The influence of O-lan`s character on resolving her personal conflict found in pearl s. buck`s the good earth - USD Repository
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
THE INFLUENCE OF O-LAN’S CHARACTER ON
RESOLVING HER PERSONAL CONFLICT FOUND IN
PEARL S. BUCK’S THE GOOD EARTH
A Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Janiati
Student Number: 03 1214 053
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2007
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
THE INFLUENCE OF O-LAN’S CHARACTER ON
RESOLVING HER PERSONAL CONFLICT FOUND IN
PEARL S. BUCK’S THE GOOD EARTH
A Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Janiati
Student Number: 03 1214 053
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2007
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
I f y o u d o n o t w a n t t o e n t e r t h e t i g e r ’ s s t a l l I f y o u d o n o t w a n t t o e n t e r t h e t i g e r ’ s s t a l l
H o w c a n y o u c a t c h t h e l i t t l e t i g e r ? H o w c a n y o u c a t c h t h e l i t t l e t i g e r ?
Dynasty Han’s Proverb, 202 BC – 220 C “ N o E f f o r t s N o R e s u l t ” “ N o E f f o r t s N o R e s u l t ” g{|á à{xá|á |á ÑtÜà|vâÄtÜÄç wxw|vtàxw àÉM `ç `Éà{xÜ tÇw Ytà{xÜ
Wxã| f{|đàt câưđtẫt? `x|ẩ|tàç `ç Ätàx uÜÉà{xÜ Tzâá _xÉÇtÜw| `ç áãxxàç [xÜ| ^âÜÇ|tãtÇ TÇw àÉ tÄÄ Åç yÜ|xÇwá‹‹A
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) said, “All human problems is caused by his unknown on how to sit quietly.”
Ajahn Brahm adds,”…. and his unknown on the time to sit quietly.” A problem is not a problem when there isn’t any solution.
How many times in our lives that we waste for something, which is at
that time, has no solution, and it is because it is not a problem?PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my gratitude to everybody that has helped me in accomplishing this thesis. First and foremost, my deepest gratitude and honor go to the Three Precious Jewels for their blessing, and the power of perfect emptiness and the unfailing law of cause and effect, under the generous protection of my Honored Masters.
My dedication goes to my parents, Mr. Lai Tjhie Jie & Mrs. Jap Lin
Eng, who have given their support along the way. May they be free from all great
obstacles and attain the wishes, to lead comfort and happy lives for the rest of their lives. My dedication also goes to my older sisters, Dewi Shinta Purnama &
Meiliaty, my late younger brother, Agus Leonardi, my brother in law, Eng Wie,
and my nephew and niece, Joseph & Jessica, of whom I care very much. In the end, as time goes by and each part of their life finds her/his own ways, all I could wish for is their true and genuine happiness.
Next, I would like to thank my major sponsor Dra. Wigati Yektiningtyas,
M.Hum. and my co-sponsor Fidelis Chosa Kastuhandani, S.Pd. Of all lectures
in Sanata Dharma University, these two are the ones that I worked with. May they continue the dedication and guidance toward the other students for the sake of good improvements for better education in this country.
I would also like to thank the staffs at the library and the library itself (with all the valuable books). They have been very helpful and supportive, and I enjoyed my university study years very much, thank to the staffs. Therefore, I might as well thank the university as whole. I hope this university can contribute
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education for the better lives.
The dedication goes to my best friends at PBI’03 (Moniq, X-tin, Seevi, Dudy, Yessi, Vendi, Ajenk and the rest whom I can not mention one by one). I hope you all achieve great success. To all my friends in GMCBP (Ko Chun Yen, Ko Amran, Edy, Nana, Diana, Dewi kecil, Robin, Ko Albert, Heryno, Moon and the rest) and the organization itself, also to all my friends in kamadhis Dharma
Jaya (Tryshia, Vera, Hansen, Ade, Hertanto, Andry, Ajo, Stephen), thank them
very much for the lesson, opportunities and inputs that they have given to me. It is completely a pleasure to work with you all. The same credit goes to my ex-
sutomo 2 friends (Min, Ucox, Jimz, Alex, Benny): ‘Stay together, keep in touch
and let’s still be friends until the end of our life’. I also do not forget to share my deepest thank with Pondok Unyil (Lili, Wuri, Ani, Atik).
My sincere gratitude goes to “Heri Kurniawan-Yen”, for all his motivation, support, care, understanding, and attention that I sometimes recklessly take them for granted. He shares a lot of matters which always remind me that I have a very blessed life. My world will not be completed without his presence. He is the best Karma I own.
Sabbe Satta Bhavantu Sukkhitatta…. Sadhu, Sadhu, Sadhu….
JANIATI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................... i
PAGES OF APPROVAL ................................................................................. ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORGINALITY ............................................... iv
PAGE OF DEDICATION ............................................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................. vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. viii
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... xi
ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study .............................................................................. 1 B. Problem Formulation ................................................................................... 3 C. Objectives of the study ................................................................................. 4 D. Benefits of the Study .................................................................................... 4 E. Definition of Terms ...................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Review of Related Theory ........................................................................... 7
1. Critical Approaches ................................................................................ 7
2. Character and Characterization .............................................................. 8
a. Definition ......................................................................................... 8
3. Psychology ............................................................................................. 11
D. Criticism ....................................................................................................... 23
5. Economical and Industrious ................................................................... 41
4. Smart ...................................................................................................... 37
3. Silent ...................................................................................................... 35
2. Diligent and Hardworking ...................................................................... 32
1. Obedient ................................................................................................. 30
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY A. Subject Matter .............................................................................................. 25 B. Approach of the Study ................................................................................. 26 C. Method of the Study ..................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS A. The Character of O-lan in Buck’s The Good Earth ..................................... 29
C. Theoretical Framework ................................................................................ 22
4. Conflict ................................................................................................... 11
B. Women in Chinese Culture .......................................................................... 19
e. Conflict Resolutions ......................................................................... 16
d. Styles of Conflict ............................................................................. 14
c. Causes of Conflict ............................................................................ 13
b. Types of Conflict ............................................................................. 12
a. Definition ......................................................................................... 11
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B. The Personal Conflicts Faced by O-lan ....................................................... 42
1. The Intrapersonal Conflicts .................................................................... 43
a) O-lan’s decision to deliver her first son by herself .......................... 44
b) O-lan’s decision to kill her second daughter .................................... 45
2. The Interpersonal Conflicts .................................................................... 47
a) O-lan and Wang Lung ...................................................................... 49
b) O-lan and Cuckoo ............................................................................ 51
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions .................................................................................................. 54 B. Suggestions .................................................................................................. 56 C. The Implementation in Teaching Speaking ................................................. 57
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................ 59
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Summary of The Good Earth ........................................................ 61 Appendix 2: Biography of Pearl S. Buck ........................................................... 69 Appendix 3: Lesson Plan for Teaching Speaking .............................................. 73PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRACT
Janiati. (2007) The Influence of O-lan’s Character on Resolving Her Personal
Conflict Found in Pearl S. Buck’s The Good Earth. Yogyakarta : Teachers
Training and Education Faculty, Department of Language and Arts Education, English Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
This study discusses personal conflicts which are felt by O-lan, a wife of a farmer who later becomes a landowner. This study focuses on three issues, which are used as the research factors in this thesis. The first issue is about the character of O-lan. The second one is about O-lan’s personal conflicts, both intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts. The last issue discusses the influence of O-lan’s character in resolving her personal conflicts.
By employing library research study, this thesis was finished. This thesis applied psychological approach to comprehend the patterns of human personality and behavior. Besides using this approach, this thesis also applied theory of characterization, theory of conflict and women in Chinese culture. Theory of characterization was used to analyze O-lan’s character. To understand more about O-lan’s personal conflicts, theory of conflict was applied. Women in Chinese culture was discussed to help the writer to understand more about women status in the earlier twentieth century.
The first result of the study was about O-lan’s characters. She was a major character which was round and protagonist. She was seen as a person who is obedient, diligent and hardworking, silent, smart, and economical and industrious. O-lan’s characters were also influenced by the culture at that time.
The second and the third results are combined since it related one another. This study found out that O-lan has two intrapersonal and two interpersonal conflicts. O-lan’s intrapersonal conflicts are her decision to deliver her first baby by herself and to kill her second daughter. The intrapersonal conflicts O-lan faced are double approach – avoidance conflicts. O-lan’s character as a smart person helped her to deliver he first baby safely. O-lan’s character as a tough person made her dare to kill her second daughter after the baby was born.
O-lan’s interpersonal conflicts were her relationship with Wang Lung and her relationship with Cuckoo. O-lan’s interpersonal conflicts were categorized as ego conflict. The conflict between O-lan and Wang Lung was named accommodation style. It was resolved with integrative negotiation. The conflict between O-lan and Cuckoo was classified as avoiding style. It was solved with win-lose solution.
Finally, the writer would like to propose two suggestions to complete this thesis. One suggestion is for the next researcher(s) on The Good Earth in coming years. Another suggestion is to implement The Good Earth as a material in teaching English, especially for teaching Public Speaking I.
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ABSTRAK
Janiati. (2007) The Influence of O-lan’s Character on Resolving Her Personal
Conflict Found in Pearl S. Buck’s The Good Earth. Yogyakarta: Fakultas
Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Jurusan Bahasa dan Seni, Program Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini membahas konflik pribadi yang dialami oleh O-lan, istri dari seorang petani yang akhirnya menjadi tuan tanah. Skripsi ini terfokus pada tiga aspek, yang digunakan sebagai faktor penelitian. Aspek pertama menjelaskan mengenai karakter O-lan. Aspek kedua berhubungan dengan konflik pribadi O- lan, baik konflik dari dalam maupun luar diri O-lan. Aspek terakhir menjelaskan pengaruh karakter O-lan dalam menyelesaikan konflik probadinya.
Dengan menggunakan metode studi pustaka, skripsi ini diselesaikan. Skripsi ini menggunakan teori psikologi untuk mengartikan bentuk kepribadian dan perilaku manusia. Selain teori psikologi, skripsi ini juga menggunakan teori karakterisasi, teori konflik dan wanita dalam kebudayaan China. Teori karakteristik digunakan untuk menganalisa karakter O-lan. Teori konfilk berfungsi untuk mengenal lebih lanjut mengenai konflik pribadi O-lan. Wanita dalam kebudayaan China digunakan untuk membantu penulis memahami kedudukan wanita pada awal abad dua puluh.
Hasil pertama dari skripsi ini mengenai karakter O-lan. Dia merupakan karakter utama yang rumit dan protagonis. Dia dilihat sebagai seorang yang patuh, rajin dan perkerja keras, pendiam, cerdas, serta hemat dan tekun dan tabah. Karakter O-lan juga dipengaruhi oleh kebudayaan pada saat itu.
Penjelasan hasil kedua dan ketiga disatukan karena berhubungan satu sama lain. Skripsi ini menemukan dua konflik dari dalam diri dan dua konflik dari luar diri O-lan. Konflik dari dalam diri O-lan adalah keputusannya melahirkan anak pertamanya sendirian dan keputusannya membunuh anak perempuan keduanya. Konflik yang dihadapi oleh O-lan disebut konflik pendekatan-penghindaran ganda. Karakter O-lan yang pintar membuat dia mampu melahirkan bayinya dengan selamat. Karakter O-lan sebagai wanita yang tabah membuat dia mampu membunuh anak perempuan keduanya setelah melahirkannya.
Konflik dari luar diri O-lan adalah hubungannya dengan Wang Lung dan hubungannya dengan Cuckoo. Konflik dari luar diri O-lan dikategorikan sebagai ego konflik. Tipe konflik antara O-lan dan Wang Lung disebut dengan akomodasi. Konflik ini terselesaikan dengan negosiasi intergratif. Tipe konflik antara O-lan dan Cuckoo dinamakan penghindaran. Konflik ini terselesaikan dengan solusi win-lose.
Akhirnya, penulis mengajukan dua saran untuk melengkapi skripsi ini. Satu saran untuk peneliti novel The Good Earth selanjutnya. Saran lainnya untuk penerapan novel The Good Earth sebagai materi dalam mengajar bahasa Inggris, terutama untuk mengajar Public speaking I.
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter is divided into five parts. The first part is the background of
the study. This part contains the explanation about the reasons on deciding the novel to be analyzed. The second part is problem formulation which deals with the problems analyzed in this study. The third part, the objectives of the study, points out the purposes of conducting the study. The fourth part shows the benefits of the study which explain the significance of this study for the readers and me as a thesis writer. The last part discusses the definition of the important terms in the title to avoid misunderstanding or misinterpreting.
A. Background of the Study In a life of a person, he or she always deals with problems or conflicts.
Most of the problems or conflicts may direct him or her to unhappiness or happiness. Conflicts also may cause crisis in someone’s relation with other. In a family, conflicts may cause crisis in the relationship between husband and wife, parent and child, or brother and sister. A conflict, regardless the occasion and how apparently the minor issues, constitutes a crisis in a relationship (Denham 1984: 43). The crisis in the relationship without a clear resolution might cause damage.
Everything has cause and effect. Similar to that statement before, crisis arises because of conflict. Usually conflict occurs in a family when the family members disagree about the events and situation in their lives (Noiler and
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Because of the differences, conflict develops even in the small group like family. People with their ego try to defend their opinions, ideas or thoughts. This ego influences the changes of someone’s behavior towards others.
People are considered unconscious when they defend their opinions, ideas or thoughts. According to Isenhart and Spangle, our daily life problems are often caused by an internal-unconscious state such as anxiety, ego, fear, aggressiveness or guilt (2000: 7). Based on the statement, it can be stated that someone’s internal- unconscious indirectly influences his or her behavior or judgment in his or her relationship with others in their life.
From the description above, conflict plays a big role in someone’s life. The reason is because a conflict causes a problem that influences the behavior of someone to others. Conflict also affects the human relationship. Conflict appears first in the smallest group of society which is family. Because of that, it is essential to learn about the conflicts and the resolution especially in a family. By knowing more about the conflict and the resolution, people might be familiar in solving the conflict.
Conflict can be found not only in the real life but also in the literary work, like a poem or a novel. In this study, the writer chooses a novel to analyze.
Hudson states that literature is the expression of life through the medium of language (1960: 10). Agreeing with Hudson statement, novel considers critical to be analyzed since it may describe life, experiences, thought of people, and their feeling about life. A novel with its content enriches the knowledge of people who read it by reflecting the human experience through language.
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rather a highly complex organization of stratified characters with multiple meaning and relationship (1977: 27). Wellek and Warren show that a literary work is not just about language but also about the human experiences in a complex situation which is created by the novelist. The novelist tries to create a character in a situation with his or her conflict and way of solving the conflict. In other words, a character of human with his or her responsibility, belief, image, thought, feeling, problems or conflicts can be found in the novel.
In this study, the writer will use a novel called The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck. This novel was published in 1931 and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1932 and William Dean Howells Medal in 1935. The Good Earth describes a daily life of a farmer who lately became a landowner name Wang Lung. In this study, the writer chooses to describe the conflict felt by O-lan, Wang Lung’s first wife. O-lan was a slave before she married to Wang Lung. Having an experience from becoming a slave, a farmer’s wife to a landowner’s wife, a mother, a daughter in law and an experience of concubine, O-lan has a personal conflict that is interesting to be analyzed. It seems like O-lan is hiding her conflict secretly. Besides, O-lan also has her own way to solve her conflict. This study tries to analyze the character of O-lan and how the characteristics influence the way of O-lan in resolving her conflict in her life.
This study focused on O-lan’s character and her personal conflict and the resolution of O-lan’s personal conflicts.
A. Problem Formulation
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questions as the problem formulation. They are:
1. How is O-lan’s character described in this novel?
2. What are the personal conflicts faced by O-lan?
3. How does O-lan’s character influence her in resolving her personal conflicts?
B. Objectives of the Study
The aims of this study are to answer the problem stated in the problem formulation. To be more specific, this study aims to describe the characteristics of O-lan found in The Good Earth. After explaining about the characteristics of O- lan, the study reveals the personal conflicts felt by O-lan. The personal conflicts contains of both intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts. This study continues to analyze the influence of O-lan’s character in resolving her personal conflicts.
C. Benefits of the Study
In analyzing Pearl S. Buck’s The Good Earth, the writer aimed at some advantages that hopefully could be attained. The study is to make the readers of this thesis familiar with Buck’s work. By reading this thesis, the readers in general and the students of Sanata Dharma University may understand how someone’s character can influence his or her way of resolving the conflict in his or her life. Moreover, the writer hopes that in the future the readers can make some addition or correction in order to get a better interpretation. This study also probably brings up usefulness for readers in understanding the story of The Good Earth.
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D. Definition of Terms
In order to gain better understanding and to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation, the writer defines some important terms that are used in the study.
1. Influence The word “influence” according to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary is the power to affect somebody’s actions, character or beliefs (Hornby, 1995:
611). In this study, the influence refers to the power of somebody’s character to affect his or her way in resolving his or her personal conflict.
2. Character Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms states that characters are the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say – the dialogue – and by what they do – the action (1981: 23). In An Introduction to a Literature (Stanton, 1965: 17), “character” is commonly used in two ways; it designates the individuals who appear in the story and it refers to the mixtures of interest, desires, emotions and moral principle that make up each of the individuals. Another opinion comes from Barnet (1986: 113) is character is a figure that acts out in a story. Hence, character in this study means not only a person who acts out but also the characteristics of the character.
3. Resolving The word “resolve” in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary means to solve or settle problems, doubts, etc (Hornby, 1995: 998). In this study, the word
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4. Conflict Jones and Gerard (as cited in Worchel and Cooper, 1979: 460) determine conflict as a state that requires the person when he is motivated to make two or more mutual incompatible actions. This means a person will face a conflict when he can not complete two or more mutual actions together. Another definition of conflict comes from Hocker and Willmot. According to them (as cited in Isenhart and Spangle 2000: 3), conflict is an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scare resources and interference from the other party in achieving their goal. Worchel and Cooper (1979: 460) also classify conflict into two types; they are intrapersonal and interpersonal conflict.
Intrapersonal conflict is a conflict that an individual experiences when he or she makes a decision between two or more alternatives which will lead to a situation in which other people do not behave as the individual expects them to. The interpersonal conflict is a conflict which happens between two or more people when they are involved in achieving the incompatible goal. In this study, the conflicts discussed are both the intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter consists of four parts. They are review of related theories,
review of Chinese culture, theoretical framework and criticism. The first part is a review of related theories which consists of critical approaches, character and characterization, psychological approach and conflict. The second part is a review of Chinese culture describes about women in Chinese culture. The third part is about the theoretical framework which describes the contribution of the theories in solving the problems of the study. The criticism about the novel and the author is the last part.
A. Review of Related Theory 1. Critical Approaches When analyzing a novel, a writer must avoid the subjectivity on his or her study.
In order to avoid the subjectivity, critical approaches are needed. According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971: 6-15), there are five approaches that can be used to analyze a novel. They are the formalist approach– concentrating on the total integrity of the literary work, the biographical approach – focusing on the importance of the author’s ideas and personal life, the sociocultural – historical approach – focusing on the social, cultural and historical background as the reference, the mythopoeic approach – attempting to discover particular patterns of human thought that shared a same universal belief to certain community mind, the
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analyze the characters in the story. This approach also has a purpose to comprehend the patterns of human personality and behavior. Through this approach, the characters’ thought, personality and behavior can be analyzed deeply.
1. Character and Characterization
Theory of character is needed to analyze the character. Foster divides character into two kinds; they are flat and round character (1974: 51). A flat character is static and does not develop, whereas a round character is complex and represents many traits and qualities. Henkle (1977: 87-100) divides characters based on the prominence and function. They are major and secondary characters. Major characters are the ones who deserve the attention from the readers and other characters. Secondary characters, on the other hand, are the ones who perform more limited functions. Characters also can be determined by analyzing the role of the characters. Characters can be protagonist and antagonist. The antagonist is the one who directly opposes the protagonist (Holman and Harmon, 1986: 27). According to Holman and Harmon (1986: 400), the protagonist is the leading figure both in terms of importance in the play and of ability to enlist the readers’ interest and sympathy.
The theory of characterization is needed in analyzing the characters, how they are presented, in the novel. The theory can help in representing the discovery the characteristics of the characters presented in the story.
a. Definition
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the particular type of person he is (Rohrberger and Woods, 1971: 180). Characterization helps the author to communicate and guide the readers to interpret and understand more about the character in the story. Murphy (1972: 161) determines characterization as the way an author conveys the characters and the personalities naturally so that the reader get to know and understand the characters. In addition, Holman and Harmon (1986: 81-82) state that characterization is the process of creating an unreal person. Though the characters are unreal in the story; they appear to be real in the mind of the readers.
b. Methods of Characterization
According to Murphy (1972: 161-172), there are nine ways in which the author uses to make his or her characters understandable and come alive for his or her readers. They are: 1) Personal description
In personal description, the author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes. The author may draw details about the character’s appearance, such as his or her build, his or her skin color, his or her hair, his or her hand and so on. Besides the appearance the author also may explain the clothes worn by the character.
2) Character as seen by another Instead of describing a character directly, the author can describe him through the eyes and opinions of another character. This means that the readers notice the different opinion and judgment on the character. Therefore, the readers
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3) Speech The author gives the readers a perception on the characteristics of the character through what the characters says and states. The reader may know the personality by the character’s opinion or statement. 4) Past life
Through a person’s past life, the author can give the readers a clue to have helped to shape a person’s character. The author may give a direct or indirect comment through the person’s thought, his or her conversation or through the medium of another person.
5) Conversation of others The author can also portray the character through conversation of others and what they say about him or her. In other words, this means that the character can be analyzed through what people think or say about him or her. 6) Reaction
The author shares a clue to a person’s character by letting the reader know how that person reacts to various situations and events.
7) Direct comment The author comments on a person’s character in the story directly. Here, the author gives his or her personal comment or description of the character he or she creates directly in the story. 8) Thoughts
The author expresses the character’s thought in the story. In other word, the author helps the readers to know what the character is thinking in his or her
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his or her mind. 9) Mannerisms
The author can illustrate a person’s mannerisms, habit, or modes of behavior which may also tell the readers something about the character.
2. Theory of Psychology
C.G. Jung states, “The psychological mode works with material drawn from man’s conscious life with crucial experiences, powerful emotions, suffering passion, and the stuff of human fate in general” (1972: 89). From the statement mentioned before, it can be said that the personality of men can be seen through the experiences they had. One of the experiences that men have is facing conflict and how to solve the conflict. Theory of psychology reflects that from the psychological components and the experiences.
3. Theory of Conflict
Theory of conflict covers the explanations of definition of conflicts, kinds of the conflict and conflict resolution.
a. Definition
Jones and Gerard (as cited in Worchel and Cooper, 1979: 460) determine conflict as a state that requires the person when he is motivated to make two or more mutual incompatible actions. This means a person will face a conflict when he can not complete two or more mutual actions together. For that, a person has to choose one action only as the consequence of the conflict.
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to them (as cited in Isenhart and Spangle 2000: 3), conflict is an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scare resources and interference from the other party in achieving their goal. This implies that conflict may occur because of the involvement of at least two parties or more. Because of the purpose to defend their goal, two or more parties involve and produce a conflict.
Conflicts are felt by people in the real life. A person might feel a conflict in his or her life when he or she finds an action in which he or she should decide the options in order to reach a resolution.
b. Types of Conflicts
There are two types of conflict that people have experienced in the daily life. They are intrapersonal and interpersonal conflict.
Worchel and Cooper (1979: 460-464) describe intrapersonal conflict as a conflict that an individual experiences when he or she makes a decision between two or more alternatives which will lead to a situation in which other people do not behave as the individual expects them to.
Based on the dilemmas in responding the situation, there are four kinds of conflict. Those are approach – approach, avoidance – avoidance, approach – avoidance and double approach – avoidance conflicts.
In approach – approach conflict, an individual can only choose one actions toward two positive goals. The individual has to make a decision between two attractive alternatives. This is the simplest conflict.
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one between two equally unattractive goals. An individual, engages in this conflict, usually avoid choosing between two unattractive alternatives.
When an individual has to choose one goal which has both attractive and unattractive qualities is called an approach – avoidance conflict. An individual involves in the conflict because of his or her fear or doubt in choosing the goal.
The most common conflict situation is double approach – avoidance conflict. This conflict contains two goals which both have the positive and negative sides. There are some factors that influence the individual in choosing the goal. The factors are how close the individual is to the goal, the amount of the goal, the kind of the goal, and the attractiveness of the goal.
The second conflict, the interpersonal conflict, deals with two or more people. The interpersonal conflict is a conflict which happens between two or more people when they are involved in achieving the incompatible goal. This conflict can also occur when the two people or parties agree with the goal but disagree with the manner in achieving the goal.
According to Beebe, Beebe and Redmon (1996: 297-300), the interpersonal conflict can be divided into three types. They are pseudo conflict, simple conflict and ego conflict. Pseudo conflict is conflict caused by the lack of understanding between the individuals or parties. Simple conflict happens because of the differences on definition, goals, ideas, and perceptions. While ego conflict appears when personal differences attached to each individual in a group.
c. Causes of Conflicts
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conflict is believed to happen when the disagreement about the goals, behavior, attitudes and needs appears (Verderber 1984: 97).
They may be many other causes or sources of the conflict. Isenhart and Spangle (2000: 14-15) resume the most common sources of conflict into seven sources. The first is data – people often have differences of opinion about the best source, reliability, or interpretation of data. The second is interest – conflict specifically happens when two or more parties have different interest. The third is procedures – parties will not involve in a discussion if they do not agree with the procedure in solving the problem. The fourth is values – the hardest conflict will occur when the priority of values is different. The fifth is relationships – a conflict exists when people can not trust each other or respect each other’s feeling. The sixth is roles – a conflict appears because of the imbalance role of the people among the rules towards their own roles. The last is communication – conflict frequently results from how something is said and not interpreted among people.
d. Styles of Conflicts
According to Isenhart and Spangle, there are five styles which described some of the most common ways how people approach conflict (2000: 26-27).
They are avoiding, accommodation, comprising, competitive, and collaborative.
In avoiding style, one party denies that there is a conflict. He or she insists not to change the topic; he or she tries to avoid talking or discussing the conflict.
This style is the most effective because there is danger of physical violence. The issue that the parties have is not important; there is no achievement of goals, or
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When one party sacrifices his or her own interests and concerns for other as a result the parties can achieve the interests; this situation is called accommodation style. This style is effective in situations in which one party feels the impossibility in achieving his or her own so that the outcome is not important.
Furthermore, when a party thinks that satisfying his or her goal might alter or damage the relationship with the other party, this style can be conducted.
Through recognitions by all parties, each party’s fulfillment of interest is considered to be only partial. In other word, each party sacrifices part of his or her interest to achieve a negotiation. This compromising style happens in situation that requires a quick resolution of the issue, especially when other parties resist collaboration, when complete achievement of goals is not important, or when there will be no hard feelings for settling for less than expected.
Competitive style is characterized by aggressive, self-focused, forcing, verbally assertive, and uncooperative behaviors that are done to satisfy one party’s interests at the expense of the interests of others. This style is effectively used in situations in which decisions must be made quickly, then the option of the solution is restricted. For that, there is nothing to lose by pushing, other parties resist cooperation, and there is no consequence of damaging the relationship.
Unlike the competitive style, collaborative style involves the active listening, issues-focused and also emphatic communication. This style seeks to satisfy the interests and concerns of all parties. The situation in which power is reasonable balanced, the long term relation is valued, is suitable for the collaborative style. This style requires the cooperative behavior of both parties
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e. Conflict Resolutions
People have different opinion or ideas which could lead to a conflict. The same ways happen when people try to solve the conflict. Experts have their opinion in solving the conflict.
Worchel and Cooper suggest for those who have the intrapersonal conflict to aware with the types of conflict they have. Worchel and Cooper (1974: 460- 464) propose several resolutions for the intrapersonal conflicts. In approach – approach type, people can solve the conflict by defining the motivation to the goal they want to achieve more. The most potential ways to solve the avoidance – avoidance conflict is by leaving the conflict. This conflict is hard to solve because the nearer the negative goal is, the higher the drives to avoid it. An approach – avoidance conflict hardly has resolution because the person can not make any decision to solve it. In double approach – avoidance, there are two sub-types of resolution. The first sub-type is determining one goal and as a consequence giving up the other option. The second sub-type depends on the value of each goal. When the positive aspects of goal are higher than the negative, the goal can be reached and the reverse.
Considering the ability of the individual in controlling the conflicts, Beebe, Beebe and Redmon (1996: 314-326) propose four conflict management skills. The first is managing emotions. The early signs of recognizing people being in conflict are anger, fear, frustration, and sadness which flow rapidly. However, individuals should manage their emotions since deciding an action in such condition will lead them to difficulties of taking logical and rational
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that most conflicts arise from uncertainty, misinformation, and misunderstanding, the next step is to manage the conflict which concerns with how the individuals manage the information. By managing the information, the individuals are closer to the step of avoiding the conflict because of uncertainty, misinformation, and misunderstanding. The third is managing goals. Conflict might happen because of the different opinions among individuals. Therefore, it is important to understand each goal and identify where they overlap. The last is managing the problems. Managing the problems means defining the problem, analyzing it, then, determining the goal, generating several solutions, and last selecting the most applicable solution.