICES .. .................................................................................................. 56

Appendix 1 : words using suffix –ize which stem some from adjective .......... 56 Appendix 2 : words using suffix –ize which stem some from noun ................ 78 Appendix 3 : Phonetic transcription from words using suffix –ize.................. 103

  LIST OF TABLES Table 1. The data of words of suffix {-ize} taken from Random House Webster’s

College Dictionary and Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary……………………………………………………………………………...…27 Table 2. The classification of the lexical meaning of suffix -ize based on Random House Webster’s College Dictionary and Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary…………….……………………………………………………………….….33 Table 3. The measurement of the data based on the classification meaning from Random House Webster’s College Dictionary and Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary………………………………………………………………………………34 Table 4. The process of consonant change from the words Italicize…………………………………………………………………………………....46 Table 5. The processes of consonant change from the words romanticize……………………………………………………………………….…..…..46 Table 6. The processes of vowel change from the words oxidize……………….47 Table 7. The processes of vowel change from the words fertilize…………………………………………………………………………………...48 Table 8. The process of the insertion schwa (

  ∂) from the word

  modernize…………..….……………………………………………………………….49 Table 9. The processes of the insertion consonant (r) from the word popularize……………………………………………………………………………..49 Table 10. The processes of the insertion consonant (t) from the word dramatize………………………………………………………………………49

  

ABSTRACT

  Adisti Herliningtyas. A Morphological Analysis on English Derivational Verbs

  

Using Suffix –Ize. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters,

Sanata Dharma University, 2008.

  Language is important for human life in the world to communicate with other people. Everyone knows more than one language including thousands even tens of thousands of words. One example of the language is English. As we know that English is the important language among the world and it is known as the international language. When people study about words they know not only parts of the words like root, stem, base, morpheme, syllable, prefix, and suffix but also the morphophonemic processes including morphological processes and phonological processes. This thesis is meant to analyze some words which are formed by suffixation with the suffix -ize, such as: analyze, socialize, organize, modernize, capitalize, formalize, and so on.

  This study was designed to answer the problems from the research that are formulated as follows: (1) What stems do the suffix -ize take? (2) What function and meaning does the suffix -ize have? (3) What the morphophonemic processes occur in the suffixation with the suffix -ize?

  The researcher applied the method of empirical research to describe the function of suffix -ize, to show which words can be attached to suffix -ize, and to explain the morphophonemic processes occurring in the suffixation. In order to collect the data, the researcher has made a library research. The primary data for the qualitative research and analysis are words with the suffix -ize, its allomorphs and also their phonetic transcription.

  The results of this research can be drawn from the analysis of suffix -ize as the answer of the problem formulation. The suffix -ize belongs to the English suffix which are always added to the stem of noun or adjective. It means that the stem of the suffix -ize comes from noun or adjective. The function of the suffix -ize is to change noun or adjective into verb. Based on the change of the class of a word from a noun or an adjective into verb, the process can be called verbalization. Verbalization is the process of the formation of a verb from a noun or an adjective. The suffix -ize does not change the meaning of the derived word entirely. It means that the new meaning from the word with the suffix –ize is rather similar with the meaning of the stem from that word. In morphological processes, suffix -ize can attach to other suffixes that are used previously to form the new words in English vocabulary such as: suffix -al, -an, -ar, -ic, and -ile. This suffix can also be used to other suffix after attaching suffix -ize firstly, such suffix -ion and -er. The suffix -ize may also be combined with the prefix de- or dis- to form the new derived words without changing the class of word. In phonological processes we can find the stress shift, consonant change from [k] into [s], vowel change and insertion of schwa [

  ə] and the consonant [r] also [t] occurs in suffixation of suffix –ize.

  

ABSTRAK

  Adisti Herliningtyas. A Morphological Analysis on English Derivational Verbs

  

Using Suffix –Ize. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas

Sanata Dharma, 2008.

  Bahasa merupakan sarana yang sangat penting bagi kehidupan manusia untuk berkomunikasi dengan orang lain. Setiap orang dapat menguasai lebih dari satu bahasa termasuk ribuan bahkan jutaan kata-kata. Salah satu contoh dari banyaknya bahasa tersebut yaitu bahasa Inggris. Seperti kita ketahui bahwa bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa yang dikenal oleh seluruh dunia dan bahasa Inggris dikenal sebagai bahasa internasional. Ketika seseorang belajar tentang kata maka mereka tidak hanya mengenal istilah kata dasar, morfem, suku kata, awalan, akhiran tetapi juga proses morfofonemik termasuk perubahan bentuk serta bunyi. Tesis ini disusun untuk meanganalisis kata-kata yang berakhiran -ize, seperti: analyze, socialize, organize, modernize, capitalize, formalize, dan sebagainya.

  Tesis ini disusun untuk menjawab rumusan masalah dari penelitian yang disusun sebagai berikut: (1) Apa jenis kata dasar dari kata-kata yang berakhiran -ize? (2) Apakah fungsi akhiran -ize dan arti dari kata-kata yang berakhiran -ize? (3) Bagaimanakah proses morfofonemik terjadi pada kata-kata yang berakhiran -ize?

  Peneliti menerapkan metode penelitian empirik untuk menjelaskan fungsi akhiran -ize, menunjukkan kata-kata apa saja yang bisa diberi akhiran -ize, dan menjelaskan bagaimana proses morfofonemik terjadi pada akhiran -ize. Peneliti menggunakan studi kepustakaan dalam proses pengumpulan data. Data primer yang dibutuhkan dalam penelitian kualitatif untuk dianalisis adalah kata-kata yang menggunakan akhiran -ize beserta dengan simbol fonetiknya.

  Hasil penelitian dapat diambil dari analisis tentang akhiran -ize sebagai jawaban atas rumusan masalah yang diajukan. Akhiran –ize termasuk dalam akhiran bahasa Inggris yang dapat dipakai pada kata-kata dasar yang tergolong kata benda atau kata sifat. Ini artinya bahwa akhiran ss-ize menempel pada kata sifat atau kata benda. Fungsi dari akhiran -ize adalah mengubah kata benda atau kata sifat menjadi kata kerja. Berdasarkan perubahan kelas kata dari kata benda atau kata sifat menjadi kata kerja, prosesnya disebut verbalisasi. Akhiran –ize tidak mengubah seluruh arti kata dasarnya, maksudnya arti kata baru yang berakhiran –ize mempunyai arti yang agak mirip dengan arti kata dari bentuk dasarnya. Dalam proses morfologi, penggunaan akhiran -ize dapat dikombinasikan dengan akhiran lain, misalnya: -al, -an, -ar, -ic, -ile, -ion, and -er. Tidak hanya akhiran tetapi akhiran –ize dapat juga dikombinasikan dengan awalan lain seperti de- dan dis- tanpa mengubah jenis kelas kata tersebut. Dalam proses fonologi, kita dapat menemukan perubahan penekanan bunyi, perubahan konsonan seperti bunyi [k] menjadi [s], perubahan vokal, dan sisipan dari bunyi ‘schwa’ [

  ə], bunyi konsonan [r] dan [t] yang terjadi pada proses penambahan akhiran -ize.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Language is important for human life in the world. Every speaker of every

  language knows thousands, even tens of thousands of words. People realize that language is a main tool for communication, and conversation always happens by producing many words. They also may produce thousands of sentences to express people’s idea, feeling or attitude towards something everyday. Without knowledge of the language, it is not even possible to tell how many words have been said. Without knowing words people would not be able to convey their thoughts through language.

  Words are important parts of linguistic knowledge and constitute a component of speaker’s mental grammars. Words are the smallest meaningful unit of a language. Starting from words, people can produce sentences, paragraphs, texts, even discourses. When people study about words they find some parts of the words, such as: the root, stem, base, morpheme, syllable, prefix, and suffix. All of them are included in morphology as the branch of linguistics which studies the nature and arrangement of morpheme to form words. Morphology discusses the process of the formation of words, the ways different classes of word are formed namely morphological processes. It also discusses the phonological processes which occur in the formation of words. In short, morphology is the study of word formation, while morphological analysis talks about the process of the word formation like what the researcher does through this thesis.

  Most of the English words are formed by affixation by adding a prefix, a suffix, and an infix to the root of the words. Affixation is the most frequent and wide-spread method of producing morphologically complex words in human language. The commonest type of affixing found in various natural languages is suffixation. As we know, the definition of suffixation in general is a process of adding suffix in final position after the root or it is attached after its base. There are many suffixes in English word. We can find the noun suffixes like the suffix –ion, -ment, -ance, -age, -ure, -y, -ness, -ity, -acy, -ancy, -ism, -er, -ant, ry, -dom, and –ee.

  We can find the adjective suffixes like the suffix –al, -ed, -ful-, -less, -free, -like,

• -ish, and -able. We can also find the verb suffixes like the suffix –en, -ize, -ify, and
• -ate. In this thesis, the researcher just analyze on suffix -ize whose function is to

  create verbs from adjectives or nouns, see example, we can find some words with the suffix -ize in some terms, such as: organize, carbonize, industrialize, and

  modernize.

  As we can see there are many words which are formed by adding suffix -ize in English language. Students often hear those words when they are in the class, such as: analyze, socialize, organize, recognize, modernize, capitalize, formalize,

  industrialize, specialize, and many other words. Perhaps it might not only be in the

  class but also outside of the class, but they use some words with the suffix -ize more and more in their conversation.

  This research is designed to analyze some words which are formed by which will discuss derivational suffixes forming verbs. The aim of doing this is to find out the morphological processes which occur in derivational causative verbs. It is helpful for English learners to recognize verbs and use the right forms of verbs with the right meanings. The suffixation of the suffix -ize has enriched English vocabulary. The study of suffix -ize is expected to give deeper understanding about the process, function, and meaning of the suffix -ize.

B. Problem Formulation

  Based on the above discussion, the problems of this research can be formulated as follows:

  1. What stem does the suffix -ize take?

  2. What function and meaning does the suffix -ize have?

  3. What the morphophonemic processes occur in the suffixation with the suffix

• ize?

C. Objectives of the Study

  The first objective from this study is to identify what stems that the suffix

• –ize take. In this study, the researcher will separate words with the suffix -ize into

  free morpheme and bound morpheme. Then, the researcher classifies the stems from words with the suffix -ize as the free morpheme based on the part of speech. The part of speech can be defined as the class of word, e.g: noun (N), adjective (A), and verb (V).

  The second objective from this study is to identify what function and suffix -ize are significant because not all stems can occur with the suffix -ize. From the bases analyzed, we can know the change from the stem into the new derived words and draw a conclusion about the function of suffix -ize. On the other hand, the meaning of the stem from words with the suffix -ize can be taken by looking up in the dictionary.

  The third objective from this study is to analyze what the morphophonemic processes in the suffixation with the suffix –ize occur. For the learners, it is also important to describe the speaker’s morphological competence by recognizing words as being well-formed or ill-formed through morphological processes and to define how the words by adding suffix -ize are formed to any morphological analysis. For instances, the word specialize (V) consist of two morphemes between

  

special (Adj) recognized as a stem as the free morpheme and suffix -ize as the bound

morpheme, so suffix -ize as the bound morpheme attaches to that free morpheme.

  Moreover, the suffix will change the word both morphologically and phonologically. In other words, the word will experience some changes at morphological and phonological level. In short, these processes are called morphophonemic processes.

D. Benefit of the Study

  It is expected that the findings from this study will give more contribution to the study of word formation. Furthermore, it can be a starting point for those who are interested in studying about word formation to make other researchers to develop the subsequent study of linguistic field. The study of English suffix -ize will distribute one more study of suffixation to complete our knowledge about English vocabularies. Not all of the words can attach to the suffix –ize. They will know which words with using the suffix -ize and also the meaning of those words by looking up in the dictionary.

E. Definition of Terms

  To avoid misinterpretation and misunderstanding, it is necessary to give definitions of terms used in this study. These definitions are:

  1. Morphology According to Akmajian, et al (1984:55), morphology is the subfield of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words and the relationship among words. For example: the word organ cannot be broken down into any meaningful parts. In contrast, the word organize seems to be made up of two parts: the word organ as the root form and an additional element of suffix -ize.

  2. Suffix According to Carolyn McManis, et al (1987:119), a suffix is one kind of affixes which attached to the end of a word or morpheme. When suffixes are attached to other morphemes they change the meaning or the grammatical function of the word in some way. According to Victoria Fromkin, et al (1991:68), a suffix belongs to part of words that are called bound morphemes which distinct from free morphemes. Suffix always occurs following other morphemes.

  3. Morpheme According to Carolyn McManis, et al (1987:119), a morpheme is the

  Morphemes are taken from words which can be broken down into smaller units. While the other definition according to Victoria Fromkin, et al (2000:67), a morpheme may be defined as the minimal linguistic sign, a grammatical unit in which there is an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning that cannot be further analyzed.

  4. Derivation According to Szymanek (1989:274), derivation is an affixation process that forms a word with a meaning or category distinct from that of its base. While according to Laurie Bauer (1988:76), derivation is the process of adding affixes to change sub-categorization features associated with the base.

  5. Morphophonemic Process According to Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (2001), morphophonemics is the study of the relations between morphemes and their phonological components. Katamba (1993:34) gives another definition that morphophonemic refers to the rules of this kind that account for the realization of phonologically conditioned allomorphs of morphemes.

6. Causative

  According to Walter A. Cook (1989:77), a causative is a derivational unit which converts an intrinsic or derived process verb into a derived action-process verb. The addition of the causative derivational unit will require the addition of an agent noun to the structure as the process verb become an action process verb.

  The derive process verb is the verb which shows the process of doing something to achieve a certain purpose, while the action-process verbs are derivationally

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies The commonest type of affixation of English words seems to be

  suffixation. Some kinds of suffix like: -ing, -ic, -al, -ity, -ion, and –ous have been discussed by some other students. For example, Dalan Mehuli Perangin-Angin (2000) has discussed suffix -ion in his thesis “A Morphological Study of the English Noun Suffix -ion.” The thesis analyzes that suffix –ion has nine allomorphs like –ion, -ation, -ition, -tion, -cation, -action, -ution, -iation, and

• –sion. The grammatical meaning of suffix –ion has a structural function to change

  the word category of the stems verb into noun. That is why it is called a noun suffix.

  The other example, Mariana Setyorini (2005) has discussed suffix

• –al in her thesis “A Morphological Study of the English Adjective Suffix –al.”

  The thesis analyzes that suffix –al has a function to form the adjectives from nouns. It also has four allomorphs like –ual [u ∂l], -ial [i∂l], -inal [in∂l], and –ar

  [ ∂r] also two types of consonant change.

  The previous thesis must be different from this one because this thesis analyzes the suffix –ize which has a function to form the verbs from adjectives or nouns, and the allomorphs and morphophonemic processes will be analyzed in the next chapters. B. Review of Related Theories This chapter discusses some theories used in this study. They are theories on morphemes, allomorphs, morphophonemic processes, affixation, derivation, and causative verbs. Each subchapter discusses each subject of these theories.

  1. Theories of Morphemes A morpheme is an important part of word arrangement. It also belongs to morphology as a branch of the linguistic study of words building.

  There are some definitions of morphemes based on research from linguists. According to Adrian Akmajian, Richard A. Demers and Robert M. Harnish in

  

Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication, the definition is:

  The basic part of a complex word that signify the different building blocks that make it up are called morphemes. For instances, each of the plural noun listed in the words boys, rakes, lips, dogs, and

  brothers is made up of two morphemes. The words boy, rake, lip, dog, and brother are known as a base morpheme and a plural

  morpheme –s, which is attached to the base morpheme. In short, morphemes are the minimal units of word building in a language. Morphemes cannot be broken down any further into recognizable or meaningful parts (Akmajian et al, 1984:58).

  A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language because it cannot be broken into smaller units without destroying its meaning. H. A Gleason in An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics said that:

  Some morphemes can be usually described as the smallest meaningful units in the structure of the language. The smallest meaningful unit means a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning. For example, the words strange recognizes as a morpheme which is the smallest meaningful unit in the structure of the language (Gleason, 1955:53).

  For example, the morpheme table cannot be broken into ta- and ble, furniture which has a flat top surface and also one or more than one leg used to write, eat, and do some other works. The morpheme of the compound windbreak can be broken into wind and break. Although wind and break each have a meaning, their meanings are not related in any way with the meaning of

  

windbreak. The meaning of windbreak is a row of trees, wall, or screen

  providing shelter from the wind, while the meaning of wind is the perceptible natural movement of the air, especially in the form of a current blowing from a particular direction, and the meaning of break is separate or cause to separate into pieces as a result of a blow, shock, or strain.

  H. A Gleason also analyzed the relation between words, morphemes, and phonemes in his same book and states that A morpheme is the unit on expression side of language which enters into relationship with the content side. A morpheme is typically composed of one to several phonemes. Morphemes also have meaning. The morphemes enter into combinations in accordance with definite and intricate patterns. The simpler words of English are morphemes, while other words consist of two or more morphemes (Gleason, 1955:11). Morphemes are generally short sequences of phonemes. A morpheme consists of phonemes and has meaning. Phonemes are arranged to form morphemes, then morphemes will form a new word. Phonemes are the individual sounds that appear in the basic form of morpheme, for example: the basic form /s/ for the English regular plural morpheme. Phonemes represent the way in which sounds are kept in people’s mind. The symbol for the phoneme is placed between slashes / /.

  A morpheme is meaningful because as a unit of sounds it has a does not necessarily refer to an object in the real world like paper, glasses, and dictionary but also an abstract concept like hesitation, prohibition, and anger.

  A morpheme is different from a word. A word must be a morpheme but a morpheme must not be a word. A word may consist of one or more than one morphemes. The word carbonize consists of two morphemes: carbon and -

  

ize while the word dispute only consists of one morpheme: dispute. The

  meaning of a word depends not only upon the morphemes that are present but also on the order of their occurrence.

  A morpheme is also different from a syllable. A syllable is simply a group of phonemes which consists of one vowel, diphthong, or syllable nucleus with or without a consonant before and after it. The word modernize consists of three syllables: /mo-dern-ize/ but it only consists of two morphemes: modern and -ize. A morpheme may consist of only a single phoneme. The /d/ in pledged is not only voiced sound but it is to indicate that the word pledged is the verb with past form. Frequently two morphemes are alike in sound expression but have different content, it is called homophonous. It means that they have similar sounds but their meanings are different. For instances, the sounds of /d/ in the words mode and dislodged . The /d/ in mode indicates as a noun with the meaning is a formal way in which something is done while in dislodged indicates as a verb with the past form with the meaning is force or knock out something out of its position (Gleason, 1955:53-54).

  A morpheme can be differentiated into two kinds: free morphemes and bound morphemes. Free morphemes can stand alone as independent word. In a large language unit. For example, a young brave teenager is a noun phrase, which consists of four words a, young, brave, and teenager as free morphemes.

  Free morphemes sometimes are known as root of the words. Free morphemes can be classified into two elements. They are content words (open classes) and function words (closed classes). Content words include nouns (computer, music,

  

chair, etc), verbs (write, read, count, etc), adjectives (smart, expensive, modern,

  etc), and adverbs (well, carefully, hard, etc). Content words can stand by themselves because it has meaning. Function words are conjunction (but, then,

  

and, etc), articles and demonstratives (a, an, that, this), pronouns (your, mine,

her, his, our, their) and prepositions (in, on, at, next, etc). Function words have

  the grammatical meaning and it is important grammatically.

  The other kind of morpheme is the bound morpheme that cannot stand independently but must be attached to the beginning or at the end of a free morpheme. It can be the form of affixes attached to an already existing word to form a new word or to show a syntactic meaning. According to the position, affixes can be prefixes when they are attached to the beginning of another morpheme, like: unlimited, disconnect, indirect, enlarge, and pre-natal, and as suffixes when they are attached to the end of another morpheme, such as:

  

government, coordination, industrialize, arrival, and sensitivity. (Akmajian et al,

  1984:58, 65-67). The process of adding an affix to an already existing word is called affixation. Affixation is the most productive morphological process in English and the commonest affixation is suffixation. It is by adding suffix at the end of the word. As a bound morpheme, an affix either prefixes or suffixes

  According to Victoria Fromkin, David Blair, and Peter Collins in An

  

Introduction to Linguistic, a morpheme may be defined as the minimal linguistic

  sign, a grammatical unit in which there is an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning that cannot be further analyzed. They underline some characteristic of morphemes. A morpheme is represented by a single sound, such as the morpheme a- meaning ‘without’ as in amoral or asexual. A morpheme may be represented by a single syllable, like child and boy. However, it can be represented by more than one syllable: by two syllables, as in lady, father, or by three syllables, as in barbarian, or by four or more syllables, as in

  

supplementary. Two different morphemes may have similar phonological

  representation but the meaning is not always the same. The rule that adds –er to verbs in English to produce a noun meaning ‘one who performs an action (once or habitually)’ likes lover, examiner, reader, and so forth. On the other hand, the suffix –er can also signify the degree of comparison that something is more than another things in comparative, like higher, wider, and thicker (Fromkin et al 1991:67,77).

  According to Adrian Akmajian, Richard A. Demers and Robert M. Harnish, based on function affixes can be classified into inflectional and derivational, and both of them are different. Inflectional affixes never change the part of speech of the base morpheme to which they are attached. In contrast, derivational affixes often change the part of speech of the base morpheme. For instances, the suffix –s in noun or verbs indicates that it is plural noun or third person without changing the part of speech from that words, while another there is a change of the part of speech from the root. So, the suffix –s belongs to inflectional affixes while suffix -ize belongs to derivational affixes.

  The function of derivational affixes is to create new members for a given part of speech class, whereas inflectional affixes are always attached to already existing words without changing the part of speech class but it will give a change on the grammatical meaning. In the case of inflectional affixes, the relation between the meaning of stem morpheme and the meaning of the stem and affix is quite regular. In contrast, the relation between the meaning of the base morpheme and the meaning of the base and affix is sometimes unpredictable in the case of derivational affixes.

  2. Theories of Allomorph John Lyons described the definition of allomorph in his book

  Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics as follows:

  A further point may now be made with regard to the relationship between morphemes and morphs. It frequently happens that a particular morpheme is not represented everywhere by the same morph, but by different morph in different environments. These alternative representations of a morpheme are called allomorphs (Lyons, 1968:184). Victoria Fromkin, David Blair, and Peter Collins (1991:293) underline that in English, the regular plural morpheme like [s], [z], [

  ∂z] belongs to the forms of allomorphs. The use of [s], [z], [ ∂z] will be determined by rules. The voiced /z/ is preceded by a voiced sound, like bugs where /g/ is voiced. The voiceless /s/ is preceded by a voiceless sound, like cats where /t/ is voiceless. The sound / ∂z/ occurs when a regular noun ends in a sibilant as in matches.

  All the morphs that represent a given morpheme are called allomorphs of There are two conditions of allomorph: phonological condition and morphological condition. Phonological condition can be seen in the case of the regular plural suffix which has three different pronunciations /-z/, /-s/, and /-iz/. The change of the allomorph is conditioned entirely by phonological change. It means that the choice of the allomorph from the regular plural suffix depends on the phonetic nature of the preceding phonemes, such as: cats /kats/, dogs /dogz/, and horses /ho:sez/. We can know that /-z/ occurs only after voiced sounds; /-s/ only after voiceless sounds; and /-iz/ only after fricatives and affricates (Spencer, 1991:6). Morphological condition means that if the selection is determined by the specific morpheme or morphemes forming the contexts rather than by any phonologic feature, example: the plural form of ox is oxen (Gleason, 1955:62).