A morphological analysis of the suffix { ure}

A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SUFFIX {-URE}

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

SITORESMI KRISWARDANI

Student Number: 124214108

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2017

ii

A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SUFFIX {-URE}

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

SITORESMI KRISWARDANI

Student Number: 124214108

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2017

v

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been

previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and

that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material

previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the

text of the undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, January 11, 2017

vi

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma

Nama : Sitoresmi Kriswardani Nomor Mahasiswa : 124214108

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul

A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SUFFIX {-URE}

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan memublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta izin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal 11 Januari 2017

Yang menyatakan,

vii

Whatever you ask for in

prayer with faith,

you will receive.

- Matthew 21:22

viii

This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to

the loves of my life,

my mother and father

ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Above all, I would like to say my deepest thank to Jesus Christ for being

the Greatest Daddy in my life. His immortal love toward me makes everything

become so much better and possible to be reached so that I can finish this

undergraduate thesis. Glory be to God!

I also thank for His blessings through people around me. Therefore, I

would like to express my gratitude to my thesis advisor, Dr. B. Ria Lestari,

M.Sc., for all her time, advice, and guidance in writing this undergraduate thesis.

I also would like to thank my co-advisor, Arina Isti’anah, S.Pd., M.Hum., for the

motivation, suggestion, and correction, so I can improve my writing.

My gratitude also goes to my beloved parents, Satriyo Teguh Sanyoto

and Sunarningsih, for never being tired to support me in any condition. Their

prayers, patience, and encouragement cannot be replaced. Moreover, I thank for

the care from my dearest sister, Eunike Prasetaning Jati. I am nothing without all

of you.

I would like to convey my big thanks to my best college friends, namely

Pradina Fitryannisa, Ni Putu Vitria Arizona, Apryanti Madah Munthe, Julyan

Adhitama, Desty Anistya, Femy Nurindah Sari, and Christopher Tjia. Thank you

for the laughs and times we create together. Thank you for taking me as I am.

Last but not least, I would thank my KKN friends for adding some colors into my

life. See you all at the top!

x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... ii

APPROVAL PAGE ... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ... v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ... vi

MOTTO PAGE ... vii

DEDICATION PAGE ... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... x

LIST OF TABLES ... xii

ABSTRACT ... xiii

ABSTRAK ... xiv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of the Study ... 1

B. Problem Formulation ... 3

C. Objectives of the Study ... 3

D. Definition of Terms ... 3

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 5

A. Review of Related Studies ... 5

B. Review of Related Theories ... 9

C. Theoretical Framework ... 14

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 16

A. Object of the Study ... 16

B. Approach of the Study ... 16

C. Method of the Study ... 18

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 21

A. The Distribution of the Suffix {-ure} ... 22

1. Lexical Category of the Base ... 22

a. The Verb Bases ... 23

b. The Adjective Bases ... 24

c. The Noun Bases ... 25

2.Distribution of the Suffix {-ure} ... 25

a. The Last Letter of the Base ... 26

i. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘e’ ... 27

ii. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘t’ ... 28

iii. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘x’ ... 29

iv. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘d’ ... 30

v. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘l’ ... 30

xi

vii. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘n’ ... 31

b.The Last Phoneme of the Base ... 32

i. The Base Ending with /t/ ... 32

ii. The Base Ending with /z/ ... 33

iii. The Base Ending with /s/ ... 34

iv. The Base Ending with /d/ ... 35

v. The Base Ending with /l/ ... 35

vi. The Base Ending with /n/ ... 36

vii. The Base Ending with /v/ ... 36

3.Borrowing ... 37

B. The Morphophonemic Processes that Occur in Words Attached to the Suffix {-ure} ... 39

1. Consonant Change ... 40

2. Vowel Insertion ... 41

3. Vowel Change ... 42

4. Segment Deletion ... 43

5. Vowel Reduction ... 44

C. The Meanings of the Suffix {-ure} ... 45

1. The Suffix {-ure} Having the Meaning ‘the act of-’ ... 46

2. The Suffix {-ure} Having the Meaning ‘the result of-’ ... 48

3. The Suffix {-ure} Having the Meaning ‘the state of-’ ... 50

4. The Suffix {-ure} Having the Meaning ‘the art of-’ ... 51

5. The Suffix {-ure} Having the Meaning ‘the feeling of-’ ... 52

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 54

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 56

APPENDICES ... 58

Appendix 1: The Words with Bases Ending with Letter ‘e’ ... 58

Appendix 2: The Words with Bases Ending with Letter ‘t’ ... 58

Appendix 3: The Words with Bases Ending with Letter ‘x’ ... 58

Appendix 4: The Words with Bases Ending with Letter ‘d’ ... 59

Appendix 5: The Words with Bases Ending with Letter ‘l’ ... 59

Appendix 6: The Words with Bases Ending with Letter ‘s’ ... 59

Appendix 7: The Words with Bases Ending with Letter ‘n’ ... 59

Appendix 8: The Words with Bases Ending with /t/ ... 59

Appendix 9: The Words with Bases Ending with /z/ ... 60

Appendix 10: The Words with Bases Ending with /s/ ... 60

Appendix 11: The Words with Bases Ending with /d/ ... 60

Appendix 12: The Words with Bases Ending with /l/ ... 60

Appendix 13: The Words with Bases Ending with /n/ ... 60

Appendix 14: The Words with Bases Ending with /v/ ... 61

Appendix 15: Borrowing Words Having No Bases ... 61

Appendix 16: Borrowing Words Having Latin or French Bases ... 62

xii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. The Distribution of the Suffix {-ure} Based on the

Last Letter of the Bases ... 26

Table 2. The Distribution of the Suffix {-ure} Based on the Last Phoneme of the Bases ... 32

Table 3. Diachronic Data Having No Latin or French Bases ... 37

Table 4. Diachronic Data Having Latin or French Bases ... 38

Table 5. The Morphophonemic Processes Occurring in the Words Attached to the Suffix {-ure} ... 39

Table 6. The Categories of the Meanings of the Words Attached to the Suffix {-ure} ... 46

Table 7. The Suffix {-ure} Having the Meaning ‘the act of-’ ... 46

Table 8. The Suffix {-ure} Having the Meaning ‘the result of-’ ... 47

Table 9. The Suffix {-ure} Having the Meaning ‘the state of-’ ... 50

Table 10. The Suffix {-ure} Having the Meaning ‘the art of-’ ... 51

xiii

ABSTRACT

KRISWARDANI, SITORESMI. A Morphological Analysis of the Suffix

{-ure}. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata

Dharma University, 2017.

Language is an important tool in communication. The study of language is scientifically known as linguistics. Something that contributes a lot in enriching the vocabularies is affixation. The suffixation in a word is commonly used in daily communication. Therefore, this study focuses on the suffix {-ure}. The aim is to know the usage of the suffix {-ure} in a word.

There are three objectives in this study. The first is to find out the bases which are able to be attached to the suffix {-ure}. The second is to discover the phonological changes when a word receives the suffix {-ure}. The third is to identify the meaning of the suffix {-ure}.

In collecting the data, two dictionaries namely Oxford Advanced

Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth Edition (2015) and The New Oxford American Dictionary Second Edition (2005) are used. Based on those

sources, there are 89 words receiving the suffix {-ure}. In order to make it more specific, 32 words are analyzed synchronically and 57 words are analyzed diachronically.

Some results are figured out in this study. The first is the suffix {-ure} attaches to the bases ending with letters ‘t’, ‘e’, ‘x’, ‘d’, ‘l’, ‘s’, ‘n’, and phonemes /t/, /z/, /s/, /d/, /l/, /n/, and /v/. The second is there are five phonological changes which occur in the words receiving the suffix {-ure}. They are consonant change, segment insertion, vowel change, segment deletion, and vowel reduction. The third is the suffix {-ure} has five meanings which are ‘the act of-’, ‘the result of-’, ‘the state of-’, ‘the art of-’, and ‘the feeling of-’.

xiv

ABSTRAK

KRISWARDANI, SITORESMI. A Morphological Analysis of the Suffix

{-ure}. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas

Sanata Dharma, 2017.

Bahasa adalah sebuah alat yang penting dalam berkomunikasi. Ilmu untuk mempelajari bahasa secara ilmiah dikenal dengan istilah ilmu linguistik. Salah satu yang banyak berkontribusi dalam memperkaya pembedaharaan kata adalah imbuhan. Penambahan akhiran pada sebuah kata sering digunakan dalam komunikasi sehari-hari. Oleh karena itu, studi ini fokus pada akhiran {-ure}. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui penggunaan akhiran {-ure} pada sebuah kata.

Ada tiga tujuan utama dalam studi ini. Yang pertama adalah menemukan kata-kata dasar yang dapat dilekatkan dengan akhiran {-ure}. Yang kedua adalah mengetahui perubahan-perubahan bunyi ketika sebuah kata menerima akhiran {-ure}. Yang ketiga adalah mengidentifikasi arti dari akhiran {-ure}.

Dalam mengumpulkan data, ada dua kamus yang digunakan yakni

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth Edition (2015)

dan The New Oxford American Dictionary Second Edition (2005). Berdasarkan sumber-sumber tersebut, ada 89 kata yang menerima akhiran {-ure}. Untuk membuatnya lebih spesifik, 32 kata dianalisis secara sinkronik dan 57 kata dianalisis berdasarkan sejarah.

Beberapa hasil ditemukan dalam studi ini. Yang pertama yaitu akhiran {-ure} melekat pada kata-kata dasar yang berakhiran dengan huruf ‘t’, ‘e’, ‘x’, ‘d’, ‘l’, ‘s’, ‘n’, dan fonem /t/, /z/, /s/, /d/, /l/, /n/, dan /v/. Yang kedua yaitu ada lima perubahan bunyi yang terjadi pada kata-kata yang menerima akhiran {-ure}. Perubahan bunyi tersebut adalah perubahan konsonan, penyisipan suatu bagian, perubahan vokal, penghapusan suatu bagian, dan pengurangan vokal. Yang ketiga yaitu akhiran {-ure} memiliki lima arti yakni ‘tindakan dari-’, ‘hasil dari-’, ‘keadaan dari-’, ‘seni dari-’, dan ‘perasaan dari-’.

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Every country in the world has languages, whether they are official

language like Bahasa Indonesia or local language like Javanese language.

Language is not only a means of communication or interaction but also is used to

develop social relationships with other people (Trudgill, 2000: 1). Language has

an important role in human life. Language develops along with human growth. It

is used in any aspects like speaking, reading, writing, and listening. Since the

development of language becomes wider and faster, the function of language

changes. Nowadays, language is not only used to build relationships but also by

using a language, human beings are able to convey and gain information, express

feelings, give opinions, command, and interpret everything in daily life. Thus,

language is an essential thing in communication.

Language includes a scientific study which is commonly called as

linguistics. Akmajian, Demers, Farmer, and Harnish maintain that linguistics is a

field which focuses on language and communication (2001: 5). They divide

linguistics into five subfields (Akmajian et al., 2001: 12). The first subfield is

phonology, which is the study of sound system and sound pattern of human

language. The second subfield is pragmatics, which concerns with the study of

speaker and contextual meaning. The third subfield is syntax. It is the study of the

focuses on the study of word meaning. The last but not least subfield is

morphology, which deals with the internal structure of words and the relation

among words.

Affixation is a part of word structure. It means, affixation is one of

phenomena in morphology. Therefore, affixation can be analyzed in words with

various classes, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Affixation is a

term for “the process of adding an affix” (Matthews, 1997: 11). Affixes are

divided into three types according to their positions. The first type is called as

prefixes. O’Grady and Archibald state that a prefix is an affix which is attached

to the front of the base (2010: 120). The second type is infixes. An infix is placed

in the middle of two bases. The third type is suffixes. A suffix occurs at the end

of the base.

Among those three types of affixes, according to Szymanek (1989: 63),

suffixes are widely used in various languages in the world and often used in daily

communication. Therefore, this study discusses it. In order to make it more

specific, this study is limited to the suffix {-ure}, which is originated from the

French suffix {-ure} and also the Latin suffix {-ura}. Two methods, namely

synchronic and diachronic, are used in this study. The data are collected from

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Ninth Edition (2015) and The New Oxford American Dictionary Second Edition (2005).

By conducting this study, the researcher expects that it can give deeper

understanding of the usage of the suffix {-ure} to the readers. It can help the

3

Moreover, this study gives more understanding about the morphophonemic

processes of suffix {-ure}.

B. Problem Formulation

In analyzing the morphological analysis of the suffix {-ure}, this study

attempts to answer the following questions.

1. What are the distributions of the suffix {-ure}?

2. What are the morphophonemic processes that occur in words attached to the

suffix {-ure}?

3. What are the meanings of the suffix {-ure}?

C. Objectives of the Study

Related to the problems above, this study has three objectives. The first

objective is to find out the distributions or the base words which are able to be

attached to the suffix {-ure}. The second objective is to observe the

morphophonemic processes of the suffix {-ure} in order to find out the changes

that occur when the suffix {-ure} is attached to base words. The third objective is

to identify the meaning of suffix {-ure}.

D. Definition of Terms

In this part, there are some explanations of terms used in the study. The

definitions are provided in order to avoid misunderstanding of the terms. The first

“the part of grammar that is concerned with words and word formation” (2010:

116). In addition, according to Akmajian et al., morphology is “the subfield of

linguistics that studies the internal structure of words and the relationships among

words” (2001: 12). In short, morphology is one of the linguistic studies that

concerns with words structure.

The second terminology is suffix. There are two definitions of suffix.

The first one says “an affix that is attached to the end of its base is termed a

suffix” (O’Grady and Archibald, 2010: 120). Another definition is stated by

Akmajian et al. that gives an opinion that suffix is “when they are attached to the

end of another morpheme” (2001: 18). Affixes {-ly}, {-ment}, and {-er} in the

words softly, government, and teacher are the examples of suffixes.

The third terminology is distribution. Katamba (1993: 27) states that

distribution is the basic method used to identify morphemes. A morpheme means

the smallest unit of language that contains meaning or function (O’Grady and

Archibald, 2010: 117). In other words, distribution is the important process in

5

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter is divided into three main parts, which are review of related

studies, review of related theories, and theoretical framework. Review of related

studies contains the reviews of the other previous studies such as undergraduate

theses and journals related to this present study. Review of related theories

contains the reviews of the theories applied in this present study. Meanwhile,

theoretical framework contains the functions of the theories applied in order to

solve the problems of this present study.

A. Review of Related Studies

The related studies in this study are taken from two journals and two

undergraduate theses. These are needed for the comparison to this study itself.

Each related study is discussed below.

The first related study is taken from Windsor’s and Hwang’s journal

(1997). They state that to understand the meaning of the words and the meaning

of derivational categories is an important thing in order to identify the entire

meaning of words receiving derivational affixes, especially suffixes, and to learn

the word classes of suffixes. In their journal, Windsor and Hwang compare

fourth-graders’ ability in Language Learning Students (LLD) to the same grade

students in Language Age (LA), and Chronological Age (CA) in analyzing suffix

the fourth grade. Based on their observation, they conclude that LLD students

have comprehensive knowledge of word formation. Furthermore, they have

opinion that derivational knowledge is not only useful for vocabulary growth but

also useful for reading and spelling ability.

The second related study is taken from Dressman (1985). In his journal,

he analyzes the suffix {-ist}. He explains that the suffix {-ist} in English words is

adopted from Greek. It is mostly contributed by philosophers and political writers

in nineteenth century. He adds that the suffix {-ist} is often used by journalists

and publicists so that it makes the suffix {-ist} become a productive suffix.

Dressman analyzes which one of the base words that can be attached to the suffix

{-ist}. Moreover, he also analyzes other suffixes that can be attached to the suffix

{-ist} such as the suffix {-ic} in Romantic which becomes Romanticist. In his

conclusion, he states that the suffix {-ist} is rarely attached to verbs and the

function of it is as agentive nominalization.

Another related study is taken from Setyorini’s undergraduate thesis

(2005) entitled “A Morphological Study of the English Adjective Suffix {-al}”.

She explains that, in her study, she analyzes three main problems as her

discussion. Firstly, she analyzes the function and meaning of the suffix {-al} by

using two sources which are Corpus Morphology and Webster’s Encyclopedic

Unabridged Dictionary of English Language. Secondly, she analyzes the

allomorphs that the suffix {-al} has. Thirdly, she uses Oxford Advanced

Learner’s Dictionary to find out the phonetic transcription in order to analyze the

7

function of the suffix {-al} is to form nouns to be adjectives, while the meaning

cannot be separated with its bases. She also explains that the suffix {-al} has four

allomorphs which are {–ial}, {-ual}, {-inal}, and {–ar}. Besides, there are five

morphophonemic processes that occur which are stress shift, consonant change,

vowel change, insertion, and deletion.

The last related study is taken from Hananto’s undergraduate thesis

(2015) entitled “A Morphological Study of the Suffix {-ive}”. Hananto analyzes

the suffix {-ive} by dividing his study into three objectives. The first objective is

to collect the base of the suffix {-ive} based on two sources which are The New

Oxford American Dictionary Second Edition and Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary. The second objective is to find the allomorphs of the

suffix {-ive}. The last objective is to identify the meaning of the root and the

words attached to suffix ive}, and then to conclude the meaning of the suffix

{-ive}. In his conclusion, he finds out that the bases of the suffix are verbs and

nouns. He adds that, based on diachronic analysis, the suffix {-ive} is originated

from Latin which is {-ivus}. He also finds out that the suffix {-ive} has two

allomorphs which are {-ative} and {-itive}. In addition, the suffix {-ive} has

some meanings because there is no coherence between the bases and the words

attached to suffix {-ive}.

The researcher considers that the related studies mentioned are relevant

to this study. Those four related studies that discuss suffixes have some

similarities to this study. In the first journal which has been mentioned by the

suffixes. It is similar to this study because the object of this study which is the

suffix {-ure} is included as derivational suffixes. Additionally, the next journal

written by Dressman which discusses the suffix {-ist} is similar to this study

which also discusses suffix. Moreover, the undergraduate theses written by

Setyorini and Hananto which discuss suffix also have some similarities to this

study. In Setyorini’s undergraduate thesis, the analysis of the bases, function,

meaning, and morphophonemic processes of the suffix {-al} that becomes her

study is similar to the objectives of this study. Meanwhile, in Hananto’s

undergraduate thesis, he also analyzes the bases and meaning of the suffix {-ive}

which is the topic of his study.

On the other hand, it is different in a way that the researcher would like

to do this study on the different object. The first dissimilarity is shown in the first

related study by Windsor and Hwang. They discuss derivational suffixes

generally while this study focuses on the derivational suffix {-ure}. In

Dressman’s journal, “The suffix –ist”, there are also two dissimilarities. Besides

the suffix which is chosen, the suffix {-ist} is not categorized as the derivational

suffix. Whereas, the suffix {-ure} does. The other dissimilarities are also found in

the undergraduate theses mentioned above. In their undergraduate theses,

Setyorini focuses on the suffix {-al} and Hananto focuses on the suffix {-ive}

while this present study focuses on the suffix {-ure}. Besides, both theses use

allomorphs as their main objects while in this study allomorphs are only used to

9

Due to the related studies above, this study is proposed to expand the

study about suffixes. It can enrich the study in the field of morphology. This

present study analyzes the suffix {-ure} in order to develop the morphology field

as the suffix {-ure} has never been analyzed before.

B. Review of Related Theories 1. Morphology

Bauer mentions that morphology is “the study of words and their

structure” (2003: 3). This statement is strengthened by O’Grady and Archibald

(2010: 116) who state that morphology is one of the grammar elements

concerning words and word arrangement. In short, morphology is the study

which concerns with linguistics dealing with word structure.

Since morphology discusses word structure, it is absolute that word is an

important component in it. A word is, according to O’Grady and Archibald, the

smallest free form in language (2010: 116). The characteristic of a word is that

the relation of its sound and meaning is arbitrary. For example, the words brake

and break have the same sound, but different meanings. Another example is the

words sofa and couch which have different sounds, but the same meaning. Beside

words, there is another important component in morphology. It is called as

morpheme.

a. Morpheme

A morpheme is a minimal shape to build a word in language (Akmajian

language element that contains information about meaning or function (2010:

117). For example, the word unbelievable consists of three morphemes; un +

believe + able. Each morpheme has a meaning; un means “not”, believe means

“trust on something”, and able means “competent”. Thus, the meaning of

unbelievable is “does not competent to trust on something”. Hence, morpheme

cannot be separated from morphology because every word consists of at least one

morpheme.

There are two categories of morpheme. Akmajian et al. state that the

first category is termed as free morphemes. A free morpheme is a morpheme

which can stand alone without having to attach to any other forms. Any words

such as book, house, a, in, and so on are included as free morphemes. The second

category is termed as bound morphemes. A bound morpheme is a morpheme

which cannot stand alone (2001: 18). It means that this category must be attached

to another morpheme which in linguistic is called as a base or root. One of the

bound morphemes is affixes.

b. Affixation

According to Szymanek (1989: 62), affixation is the process of adding a

base word with a bound morpheme which is affixes. Furthermore, he maintains

that an affix means a morpheme which is attached to a base. O’Grady and

Archibald (2010: 120) state that affixes can be divided into some types,

depending on the position of an affix attached to its base word. There are three

11

i. Prefix

A prefix is a type of affixes besides suffix and infix. According to

O’Grady and Archibald (2010: 120), a prefix means an affix which is attached

before a base word. The examples are affixes {re-}, {un-}, {dis-}, {mis-}, and

{im-}. Those are placed in the beginning of the root word. Thus, they are called

as prefixes. In other words, a prefix is an additional morpheme in a word which is

put in front of the base word. The words reread, unimportant, and impossible are

the examples of prefixes.

ii. Infix

In their statement, O’Grady and Archibald (2010: 120) mention that an

infix is one type of affixes which is placed in the middle of a base. An infix is

very hard to find in English words. The word speedometer is an example of infix

in English word. The word speedometer which comes from the word speed and

meter is inserted by an infix {-o-}. iii. Suffix

An affix which is placed in the end of the base word or its base is called

as a suffix (O’Grady and Archibald, 2010: 120). The similar statement is also

mentioned by Akmajian et al. They state that an affix is called as a suffix when it

is attached to the end of another morpheme (2001: 18). There are many examples

of suffixes such as suffix {-er} in the word worker, {-able} in the word

understandable, {-ing} in the word playing, {-ment} in the word advertisement,

Since affixes are integrated as bound morphemes, they can be

categorized into two classifications which are inflectional affixes and derivational

affixes. Akmajian et al. state that inflectional affixes never change the part of

speech of the base through any attachment of affixes. They add that, in English

inflectional affixes, there is no prefix but suffixes (2001: 43). The example is that

both of the parts of speech of the words write and writes are verbs, and it also

happens to the words bottle and bottles which both are nouns. What occurs in

inflectional affixes is in contrast to derivational affixes. Derivational affixes

include both prefixes and suffixes. However, derivational prefixes never change

the part of speech of the words like in the words read and reread which both are

verbs or legal and illegal which are adjectives.

c. Derivational Suffix

Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams define derivational morpheme as a term

when bound morphemes are added to a base and it creates a new word with a new

meaning (2011: 88). In other words, by adding a suffix to a base and makes its

meaning and lexical category become different is called as derivational suffix.

The word work, for example, is a verb but it can be a noun if it receives a suffix

{-er} so that the word becomes worker. Another example is the word understand

which is a verb. It can be an adjective if it receives a suffix {-able} so that it

becomes the word understandable. Nevertheless, not all of derivational suffixes

change the part of speech of words. Fromkin et al. mention that “some

13

do” (2011: 89). Some words like relation and relationship which are nouns, and

pink and pinkish which are adjectives are some of the examples. 2. Phonology

Fromkin et al. state that “the study how speech sounds form patterns is

phonology” (2011: 267). In their explanation, they mention that phonology

covers the alteration pronunciation of a morpheme. In short, phonology deals

with the sound system and sound pattern in human language. It discusses how

speech sounds are produced.

a. Morphophonemic Process

Katamba maintains that morphophonemics is a combination of

morphology and phonology. Hence, in Europe, it is known as

morphophonology. Morphophonemic process is a phonological process in a

language that accounts for realization of phonologically conditioned allomorphs

of morphemes (1993: 34). In short, morphophonemic process concerns with the

pronunciation change of morphemes.

Kreidler (2004: 234) states that morphophonemic process consists of

four processes. The first process is vowel reduction. It is a process of reducing

vowels in unstressed syllables becoming /ə/ or also known as “schwa” like in the word preference /ˈprefrənts/ which comes from the base prefer /prɪˈfɜː(r)/. The second process is vowel loss, the process of deleting the initial unstressed vowel

in a word as in the word family /ˈfæməli/ becoming /ˈfæmli/ or history /ˈhɪstəri/ becoming /ˈhɪstri/. The third is consonant loss. Like vowel loss, it is a process of deleting consonant clusters as in the word fork /fɔːk/ and sandwich /ˈsænwɪtʃ/.

The last process is assimilation which means a change of a consonant sound that

becomes similar to a neighbouring consonant as /z/ in the word beds but as /s/ in

the word bets or in a phrase can pay which /n/ is likely to be replaced by a labial

/m/.

On the other hand, Fromkin et al. (2011: 284) divide morphophonemic

processes into five categories which are assimilation, dissimilation,

feature-changing, segment insertion and deletion, and movement (metathesis) rules.

Basically, the definition of assimilation is the same as Kreidler’s definition while

segment deletion is similar to Kreidler’s vowel and consonant loss definition.

Fromkin et.al. define dissimilation as a term when two sounds become less

similar to another segment, the opposite of assimilation. The example is the word

fifth /fifӨ/ which undergoes the dissimilation into /fift/ to change the last two

fricatives with a stop. Meanwhile, feature-changing is defined as giving aspirate

to a consonant only if the vowel before is stressed like in the word repeat /rɪˈpiːt/. The /p/ in that word is aspirated. Next, segment insertion is a process of adding a

segment such as a letter or an affix into a word. The last is movement (metathesis)

which means switching two phonemes so that the word is easier to pronounce.

For instance, some English speakers pronounce the word ask as /ɑks/ but asking

as /ɑskɪŋ/.

C. Theoretical Framework

In this present study, the researcher uses two main theories. The first

15

Those two theories and some parts of them are taken to prove the connection

among each other and be the base to answer the problems of this study.

The first is the theories of morphology from Bauer, O’Grady and

Archibald that are applied in this study. They are used as the basic theory of all

the problems, particularly for number one and three. The understanding of

morpheme is needed in order to help the researcher analyze the distributions of

the suffix {-ure} because it discusses the smallest language element. Afterward,

the understanding of affixation and suffix is used to explain the process of adding

the suffix {-ure} to base words. Then, derivational suffix is used to analyze the

alteration of the part of speech of words which are attached to suffix {-ure}.

Furthermore, by applying those parts of morphological theory in this study, it

helps the researcher understand the meaning of the suffix {-ure} which becomes

the third problem.

The second is the phonological theory by Fromkin et al. (2011) which is

applied in this study in order to answer the problem number two. The researcher

uses the morphophonemic process in order to find out the phonological process

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The linguistic elements analyzed in this study are words. The researcher

analyzes words which are attached to the bound morpheme {-ure} that also has a

function as a suffix. It is called as the bound morpheme because that morpheme

cannot stand alone. The researcher analyzes the words attached to the suffix

{-ure} through two reliable printed dictionaries. The first dictionary is Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth Edition by A.S. Hornby

in the year of 2015. The main data are taken from the first dictionary. It is chosen

because that dictionary is up to date. It provides the phonetic transcription, part of

speech, and definition of each word. The second dictionary is The New Oxford

American Dictionary Second Edition by McKean in the year of 2005. It provides

the origins, histories, and derivatives of the words. In addition, the pronunciation,

short definition, and which century when each word is first used is also provided

in it. This dictionary is used in order to find the etymology dealing with the origin

of the words attached to the suffix {-ure} found in the first dictionary. Therefore,

those dictionaries are needed to analyze this present study.

B. Approach of the Study

There are two approaches that are used by the researcher in this study in

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approach. Szymanek states that morphological processes consist of

form-changing such as addition or subtraction on the base element and alteration of

some base words (1989: 32). Based on that definition, it can be concluded that the

morphological approach is used in this study in order to analyze a morpheme

which is the suffix {-ure} as the object of this present study. In detail, this

approach is used to know the form-changing of the words which are attached to

the suffix {-ure} and the meanings of that suffix.

The second approach that is used by the researcher is a phonological

approach. There are two statements about it. The first statement is taken from

Carr. He states that the phonological approach shows the word form which is

unpredictable and cannot be analyzed with rule-governed phonetic properties

(1993: 29). Another statement is taken from Fromkin et al. who state that

phonology deals with the speaker’s linguistic knowledge about sound patterns of

a language and how it is produced (2011: 267). In addition, they say that

phonology concerns with pronunciation adjustment of a morpheme. It means,

how the sounds are produced can be identified through phonology. From those

statements about phonology, it can be concluded that the phonological approach

is an approach used to analyze how the sounds are produced. In this present

study, the phonological approach has a role which is used to identify the sound

C. Method of the Study

The method of the study is divided into two main components. The two

components are data collection and data analysis.

1. Data Collection

The data are collected from two dictionaries, namely Oxford Advanced

Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth Edition (2015) and The New Oxford American Dictionary Second Edition (2005). The main source of the data

which is words attached to the suffix {-ure} is taken from the first dictionary. All

words ended with the segment –ure in the first dictionary are collected.

Nevertheless, since the suffix {-ure} has a function to form a part of speech into a

noun, the words which are not included as noun words are rejected. Another

exception also occurs to either blend words or compound words such as

acupuncture, acupressure, blood-pressure, motion picture, etc. Thus, the number

of words attached to the suffix {-ure} based on the first dictionary are eighty

seven words. Meanwhile, the second dictionary is used to supply the etymology

of words so that it facilitates to sort out the loan words. The second dictionary is

important because some of words having the suffix {-ure} are borrowed from

French and Latin. In order to make it specific, there are thirty words that can be

analyzed using synchronic approach and other fifty seven words are analyzed

using diachronic approach. Since only analyzing the words attached to the suffix

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2. Data Analysis

In analyzing the data, the researcher uses some steps in order to find out

the answer for the problems appearing in this present study. There are three

problems which are analyzed; the distributions, morphophonemic processes, and

meanings of the suffix {-ure}.

Firstly, in analyzing the distributions of the suffix {-ure}, the data are

analyzed by two methods. The first method is called as synchronic. It is used to

analyze bases that can be attached to the suffix {-ure}. Those bases are classified

based on their parts of speech, last letters, and last phonemes. The second method

is called as diachronic. It is used to observe words which cannot be analyzed

synchronically but through its etymology. By using this method, the data are

divided into two types of loaning. The first type is the words borrowing the whole

form of the historical words. The second type is the words having bases in their

historical words.

Secondly, to answer the second problem is by identifying the sounds of

words using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) taken from two

dictionaries mentioned above. It is used in order to know the pronunciation of

each word. There are two categorizations analyzed. The first is the IPA of the

words attached to the suffix {-ure} and the second is the IPA of the bases. Thus,

the morphophonemic processes that occur in the words attached to the suffix

{-ure} are able to be analyzed.

Lastly, in order to find out the meanings of the suffix {-ure}, the data

meanings of the synchronic data. The dictionary which is used is the first

dictionary, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth

Edition (2015). After figured out, all of the meanings are categorized according to

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter contains the analysis of this present study in order to solve the problems mentioned in chapter I. There are three parts that are discussed in this chapter. The first part discusses the distributions of the suffix {-ure} which consist of the lexical category of the base, the distribution based on the last letter and phoneme of the base, and also borrowing words. The second part discusses the morphophonemic processes that occur in words attached to the suffix {-ure}. The last part discusses the meanings of the suffix {-ure}.

The data of this present study are taken from two sources which are

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth Edition (2015)

and The New Oxford American Dictionary Second Edition (2005). The first

dictionary mentioned above is for the main data while the second dictionary is used to support the analysis. The suffix {-ure} is categorized as a nominal suffix. It means that it has a function to change the part of speech of a base which becomes a noun word. After collecting the data from the first dictionary, there are one hundred thirty eight words ended with the segment –ure. However, only eighty seven words are attached to the suffix {-ure} that are analyzed. It is because the other data are included as blend, compound, or back-formation words. The examples are the words agriculture, blood-pressure, cough-mixture,

A. The Distribution of the Suffix {-ure} 1. Lexical Category of the Base

A lexical category is also known as a part of speech. Based on the data collected from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth

Edition (2015), there are eighty seven words attached to the suffix {-ure}. The

bases of the data do not have the same lexical category. There are three lexical categories found on the bases of the suffix {-ure}. The dominant one is verb bases while the others are adjectives and nouns. The data examples are shown as follows.

Architect (n) architecture(n) Create (v) creature (n) Literate (adj) literature (n)

The words on the left are the bases and the words on the right are the result of adding the suffix {-ure} to each base. Each of the bases has a different lexical category. The wordarchitectis a noun, createis a verb, andliterate is an adjective. Their lexical categories would turn into nouns when they are attached to the suffix {-ure}. The process of that alteration is also known as nominalization.

Nevertheless, as mentioned before, not the entire data can be analyzed using synchronic approach. For instance, in analyzing the wordpicture, it should be analyzed using diachronic approach. It is because picture is not constructed from the word *pict+ {-ure} likeadventurenot consisting of the word *advent+ {-ure}. Both of the previously mentioned words are loan words. The word

23

borrowed from the French which is aventure. Consequently, using diachronic approach is very useful in analyzing the data whose English base cannot be directly attached to the suffix {-ure}.

a. The Verb Bases

The words receiving the suffix {-ure} are mostly found in a verb base. Most of the bases of the suffix {-ure} are in a form of verb. A verb can be classified into two types. The first one is a transitive verb and the second one is an intransitive verb. Mostly, the verb bases of the suffix {-ure} are transitive verbs. However, there are some intransitive verbs, too. Below are the data examples which are included as transitive verbs taken from Oxford Advanced

Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth Edition(2015).

Close closure Create creature Erase erasure Press pressure Script scripture

The bases of the suffix {-ure} above are called as transitive verbs because those bases must have an object to be a sentence. For example, the word

closewhich needsthe window as the object in the sentenceI close the window. It

would be incomplete if the sentence is only I close because the readers have no idea on the object that receives the action ofclose. The same thing is also applied to the word script in the sentence Tom scripts the movie. It does not make sense to have script without an object because the reader might have no idea on the

thing that is scripted by the subject. In short, a transitive verb needs an object that acts as the patient of a certain action indicated by the verb in a sentence.

Another type of verbs is called as an intransitive verb. On the bases of the suffix {-ure}, there are only two bases which are classified as intransitive verbs. Here are the words.

Fail failure Depart departure

In contrast to a transitive verb, an intransitive verb does not need an object on their action. An example is in the sentence They depart from Bali. The

worddepartdoes not need any object to be a sentence becausefrom Baliis not an

object but an adverb which complements the verb depart. Another base of the suffix {-ure} which can stand without an object is fail. Therefore, the sentence

Jenny fails is already complete because people do not need any object to know

that Jenny fails.

b. The Adjective Bases

There are two other lexical categories of the base of the suffix {-ure}. One of them is adjective bases. Based on the data collection, there are three bases included as adjective bases of the suffix {-ure} as follows.

Literate literature Moist moisture

Rapt rapture

The bases mentioned above are adjective bases of the suffix {-ure} that can be analyzed using synchronic approach. Meanwhile, one of the data which is the wordtemperatureis not involved in this part thoughtemperateis classified as

25

an adjective. It is because the meaning of the word temperatureand temperateis totally different. Consequently, the word temperature is analyzed further using diachronic approach.

c. The Noun Bases

The last lexical category of the bases of the suffix {-ure} is a noun base. There are two classifications of nouns which are countable and uncountable nouns. According to the data collection, there are only three noun bases. Below are the data.

Architectarchitecture Portrait portraiture Prefect prefecture

All of the bases above are classified as countable bases. It is because the words architect, portrait, and prefect can be counted. Hence, there are none of noun bases of the suffix {-ure} are classified as uncountable bases.

2. Distribution of the Suffix {-ure}

In linguistics, each variant of the same morpheme is known as allomorph (Fromkin, 2011: 268). The characteristic of an allomorph is that it does not change the meaning and function of the morpheme which is, in this case, the suffix {-ure}. There are three allomorphs of the suffix {-ure}. They are {-ature},

{-iture}, and {-ture}. They have different orthography and pronunciation, yet

they have the same meaning. According to the synchronic data in this study, the usage of the suffix {-ure} is mostly used than its allomorphs. From the entire number of the synchronic data, there are twenty five words ending with {-ure}

while the other seven words use the variation of the suffix {-ure} as its ending. The variant {-ature} appears in the words curvature andsignature. The bases of those words arecurveandsignwhich are verb bases. However, the variant {-iture} appears in the words expenditure and investiture in which their bases are also verbs: expend and invest. The last variant is {-ture} which appears in the words

fixture and mixture. The bases of both of them are fix and mix which are also

verbs.

In analyzing the distribution of the suffix {-ure}, the researcher uses two methods. In the first method, the data are analyzed based on the last letter of the bases of the suffix {-ure}, whereas the last phoneme of the bases of the suffix {-ure} is applied for the second method.

a. The Last Letter of the Base

In this part, the data are analyzed based on the orthography of the words before and after receiving the suffix {-ure}. It is because the addition of the suffix {-ure} can alter some bases orthographically, particularly in the last letter of the bases. Besides, it is needed as the result of the allomorphs of the suffix {-ure}. Hence, this part discusses the alteration of the last letter of the bases after receiving the suffix {-ure} based on the spelling and writing of the words. Below is the table of the first method.

Table 1. The Distribution of the Suffix {-ure} Based on the Last Letter of the Bases

NO. THE LAST LETTER_{OF THE BASE} FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

1 e 12 40%

2 t 11 37%

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4 d 2 7%

5 l 1 3%

6 s 1 3%

7 n 1 3%

TOTAL 30 100%

i. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘e’

The base ending with the letter ‘e’ of the suffix {-ure} is the dominant in this study leading 40% of the data. It contains twelve bases. Below are the examples.

Close closure Curve curvature Erase erasure Please pleasure Seize seizure

Examining the examples of the data above, it can be seen that when the suffix {-ure} is added to the base, the last letter ‘e’ of the base is omitted and replaced with the suffix {-ure}. It can be seen in the words close + {-ure} and

please + {-ure} which do not become *closeure and *pleaseure but closure and

pleasure. The letter ‘e’ in the final position of the base is omitted and not

pronounced. Thus, retaining the letter ‘e’ would be unnecessary when there is an addition of suffix {-ure}.

Nonetheless, there is an exception on the base ending with the letter ‘e’ for the wordcurve which turns intocurvaturewhen attached to the suffix {-ure}. The word curvature is not formed fromcurve+ {-ure} butcurve + {-ature}, the allomorph of the suffix {-ure}. It is because the word curveis a loan word from Latincurvatuswhich is the past participle ofcurvare. Because the letter ‘s’ is not

pronounced and the double letter ‘uu’ is pronounced as one sound of /u/,

curvatu(s)+ {-ure} becomescurvature.

ii. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘t’

The number of the base ending with the letter ‘t’ is eleven bases. It leading 37% of the data. These are the examples of the data taken from Oxford

Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth Edition(2015).

Architectarchitecture Depart departure Forfeit forfeiture Invest investiture Prefect prefecture

Almost the entire bases ending with ‘t’ have no alteration. In other words, the suffix {-ure} is added to the base directly without any modification of the base. For instance,architect+ {-ure} becomesarchitectureorprefect+ {-ure} becomesprefecture. On the other hand, there is a word which is not formed from the suffix {-ure}. The word isinvestiturewhich is not formed frominvest+ {-ure}

but invest + {-iture}. It is because, historically, the base of that word which is

invest comes from the Latin word investitus. Considering that the letter ‘s’ is not

pronounced in Latin and double vowels are pronounced as one sound,investitu(s) + {-ure} becomes investiture, not *investitusure. That addition is known as allomorph of the suffix {-ure} since it does not change the function of the suffix, but it only shows the variation of the suffix {-ure

}

. Based in the wordinvestiture, it can be indicated that one of the variations in the suffix {-ure} is {-iture}.

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iii. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘x’

The suffix {-ure} also attaches to the base ending with the letter ‘x’. Based on the data, there are two bases ending with the letter ‘x’. The data is listed as follows.

Fix fixture Mix mixture

The words receiving the suffix {-ure} mentioned above show that there is an insertion of the letter ‘t’ between the last letter of the base ‘x’ and the suffix {-ure}. The insertion of the letter ‘t’ is influenced by the Latin loan words which

arefixusandmixtus. Since there is no pronunciation of the letter ‘s’ in Latin, it is

omitted when attached to the suffix {-ure}. Therefore, in English, mixtu(s) + {-ure} becomes mixture,not *mixtusure. Nonetheless, there is an exception for the

word fixture formed from fixu(s) + {-ure} which should be orthographically

written as *fixure. According to The New Oxford American Dictionary Second

Edition, there is an alternation in 16th _{century found in Shakespare in the word}

*fixure which becomes fixture with ‘t’ inserted on the pattern of mixture (2005:

637). Hence, it can be concluded that the pattern of bases ending with the letter ‘x’ are always followed by the allomorph {-ture} since it does not change the meaning and function of its morpheme which is the suffix {-ure}.

iv. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘d’

The base ending with the letter ‘d’ rarely appears on the data. There are only two bases of the suffix {-ure} ending with the letter ‘d’. These are the data.

Expend expenditure Proceed procedure

The data above show that the bases ending with the letter ‘d’ have no certain characteristics when they are attached to the suffix {-ure}. The base

expendis attached to the allomorph {-iture} so that it becomesexpenditurewhile

the base proceed is not. In this case, the diachronic approach is used. The base

expend comes from Latin word expenditus. As explained in the words borrowed

from Latin before, the letter ‘s’ is not pronounced while the double vowels are pronounced as one sound in Latin. Thus, expenditu(s) +{-ure} does not become

*expenditusure but expenditure. Meanwhile, the baseproceed is originated from

the French word which isprocéder. In French, the letter ‘r’ in the end of a word is not pronounced, whereas the double-vowel letter is pronounced in a single sound. Thus,procéde(r) +{-ure} becomesprocédure,not *procéderure.

v. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘l’

According to the sources which are used in this present study, the base ending with the letter ‘l’ is included as one of the bases having the fewest data. There is only one base ending with the letter ‘l’. Below is the datum.

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As the datum above, the basefailbecomesfailure. It shows that the base ending with the letter ‘l’ has no allomorph of {-ure} at all. Thus, the addition of the suffix {-ure} is executed directly without any modification at all.

vi. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘s’

The other base having the fewest data based on the last letter of the base is the base ending with the letter ‘s’. The number of the base ending with the letter ‘s’ is only one. The word is as follows.

Press pressure

After the last letter of the base press which is ‘s’, the suffix {-ure} is added to the base directly. Consequently, the word press + {-ure} becomes

pressure without any changing of the base. In other words, the base ending with

the letter ‘s’ is not being attached to the allomorph of the suffix {-ure} but the suffix {-ure} instantly.

vii. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘n’

According to the data, besides the bases ending with the letters ‘l’ and ‘s’, there is the last letter of the base of the suffix {-ure} which only has one datum. The base is ended with the letter ‘n’. The word is shown as follows.

Sign signature

Similar to the word curve which turns into curvature when attached to the suffix {-ure}, the base ending with the letter ‘n’ is also followed by {-ature} which is the variant of the suffix {-ure}. The base word ofsignature, sign, comes from the Latin word signatus. It is the Latin past participle of signare. Since in Latin there is no pronunciation of the letter ‘s’ and the double vowels are

pronounced as one sound, the word signatu(s) + {-ure} does not become

*signatusurebutsignature.

b. The Last Phoneme of the Base

After analyzing the data using the last spelling letter of the bases as above, the second method is applied. In this method, the data are analyzed based on the last phoneme sounds of bases of the suffix {-ure}. The pronunciation of the data before and after attached to the suffix {-ure} is important on this method in order to analyze the changes of the pronunciation of the suffix {-ure} which is originally pronounced as /jə(r)/. Below are the data of the distribution of the suffix {-ure} based on the last phoneme of the bases of the suffix {-ure}.

Table 2. The Distribution of the Suffix {-ure} Based on the Last Phoneme of the Bases

NO. PHONEME OF THETHE LAST

BASE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

1 /t/ 13 43.3%

2 /z/ 9 30%

3 /s/ 3 10%

4 /d/ 2 6.8%

5 /l/ 1 3.3%

6 /n/ 1 3.3%

7 /v/ 1 3.3%

TOTAL 30 100%

i. The Base Ending with /t/

Based on the data collection, there are thirteen bases of the suffix {-ure} ending with /t/. Those data are taken fromOxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary

of Current English Ninth Edition. The data examples are in the following list.

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Forfeit /ˈfɔːfɪt/ forfeiture /ˈfɔː.fɪtʃə(r)/ Portrait /ˈpɔːtreɪt/ portraiture /ˈpɔːtrətʃə(r)/ Prefect /ˈpriːfekt/ prefecture /ˈpriːfektʃə(r)/ Sculpt /skʌlpt/ sculpture /ˈskʌlptʃə(r)/

The data above show that the suffix {-ure} is pronounced as /ʃə(r)/ when it is attached to the base ending with /t/. The examples are the pronunciation of the words depart /dɪˈpɑːt/ and prefect/ˈpriːfekt/. Those words are pronounced as /dɪˈpɑːtʃə(r)/ and /ˈpriːfektʃə(r)/ when attached to the suffix {-ure} instead of /dɪˈpɑːtjə(r)/ and /ˈpriːfektjə(r)/ because the base of those words are ended with the phoneme /t/.

ii. The Base Ending with /z/

Besides being able to attach to the bases ending with /t/, the suffix {-ure} is also able to attach to the bases ending with /z/. There are nine bases of the suffix {-ure} having /z/ as their last phoneme. Below are the examples of the data.

Close /kləʊz/ closure /ˈkləʊʒə(r)/

Compose /kəmˈpəʊz/composure /kəmˈpəʊʒə(r)/ Erase /ɪˈreɪz/ erasure /ɪˈreɪʒə(r)/

Please /pliːz/ pleasure /ˈpleʒə(r)/ Seize /siːz/ seizure /ˈsiːʒə(r)/

The list above shows that the pronunciations of the bases ended with the phoneme /z/ are changed when receiving the suffix {-ure}. It can be proven in the words close/kləʊz/ andcompose /kəmˈpəʊz/. When those words are attached to the suffix {-ure}, the last phoneme /z/ is not pronounced anymore and replaced

with /ʒə(r)/. Consequently, the pronunciations of closure andcomposure become /ˈkləʊʒə(r)/ and /kəmˈpəʊʒə(r)/. The same thing occurs to all bases of the suffix {-ure} ending with /z/.

iii. The Base Ending with /s/

According to the data taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary of Current English Ninth Edition, there are three words which are

considered as the bases of the suffix {-ure} ending with /s/. These are the data. Fix /fɪks/ fixture /fɪkstʃə(r)/

Mix /ˈmɪks/ mixture /ˈmɪkstʃə(r)/ Press /pres/ pressure /ˈpreʃə(r)/

Dominantly, the suffix of the bases is pronounced as /tʃə(r)/ like in the words fixture /fɪkstʃə(r)/ and mixture /ˈmɪkstʃə(r)/. However, a different pronunciation occurs in the wordpress/pres/ which turns into /ˈpreʃə(r)/. In other words, there are two different pronunciations of the suffix {-ure} when it attaches to the bases ending with /s/. It can be pronounced as /tʃə(r)/ and /ʃə(r)/ as well. The cause is related to the last letter of each base. In the discussion before, it is explained that the bases ending with the letter ‘x’ are attached to the variant of the suffix {-ure} which is {-ture} while the base ending with the letter ‘s’ is attached to the suffix {-ure}. Hence, the pronunciations of the suffix {-ure} on the bases ending with /s/ are uncertain.

35

iv. The Base Ending with /d/

The suffix {-ure} also attaches to the bases ending with the phoneme /d/. There are two bases attached to the suffix {-ure} ending with /d/. The words are shown as follows.

Expend /ɪkˈspend/ expenditure /ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r)/ Proceed /prəˈsiːd/ procedure /prəˈsiːdʒə(r)/

Based on those two data mentioned above, the alteration of both of them are different. In the word expend /ɪkˈspend/, its pronunciation turns into /ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r)/ when it receives the suffix {-ure}. In short, the allomorph of the suffix {-ure} which is {-iture} in the word expenditureis pronounced as /ɪtʃə(r)/. It is very contrast to proceed /prəˈsiːd/ which turns into /prəˈsiːdʒə(r)/ when receiving the suffix {-ure}. As explained before, the word proceed is originated from the French word which is procéder. Then, after suffixation of the suffix {-ure}, the word becomes procedure /prəˈsiːdʒə(r)/. Thus, it can be concluded that the suffix {-ure} which attaches to the base ending with /d/ is pronounced as /ʒə(r)/. Nevertheless, an exception is applied to the word expenditure /ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r)/ because it is attached to the allomorph {-iture} /ɪtʃə(r)/ instead of the suffix {-ure} itself.

v. The Base Ending with /l/

There are three bases that can be attached to the suffix {-ure} in which each of those only consists of one datum. One of them is the base ending with /l/. There is only one base ending with /l/ that can be attached to the suffix {-ure}. The datum is as follows.

Fail /feɪl/ failure /ˈfeɪljə(r)/

The datum above shows that the pronunciation of the suffix {-ure} when attaching to the word fail /feɪl/ does not undergo a change. Thus, the pronunciation remains the same as the original one which is /jə(r)/. Not to mention, this case is different from the bases ending with other than ‘l’.

vi. The Base Ending with /n/

Besides the base ending with /l/, the base ending with /n/ also only has one datum. The datum is listed below.

Sign /saɪn/ signature /ˈsɪցnətʃə(r)/

As discussed before, when the suffix {-ure} attaches to the base ending with the letter ‘n’ as in the wordsignabove, the suffix {-ure} is not added to that word directly but its allomorph which is {-ature} so that it becomes signature. When the allomorph {-ature} attaches to a base ending with the phoneme /n/, it is pronounced as /ətʃə(r)/. Therefore,signatureis pronounced as /ˈsɪցnətʃə(r)/.

vii. The Base Ending with /v/

The last base that can be attached to the suffix {-ure} having one datum is the base ending with /v/. Below is the datum taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth Edition.

Curve /kɜːv/ curvature /ˈkɜːvətʃə(r)/

Similar to the base ending with /n/, when the suffix {-ure} is added to the base ending with /v/, the word is not attached to the suffix {-ure} directly but its allomorph, {-ature}. The pronunciation of {-ature} on the base ending with

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/v/ is the same as when it is pronounced on the base ending with /n/ which is /ətʃə(r)/. Thus, the wordcurvatureis pronounced as /ˈkɜːvətʃə(r)/.

3. Borrowing

As mentioned in chapter 1 before, the suffix {-ure} is a borrowing suffix from French {-ure} and Latin {-ura}. Hence, there are many words on the data collected which are classified as loan words and that must be analyzed using diachronic approach. Based on the diachronic data, most of the words are originated from Latin rather than French. The total number of diachronic data is fifty seven words. Those words are divided into two categories. The first category is the data which have no base in neither Latin nor French. It means, those data borrow the words entirely without any addition of the suffix {-ure}. The second category is the data which have a base in either Latin or French. In other words, the data in this category are the data having {-ure} as a suffix. Below are the examples of the first category.

Table 3. Diachronic Data Having No Latin or French Bases

NO. WORD LATIN FRENCH

1 Adventure - aventure

2 Culture cultura culture

3 Gesture gestura

-4 Structure structura structure

5 Treasure - tresor

Those loan words are not formed from a base being added to the suffix {-ure} in French or the suffix {-ura} in Latin. They borrow the Latin or French words entirely. The wordculture, for instance, is not formed from Latin *cult- + {-ura} or French *cult- + {-ure}. It is directly from Latin cultura and French

based on Greek thēsauros. After experiencing an adjustment in English, tresor turns into treasure. In contrast to the table above, below is the second category containing some examples of loan words having a base.

Table 4. Diachronic Data Having Latin or French Bases

NO. WORD LATIN LATIN BASE FRENCH FRENCH_BASE

1 Furniture - - fourniture fournir

2 Imposture imposit- imposture -

-3 Lecture lect- lectura -

-4 Ligature ligat- ligatura -

-5 Picture pict- pictura -

-The loan words in this category are formed from either a French or Latin base which is added to the suffix {-ure} or {-ura}. For example, the wordlecture comes from Latin lectura. It is formed from the Latin base lect- + {-ura}. Nevertheless, there are some words which are not attached to the suffix {-ure} or {-ura} yet the allomorph of it. For instance, the wordfurnitureis originated from French fourniture. It has the French base fournir or in Old French written as

furnir meaning ‘to furnish’. The base fournir + {-ure} does not become

*fournirure instead of fourniture. The last phoneme of the base which is ‘r’ is

omitted and replaced with the allomorph {-ture}. Another example of the loan word attached to the allomorph of the suffix {-ure} is ligature. It is originated from Latinligaturawhich is formed from the Latin baseligat +{-ura}.

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B. The Morphophonemic Processes that Occur in Words Attached to the Suffix {-ure}

There are some phonological changes that occur in the process of adding the suffix {-ure} on the bases. This process is known as morphophonemic process. Segment insertion, segment deletion, vowel reduction, consonant change, and vowel change are the kinds of morphophonemic processes that occur after the suffixation of the suffix {-ure}.

In analyzing the morphophonemic process, the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is necessary. The International Phonetic Alphabet of the data in this undergraduate thesis is taken fromOxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of

Current English Ninth Edition(2015). Due to the fact that a word can experience

more than one morphophonemic process, the number of one morphophonemic processes is not be the same as the number of the words. Below is the table of the morphophonemic processes occuring in the words attached to the suffix {-ure}.

Table 5. The Morphophonemic Processes Occurring in the Words Attached to the Suffix {-ure}

NO. MORPHOPHONEMIC

PROCESS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

1 Consonant Change 22 61.1%

2 Vowel Insertion 7 19.4%

3 Vowel Change 3 8.3%

4 Segment Deletion 2 5.6%

5 Vowel Reduction 2 5.6%

1. Consonant Change

In some bases attached to the suffix {-ure}, the morphophonemic process affects the alteration of some consonants in the word. The changes are in the words as follows.

Architect /ˈɑːkɪtekt/ architecture /ˈɑːkɪtektʃə(r)/ Close /ˈkləʊz/ closure /ˈkləʊʒə(r)/

Depart /dɪˈpɑːt/ departure /dɪˈpɑːtʃə(r)/ Press /pres/ pressure /ˈpreʃə(r)/ Seize /siːz/ seizure /ˈsiːʒə(r)/

The consonant change of the words attached to the suffix {-ure} is dominated by the consonants /t/ and /z/ which coincidentally share the same position (at the end of the base). The number of the consonant change in the bases ending with /t/ is twelve, while in the bases ending /z/ is nine. The examples can be seen from the list above. In the wordsarchitect/ˈɑːkɪtekt/ anddepart /dɪˈpɑːt/, their last phoneme which is /t/ turns into /tʃ/ when they receive the suffix {-ure}.

In the meantime, the bases with the final /z/ change into /ʒ/ when the suffix {-ure} is added. The words close /ˈkləʊz/ and seize /siːz/, for instance, become /ˈkləʊʒə(r)/ and /ˈsiːʒə(r)/. The last phoneme /z/ in those words changes into /ʒ/ while the /ə(r)/ is the pronunciation of the suffix {-ure}. Other than the bases ending with the last phonemes /t/ and /z/, there is another last phoneme which undergoes a consonant change. It is /s/ that can be identified in the word

press /pres/. When the last phoneme /s/ of the base attached to the suffix {-ure},

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From the discussion above, the vowel insertion can be summarized into the following phonological notation.

C [+alveolar][+palatal] / __ [+palatal]

2. Vowel Insertion

One of the morphophonemic processes which adds a segment in a word is named segment insertion. The segment can be inserted in the initial, medial, or even final sound of a word. In linguistics, this process is known as epenthensis.

In this undergraduate thesis, there are seven words experiencing the segment insertion process after they are attached to the suffix {-ure}. All of those segments are inserted at the end of the bases of the suffix {-ure}. The examples of segment insertion are likely as follows.

Curve /kɜːv/ curvature /ˈkɜːvətʃə(r)/ Expend /ɪkˈspend/ expenditure /ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r)/ Invest /ɪnˈvest/ investiture /ɪnˈvestɪtʃə(r)/ Sign /saɪn/ signature /ˈsɪցnətʃə(r)/

The bases listed above show that almost all of the bases are pronounced the same even after they are attached to the suffix {-ure}. The only different thing is there is a segment insertion at the end of each base which is the pronunciation of the suffix {-ure} or its variants. The words curve /kɜːv/ and sign /saɪn/, for instance, will be pronounced as /ˈkɜːvətʃə(r)/ and signature /ˈsɪցnətʃə(r)/ after being attached to the suffix {-ure}. There are no IPA changes on each base after receiving the suffix {-ure} but the insertion of /ə/ that appears before /tʃə(r)/.

Another vowel insertion is applied in the words expend /ɪkˈspend/ and

words change into /ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r)/ and /ɪnˈvestɪtʃə(r)/. In other words, there is a vowel insertion of /ɪ/ before /tʃə(r)/ in each pair.

From the discussion above, the vowel insertion can be summarized into the following phonological notation.

Ø ə / C [+voiced, +labiodental] __ [+palatal] Ø ə / C [+nasal, +alveolar] __ [+palatal] Ø ɪ / C [+voiced, +alveolar] __ [+palatal]

3. Vowel Change

Vowel change is similar to consonant change. The difference only lies on the object of the alternation which is vowel. In the process of adding the suffix {-ure}, there are three bases which are changed. Below are the data.

Create /kriˈeɪt/ creature /ˈkriːtʃə(r)/ Displease /dɪsˈpliːz/ displeasure /dɪsˈpleʒə(r)/ Please /pliːz/ pleasure /ˈpleʒə(r)/ Sign /saɪn/ signature /ˈsɪցnətʃə(r)/

As seen above, there is a phonological change in the vowel of each word after attached to the suffix {-ure}. Hence, this process is called as vowel change. For instance, the vowel /i/ in the word create /kriˈeɪt/ is changed into /iː/ after receiving the suffix {-ure} so that creature is pronounced as /ˈkriːtʃə(r)/. The other alteration is the vowel /iː/ in the words displease /dɪsˈpliːz/ and please /pliːz/ which are changed into /e/ after receiving the suffix {-ure} so that

displeasure andpleasureare pronounced as /dɪsˈpleʒə(r)/ and /ˈpleʒə(r)/. The last

alteration is the diphthong /aɪ/ in the word sign becomes /ɪ/ so that signature is pronounced as /ˈsɪցnətʃə(r)/.

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To sum up, vowel change in the words receiving the suffix {-ure} occurs in two conditions. The first is when the vowel /i/ of the base occurs before the stress then it changes into /iː/. The second is when a base has a stressed vowel /iː/ occurring before the consonant /z/ and then the /iː/ is changed into /e/.

From the discussion above, the vowel insertion can be summarized into the following phonological notation.

V [+high, +front, -tense] [+tense] / C [+liquid, +alveolar] __ [+palatal]

V [+high, +front, +tense]  [+mid, +front, +tense] / C [+lateral, +alveoral] __ [+palatal]

/aɪ/[+high, +front, -tense] / C [-voiced, +alveolar] __ [+palatal]

4. Segment Deletion

In contrast to segment insertion, segment deletion is one of the morphophonemic processes which has a function to delete a segment. There are only one datum which undergo segment deletion. The data can be seen below.

Create /kriˈeɪt/ creature /ˈkriːtʃə(r)/

The alteration of that word shows that there is a segment deletion. As seen in the first word,the deletion of /eɪ/ in the wordcreatewhen suffix {-ure} is attached to the suffix {-ure} is obvious. Consequently, the IPA of the word

creatureturns into /ˈkriːtʃə(r)/ without /eɪ/ as in its base.

From the discussion above, the vowel insertion can be summarized into the following phonological notation.

Appendix 1: The Words with Bases Ending with the Letter ‘e’

No. Word Base

1. closure close

2. composure compose 3. creature create 4. curvature curve 5. disclosure disclose 6. displeasure displease 7. enclosure enclose

8. erasure erase

9. exposure expose

10. implicature implicate 11. pleasure please

12. seizure seize

Appendix 2: The Words with Bases Ending with the Letter ‘t’

No. Word Base

1. architecture architect 2. departure depart 3. forfeiture forfeit 4. indenture indent 5. investiture invest

6. moisture moist

7. portraiture portrait 8. prefecture prefect

9. rapture rapt

10. scripture script 11. sculpture sculpt

Appendix 3: The Words with Bases Ending with the Letter ‘x’

No. Word Base

1. fixture fix

2. mixture mix

No. Word Base 1. expenditure expend 2. procedure proceed

Appendix 5: The Words with Bases Ending with the Letter ‘l’

No. Word Base

1. failure fail

Appendix 6: The Words with Bases Ending with the Letter ‘s’

No. Word Base

1. pressure press

Appendix 7: The Words with Bases Ending with the Letter ‘n’

No. Word Base

1. signature sign

Appendix 8: The Words with Bases Ending with /t/

No. Word Base IPA

1. architecture architect /ˈɑːkɪtekt/

2. creature create /kriˈeɪt/

3. departure depart /dɪˈpɑːt/

4. forfeiture forfeit /ˈfɔːfɪt/ 5. implicature implicate /ˈɪmplɪkeɪt/

6. indenture indent /ɪnˈdent/

7. investiture invest /ɪnˈvest/

8. moisture moist /mɔɪst/

9. portraiture portrait /ˈpɔːtreɪt/ 10. prefecture prefect /ˈpriːfekt/

11. rapture rapt /ræpt/

12. scripture script /skrɪpt/

13. sculpture sculpt /skʌlpt/

14. stricture strict /strɪkt/

No. Word Base IPA

1. closure close /kləʊz/

2. composure compose /kəmˈpəʊz/ 3. disclosure disclose /dɪsˈkləʊz/ 4. displeasure displease /dɪsˈpliːz/ 5. enclosure enclose /ɪnˈkləʊz/

6. erasure erase /ɪˈreɪz/

7. exposure expose /ɪkˈspəʊz/

8. pleasure please /pliːz/

9. seizure seize /siːz/

Appendix 10: The Words with Bases Ending with /s/

No. Word Base IPA

1. admixture admix /ədˈmɪks/

2. fixture fix /fɪks/

3. mixture mix /ˈmɪks/

4. pressure press /pres/

Appendix 11: The Words with Bases Ending with /d/

No. Word Base IPA

1. expenditure expend /ɪkˈspend/

2. procedure proceed /prəˈsiːd/

Appendix 12: The Words with Bases Ending with /l/

No. Word Base IPA

1. failure fail /feɪl/

Appendix 13: The Words with Bases Ending with /n/

No. Word Base IPA

1. signature sign /saɪn/

No. Word Base IPA

1. curvature curve /kɜːv/

Appendix 15: Borrowing Words Having No Bases

No. Word Latin French

1. adventure - aventurier

2. allure - aleurier

3. armature armatura armature

4. caricature - caricature

5. censure - censurer

6. coiffure - coiffure

7. culture culturare culturer

8. debenture debentur -

9. embouchure - s’emboucher

10. feature factura faiture

11. figure figure figura

12. fissure fissura fissure

13. future futurus future

14. leisure licere leisir

15. lure - luere

16. manicure - manicure

17. manufacture - manufacture

18. manure - manouvrer

19. musculature musculus musculature 20. nomenclature nomenclatura nomenclature

21. nurture nutrire nouterure

22. pedicure - pedicure

23. rupture ruptura rupture

24. sinecure sinecura -

25. structure structura structure

26. suture sutura suture

27. tenure tenere tenure

28. tincture tinctura -

29. tonsure tonsura tonsure

30. treasure - tresor

31. venture from late Middle English; shortening of adventure

32. verdure viridis verdure

33. vulture vulturius vultur

No. English Word

Word Base

Latin French Latin French

1. aperture apertura - apert-

-2. capture captura capture capt-

-3. embrasure - embrasure - embraser

4. fracture fractura fracture frangere -

5. furniture - fourniture - fournir

6. gesture gestura - gerere -

7. imposture impostura imposture imposit- -

8. judicature judicatura - judicare -

9. juncture junctūra - jungere -

10. lecture lectura - lect- -

11. legislature legislatura - legislare -

12. ligature ligatura - ligat- -

13. literature lit(t)eratura - littera -

14. measure mensura mesure mens- -

15. nature natura nature nat-

-16. pasture pastura pasture past-

-17. picture pictura - pict-

-18. posture postura posture post-

-19. puncture punctura - punct- -

20. stature statura - stare -

21. tablature tabulatura tablature tavolare

-22. texture textura - text- -

23. temperature temperatura température temperare

-24. torture tortura torture tort- -

Appendix 17: Morphophonemic Processes of the Suffix {-ure}

No. Words IPA Bases IPA Morphophonemic

Process 1. architecture /ˈɑːkɪtektʃə(r)/ architect /ˈɑːkɪtekt/ consonant change 2. closure /ˈkləʊʒə(r)/ close /kləʊz/ consonant change 3. composure /kəmˈpəʊʒə(r)/ compose /kəmˈpəʊz/ consonant change 4.

creature /ˈkriːtʃə(r)/ create /kriˈeɪt/ - segment deletion - vowel change - consonant change 5. curvature /ˈkɜːvətʃə(r)/ curve /kɜːv/ segment insertion

6. departure /dɪˈpɑːtʃə(r)/ depart /dɪˈpɑːt/ consonant change 7. disclosure /dɪsˈkləʊʒə(r)/ disclose /dɪsˈkləʊz/ consonant change 8. displeasure /dɪsˈpleʒə(r)/ displease /dɪsˈpliːz/ - vowel change

- consonant change 9. enclosure /ɪnˈkləʊʒə(r)/ enclose /ɪnˈkləʊz/ consonant change

11. expenditure /ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r)/ expend /ɪkˈspend/ segment insertion 12. exposure /ɪkˈspəʊʒə(r)/ expose /ɪkˈspəʊz/ consonant change 13. failure /ˈfeɪljə(r)/ fail /feɪl/ simple affixation 14. fixture /fɪkstʃə(r)/ fix /fɪks/ segment insertion 15. forfeiture /ˈfɔː.fɪtʃə(r)/ forfeit /ˈfɔːfɪt/ consonant change 16. implicature /ˈɪmplɪkətʃə(r)/ implicate /ˈɪmplɪkeɪt/ - vowel reduction - consonant change 17. indenture /ɪnˈdentʃə(r)/ indent /ɪnˈdent/ consonant change 18. investiture /ɪnˈvestɪtʃə(r)/ invest /ɪnˈvest/ segment insertion 19. mixture /ˈmɪkstʃə(r)/ mix /ˈmɪks/ segment insertion 20. moisture /ˈmɔɪstʃə(r)/ moist /mɔɪst/ consonant change 21. pleasure /ˈpleʒə(r)/ please /pliːz/ - vowel change

- consonant change 22. portraiture /ˈpɔːtrətʃə(r)/ portrait /ˈpɔːtreɪt/ - vowel reduction

- consonant change 23. prefecture /ˈpriː.fektʃə(r)/ prefect /ˈpriːfekt/ consonant change 24. pressure /ˈpreʃə(r)/ press /pres/ consonant change 25. procedure /prəˈsiːdʒə(r)/ proceed /prəˈsiːd/ consonant change 26. rapture /ˈræptʃə(r)/ rapt /ræpt/ consonant change 27. scripture /ˈskrɪptʃə(r)/ script /skrɪpt/ consonant change 28. sculpture /ˈskʌlptʃə(r)/ sculpt /skʌlpt/ consonant change 29. seizure /ˈsiːʒə(r)/ seize /siːz/ consonant change 30. signature /ˈsɪցnətʃə(r)/ sign /saɪn/ - vowel change

- segment insertion