A morphological study of spell words in J.K. Rowling`s Harry Potter - USD Repository
A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF SPELL WORDS
IN J. K. ROWLING’S HARRY POTTER
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
WENY NATALIA
Student Number: 054214048
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2009
A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF SPELL WORDS
IN J. K. ROWLING’S HARRY POTTER
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
WENY NATALIA
Student Number: 054214048
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2009
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“Verily I say unto you: that this generation
shall not pass, till all these things be done.”
(Mark 13: 30)
“God helps those who help themselves.”
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This undergraduate thesis is dedicated
with great love to
Bapak
Mama’
Dek Hendy
Dek Vonny (Nyunyun)
All Dearest Friends
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my gratitude to those who have given their support,
assistance, care, love, and prayers in finishing this thesis. First of all, I would like
to thank My Lord Jesus Christ. Without His blessings and love, I would have
not been able to go through and survive until the end of the thesis. Most of time I
have spent with my laziness and other temptations from friends and surrounding
situation, but He encourages my willing to finish it now.
I would like to honor and thank my lecturers and all staffs of English Letters
Department for their support, patience, and assistence in reading, correcting, and
giving contributions to my thesis writing. I am very grateful especially to
Dr. Francis Borgias Alip, M. Pd., M. A. who has given his guidance, suggestion
correction, and patience in the process of my thesis writing. I am sorry for the
delay in finishing my thesis “this month”. From June – October, you keep saying
it over and over again until I got bored and decided to finish it right now, this
month. Besides, I would like to thank also to Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. who
has been very careful correcting my grammar and thesis content. You are very
helpful.
I would like to especially thank my beloved parents, Drs. F. Zoana Djais
and Eka Veronika, for their holy and invaluable love, prayers, advice, and fund.
Thanks also for my younger brother Hendy and my younger sister Nyunyun
(Vonny) for being my motivation to be a good model as a sister and always give
the best for you. Without their presence, I must be still egoist and hopeless.
My great thanks are dedicated to my someone special (Satrian), my best
friend and brother (Lerry), and my senior sisters (Lavina Carp and Dee-Dee
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Reena); not having reflexion to your spirit in finishing your study before, I must
be stuck in my own place. Thanks for “barking” me all the time.
My great gratitude is also extended to all of friends in English Letters
Department 2005 of Sanata Dharma University, especially Tetty, Priska, Nani,
Agathon, Nana, Pero, Putri, Estu, Lori, “The Ernest Crew”, KKN USD 2009 in
Karang Asem (especially for Dek Nancy), for our time, togetherness, sharing, and
“chemistry”. I thank all of the sisters in Syantikara Female Dormitory (Kak ‘Ncis,
Icha, Ophy, Tasya, Putri, Elis, Windy, etc) and my beloved guardian Sister
Benedicte, CB (Suster Ben) for their support and cheerfulness that motivated me
in finishing this thesis. You are my second home in this land away from my first
home, West Borneo. Without your helps and supports I would not be able to finish
this study and this thesis.
Weny Natalia
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ...............................................................................................
APPROVAL PAGE .....................................................................................
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...............................................................................
MOTTO PAGE ............................................................................................
DEDICATION PAGE .................................................................................
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PUBLIKASI....................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................
ABSTRAK ....................................................................................................
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...............................................................
A. Background of the Study ..........................................................
B. Problems Formulation ..............................................................
C. Objectives of the Study ............................................................
D. Definition of Terms .................................................................
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4
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ..............................................
A. Review of Related Studies ........................................................
B. Review of Related Theories ......................................................
1. Theories of Word and Morphology ......................................
2. Theory of Etymology ............................................................
3. Theory of Magic ....................................................................
4. Information of Harry Potter .................................................
a. About the Novel .............................................................
b. About Spell Words ..........................................................
5. British Religion and Beliefs .................................................
C. Theoretical Framework ..............................................................
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CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ............................................................
A. Object of the Study ....................................................................
B. Approach of the Study ...............................................................
C. Method of the Study ...................................................................
1. Data Collection ......................................................................
2. Data Analysis ........................................................................
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CHAPTER IV: RESULT OF ANALYSIS .................................................
A. The Spell Words in the Novel Harry Potter .............................
B. The Function of Each Spell Words ...........................................
C. The Morphological Process .......................................................
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88
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ................................................................... 116
BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................... 118
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ABSTRACT
WENY NATALIA. A Morphological Study of Spell Words in J. K. Rowling’s
Harry Potter. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters,
Sanata Dharma University, 2009.
Besides based on the story of real life, a literary work can also be made of
imagination, such as done by J. K. Rowling, the author of the famous novel Harry
Potter. The novel talks about a boy named Harry Potter and the magical
phenomena that happen around him. Although based on the imagination, the
names of spell words within the novel are actually meaningful. They are derived
from some languages and combined in such a way. Because of that, the writer
decided to analyze the word formation/ morphological process of the spell words
in the novel.
This study has three objectives. The first objective is to see all of the spell
words used in the novel Harry Potter along with their meanings. The second
objective is to find out the function of those spell words. The last one is to identify
the morphological rule of the spell words.
In writing this thesis, first of all the present researcher listed all of the spell
words from the seven books of Harry Potter. After that, she classified them into
three parts: the spell words with the incantations and vernacular names, the spell
words with only the incantation, and the spell words with only vernacular names.
The focus was only to the ones having the incantations. Then, she tried to find out
the detail informations of the spell words such as the location(s) in the novel (the
page number and number of the book), the meaning, the functions and effects, and
the etymology. The latter was assisted by using the dictionary of etymology. All
the spell words are classified into some general functions. Later, the writer
analyzed the morphological process of the spell words based on the mophology
theory by comparing the spell words with their etymology. Next, the writer put
the similar processes into the same group to draw a conclusion.
Based on the analysis, the writer concluded that there are approximately
eighty one spell words in the novel Harry Potter. These spell words have their
own functions and effects, whether to help or to disturb men, which can be
classified into fourteen universal functions. The processes of forming the spell
words can be analyzed morphologically. Almost all of the spell words are loan
words from different languages. Some of them are purely taken, while the rest are
modified by other morphological processes such as back clipping, back formation,
blending, compounding, affixation, modification, and deletion.
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ABSTRAK
WENY NATALIA. A Morphological Study of Spell Words in J. K. Rowling’s
Harry Potter. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas
Sanata Dharma, 2009.
Selain berdasarkan kisah dalam kehidupan nyata, sebuah karya sastra juga
dapat disusun berdasarkan khayalan, seperti yang dilakukan oleh J. K. Rowling,
pengarang novel Harry Potter yang terkenal itu. Novel tersebut mengisahkan
seorang bocah laki-laki bernama Harry Potter dan kejadian-kejadian magis yang
terjadi di sekelilingnya. Walaupun hanya berdasarkan khayalan, mantera-mantera
yang terdapat di dalam novel tersebut tetap penuh makna. Nama-nama tersebut
disadur dari beberapa bahasa dan digabungkan dengan sedemikian rupa. Oleh
karena itu, penulis memutuskan untuk mengkaji pembentukan kata/proses
morfologi mantera-mantera yang ada di dalam novel.
Studi ini memiliki tiga sasaran. Sasaran pertama adalah untuk mengetahui
semua mantera yang ada di dalam novel Harry Potter dan juga artinya. Sasaran
kedua ialah untuk mengetahui fungsi mantera-mantera tersebut. Sasaran terakhir
yaitu untuk mengenali kaidah pembentukan kata dari mantera-mantera tersebut.
Di dalam menulis skripsi ini, pertama-tama penulis skripsi membuat daftar
seluruh mantera dari ketujuh novel Harry Potter. Setelah itu, penulis
mengelompokkan mantera-mantera tersebut ke dalam tiga bagian, yakni mantera
dengan istilah mantera dan istilah umum atau bahasa sehari-harinya, mantera
dengan istilah mantera saja, dan mantera dengan istilah umumnya saja. Yang
menjadi inti hanya mantera yang memiliki istilah mantera. Kemudian, penulis
mencari penjelasan yang terperinci tentang mantera-mantera tersebut seperti
letaknya di dalam novel (nomor halaman dan nomor buku), artinya, kegunaan dan
efeknya, dan asal-usul katanya (etimologi). Untuk mengetahui asal-usul katanya,
penulis menggunakan kamus etimologi. Seluruh mantra dikelompokkan ke dalam
beberapa fungsi yang sama. Selanjutnya, penulis menganalisa proses
pembentukan kata mantera-mantera tersebut berdasarkan teori morfologi
(pembentukan kata) dengan membandingkan mantera-mantera tersebut dengan
kata aslinya dengan asal-usul katanya. Setelah itu, penulis mengelompokkan
mantera-mantera yang memiliki proses morfologi yang sama ke dalam satu
kelompok untuk membuat kesimpulan.
Berdasarkan analisa, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat kurang lebih
delapan puluh satu mantera di dalam novel Harry Potter. Mantera-mantera ini
memiliki fungsi dan efeknya masing-masing, baik yang berguna untuk membantu
ataupun mengganggu manusia, yang kemudian dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam
empat belas fungsi mantera secara umum. Proses-proses pembentukan manteramantera tersebut dapat dianalisa secara morfologi. Hampir semua mantera
tersebut merupakan kata-kata serapan dari berbagai macam bahasa yang berbeda.
Beberapa di antaranya diserap secara murni, sedangkan sisanya diubah oleh
proses pembentukan kata lainnya seperti proses pemotongan belakang,
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pembentukan mundur, peluluhan, penggabungan, pembubuhan, pengubahan, dan
penghapusan.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
A literary work, similar to any kinds of arts, is mostly the imitation of
realities, according to Plato. Many authors of such fictions take the situations
and conditions of universe and human’s daily lifes to make their story more
alive (Abrams, 1979: 8). However, there are also the authors that use their
imagination to create such amazing story that probably another people could
not think about or do in similar way. The object of the story can be the
unusual animals or artificial creatures, the man’s ability to fly, do magic,
move to the pass or future, and other extraordinary things. They can be the
entertainment to children and the olders.
One of the famous authors of unreality-based story is a Scottish
woman named Joanne Kathleen Rowling, or mostly known as J. K. Rowling
(Shapiro, 2000: 2). Her great novel, Harry Potter, has been one of the
favorite books, not only for children but also adults. Since its first publishing,
Harry Potter was always sold out and even translated in many languages
around the world. It tells a story of a boy named Harry Potter who was an
orphan and chosen to be educated in Hogwart Wizarding Academy. His
parents were also the alumni of that school and had died in their effort to save
Harry from the Voldemort’s brutal murder. Although Harry could escape
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from Voldemort when he was a baby, now he must meet, face, and defeat
Voldemort (Shapiro, 2000).
By seeing the name of the school (Hogwarts Wizarding Academy) the
reader may guess that this novel will talk a lot about wizard, charms, spells,
black magic, and so on. That is one of the Harry Potter’s special ornaments
which is easily remembered. However, if the readers can look at the spells
and charms more carefully, those spells actually are not just the creativity of
the author at all, yet they have fondation or meaning. Let us take the example
of the spell word “protego totalum”. The result of this spell is a complete or
total protection to a place. Here we can suggest that the spell word and the
result are similar in two ways: “protection” and “total”. Besides, there are the
other spell words such as “reparo” which have the same meaning with “to
repair”, “quietus” with “to become quite”, “deletrius” with “to delete”, etc.
Based on the examples above, the purpose of this research is to
analyze and find out the origin of the spells from the point of view of
morphology. So, although there is not any explanation of the spells’ function,
especially if it has already been repeated for several times, the readers of
Harry Potter would still be able to get the meaning by relating it with
particular English vocabularies which are more common in their daily life and
also through the context in the novel.
This topic obviously had been discussed in some books or website
because of its popularity, especially the literary elements and the origin of the
names in the novels. However, in this thesis the writer will analyze it more
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deeply and accurately, from the point of view of morphology or word
formation.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the explanation above, the writer would like to ask some
questions as a guide to the analysis on this paper. The problems are
formulated as follows:
1. What are the spell words used by J.K. Rowling in Harry Potter?
2. What are the functions of each spell words?
3. Morphologically, how are the spell words formed?
C. Objectives of the Study
Having the problem formulation above, the writer will have some
goals. The first goal is to see all of the spell words used in Harry Potter. They
will be used as the objects of the study.
The second goal is to find out the function of those spells. The
function can be found explicitly in the text and also from the context of the
story. By knowing their functions, the readers would not have any difficulties
in getting the meaning of the spells. Although there is not any explanation
about the spells, the reader still could guess the meaning by relate them with
the similar words and find out the characteristic.
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The third goal is to identify the morphological rule of the spells. By
understanding their morphological rule, the readers will have more
knowledge about morphology.
D. Definition of Terms
There are several terms used in this research as in the following:
1. In talking about spells, Arthur C. Lehmann and James E. Myers mentioned
it in their book Magic, Witchcraft, and Religion: An Anthropological Study
of the Supernatural
“Divination, special formulas and incantations, spells and curses,
all are considered magical, and all can be used for good and evil.
Since these activities are learned, they should be differentiated
from witchcraft, which is considered innate and, most believe,
uncontrollable.” (1985: 194)
It means that spell words (also charms and curses) are the words used in
magical activities. It can be used for good reasons, such as to assist human
in doing his daily activities, to make human’s work easier, to cure the ill,
to protect human’s life, etc. However, a spell word can also be applied to
do bad things such as to disturb other people, to get something illegaly,
and to do black magic in order to cause others injured, tortured, feel
discomfort, even died.
The ability to say spell words is nurture ability. It is learned and is
not achieved by born. Consequently, spell words can be controlled,
differed from witchcraft which is innate, nature, and uncontrollable.
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2. Morphology is the study of how words are structured and how they are
put together from smaller parts. It attempts to give the rules,
morphological rules, used in forming of the words in a language, including
possible but nonoccuring words (McMannis, 1987: 117).
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
In this chapter, the writer will divide the review into three parts namely
review of related studies, review of related theories, and theoretical framework. In
the review of related studies, the writer will discuss some studies concerning
novel Harry Potter and the process of word formation. In the review of related
theories, the writer will use some theories such as theories of word and
morphology, theory of etymology, theory of magic, the information of novel
Harry Potter and about the spell words inside, and the knowledge of British
religions and beliefs. Then, in the theoretical framework the writer will show the
significance of the theories, information, and knowledge in answering the
problems of this present study.
A. Review of Related Studies
For this first part, the writer will review some studies done by another
researchers which are related to the present analysis. These studies are taken
from thesis and journal.
The first is a study for undergraduate thesis titled “English Society’s
Belief in the Existence of Magic as Revealed in J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter
and the Sorcerer’s Stone” done by Tersi Erdila Valentina. In this study, Tersi
stated that in Harry Potter novel (especially the first edition, Harry Potter
and the Sorcerer’s Stone) there are many things related to magic. These
phenomena not only can be found in the surounding area of Hogwarts, but
also in the life of Muggle society, common people having no inheritance of
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magic, although only some of them admit the existence of magic (Valentina,
2003).
A similar study which also analyzes Harry Potter is done by Filipus
Nano Suharno from English Education in his graduate thesis “A Study of
Rowling’s Personal Life as Reflected in the Main Character of Her Novel
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix”. In his analysis, he shows that
there are some similarities between the real life of J. K. Rowling and her
imaginative character of her novel, Harry Potter, in Harry Potter and the
Order of the Phoenix (Suharno, 2000).
Other studies reviewed in this current thesis are those discussing the
aspect of morphology. First is “A Morphological Study of English Prefixes
Mega-, Macro-, Poly-, Multi-“ described by Olivia Soenantho where she
explained those prefixes from their stems, their combination with words, and
their meanings (Soenantho, 2002). Second is “A Morphological Study of the
English Noun Suffix –ion” done by Dalan Mehuli Perangin-Angin that
explained the form of suffix –ion (with synchronic and diachronic approach),
its meaning, and its application together with morphemes (Perangin-Angin,
1995).
In this present study, the writer will discuss something new. The
analysis will combine both aspect of the morphology and spell words in
Harry Potter, that is the study of spell words from the point of view of
morphology. The spell words are taken from all seven books of Harry Potter.
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The analysis will cover the use of any kind of affixes in spell words that
might be used and especially the process of word formation.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theories of Word and Morphology
According
to
Andrew
Carstairs-McCarthy
in
his
book
An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure, the
words are “the basic units of language” (Carstairs-McCarthy, 2002: 4).
When people speak, they use at least one word, and in the arrangement of
phrase or sentence they put down more than one word.
A word actually is not the smallest part of a language. It consists of
some smaller parts that are called morphemes. A morpheme is a linguistic
term for the most elemental unit of grammatical form. It derives from the
Greek word morphe meaning “form” (Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams,
1988: 76). The word has two main elements, they are:
a. A free morpheme is a morpheme that can function as an independent
word (Szymanek, 1989: 14). Sometimes, it is also called root.
According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams in their book
An Introduction to Language, a root is “a lexical content morpheme that
cannot be analyzed into smaller parts” (2002: 80). For example, we
have the word “sleep”, “house”, and “flower”, which have meaningful
meaning. Together with one or more affixes, a root builds a stem which
may or may not be a word (eg. act + -ion = action, like + -ly = likely).
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Besides of the root and stem, there is also base which is any item to
which affixes may be added (Bauer, 1988: 12). The roots and stems are
special types of base.
b. A bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot occur in isolation or
being an independent word (Szymanek, 1989: 14). The bound
morpheme is usually called affix and has several types according to
Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2002: 78 & 80), they are: prefixes or
the affixes precede other morpheme (ex. un-, pre-, dis-, bi-); suffixes or
the affixes follow other morpheme (ex. –er, -ist, -ly, -ing, -ed);
circumfixes or the affixes that are attached to another morpheme both
initially and finally (ex. un-able, dis-ment).
Besides, there are also additional types stated by Szymanek:
infixes or the affixes which divides the root but is itself not divided
(1989: 65), or in short, it is put in the middle of the morphemes (ex. in
Indonesian: suling and seruling); and transfixes or the discontinuous
affixes that cuts across the root morpheme so that they are both
combined like two interlocking combs (1989: 68). The later can be
applied in the following example: if the series of consonantal letters
k-t-b are combined with different vowels they will produce distinctive
meanings such as: kátab means “write”, kátaba means “clerks”, and
kitáab means “book”.
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From the two elements above, we can arrange bigger and more
complex word which can contain a root and some affixes. Such process of
combining is usualy called the process of word formation.
The study of word formation is morphology. According to Andrew
Carstairs-McCarthy in his book An Introduction to English Morphology:
Words and Their Structure, morphology is taken from Greek word morphe
‘form’ and logos ‘study’ which means a study of “structure of words and
relationships between words involving the morphemes that compose them”
while morpheme is “the smaller part of words” (Carstairs-McCarthy, 2002:
16). However, morphology is “not only used for the study of the shapes of
words, but also for the collection of units which are used in changing the
forms of words” (Bauer, 1988: 4).
Another definition of morphology is composed by Francis Katamba
in his book Morphology that mentioning morphology as “a study of the
internal structure of words” (1993: 3). In morphology the focus is how a
word is built as one unit along with its additional member such as affixes.
The meaning of a word as one constituent is very important, besides its
meaning in a sequel of words in a sentence or its whole context.
The essential types of word formation are analyzed by William
O’Grady, Michael Dobrovolksy, and Mark Aronoff in their book
Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction as follows:
a. Inflection is the process of forming words by modify a word to mark
the grammatical subclass to which it belongs, such as number (singular
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and plural), gender classification (masculine, feminine, and neuter),
tense (past, present, and future), and voice (active and passive). It does
not change the grammatical category of the word to which it applies. It
takes place after all word formation processes, including derivation
(1989: 107-116).
b. Derivation is the process by which a new word is built from a base,
usually through the addition of an affix. It changes the category and/or
the meaning of the base to which it applies (1989: 99). For example, a
verb (eg. drive and jump) added with affix –er becomes noun with the
meaning ‘one who does X’ (driver ‘one who drive’ and jumper ‘one
who jump’).
From the inflectional and derivational process, the word can be
combined by another process such as compounding and reduplication. A
compounding process is the process of combining two already existing
words (with or without accompanying affixes) to form a new word, such
as
blackbird,
doghouse,
seaworthy,
bluegreen,
etc
(O’Grady,
Dobrovolksy, Aronoff, 1989: 99&103).
A reduplication (repetition) is a morphological process by which
the root or step of a word, or only part of it, is repeated (Alip, 2008). Alip
mentions that the reduplication process can be analyzed based on their
morphological and phonological process.
Based on morphology, the reduplication which is meant to create a
new word, has purposes as follows:
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i. to imitate sounds, eg. tick-tock, bow-bow;
ii. to suggest alternating movements, eg. ping-pong, seesaw;
iii. to disparage by suggesting instability, nonsense, insincerity,
vacillation, eg.wishy-washy, hocus-pocus, higgled-piggled;
iv. to intensify, eg. tip-top, teeny-weeny.
Whereas based on phonology, it can be divided into three:
i. Rhyming reduplication, where the rhyme of the first element is
repeated in the second, eg. argy-bargy, hot-pot, arty-farty;
ii. Exact reduplication, where the second element is the full repetition
of the first, eg. bye-bye, bonbon;
iii. Ablaut reduplication, where the vowel sound of the first element is
changed in the second, eg. criss-cross, chit-chat.
Again, William O’Grady, Michael Dobrovolksy, and Mark Aronoff
add another word formations as following (1989: 106-107):
i. Clipping (abbreviation) is the process whereby a new word is
created by shortening a polysyllabic word, such as the shortening
word professor to prof, advertisement to ads, physical education to
phys-ed, etc;
ii. Acronym is formed from the initial sounds or letters of a string of
words, such as the name of an organization or a scientific
expression, such as the acronyms AIDS for Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome, NASA for National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, radar for radio detecting and ranging, etc;
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iii. Blend is created from parts of two already existing lexical items,
such as motel for motor hotel, selectric for select+electric, chortle
for chuckle+snort, telethon for telephone+marathon, permapress
for permanent+press, etc;
iv. Backformation is the process whereby a word whose form is
similar to that of a derived form undergoes a process of
deaffixation. This process change part of speech the new form of
word from its original form. The example are the word resurrrect
(V) from ressurection (N), enthuse (V) from enthusiasm (N), orient
(V) or orientate (V) from orientation (N), edit (V) from editor (N),
swindle (V) from swindler (N), etc;
v. Onomatopoeic is the process whereby a word imitates the sound of
nature, i.e. buzz, hiss, sizzle, cuckoo, etc.
Furthermore, we also have the other processes of word formation as
following:
vi. Eponym is a word derived from proper names and are another of
the many creative ways that the vocabulary of a language expands
(Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2002: 98), such as kleenex for
‘facial tissue’, xerox for ‘photocopy’, watt, curie, fahrenheit, etc;
vii. Clitics are the obligatorily bound morphs which are intermediate
between an affix and a word such as the forms like ‘ve from have,
‘d from had, ‘s from has, ‘ll from will (Bauer, 1988: 99);
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viii. Borrowing is the process whereby a word is taken/borrowed from
another language and adopted to a certain language. The borrowing
words can also being called by the loan word. According to
Andrew Radford and his friends in their book Linguistics: an
Introduction, the process of borrowing word “are very often
assimilated to the phonological and morphological structure of the
new host language” (1999: 256).
In her book Historical Linguistics 2nd edition, Lyle
Campbell mentioned two ways which commonly happen in
borrowing words: adaptation and accommodation. In adaptation,
the non-existing word in foreign language will be replaced with the
nearest and more comfort phonetic equivalent sound in the
receiving language, while in accommodation, the phonological
pattern of the foreign language will be modified by several
processes such as deletion, addition, or recombination. However,
sometimes the foreign word is borrowed purely without any
changes into the receiving language’s vocabulary (2004: 65-67).
The form of borrowing not only in the word by word form,
but also can be in the form of idioms or phrases. For example,
English music (from French "musique"); Spain chófer (from French
"chauffeur"); French gratte-ciel and Spain rasca·cielos ‘both
literally: scrape-sky’ (< E skyscraper).
15
2. Theory of Etymology
It is common for one language to take words from another
language and make them part of its own vocabulary. The process is called
borrowing and the words are loanwords. They are borrowed primarily
because of need and prestige. The speakers of a language acquire some
new item or concept from abroad which means they need a new term along
with new acquisition and sometimes with the new concept too. Then,
because the foreign term for some reason is highly esteemed, it is adopted
for prestige reason (Campbell, 2004: 64).
The borrowing process is closely related to etymology or the study
of word’s original meaning. It is derived from Greek word etumon that
means ‘true’ (Campbell, 2004: 5). In the novel Harry Potter we can find
many words that were adopted especially from Latin by Rowling to name
the spell words. In order to understand them better, we must look back at
their etymological meaning by checking them in the etymology
dictionaries.
Actually, etymology is one of the fields studying in historical
linguistics. By linguists, it is also called diachronic linguistics (from Greek
dia- ‘through’ + chronos ‘time’ + -ic), since historical linguistics are
concerned with change in language or languages over time. For example,
the linguists study how Old English differs from Modern English, Old
French from Modern French, etc. It is contrasted with synchronic
linguistics, which deals with a language at a single point in time. For
16
example, the linguists study how the grammar of spoken English is in
some particular speech community (Campbell, 2004: 4). Etymology is not
the primary purpose of historical linguistics, but rather the goal is to
understand language change in general that will lead to the further
explanation of some process such as borrowing, clipping, analogy,
amalgamation, sound change, etc (Campbell, 2004: 6).
3. Theory of Magic
The term of magic although is not very popular and real in human’s
life, but it cannot be totally pushed aside. Some people think magic as
something bad even worst that brings evil’s deed, such as the case of black
magic, voodoo tradition, curse, etc. However, sometimes magic can also
be a good thing such as its use in magic games, healing people, getting the
lost item back, protection from evil power, etc.
In
a
book
titled
Magic,
Witchcraft,
and
Religion:
An Anthropological Study of the Supernatural composed by Lehmann and
Myers, it is mentioned that magic itself is divided into three, they are:
a. imitative magic where the desired result could be achieved by
imitation;
b. contagious magic where the material or substance once in contact with
the intended victim is used in the magical attack,
c. symphatetic magic which is associated with or symbolic of the
intended victim are used to identify and carry out the spell.
17
Those three magical abilities are learned. People cannot gain them
genetically. Therefore, magic must be differed from witchcraft which is
“innate and uncontrolable” (Lehmann and Myers, 1985: 194).
Because the researcher cannot find other suitable source(s) for
practices of magic, she uses a free site Wikipedia that defines those
practices as follows (2008: 9):
a. the use of "magic words" said to have the power to command spirits;
b. the use of wands (a straight thin stick that is held by somebody when
performing magic or magic tricks) and other ritual tools (such as
candle, magic powder, animal, blood, etc);
c. the use of a magic circle to defend the magician against the spirits he is
invoking or evoking; and
d. the use of mysterious symbols or sigils thought useful to invoke or
evoke spirits.
It has been said in the first explanation of magic above that one of
the element used in symphatetic magic is the pronounce of spell. It is
strengthened by Lehmann and Myers’ theory that states spell is one of the
activity in doing magic.
“Divination, special formulas and incantations, spells and curses,
all are considered magical, and all can be used for good and evil”
(1985: 194).
The review also supports that magic can be in the shape of good and bad
actions represented in their effects for human. In the novel Harry Potter,
the author gives some spell words classification, such as charm, spell,
18
curse, and jinx. The curse is very dangerous because it hurts the victim
even makes them died. There is only one jinx and it is also worse although
it is not as dangerous as the curse. The charm and spell are safe enough
and used to help human being, but some spells can also be used for bad
intention although it cannot make the victim dead. Charm is more positive
in practice than spell.
4. Information of Harry Potter
a. About the Novel
Harry Potter is one of the novels written by Joanne Kathleen
Rowling (J. K. Rowling). It tells a story about an orphan named Harry
Potter. His parents died because they were killed by the Prince of Dark,
Voldemort, in their effort to protect baby Harry. Fortunately, Harry was
safe and taken care by his mother’s sister, Aunt Petunia Dursley, and
her family. Harry’s life seemed to be quite miserable in that house until
one day he got a letter telling he was accepted in Hogwarts School of
Witchcraft and Wizardry where his parents also be its alumni. And the
next episode of the novel explaining Harry’s life in his school, his
Aunt’s house at long holiday, and when he has to defeat Voldemort
until he was succeed to kill him (Shapiro, 2000: 2-6).
Harry Potter is very famous throughout the world, for all ages,
sexes, and social states. There are seven series of it: 1 Harry Potter and
the Sorcerer’s Stone (the original title is Harry Potter and the
Philosopher’s Stone), 2 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret, 3
19
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, 4 Harry Potter and the
Goblet of Fire, 5 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, 6 Harry
Potter and A Half-blooded Prince, and 7 Harry Potter and the Deathly
Hollows. Since its first publication, Harry Potter has always been sold
out and even translated in about 67 languages around the world, such as
American English, Indonesian, Ukrainian, Hindi, Bengali, Welsh,
Afrikaans, Vietnamese, Latin, Ancient Greek, etc (Wikipedia, Maret
7th, 2009).
One of the very explicit characteristics of the novel Harry Potter
is the use of magical terms. It can be seen in the name of spells, charms,
and curses. According to Wikipedia, most of the spell words are
borrowed from Latin, another are taken from English, Greek, Aramaic,
and others. (Maret 7th, 2009). From the first until the last book, there
are approximately eighties spell words in Harry Potter novels, not
included the spell words which are mentioned only in their vernacular
names and the additional spells for the film series.
b. About Spell Words
A special characteristic of J. K. Rowling in creating the famous
novel Harry Potter and differentiates her from other writers is the use
of history’s or folklore’s references inside the novel. According to free
site Wikipedia, spell words in Harry Potter are mostly taken from
Classical language especially Latin because the writer, J. K. Rowling,
studied Latin (and French) in the college (2009: 3). The effects of the
20
spell words in the novel and the original language are almost
completely similar. Some spells have the incantation and vernacular
names in parenthesis (eg. Accio (Summoning Charm)), but some only
have the incantation (eg. Reducio) or only the vernacular one (eg.
(Unbreakable Vow)). The incantation and vernacular name of the spell
words are given by Rowling in the novel, both explicitly and implicitly.
5. British Religion and Beliefs
In many books reviewed and analyzed Harry Potter, such as “J. K.
Rowling: The Wizard Behind Harry Potter” written by Marc Shapiro and
“The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter” by David Colbert, the writers
proved that J. K. Rowling has put some referencies from her study of Latin
language and her understanding of histories of many countries or nations.
We can assumed that it is also possible for her to addopt the tradition of
religions and beliefs in British nation as her nationality which is very close
to her since childhood in enhancing her story of Harry Potter. This
reference also makes us easier to understand the novel. Besides, with the
absence of spell words’ exact word pattern, we might also be assisted by
the clue of both intrinsic or extrinsic elements, in the magic ritual.
Among British people, the existence of magic is closely related to
the beliefs of Celtic or Celts, before the Christianity was professed by the
citizens. Although it is no longer exist in recent lifes, but its story still can
be gained from the folk stories growing within the society or the history
21
books. In a book titled The Great Cultural Traditions volume I:
The Ancient Cities written by Ralph Turner, Ph.d, it is mentioned that
“The chief intellectual element in Celtic culture was a religion
characterized by a lively sense of the daimonic universe which
peopled every spot and nook with fairies, spirits, and goblins. The
colorful folklore of western Europe was derived mainly from this
source. This religion was ministered by priests who known as the
Druids. They practiced divination.” (1941: 527-528)
The review explains that the Celtics which is leaded by the Druids, used
natural aspects for its practice. It is very often for them to use the elements
of the nature, such as weather, plants, animals, and anything related to
them, whether it is an abstrack or concrete noun. The abstrack noun here
means the characteristics of nature, i.e. strong, fly, hot, hard, etc. For
addition, it is also noted that the story of fairies, spirits, and the other
supranatural power in folk stories inspired by the Celtics ritual.
But, since the coming of Roman, Viking, and Norman Conquest
later who brought Christianity, the tradition of Celtic ritual has been
removed. The groups of Jesus Christ’s believers are divided into several
kinds such as Roman Catholics, the Orthodox, Protestants (the followers of
Martin Luther who was dissapponted with the corruption within Catholic
body and decided to make a new belief of Christian), and Catholic
Anglicans that until present is the official religion of England (Gilley and
Sheils, 1994: 1-9). Thus, Harry Potter is purely a fictive novel, not
reflecting the present social conditions where the author lives in although
she also put some referencies from the past history and traditions.
22
C. Theoretical Framework
In order to make the present study more accurate and well-composed,
the writer had used some theories, related studies, reviews, and other
additional information related to the object of the study.
Theoretically, the writer’s problems can be answered because the
novel Harry Potter talked mostly about the wizard world as been proved by
Tersi Erdila Valentina in her graduate thesis “English Society’s Belief in the
Existence of Magic as Revealed in J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the
Sorcerer’s Stone” (Valentina, 2003) and in the information of novel Harry
Potter. Certainly, there are many list of spell words in that novel along with
their descriptions and functions. It is about eighties. So, it is not too difficult
to answer the first problem. The writer just list all the spell words used in the
novel Harry Potter, which are mostly written in italic and implicitly must be
understood from the sentences or paragraph, in order to ensure that the words
are really the spell words. This can be applied too in answering the question
number two that only summarizing the function of spell words that have been
explained in the previous question. Besides, the information of the etymology
of the word that is also very crucial and helpful in answering the last
question, can give the reader better understanding for the whole spell words.
As explained in the beginning, the purpose of this study is to identify
the formation process of the spell words occured in the novel Harry Potter.
Of course, for this study the use of theories of words and morphology as the
study of internal structure of word is very crucial. As there is not any exact
23
pattern of composing spell words, the writer use the knowledge of magic and
British religions and beliefs. By applying these two sources, it is easier to
know the characteristic of magic, what customs are usually employed in the
practice, its elements, etc. Britain as the original place of the author is
certainly giving influences for the author in creating her story. Those theories
are usefull in answering the last question.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter will be divided into three parts namely object of the study,
approach of the study, and method of the study which later will included the data
collection and data analysis.
A. Object of the Study
The object of the study is the list of spell words taken from the novel
Harry Potter, from the first to the last, written by Joanne Kathleen Rowling
(J. K. Rowling) and is published by Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom in
1997. Since its first publication, Harry Potter has always been sold out and
even translated in about 67 languages around the world, such as American
English,
Indonesian,
Ukrainian,
Hindi,
Bengali,
Welsh,
Afrikaans,
Vietnamese, Latin, Ancient Greek, etc (Wikipedia, Maret 7th, 2009). The
novels are thick enough. In its Indonesia version published by PT. Gramedia
Pustaka Utama in Indonesia in 2000, the total page are as following: 382
pages for the first novel (Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone), 424 pages
for the second novel (Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret), 534 pages for
the third novel (Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban), 882 pages for the
fourth novel (Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire),1200 pages for the fifth
novel (Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix), 816 pages for the sixth
novel (Harry Potter and A Half-blooded Prince), and 999 pages for the
seventh and the last novel (Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows).
24
25
A free site, The Leaky Cauldron, records that since the publication of
the first novel Philosopher's Stone (Sorcerer’s Stone), the series of Harry
Potter have been the recipients of many awards, including Hugo Awards for
Best Novel for Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2000), four
Whitaker Platinum Book Awards for Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
(2001), three Nestlé Smarties Book Prizes (1997–1999), two Scottish Arts
Council Book Awards (1999 and 2001), the inaugural Whitbread children's
book of the year award (1999), and the W. H. Smith book of the year (2006).
The book also received honours including a commendation for the Carnegie
Medal (1997), a short listing for the Guardian Children's Award (1998), and
numerous listings on the notable books, editors' Choices, and best books lists
of the American Library Association, New York Times, Chicago Public
Library, and Publishers Weekly (Maret 7th, 2009).
Harry Potter is praised as "a richly textured novel given lift-off by an
inventive wit" by The Guardian and had "all the makings of a classic"
according to The Scotsman. However, controversions also do not unwill to
speak up for this book. Ron Charles opined in July 2007 in Washington Post
that the large numbers of adults reading the Potter series but few other books
may represent a "bad case of cultural infantilism", and that the
straightforward "good vs. evil" theme of the series is "childish." He also
argued "through no fault of Rowling's," the cultural and marketing "hysteria"
marked by the publication of the later books "trains children and adults to
expect the roar of the coliseum, a mass-media experience that no other novel
26
can possibly provide." Besides, various religious conservatives also have
claimed that the books promote witchcraft and are therefore unsuitable for
children, while a number of critics have criticized the books for promoting
various political agendas (Wikipedia, Maret 7th, 2009).
Whatever the critics said, Harry Potter has been a favorite book of
children and adults all over the world which challenged a big house film
production Warner Bross to adopt it in moving picture. In addition, Harry and
his friends and enemies have been enchanted to the forms of many
merchandises and the actors in games.
B. Approach of the Study
As said in the beginning, the writer in this paper concerned with
morphological process of word formation of spell words in the novel Harry
Potter. Consequently, the approach should be morphology or the study of
word formation (Carstairs-McCarthy, 2002: 16). In addition, to understand
whether the words are really the spell words or not, the reader must know the
context of the sentences. For that matter, the pragmatics or the study of
linguistic forms and the users of those forms, or in short, the study of
language context (Cutting, 2003: 1), will be applied in this research. Besides,
the knowledge of spell words is also important to differentiate the spell words
and the common one, in this novel, J. K. Rowling gave a little bit changing of
the common words to create an extraordinary spell ones. It is also a kind of
idiosyncrasy of the author.
27
C. Method of the Study
1. Data Collection
The collecting process of data for this research is a population
study, which means that the researcher listed all spell words within the
novel Harry Potter and did not left anything. The procedure done by the
present writer can be divided into two steps. The first procedure is the
writer collected all seven novels Harry Potter. The writer might not miss
one book because the population of this study is all the spell words in the
novels Harry Potter. The second procedure is the writer read the books
one by one carefully. Whenever the writer found the spell words, whether
it contains of incantation and vernacular name or only one of them, she
listed them along with their function and effect.
2. Data Analysis
To answer the problems and purposes of this paper, the writer had
taken some steps. However, the same step cannot be applied for every
problems.
a. Classifying the spell words;
After listing all the spell words, the writer classified them into three
parts: the s
IN J. K. ROWLING’S HARRY POTTER
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
WENY NATALIA
Student Number: 054214048
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2009
A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF SPELL WORDS
IN J. K. ROWLING’S HARRY POTTER
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
WENY NATALIA
Student Number: 054214048
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2009
i
ii
iii
“Verily I say unto you: that this generation
shall not pass, till all these things be done.”
(Mark 13: 30)
“God helps those who help themselves.”
iv
This undergraduate thesis is dedicated
with great love to
Bapak
Mama’
Dek Hendy
Dek Vonny (Nyunyun)
All Dearest Friends
v
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my gratitude to those who have given their support,
assistance, care, love, and prayers in finishing this thesis. First of all, I would like
to thank My Lord Jesus Christ. Without His blessings and love, I would have
not been able to go through and survive until the end of the thesis. Most of time I
have spent with my laziness and other temptations from friends and surrounding
situation, but He encourages my willing to finish it now.
I would like to honor and thank my lecturers and all staffs of English Letters
Department for their support, patience, and assistence in reading, correcting, and
giving contributions to my thesis writing. I am very grateful especially to
Dr. Francis Borgias Alip, M. Pd., M. A. who has given his guidance, suggestion
correction, and patience in the process of my thesis writing. I am sorry for the
delay in finishing my thesis “this month”. From June – October, you keep saying
it over and over again until I got bored and decided to finish it right now, this
month. Besides, I would like to thank also to Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. who
has been very careful correcting my grammar and thesis content. You are very
helpful.
I would like to especially thank my beloved parents, Drs. F. Zoana Djais
and Eka Veronika, for their holy and invaluable love, prayers, advice, and fund.
Thanks also for my younger brother Hendy and my younger sister Nyunyun
(Vonny) for being my motivation to be a good model as a sister and always give
the best for you. Without their presence, I must be still egoist and hopeless.
My great thanks are dedicated to my someone special (Satrian), my best
friend and brother (Lerry), and my senior sisters (Lavina Carp and Dee-Dee
vii
Reena); not having reflexion to your spirit in finishing your study before, I must
be stuck in my own place. Thanks for “barking” me all the time.
My great gratitude is also extended to all of friends in English Letters
Department 2005 of Sanata Dharma University, especially Tetty, Priska, Nani,
Agathon, Nana, Pero, Putri, Estu, Lori, “The Ernest Crew”, KKN USD 2009 in
Karang Asem (especially for Dek Nancy), for our time, togetherness, sharing, and
“chemistry”. I thank all of the sisters in Syantikara Female Dormitory (Kak ‘Ncis,
Icha, Ophy, Tasya, Putri, Elis, Windy, etc) and my beloved guardian Sister
Benedicte, CB (Suster Ben) for their support and cheerfulness that motivated me
in finishing this thesis. You are my second home in this land away from my first
home, West Borneo. Without your helps and supports I would not be able to finish
this study and this thesis.
Weny Natalia
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ...............................................................................................
APPROVAL PAGE .....................................................................................
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...............................................................................
MOTTO PAGE ............................................................................................
DEDICATION PAGE .................................................................................
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PUBLIKASI....................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................
ABSTRAK ....................................................................................................
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
ix
x
xi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...............................................................
A. Background of the Study ..........................................................
B. Problems Formulation ..............................................................
C. Objectives of the Study ............................................................
D. Definition of Terms .................................................................
1
1
3
3
4
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ..............................................
A. Review of Related Studies ........................................................
B. Review of Related Theories ......................................................
1. Theories of Word and Morphology ......................................
2. Theory of Etymology ............................................................
3. Theory of Magic ....................................................................
4. Information of Harry Potter .................................................
a. About the Novel .............................................................
b. About Spell Words ..........................................................
5. British Religion and Beliefs .................................................
C. Theoretical Framework ..............................................................
6
6
8
8
15
16
18
18
19
20
22
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ............................................................
A. Object of the Study ....................................................................
B. Approach of the Study ...............................................................
C. Method of the Study ...................................................................
1. Data Collection ......................................................................
2. Data Analysis ........................................................................
24
24
26
27
27
27
CHAPTER IV: RESULT OF ANALYSIS .................................................
A. The Spell Words in the Novel Harry Potter .............................
B. The Function of Each Spell Words ...........................................
C. The Morphological Process .......................................................
30
30
71
88
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ................................................................... 116
BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................... 118
ix
ABSTRACT
WENY NATALIA. A Morphological Study of Spell Words in J. K. Rowling’s
Harry Potter. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters,
Sanata Dharma University, 2009.
Besides based on the story of real life, a literary work can also be made of
imagination, such as done by J. K. Rowling, the author of the famous novel Harry
Potter. The novel talks about a boy named Harry Potter and the magical
phenomena that happen around him. Although based on the imagination, the
names of spell words within the novel are actually meaningful. They are derived
from some languages and combined in such a way. Because of that, the writer
decided to analyze the word formation/ morphological process of the spell words
in the novel.
This study has three objectives. The first objective is to see all of the spell
words used in the novel Harry Potter along with their meanings. The second
objective is to find out the function of those spell words. The last one is to identify
the morphological rule of the spell words.
In writing this thesis, first of all the present researcher listed all of the spell
words from the seven books of Harry Potter. After that, she classified them into
three parts: the spell words with the incantations and vernacular names, the spell
words with only the incantation, and the spell words with only vernacular names.
The focus was only to the ones having the incantations. Then, she tried to find out
the detail informations of the spell words such as the location(s) in the novel (the
page number and number of the book), the meaning, the functions and effects, and
the etymology. The latter was assisted by using the dictionary of etymology. All
the spell words are classified into some general functions. Later, the writer
analyzed the morphological process of the spell words based on the mophology
theory by comparing the spell words with their etymology. Next, the writer put
the similar processes into the same group to draw a conclusion.
Based on the analysis, the writer concluded that there are approximately
eighty one spell words in the novel Harry Potter. These spell words have their
own functions and effects, whether to help or to disturb men, which can be
classified into fourteen universal functions. The processes of forming the spell
words can be analyzed morphologically. Almost all of the spell words are loan
words from different languages. Some of them are purely taken, while the rest are
modified by other morphological processes such as back clipping, back formation,
blending, compounding, affixation, modification, and deletion.
x
ABSTRAK
WENY NATALIA. A Morphological Study of Spell Words in J. K. Rowling’s
Harry Potter. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas
Sanata Dharma, 2009.
Selain berdasarkan kisah dalam kehidupan nyata, sebuah karya sastra juga
dapat disusun berdasarkan khayalan, seperti yang dilakukan oleh J. K. Rowling,
pengarang novel Harry Potter yang terkenal itu. Novel tersebut mengisahkan
seorang bocah laki-laki bernama Harry Potter dan kejadian-kejadian magis yang
terjadi di sekelilingnya. Walaupun hanya berdasarkan khayalan, mantera-mantera
yang terdapat di dalam novel tersebut tetap penuh makna. Nama-nama tersebut
disadur dari beberapa bahasa dan digabungkan dengan sedemikian rupa. Oleh
karena itu, penulis memutuskan untuk mengkaji pembentukan kata/proses
morfologi mantera-mantera yang ada di dalam novel.
Studi ini memiliki tiga sasaran. Sasaran pertama adalah untuk mengetahui
semua mantera yang ada di dalam novel Harry Potter dan juga artinya. Sasaran
kedua ialah untuk mengetahui fungsi mantera-mantera tersebut. Sasaran terakhir
yaitu untuk mengenali kaidah pembentukan kata dari mantera-mantera tersebut.
Di dalam menulis skripsi ini, pertama-tama penulis skripsi membuat daftar
seluruh mantera dari ketujuh novel Harry Potter. Setelah itu, penulis
mengelompokkan mantera-mantera tersebut ke dalam tiga bagian, yakni mantera
dengan istilah mantera dan istilah umum atau bahasa sehari-harinya, mantera
dengan istilah mantera saja, dan mantera dengan istilah umumnya saja. Yang
menjadi inti hanya mantera yang memiliki istilah mantera. Kemudian, penulis
mencari penjelasan yang terperinci tentang mantera-mantera tersebut seperti
letaknya di dalam novel (nomor halaman dan nomor buku), artinya, kegunaan dan
efeknya, dan asal-usul katanya (etimologi). Untuk mengetahui asal-usul katanya,
penulis menggunakan kamus etimologi. Seluruh mantra dikelompokkan ke dalam
beberapa fungsi yang sama. Selanjutnya, penulis menganalisa proses
pembentukan kata mantera-mantera tersebut berdasarkan teori morfologi
(pembentukan kata) dengan membandingkan mantera-mantera tersebut dengan
kata aslinya dengan asal-usul katanya. Setelah itu, penulis mengelompokkan
mantera-mantera yang memiliki proses morfologi yang sama ke dalam satu
kelompok untuk membuat kesimpulan.
Berdasarkan analisa, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat kurang lebih
delapan puluh satu mantera di dalam novel Harry Potter. Mantera-mantera ini
memiliki fungsi dan efeknya masing-masing, baik yang berguna untuk membantu
ataupun mengganggu manusia, yang kemudian dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam
empat belas fungsi mantera secara umum. Proses-proses pembentukan manteramantera tersebut dapat dianalisa secara morfologi. Hampir semua mantera
tersebut merupakan kata-kata serapan dari berbagai macam bahasa yang berbeda.
Beberapa di antaranya diserap secara murni, sedangkan sisanya diubah oleh
proses pembentukan kata lainnya seperti proses pemotongan belakang,
xi
pembentukan mundur, peluluhan, penggabungan, pembubuhan, pengubahan, dan
penghapusan.
xii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
A literary work, similar to any kinds of arts, is mostly the imitation of
realities, according to Plato. Many authors of such fictions take the situations
and conditions of universe and human’s daily lifes to make their story more
alive (Abrams, 1979: 8). However, there are also the authors that use their
imagination to create such amazing story that probably another people could
not think about or do in similar way. The object of the story can be the
unusual animals or artificial creatures, the man’s ability to fly, do magic,
move to the pass or future, and other extraordinary things. They can be the
entertainment to children and the olders.
One of the famous authors of unreality-based story is a Scottish
woman named Joanne Kathleen Rowling, or mostly known as J. K. Rowling
(Shapiro, 2000: 2). Her great novel, Harry Potter, has been one of the
favorite books, not only for children but also adults. Since its first publishing,
Harry Potter was always sold out and even translated in many languages
around the world. It tells a story of a boy named Harry Potter who was an
orphan and chosen to be educated in Hogwart Wizarding Academy. His
parents were also the alumni of that school and had died in their effort to save
Harry from the Voldemort’s brutal murder. Although Harry could escape
1
2
from Voldemort when he was a baby, now he must meet, face, and defeat
Voldemort (Shapiro, 2000).
By seeing the name of the school (Hogwarts Wizarding Academy) the
reader may guess that this novel will talk a lot about wizard, charms, spells,
black magic, and so on. That is one of the Harry Potter’s special ornaments
which is easily remembered. However, if the readers can look at the spells
and charms more carefully, those spells actually are not just the creativity of
the author at all, yet they have fondation or meaning. Let us take the example
of the spell word “protego totalum”. The result of this spell is a complete or
total protection to a place. Here we can suggest that the spell word and the
result are similar in two ways: “protection” and “total”. Besides, there are the
other spell words such as “reparo” which have the same meaning with “to
repair”, “quietus” with “to become quite”, “deletrius” with “to delete”, etc.
Based on the examples above, the purpose of this research is to
analyze and find out the origin of the spells from the point of view of
morphology. So, although there is not any explanation of the spells’ function,
especially if it has already been repeated for several times, the readers of
Harry Potter would still be able to get the meaning by relating it with
particular English vocabularies which are more common in their daily life and
also through the context in the novel.
This topic obviously had been discussed in some books or website
because of its popularity, especially the literary elements and the origin of the
names in the novels. However, in this thesis the writer will analyze it more
3
deeply and accurately, from the point of view of morphology or word
formation.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the explanation above, the writer would like to ask some
questions as a guide to the analysis on this paper. The problems are
formulated as follows:
1. What are the spell words used by J.K. Rowling in Harry Potter?
2. What are the functions of each spell words?
3. Morphologically, how are the spell words formed?
C. Objectives of the Study
Having the problem formulation above, the writer will have some
goals. The first goal is to see all of the spell words used in Harry Potter. They
will be used as the objects of the study.
The second goal is to find out the function of those spells. The
function can be found explicitly in the text and also from the context of the
story. By knowing their functions, the readers would not have any difficulties
in getting the meaning of the spells. Although there is not any explanation
about the spells, the reader still could guess the meaning by relate them with
the similar words and find out the characteristic.
4
The third goal is to identify the morphological rule of the spells. By
understanding their morphological rule, the readers will have more
knowledge about morphology.
D. Definition of Terms
There are several terms used in this research as in the following:
1. In talking about spells, Arthur C. Lehmann and James E. Myers mentioned
it in their book Magic, Witchcraft, and Religion: An Anthropological Study
of the Supernatural
“Divination, special formulas and incantations, spells and curses,
all are considered magical, and all can be used for good and evil.
Since these activities are learned, they should be differentiated
from witchcraft, which is considered innate and, most believe,
uncontrollable.” (1985: 194)
It means that spell words (also charms and curses) are the words used in
magical activities. It can be used for good reasons, such as to assist human
in doing his daily activities, to make human’s work easier, to cure the ill,
to protect human’s life, etc. However, a spell word can also be applied to
do bad things such as to disturb other people, to get something illegaly,
and to do black magic in order to cause others injured, tortured, feel
discomfort, even died.
The ability to say spell words is nurture ability. It is learned and is
not achieved by born. Consequently, spell words can be controlled,
differed from witchcraft which is innate, nature, and uncontrollable.
5
2. Morphology is the study of how words are structured and how they are
put together from smaller parts. It attempts to give the rules,
morphological rules, used in forming of the words in a language, including
possible but nonoccuring words (McMannis, 1987: 117).
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
In this chapter, the writer will divide the review into three parts namely
review of related studies, review of related theories, and theoretical framework. In
the review of related studies, the writer will discuss some studies concerning
novel Harry Potter and the process of word formation. In the review of related
theories, the writer will use some theories such as theories of word and
morphology, theory of etymology, theory of magic, the information of novel
Harry Potter and about the spell words inside, and the knowledge of British
religions and beliefs. Then, in the theoretical framework the writer will show the
significance of the theories, information, and knowledge in answering the
problems of this present study.
A. Review of Related Studies
For this first part, the writer will review some studies done by another
researchers which are related to the present analysis. These studies are taken
from thesis and journal.
The first is a study for undergraduate thesis titled “English Society’s
Belief in the Existence of Magic as Revealed in J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter
and the Sorcerer’s Stone” done by Tersi Erdila Valentina. In this study, Tersi
stated that in Harry Potter novel (especially the first edition, Harry Potter
and the Sorcerer’s Stone) there are many things related to magic. These
phenomena not only can be found in the surounding area of Hogwarts, but
also in the life of Muggle society, common people having no inheritance of
6
7
magic, although only some of them admit the existence of magic (Valentina,
2003).
A similar study which also analyzes Harry Potter is done by Filipus
Nano Suharno from English Education in his graduate thesis “A Study of
Rowling’s Personal Life as Reflected in the Main Character of Her Novel
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix”. In his analysis, he shows that
there are some similarities between the real life of J. K. Rowling and her
imaginative character of her novel, Harry Potter, in Harry Potter and the
Order of the Phoenix (Suharno, 2000).
Other studies reviewed in this current thesis are those discussing the
aspect of morphology. First is “A Morphological Study of English Prefixes
Mega-, Macro-, Poly-, Multi-“ described by Olivia Soenantho where she
explained those prefixes from their stems, their combination with words, and
their meanings (Soenantho, 2002). Second is “A Morphological Study of the
English Noun Suffix –ion” done by Dalan Mehuli Perangin-Angin that
explained the form of suffix –ion (with synchronic and diachronic approach),
its meaning, and its application together with morphemes (Perangin-Angin,
1995).
In this present study, the writer will discuss something new. The
analysis will combine both aspect of the morphology and spell words in
Harry Potter, that is the study of spell words from the point of view of
morphology. The spell words are taken from all seven books of Harry Potter.
8
The analysis will cover the use of any kind of affixes in spell words that
might be used and especially the process of word formation.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theories of Word and Morphology
According
to
Andrew
Carstairs-McCarthy
in
his
book
An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure, the
words are “the basic units of language” (Carstairs-McCarthy, 2002: 4).
When people speak, they use at least one word, and in the arrangement of
phrase or sentence they put down more than one word.
A word actually is not the smallest part of a language. It consists of
some smaller parts that are called morphemes. A morpheme is a linguistic
term for the most elemental unit of grammatical form. It derives from the
Greek word morphe meaning “form” (Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams,
1988: 76). The word has two main elements, they are:
a. A free morpheme is a morpheme that can function as an independent
word (Szymanek, 1989: 14). Sometimes, it is also called root.
According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams in their book
An Introduction to Language, a root is “a lexical content morpheme that
cannot be analyzed into smaller parts” (2002: 80). For example, we
have the word “sleep”, “house”, and “flower”, which have meaningful
meaning. Together with one or more affixes, a root builds a stem which
may or may not be a word (eg. act + -ion = action, like + -ly = likely).
9
Besides of the root and stem, there is also base which is any item to
which affixes may be added (Bauer, 1988: 12). The roots and stems are
special types of base.
b. A bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot occur in isolation or
being an independent word (Szymanek, 1989: 14). The bound
morpheme is usually called affix and has several types according to
Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2002: 78 & 80), they are: prefixes or
the affixes precede other morpheme (ex. un-, pre-, dis-, bi-); suffixes or
the affixes follow other morpheme (ex. –er, -ist, -ly, -ing, -ed);
circumfixes or the affixes that are attached to another morpheme both
initially and finally (ex. un-able, dis-ment).
Besides, there are also additional types stated by Szymanek:
infixes or the affixes which divides the root but is itself not divided
(1989: 65), or in short, it is put in the middle of the morphemes (ex. in
Indonesian: suling and seruling); and transfixes or the discontinuous
affixes that cuts across the root morpheme so that they are both
combined like two interlocking combs (1989: 68). The later can be
applied in the following example: if the series of consonantal letters
k-t-b are combined with different vowels they will produce distinctive
meanings such as: kátab means “write”, kátaba means “clerks”, and
kitáab means “book”.
10
From the two elements above, we can arrange bigger and more
complex word which can contain a root and some affixes. Such process of
combining is usualy called the process of word formation.
The study of word formation is morphology. According to Andrew
Carstairs-McCarthy in his book An Introduction to English Morphology:
Words and Their Structure, morphology is taken from Greek word morphe
‘form’ and logos ‘study’ which means a study of “structure of words and
relationships between words involving the morphemes that compose them”
while morpheme is “the smaller part of words” (Carstairs-McCarthy, 2002:
16). However, morphology is “not only used for the study of the shapes of
words, but also for the collection of units which are used in changing the
forms of words” (Bauer, 1988: 4).
Another definition of morphology is composed by Francis Katamba
in his book Morphology that mentioning morphology as “a study of the
internal structure of words” (1993: 3). In morphology the focus is how a
word is built as one unit along with its additional member such as affixes.
The meaning of a word as one constituent is very important, besides its
meaning in a sequel of words in a sentence or its whole context.
The essential types of word formation are analyzed by William
O’Grady, Michael Dobrovolksy, and Mark Aronoff in their book
Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction as follows:
a. Inflection is the process of forming words by modify a word to mark
the grammatical subclass to which it belongs, such as number (singular
11
and plural), gender classification (masculine, feminine, and neuter),
tense (past, present, and future), and voice (active and passive). It does
not change the grammatical category of the word to which it applies. It
takes place after all word formation processes, including derivation
(1989: 107-116).
b. Derivation is the process by which a new word is built from a base,
usually through the addition of an affix. It changes the category and/or
the meaning of the base to which it applies (1989: 99). For example, a
verb (eg. drive and jump) added with affix –er becomes noun with the
meaning ‘one who does X’ (driver ‘one who drive’ and jumper ‘one
who jump’).
From the inflectional and derivational process, the word can be
combined by another process such as compounding and reduplication. A
compounding process is the process of combining two already existing
words (with or without accompanying affixes) to form a new word, such
as
blackbird,
doghouse,
seaworthy,
bluegreen,
etc
(O’Grady,
Dobrovolksy, Aronoff, 1989: 99&103).
A reduplication (repetition) is a morphological process by which
the root or step of a word, or only part of it, is repeated (Alip, 2008). Alip
mentions that the reduplication process can be analyzed based on their
morphological and phonological process.
Based on morphology, the reduplication which is meant to create a
new word, has purposes as follows:
12
i. to imitate sounds, eg. tick-tock, bow-bow;
ii. to suggest alternating movements, eg. ping-pong, seesaw;
iii. to disparage by suggesting instability, nonsense, insincerity,
vacillation, eg.wishy-washy, hocus-pocus, higgled-piggled;
iv. to intensify, eg. tip-top, teeny-weeny.
Whereas based on phonology, it can be divided into three:
i. Rhyming reduplication, where the rhyme of the first element is
repeated in the second, eg. argy-bargy, hot-pot, arty-farty;
ii. Exact reduplication, where the second element is the full repetition
of the first, eg. bye-bye, bonbon;
iii. Ablaut reduplication, where the vowel sound of the first element is
changed in the second, eg. criss-cross, chit-chat.
Again, William O’Grady, Michael Dobrovolksy, and Mark Aronoff
add another word formations as following (1989: 106-107):
i. Clipping (abbreviation) is the process whereby a new word is
created by shortening a polysyllabic word, such as the shortening
word professor to prof, advertisement to ads, physical education to
phys-ed, etc;
ii. Acronym is formed from the initial sounds or letters of a string of
words, such as the name of an organization or a scientific
expression, such as the acronyms AIDS for Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome, NASA for National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, radar for radio detecting and ranging, etc;
13
iii. Blend is created from parts of two already existing lexical items,
such as motel for motor hotel, selectric for select+electric, chortle
for chuckle+snort, telethon for telephone+marathon, permapress
for permanent+press, etc;
iv. Backformation is the process whereby a word whose form is
similar to that of a derived form undergoes a process of
deaffixation. This process change part of speech the new form of
word from its original form. The example are the word resurrrect
(V) from ressurection (N), enthuse (V) from enthusiasm (N), orient
(V) or orientate (V) from orientation (N), edit (V) from editor (N),
swindle (V) from swindler (N), etc;
v. Onomatopoeic is the process whereby a word imitates the sound of
nature, i.e. buzz, hiss, sizzle, cuckoo, etc.
Furthermore, we also have the other processes of word formation as
following:
vi. Eponym is a word derived from proper names and are another of
the many creative ways that the vocabulary of a language expands
(Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2002: 98), such as kleenex for
‘facial tissue’, xerox for ‘photocopy’, watt, curie, fahrenheit, etc;
vii. Clitics are the obligatorily bound morphs which are intermediate
between an affix and a word such as the forms like ‘ve from have,
‘d from had, ‘s from has, ‘ll from will (Bauer, 1988: 99);
14
viii. Borrowing is the process whereby a word is taken/borrowed from
another language and adopted to a certain language. The borrowing
words can also being called by the loan word. According to
Andrew Radford and his friends in their book Linguistics: an
Introduction, the process of borrowing word “are very often
assimilated to the phonological and morphological structure of the
new host language” (1999: 256).
In her book Historical Linguistics 2nd edition, Lyle
Campbell mentioned two ways which commonly happen in
borrowing words: adaptation and accommodation. In adaptation,
the non-existing word in foreign language will be replaced with the
nearest and more comfort phonetic equivalent sound in the
receiving language, while in accommodation, the phonological
pattern of the foreign language will be modified by several
processes such as deletion, addition, or recombination. However,
sometimes the foreign word is borrowed purely without any
changes into the receiving language’s vocabulary (2004: 65-67).
The form of borrowing not only in the word by word form,
but also can be in the form of idioms or phrases. For example,
English music (from French "musique"); Spain chófer (from French
"chauffeur"); French gratte-ciel and Spain rasca·cielos ‘both
literally: scrape-sky’ (< E skyscraper).
15
2. Theory of Etymology
It is common for one language to take words from another
language and make them part of its own vocabulary. The process is called
borrowing and the words are loanwords. They are borrowed primarily
because of need and prestige. The speakers of a language acquire some
new item or concept from abroad which means they need a new term along
with new acquisition and sometimes with the new concept too. Then,
because the foreign term for some reason is highly esteemed, it is adopted
for prestige reason (Campbell, 2004: 64).
The borrowing process is closely related to etymology or the study
of word’s original meaning. It is derived from Greek word etumon that
means ‘true’ (Campbell, 2004: 5). In the novel Harry Potter we can find
many words that were adopted especially from Latin by Rowling to name
the spell words. In order to understand them better, we must look back at
their etymological meaning by checking them in the etymology
dictionaries.
Actually, etymology is one of the fields studying in historical
linguistics. By linguists, it is also called diachronic linguistics (from Greek
dia- ‘through’ + chronos ‘time’ + -ic), since historical linguistics are
concerned with change in language or languages over time. For example,
the linguists study how Old English differs from Modern English, Old
French from Modern French, etc. It is contrasted with synchronic
linguistics, which deals with a language at a single point in time. For
16
example, the linguists study how the grammar of spoken English is in
some particular speech community (Campbell, 2004: 4). Etymology is not
the primary purpose of historical linguistics, but rather the goal is to
understand language change in general that will lead to the further
explanation of some process such as borrowing, clipping, analogy,
amalgamation, sound change, etc (Campbell, 2004: 6).
3. Theory of Magic
The term of magic although is not very popular and real in human’s
life, but it cannot be totally pushed aside. Some people think magic as
something bad even worst that brings evil’s deed, such as the case of black
magic, voodoo tradition, curse, etc. However, sometimes magic can also
be a good thing such as its use in magic games, healing people, getting the
lost item back, protection from evil power, etc.
In
a
book
titled
Magic,
Witchcraft,
and
Religion:
An Anthropological Study of the Supernatural composed by Lehmann and
Myers, it is mentioned that magic itself is divided into three, they are:
a. imitative magic where the desired result could be achieved by
imitation;
b. contagious magic where the material or substance once in contact with
the intended victim is used in the magical attack,
c. symphatetic magic which is associated with or symbolic of the
intended victim are used to identify and carry out the spell.
17
Those three magical abilities are learned. People cannot gain them
genetically. Therefore, magic must be differed from witchcraft which is
“innate and uncontrolable” (Lehmann and Myers, 1985: 194).
Because the researcher cannot find other suitable source(s) for
practices of magic, she uses a free site Wikipedia that defines those
practices as follows (2008: 9):
a. the use of "magic words" said to have the power to command spirits;
b. the use of wands (a straight thin stick that is held by somebody when
performing magic or magic tricks) and other ritual tools (such as
candle, magic powder, animal, blood, etc);
c. the use of a magic circle to defend the magician against the spirits he is
invoking or evoking; and
d. the use of mysterious symbols or sigils thought useful to invoke or
evoke spirits.
It has been said in the first explanation of magic above that one of
the element used in symphatetic magic is the pronounce of spell. It is
strengthened by Lehmann and Myers’ theory that states spell is one of the
activity in doing magic.
“Divination, special formulas and incantations, spells and curses,
all are considered magical, and all can be used for good and evil”
(1985: 194).
The review also supports that magic can be in the shape of good and bad
actions represented in their effects for human. In the novel Harry Potter,
the author gives some spell words classification, such as charm, spell,
18
curse, and jinx. The curse is very dangerous because it hurts the victim
even makes them died. There is only one jinx and it is also worse although
it is not as dangerous as the curse. The charm and spell are safe enough
and used to help human being, but some spells can also be used for bad
intention although it cannot make the victim dead. Charm is more positive
in practice than spell.
4. Information of Harry Potter
a. About the Novel
Harry Potter is one of the novels written by Joanne Kathleen
Rowling (J. K. Rowling). It tells a story about an orphan named Harry
Potter. His parents died because they were killed by the Prince of Dark,
Voldemort, in their effort to protect baby Harry. Fortunately, Harry was
safe and taken care by his mother’s sister, Aunt Petunia Dursley, and
her family. Harry’s life seemed to be quite miserable in that house until
one day he got a letter telling he was accepted in Hogwarts School of
Witchcraft and Wizardry where his parents also be its alumni. And the
next episode of the novel explaining Harry’s life in his school, his
Aunt’s house at long holiday, and when he has to defeat Voldemort
until he was succeed to kill him (Shapiro, 2000: 2-6).
Harry Potter is very famous throughout the world, for all ages,
sexes, and social states. There are seven series of it: 1 Harry Potter and
the Sorcerer’s Stone (the original title is Harry Potter and the
Philosopher’s Stone), 2 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret, 3
19
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, 4 Harry Potter and the
Goblet of Fire, 5 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, 6 Harry
Potter and A Half-blooded Prince, and 7 Harry Potter and the Deathly
Hollows. Since its first publication, Harry Potter has always been sold
out and even translated in about 67 languages around the world, such as
American English, Indonesian, Ukrainian, Hindi, Bengali, Welsh,
Afrikaans, Vietnamese, Latin, Ancient Greek, etc (Wikipedia, Maret
7th, 2009).
One of the very explicit characteristics of the novel Harry Potter
is the use of magical terms. It can be seen in the name of spells, charms,
and curses. According to Wikipedia, most of the spell words are
borrowed from Latin, another are taken from English, Greek, Aramaic,
and others. (Maret 7th, 2009). From the first until the last book, there
are approximately eighties spell words in Harry Potter novels, not
included the spell words which are mentioned only in their vernacular
names and the additional spells for the film series.
b. About Spell Words
A special characteristic of J. K. Rowling in creating the famous
novel Harry Potter and differentiates her from other writers is the use
of history’s or folklore’s references inside the novel. According to free
site Wikipedia, spell words in Harry Potter are mostly taken from
Classical language especially Latin because the writer, J. K. Rowling,
studied Latin (and French) in the college (2009: 3). The effects of the
20
spell words in the novel and the original language are almost
completely similar. Some spells have the incantation and vernacular
names in parenthesis (eg. Accio (Summoning Charm)), but some only
have the incantation (eg. Reducio) or only the vernacular one (eg.
(Unbreakable Vow)). The incantation and vernacular name of the spell
words are given by Rowling in the novel, both explicitly and implicitly.
5. British Religion and Beliefs
In many books reviewed and analyzed Harry Potter, such as “J. K.
Rowling: The Wizard Behind Harry Potter” written by Marc Shapiro and
“The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter” by David Colbert, the writers
proved that J. K. Rowling has put some referencies from her study of Latin
language and her understanding of histories of many countries or nations.
We can assumed that it is also possible for her to addopt the tradition of
religions and beliefs in British nation as her nationality which is very close
to her since childhood in enhancing her story of Harry Potter. This
reference also makes us easier to understand the novel. Besides, with the
absence of spell words’ exact word pattern, we might also be assisted by
the clue of both intrinsic or extrinsic elements, in the magic ritual.
Among British people, the existence of magic is closely related to
the beliefs of Celtic or Celts, before the Christianity was professed by the
citizens. Although it is no longer exist in recent lifes, but its story still can
be gained from the folk stories growing within the society or the history
21
books. In a book titled The Great Cultural Traditions volume I:
The Ancient Cities written by Ralph Turner, Ph.d, it is mentioned that
“The chief intellectual element in Celtic culture was a religion
characterized by a lively sense of the daimonic universe which
peopled every spot and nook with fairies, spirits, and goblins. The
colorful folklore of western Europe was derived mainly from this
source. This religion was ministered by priests who known as the
Druids. They practiced divination.” (1941: 527-528)
The review explains that the Celtics which is leaded by the Druids, used
natural aspects for its practice. It is very often for them to use the elements
of the nature, such as weather, plants, animals, and anything related to
them, whether it is an abstrack or concrete noun. The abstrack noun here
means the characteristics of nature, i.e. strong, fly, hot, hard, etc. For
addition, it is also noted that the story of fairies, spirits, and the other
supranatural power in folk stories inspired by the Celtics ritual.
But, since the coming of Roman, Viking, and Norman Conquest
later who brought Christianity, the tradition of Celtic ritual has been
removed. The groups of Jesus Christ’s believers are divided into several
kinds such as Roman Catholics, the Orthodox, Protestants (the followers of
Martin Luther who was dissapponted with the corruption within Catholic
body and decided to make a new belief of Christian), and Catholic
Anglicans that until present is the official religion of England (Gilley and
Sheils, 1994: 1-9). Thus, Harry Potter is purely a fictive novel, not
reflecting the present social conditions where the author lives in although
she also put some referencies from the past history and traditions.
22
C. Theoretical Framework
In order to make the present study more accurate and well-composed,
the writer had used some theories, related studies, reviews, and other
additional information related to the object of the study.
Theoretically, the writer’s problems can be answered because the
novel Harry Potter talked mostly about the wizard world as been proved by
Tersi Erdila Valentina in her graduate thesis “English Society’s Belief in the
Existence of Magic as Revealed in J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the
Sorcerer’s Stone” (Valentina, 2003) and in the information of novel Harry
Potter. Certainly, there are many list of spell words in that novel along with
their descriptions and functions. It is about eighties. So, it is not too difficult
to answer the first problem. The writer just list all the spell words used in the
novel Harry Potter, which are mostly written in italic and implicitly must be
understood from the sentences or paragraph, in order to ensure that the words
are really the spell words. This can be applied too in answering the question
number two that only summarizing the function of spell words that have been
explained in the previous question. Besides, the information of the etymology
of the word that is also very crucial and helpful in answering the last
question, can give the reader better understanding for the whole spell words.
As explained in the beginning, the purpose of this study is to identify
the formation process of the spell words occured in the novel Harry Potter.
Of course, for this study the use of theories of words and morphology as the
study of internal structure of word is very crucial. As there is not any exact
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pattern of composing spell words, the writer use the knowledge of magic and
British religions and beliefs. By applying these two sources, it is easier to
know the characteristic of magic, what customs are usually employed in the
practice, its elements, etc. Britain as the original place of the author is
certainly giving influences for the author in creating her story. Those theories
are usefull in answering the last question.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter will be divided into three parts namely object of the study,
approach of the study, and method of the study which later will included the data
collection and data analysis.
A. Object of the Study
The object of the study is the list of spell words taken from the novel
Harry Potter, from the first to the last, written by Joanne Kathleen Rowling
(J. K. Rowling) and is published by Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom in
1997. Since its first publication, Harry Potter has always been sold out and
even translated in about 67 languages around the world, such as American
English,
Indonesian,
Ukrainian,
Hindi,
Bengali,
Welsh,
Afrikaans,
Vietnamese, Latin, Ancient Greek, etc (Wikipedia, Maret 7th, 2009). The
novels are thick enough. In its Indonesia version published by PT. Gramedia
Pustaka Utama in Indonesia in 2000, the total page are as following: 382
pages for the first novel (Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone), 424 pages
for the second novel (Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret), 534 pages for
the third novel (Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban), 882 pages for the
fourth novel (Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire),1200 pages for the fifth
novel (Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix), 816 pages for the sixth
novel (Harry Potter and A Half-blooded Prince), and 999 pages for the
seventh and the last novel (Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows).
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25
A free site, The Leaky Cauldron, records that since the publication of
the first novel Philosopher's Stone (Sorcerer’s Stone), the series of Harry
Potter have been the recipients of many awards, including Hugo Awards for
Best Novel for Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2000), four
Whitaker Platinum Book Awards for Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
(2001), three Nestlé Smarties Book Prizes (1997–1999), two Scottish Arts
Council Book Awards (1999 and 2001), the inaugural Whitbread children's
book of the year award (1999), and the W. H. Smith book of the year (2006).
The book also received honours including a commendation for the Carnegie
Medal (1997), a short listing for the Guardian Children's Award (1998), and
numerous listings on the notable books, editors' Choices, and best books lists
of the American Library Association, New York Times, Chicago Public
Library, and Publishers Weekly (Maret 7th, 2009).
Harry Potter is praised as "a richly textured novel given lift-off by an
inventive wit" by The Guardian and had "all the makings of a classic"
according to The Scotsman. However, controversions also do not unwill to
speak up for this book. Ron Charles opined in July 2007 in Washington Post
that the large numbers of adults reading the Potter series but few other books
may represent a "bad case of cultural infantilism", and that the
straightforward "good vs. evil" theme of the series is "childish." He also
argued "through no fault of Rowling's," the cultural and marketing "hysteria"
marked by the publication of the later books "trains children and adults to
expect the roar of the coliseum, a mass-media experience that no other novel
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can possibly provide." Besides, various religious conservatives also have
claimed that the books promote witchcraft and are therefore unsuitable for
children, while a number of critics have criticized the books for promoting
various political agendas (Wikipedia, Maret 7th, 2009).
Whatever the critics said, Harry Potter has been a favorite book of
children and adults all over the world which challenged a big house film
production Warner Bross to adopt it in moving picture. In addition, Harry and
his friends and enemies have been enchanted to the forms of many
merchandises and the actors in games.
B. Approach of the Study
As said in the beginning, the writer in this paper concerned with
morphological process of word formation of spell words in the novel Harry
Potter. Consequently, the approach should be morphology or the study of
word formation (Carstairs-McCarthy, 2002: 16). In addition, to understand
whether the words are really the spell words or not, the reader must know the
context of the sentences. For that matter, the pragmatics or the study of
linguistic forms and the users of those forms, or in short, the study of
language context (Cutting, 2003: 1), will be applied in this research. Besides,
the knowledge of spell words is also important to differentiate the spell words
and the common one, in this novel, J. K. Rowling gave a little bit changing of
the common words to create an extraordinary spell ones. It is also a kind of
idiosyncrasy of the author.
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C. Method of the Study
1. Data Collection
The collecting process of data for this research is a population
study, which means that the researcher listed all spell words within the
novel Harry Potter and did not left anything. The procedure done by the
present writer can be divided into two steps. The first procedure is the
writer collected all seven novels Harry Potter. The writer might not miss
one book because the population of this study is all the spell words in the
novels Harry Potter. The second procedure is the writer read the books
one by one carefully. Whenever the writer found the spell words, whether
it contains of incantation and vernacular name or only one of them, she
listed them along with their function and effect.
2. Data Analysis
To answer the problems and purposes of this paper, the writer had
taken some steps. However, the same step cannot be applied for every
problems.
a. Classifying the spell words;
After listing all the spell words, the writer classified them into three
parts: the s