Severus snape`s journey to reach self actualization as seen in J.K. Rowling`s Harry Potter Novels
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SEVERUS SNAPE’S JOURNEY
TO REACH SELF-ACTUALIZATION
AS SEEN IN J.K. ROWLING’S HARRY POTTER NOVELS
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Theresia Diana Rositaningrum
Student Number: 101214121
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014
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SEVERUS SNAPE’S JOURNEY
TO REACH SELF-ACTUALIZATION
AS SEEN IN J.K. ROWLING’S HARRY POTTER NOVELS
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Theresia Diana Rositaningrum
Student Number: 101214121
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014
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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work
or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the
references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, 24 October 2014
The Writer
Theresia Diana Rositaningrum
101214121
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertandatangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama
Nomor Mahasiswa
: Theresia Diana Rositaningrum
: 101214121
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
SEVERUS SNAPE’S JOURNEY TO REACH SELF-ACTUALIZATION AS
SEEN IN J.K. ROWLING’S HARRY POTTER NOVELS
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 24 September 2014
Yang menyatakan,
Theresia Diana Rositaningrum
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ABSTRACT
Rositaningrum, Theresia Diana. 2014. Severus Snape’s Journey to Reach SelfActualization as Seen in J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter Novels. Yogyakarta: English
Education Study Programme, Department of Language and Arts Education,
Faculty of Teachers and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This study discusses Harry Potter novels, written by a famous English
novelist, J.K. Rowling. The novels tell about a boy named Harry Potter who fights
for his life against Lord Voldemort. He goes to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft
and Wizardry. During his study in Hogwarts, Harry has many teachers. One of
them is Severus Snape, who has become Harry’s least favourite teacher. Snape
shows his hatred to Harry in the almost entire parts of Harry Potter novels.
However, his hatred is in fact his way of showinghis self-actualization by making
the boy realise that he loves him.
The objective of the study is to reveal Severus Snape’s self-actualization
as seen in J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter seven novels. There are three problem
formulation in this study: (1) “how is Severus Snape portrayed in Harry Potter
novels?”, (2) “how is Severus Snape’s journey to reach self-actualization revealed
in the seven Harry Potter novels?”, and (3) “what is the meaning of Severus
Snape’s self-actualization?”.
The main data of this study are the seven Harry Potter novels. The
secondary data are taken from books, e-books, encyclopedia, dictionary, and the
Internet which are related to the main study about self-actualization. The theories
used in this study are theory of characters and characterization, theory of selfactualization, theory of self-transcendence, and theory of generativity.
Psychological approach becomes the only approach used in this study.
From the problems that have been mentioned, there are three things to
conclude. First, Severus Snape is portrayed as a mysterious, cold, cynical,
malicious, sarcastic, brave, and ambitious character. Second, Severus Snape’s
self-actualization can be seen from self-actualization characteristics such as his
ability to see efficient perception of reality; accept self, others, and nature; detach
from external circumstances; discriminate between means and ends; centre
problems; be spontaneous and simple; be creative, be autonomous; his social
interest; interpersonal relations; his peak or mystic experience. The meaning of
Severus Snape’s self-actualization is that he successfully achieves selftranscendence and is able to help Harry reach self-actualization in the future, by
giving him his memory.
Keywords: self-actualization, self-transcendence, generativity
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ABSTRAK
Rositaningrum, Theresia Diana. 2014. Severus Snape’s Journey to Reach SelfActualization as Seen in J.K Rowling’s Harry Potter Novels.Yogyakarta: English
Education Study Programme, Department of Language and Arts Education,
Faculty of Teachers and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
Studi ini membahas novel Harry Potter yang ditulis oleh novelis Inggris
terkenal, J.K. Rowling. Novel ini menceritakan tentang seorang anak laki-laki
bernama Harry Potter yang memperjuangkan hidupnya melawan Lord
Voldemort. Ia bersekolah di sekolah sihir Hogwarts. Selama studinya di
Hogwarts, Harry bertemu dengan banyak guru. Salah satu dari mereka adalah
Severus Snape, yang merupakan guru yang paling tidak disukai Harry. Snape
menunjukkan kebenciannya terhadap Harry di hampir seluruh dari novel Harry
Potter. Namun, kebenciannya terhadap Harry merupakan salah satu cara untuk
menunjukkan aktualisasi dirinya kepada Harry dengan menyadarkan anak itu
bahwa ia mencintainya.
Tujuan dari studi ini yaitu untuk menyibak aktualisasi diri dari Severus
Snape yang dilihat dari ketujuh novel Harry Potter karya J.K. Rowling. Ada tiga
masalah dalam studi ini: (1) “bagaimana Severus Snape digambarkan di dalam
novel Harry Potter?”, (2) “bagaimana perjalanan Severus Snape menuju
aktualisasi diri diungkapkan?”, dan (3) “apa arti dari aktualisasi diri Severus
Snape?”
Sumber utama dari studi ini adalah ketujuh novel Harry Potter. Sumber
tambahan diambil dar ibuku-buku, e-book, ensiklopedia, kamus, dan internet
yang berhubungan dengan studi utama mengenai aktualisasi diri. Teori yang
digunakan di dalam studi ini adalah teori karakter dan pengkarakterisasian, teori
aktualisasi diri, teori transendensi diri, dan teori generativitas. Pendeketan
psikologi menjadi satu-satunya pendekatan yang digunakan di dalam studi ini.
Dari masalah-masalah yang sudah disebutkan, ada tiga hal yang dapat
disimpulkan. Pertama, Severus Snape digambarkan sebagai karakter yang
misterius, dingin, sinis, kejam, sarkastik, berani, dan ambisius. Kedua, aktualisasi
diri Severus Snape dapat dilihat dari ciri-ciri aktualisasi diri seperti
kemampuannya untuk melihat realitas persepsi efisien; keberterimaannya
terhadap diri sendiri, orang lain, dan alam; melepaskan diri dari situasi sekitar;
membedakan antara sarana dan tujuan; memusatkan masalah; spontan dan
sederhana; kreatif; mandiri; hubungan antar interpersonalnya; pengalaman
puncak dan mistiknya.
Arti dari aktualisasi diri Snape yaitu bahwa ia berhasil mencapai
transendensi diri dan membantu Harry untuk meraih aktualisasi diri di masa
depan dengan memberi memorinya.
Kata kunci: self-actualization, self-transcendence, generativity
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“Neither a lofty degree of intelligence nor
imagination nor both together go to the making
of genius. Love, love, love, that is the soul of
genius.”
(Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)
I dedicate this thesis to:
My beloved mother and father
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My first gratitude goes to my Lord Jesus Christ, whose blessings never
end in my life. He gives me the best thatI can finally accomplish my last ‘mission’
in my education journey. Without His guidance, this thesis might not be done.
Secondly, I thank my advisor, Veronica Triprihatmini, S.Pd., M.Hum.,
M.A. During these two semesters, she has patiently guided me to work on this
thesis. She would always spare her time for our discussion once a week. I am
really grateful for her help during this hardship. I also give my credit to Henny
Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum for her enlightment. I will not forget my ‘third advisor’,
Dra. Novita Dewi, M.S., M.A (Hons)., Ph.D. for her advice before I stepped
further in working this thesis. I thank her for helping me so that I could use the
seven Harry Potter novels as the main sources to see Severus Snape’s journey to
reach self-actualization.
I spare my gratitude to all PBI lecturers who have taught and guided me.
I also thank Mbak Dhaniek who helped me in completing administration things.
My deepest gratitude is bestowed to my mother, Dra. Agustien Sitawati
and my father, Drs. Ignatius Hadi Isnanto. They always supported me in all
conditions. They reminded me to keep working on this thesis because they really
knew me that I was quite lazy. I thank my husband, Antonius Didik Kristantohadi,
S.Pd forhis support during my effort in finishing this thesis. I thank him as well
for giving me a theory about literature which helped me to understand writing
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essays in literature. I also do not forget to send my gratitude to Bejo, Beji, Tompil,
Tahu, Menyil, Iyeng, Dimbil, and Celeng, my cats,which have always been the
parts of my family. They would always amuse me when I was stuck with this
thesis.
I cannot describe my feelings to say how thankful I am to my best
friends: Vina, Tia, There, Guida, Heni, Siwi, and Geo for their support and crazy
times. I will surely them all when we are apart. I give my gratitude to my
classmates who have worked hard together with me in these four years who I
cannot mention one by one.
I also thank the deacons of Santo Paulus Kentungan for their cheerful
jokes which helped me entertained amidst the tiring activities during working on
my thesis. I also appreciate my SPD partners for their companionship within these
two semesters. I thank them for the happiness and sadness, joy and madness,
laughs and tears. I will not forget them.
My gratitude at last goes to everyone who has supported and encouraged
me. May God guide and bless them all.
Theresia Diana Rositaningrum
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ....................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGES ........................................................................................... ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY .................................................... iv
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ...................................................... v
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... vi
ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... vii
DEDICATION PAGE ...................................................................................... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................ ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study ............................................................................ 1
B. Objective of the Study ................................................................................ 4
C. Problem Formulations ................................................................................ 4
D. Research Benefits ....................................................................................... 5
E. Definition of Terms .................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER II. THEORY OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies .......................................................................... 9
B. Review of Related Theories ...................................................................... 11
1. Theory of Character and Characterisation ........................................... 11
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2. Maslow’s Theory of Human Needs ..................................................... 18
a. Definition of Self-Actualization .................................................... 20
b. Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People..................................... 21
3. Theory of Self-Transcendence ............................................................ 25
4. Theory of Generativity ........................................................................ 26
C. Theoretical Framework ............................................................................. 27
D. Context of the Study ................................................................................. 27
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study ................................................................................... 30
B. Approach of the Study .............................................................................. 32
C. Method of the Study ................................................................................. 33
CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS
A. The Character Description of Severus Snape ............................................ 36
1. Mysterious .......................................................................................... 37
2. Cold .................................................................................................... 38
3. Cynical ............................................................................................... 40
4. Malicious ............................................................................................ 41
5. Sarcastic ............................................................................................. 42
6. Brave .................................................................................................. 43
7. Ambitious ........................................................................................... 44
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B. Severus Snape’s Journey to Reach Self-Actualization ............................... 45
1. Severus Snape’s Needs Fulfilment as Seen from Abraham Maslow’s
Hierarchy of Needs ............................................................................. 45
2. Severus Snape’s Self-Actualization as Seen from Abraham Maslow’s
Characteristics of Self-Actualization in Hierarchy of Needs ................ 53
C. The Meaning of Severus Snape’s Self-Actualization ................................. 63
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions .............................................................................................. 67
B. Suggestions .............................................................................................. 69
REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 74
APPENDICES ................................................................................................... 76
APPENDIX 1: SUMMARY OF THE NOVELS .................................... 77
APPENDIX 2: BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHOR ................................. 81
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter reveals the introduction of the study. This chapter consists
of five main points: the first section describes the background of the study which
explains the rationale of choosing the study; the second section presents the
problems that presentin this study in the form of three research questions; the third
section presents the objective of this study which reveals the purpose of this
study; the fourth section contains of the benefit of the study; the fifth and the last
section of this part consists of definition of terms providing some definitions
which become the major focus in this study.
A. Background of the Study
Every literary work is precious. They come from the authors’ ideas
which are the results and the reflection of human’s life (Carroll, 1995). Novel can
especially can become the source for people to see a life from different angles. By
reading a novel, a person is involved into the world of what he is reading. From a
novel, he can learn life values offered by the author which are reflected through
every character. There are several approaches which are used to study literary
works. One of the approaches is psychological approach. Hence, psychology is
not only limited to real life. Since psychology studies human behaviour,
characters in a novel deserve to be studied from different angles of psychological
aspects.
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This study subsequently made self-actualization as the main focus from
psychological aspect. Furthermore, this thesis was intended to uncover Severus
Snape’s self-actualization as revealed in J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter novels.
Needless to say, Severus Snape is one of the major villains in the novels. His selfactualization can be revealed in this study, none other by the ‘helping-hand’ of
Harry Potter author, J.K. Rowling.
Severus Snape’s unique characteristic triggers the researcher to analyse
further. Some people might say that a person like Snape cannot be a full person
who can reach self-actualization. Snape shows two personalities in the whole
story of Harry Potter, from the very first novel until the seventh, the end of the
story. He is renowned for his bad behaviour; but at last, he reveals his true self
that he is not a mean person. That’s way the way Snape actualizes himself is
unique.
To discover Severus Snape’s self-actualization as seen in the seven
Harry Potter novels, this thesis focused on the characteristics of self-actualization
which found the prooves from the character’s actions, conversation with others
and the past life.
But then, despite Severus Snape’s controversy throughout the novel
series, he brings a moral value to the reader. Snape’s heroic action becomes an
attention in literary work: that a villain is not always be the bad guy. We
sometimes find a villain who turns into a good guy. It is always easy to find a
character who puts a good mask on their face. However, we find it hard to find a
character who puts a bad mask on their face as Snape does.
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In a relation to the current situation about self-actualization, teenagers
and young people tend to seek out their existence by unleashing their whereabouts
or unimportant things in social media so that other people see them that they are
capable of doing something.It turns out that people like that do not have their
principle: they drown in the current of what is trending today. If we look at
Snape’s personality, he is not the kind of person who searches for fame – he
instead chooses being unfamous. When other teachers in Hogwarts School are
trying to behave well so that students respect them, he still becomes students’
least favourite teacher and he does not mind the stigma that come to him.
The realisation of self-actualization nowadays differs from the past one.
Since we live in the growing environment which constantly changes from time to
time, the realisation of self-actualization takes form into nowadays’ situation. In
order to reach higher standard of human needs, one must fulfil lower needs. For
instance, when a person has grasped spointaneity, problem solving, lack of
prejudice or acceptance of facts, then he or she is said to have reached selfactualization – although he or she is not creative. A man can also be said to fulfil
“acceptance of facts” when – for example, he welcomes his friends to come into
his dirty and small home. In fact, teenagers tend to refuse their life fact because
they have things they do not want. For that reason, this study is important since it
has a great deal with current situation. There are a lot of values from Severus
Snape that are essential as reflected in his journey to reach self-actualization in
Harry Potter novels. Severus Snape is the perfect model for people in this era
who seem to seek out their existence. He does not mind to behave so badly that all
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people underestimate and stigmatise him. He still becomes himself until death
calls him.
To endorse this study, the researcher needs to seek every proof that lies
in all of Harry Potterseven novels.However, the dominant object of this study is
still the last novel, Harry Potter and the Deatlhy Hallows.
B. Objective of the Study
The objective of the thesis is to discover Severus Snape’s portrayal. The
second objective is to reveal Severus Snape’s journey to reach self-actualization
as seen in seven Harry Potter novels. The third objective is to reveal the meaning
of Severus Snape’s self-actualization.
C. Problem Formulation
There are three problemswhich are going to be discussed in chapter four.
The three problems are follows:
1. How is Severus Snape portrayed in Harry Potter novels?
2. How is Severus Snape’s journey to reach self-actualization revealed in the
seven Harry Potter novels?
3. What is the meaning of Severus Snape’s self-actualization?
D. Research Benefits
There are several points of benefit that can be found in this thesis.
Seeking a character’s self-actualization is certainly difficult. Not all of characters
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– even the main characters can reach self-actualization. In order to prove the
validation of the Severus Snape’s self-actualization, the researcher had to
comprehend the story of seven Harry Potter novels and Severus Snape’s journey
from the beginning until the end of the novel. By investigating every human needs
committed by Severus Snape, the researcher was required to scrutinize thoroughly
in every novel. Thus, the benefit of this study is clear: it made the researcher
become more aware of tiny matters that can come into a big matter. The
researcher realised that dealing with human nature is not an easy thing. Therefore,
by having succeeded in accomplishing this study, the researcher gets the benefit
of becoming a more developed person.
Severus Snape has indeed, given the reader and the audience of Harry
Potter novels and films a worthy moral lesson about his sincerity and firmness of
keeping promise until the end of his life. This study also helps the reader get
something worthy Severus Snape. A bad guy in a literary work will not always be
always the bad guy. Instead, a bad guy like Snape can change the story plot into
something that people have never imagined. He changes the reader’s paradigm
about a bad character who usually commits bad deeds into a bad character who
can become a self-actualizing person – and even more than that.
Secondly, the benefit which can be craved by Sanata Dharma students
from this study is that they can learn how to be a full person who can reach selfactualization: a person who enjoys being her or himself. This is obvious that
reaching self-actualization needs a quite long journey and takes time to learn
from environment, successful people, even a character who can be a perfect role
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model like Severus Snape. Every person has their right to develop themselves
(Maslow, 1973). Ultimately, once a person has reached self-actualization, he will
not need unimportant things that other people may still do.
As for the lecturers of Universitas Sanata Dharma, especially lecturers
who teach literature, Harry Potter is actually a good literary work which some
people might underestimate that Harry Potter is worth it to study since it is all
only about fantasy. Conversely, every fantasy literary work is the yield of the
author’s thoughts. Every character and plot is the reflection of human’s life which
has been transformed into literary works. Therefore, studying fantasy fiction
works is important for the students to elevate their perception – that fantasy
fiction does not simply belong to children. There are innumerable moral values
that come into reality in our daily lives.
E. Definition of Terms
To avoid misinterpretation and misunderstanding, this study provides
several definitions of term which become the keys. There are three terms that
comprise this study:
1. Journey
According to Merriam Webster encyclopedia, journey is defined into
three meanings. The first definition is an act or instance of travelling from one
place to another; the second definition is a day’s travel; and the third one is
something suggesting travel or passage from one place to another. In the third
definition, Merriam Webster encyclopedia limits the definition to the journey
which specifies human’s life development. The last definition fits the context of
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“journey” given in the title, Severus Snape’s Journey To Reach Self-Actualization
as Seen in Harry Potter Novels.
2. Self-actualization
Self-actualization is “the full use and exploitation of talents, capabilities,
and potentialities” (Cited by Cherry, 2011). In this study, the definition of selfactualization is broadened as the actualization of an individual in terms of the full
use and exploitation of capabilities and potentialities to reach a higher state of
“being”.
3. Trustworthiness
According to Chang, Dillon, Hussain (2006), the definition of
trustworthiness is “the level of trust that the trusting agent has in the trusted agent.
The trustworthiness is measured against the trustworthiness scale.” (p. 46). In this
study, trustworthiness has the same meaning to a trust that is given by other
people. Here, the context of trustworthiness is the main key word since the
relationships between Severus Snape-Albus Dumbledore and Severus Snape-Lord
Voldemort are related to trustworthiness.
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter points out some theoretical review in order to support the
analysis of this thesis. This chapter is divided into three sections. The first section
provides a review of related theories. The first section consists of characterisation
in literary works, which focuses on the importance of characters; theory of human
needs which broadens into theory of self-actualization; theory of selftranscendence; theory of generativity. These theories help this study explore and
answer the problems. The second section comprises theoretical framework. In the
second section, this researcher is going to elaborate the theories which are used to
analyse the problems as reflected in the focus of this study. The third section of
this chapter deals with the context used in the sevenHarry Potter novels.
A. Review of Related Studies
There are many books that discuss the fame and greatness of Harry
Potter, but most of them discuss ‘behind the scenes’ of Harry Potter novels, even
the magic spells with the meanings. The researcher decided to pick a study that
was closely related to this thesis which was taken from the thesis of a student
from the English Letters Study Programme in Sanata Dharma whose name is
Kuswardani. Her thesis entitled The Significance of Hagrid in the Plot of J.K.
Rowling’s Harry Potter the Series. Ory’s study mainly focuses on Hagrid, who in
Harry Potter novels plays his important role as supporting character.
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Basically, this study’s focus and Ory’s focus were quite the same: to
emphasise the role of a character who is not as shining as the main character. She
also used theory of character and characterisation, which made our review of
related theories had similarity. However, she focuses on the plot of Harry Potter
three first series: Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s (Sorcerer’s) Stone, Harry
Potter and the Chamber of the Secrets, and Harry Potter and the Prisoner of the
Azkaban. These three novels helped her analyse the plot of Harry Potter three
novels. To accomplish this study, she used theory of plot.
In her analysis part, Ory described briefly about Hagrid’s important roles
in the three novel series to make sure the reader: even though Hagrid is only a
minor character, he does some important roles of helping other characters. One of
his crucial actions in the first novel is saving Harry Potter’s life by sending him to
Harry’s uncle and aunt after his parents were killed by Voldemort. He also
accompanies Harry in the days before he goes to Hogwarts School by escorting
him to several places to buy his school needs. In sum, Hagrid is always there
whenever Harry needs him.
However, there was a big difference between this study and her study.
While Ory studied the roles of a particular character, this study emphasised the
psychological aspect of a character. Ory’s study may be quite simple by only
investigating the ‘surface’ of a literary work. The title of her study itself did not
give a clear picture related to how and in what way Hagrid is significant. Thus, by
only reading the title of her study, the reader cannot judge the detail content of her
study. In reality, most people will judge the content of the study from the title. If a
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researcher does not give an intriguing title which is able to trigger the reader’s
desire to read his or her study, then he or she is failed to declare his or her finding
to the reader. Other than that, every character has their own significance, no
matter how big and small their roles are.
B. Review of Related Theories
To complete the analysis related to this thesis, it needs theoretical review
that is taken from various kinds of theories. In this chapter, the researcher presents
four theories: theory of character and characterisation, theory of human needs
which also encompasses theory of self-actualization, theory of self-transcendence,
and theory of generativity.
1. Theory of Character and Characterisation
Every character is created with theirown importances in literary works.
They are created by the authors with their uniqueness. Characters are the core and
the soul of literary works, whether they are main or minor characters. Characters’
most important role is to lead and drive the reader to more complicated branches
that exist in literary works such as the plot of the story, the message or moral
value that needs to be grasped by the reader. Character also allows the reader to
understand the author. Characters help the reader accentuate the main idea of the
story. We can barely say that a story goes as it is supposed to be if the author
eliminates a certain character, even if it is only the minor character. Characters are
meant to enlight a story with theirown unique personalities and characteristics.
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Hyman (2011) defines character in literary works as a model of a person
who grows up in a practice like behaviours, motives, social effects, and
intellectual issues. Characters who exist in literary works are inevitably the perfect
copy and reflection of the real life which happens around us. An author must be
smart in presenting characters who have complexity in either personality,
environment, background or past experience, and motivation which must be
perfectly related to the story. In the series of Harry Potter novel, J.K. Rowling has
worked brilliantly to bring out great characters, like Harry Potter himself; the
major villain who has complex life story, Lord Voldemort, and especially the
supporting character who makes a turning point in the story, Severus Snape.
A character is also supposed to possess a great relationship and
connection with other characters (Card, 2010). This definition is remarkably
applied by Rowling in her Harry Potter novels. Being the protagonist is not a
hurdle for Harry Potter to stay connected to his major antagonist rival, Lord
Voldemort.
In addition to the definition of character, Abrams (1999) states characters
as persons who are represented in a dramatic or narrative work, and are gifted
with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities, from which the reader
interprets through the characters’ distinctive ways of saying it (dialogue), from
what they do (action).
Characterisation, according to Henkle (1977) makes the reader of a
certain literary work understand the characters easier. It also helps the author
communicate with the authors about the characters he or she creates.
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Foster (as cited in Abrams, 1999) discriminates character into two: flat
character and round character. A flat character is a character who “is built around
a single idea or quality” (p. 33). Foster points out further that a flat character is not
deciphered as complicated as a round character. Therefore, we can argue that a
flat character tends not to have “more sophisticated” personalities as a round
character does. This gives an impression to the reader that a flat character is
always be the same in the entire story. Abrams (1999) adds that a flat character
“can be fairly described in a single phrase or sentence”. On the contrary, a round
character is much more complex than a flat character. This is because the author
describes the character as sophisticated in personality, temperament, and
motivation (Abrams, 1999).
Abrams (1999) proposes that characters, especially protagonist and
antagonist characters are to be three-dimensional. Three-dimension here refers to
characters who have complex details in the way the author describes them.
However, there are also protagonists and antagonists who are two-dimensional.
Since round characters are tricky, the reader sometimes findsit hard to grasp and
understand the real personality of the characters (Abrams, 1999). That is why
although Harry is always said to be a nice guy in the novel, people who read
Harry Potter from the beginning until the very end of the novels still find it hard
to decipher and understand what personality and trait Harry exactly has. It is
because he is elaborated in a too detail way that it makes the reader hard to
understand his true personality. The reader knows that Harry is protagonist, which
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makes him a good person. But in different way, it is hard to elaborate which good
personality Harry has.
Despite the difficulty in discovering the true personality of a certain
complicated character, Murphy (1972) comes out with an idea to understand a
character in literary works. His ways help the reader to get a better understanding
about characters. The nine ways of understanding a character are:
a.
Personal Description
People often imagine how a particular character is doing something while
reading a novel. This ability is gained none other by the description that is given
by the author. This description can be describe well through the appearance of the
characters as well as their style and what they are wearing. Every single
description of looks given by the author is essential to evoke the reader’s
imagination in reading their novels. It could trigger perplexity to the reader’s
mind to imagine how a character looks like if the author does not provide an
elaboration on every character’s appearances.
b. Character as Seen by Other
A character is said to be evil or good when other characters think that he
or she is evil or good. The judgement whether a certain character is evil or good is
not merely told directly like, “He is evil!”. But through thoughts and how other
characters see a certain character in literary works are helpful enough to make the
reader understand one part of the character’s personality.
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c. Speech
The way a person speaks to other people is different from one to another;
it can be seen from his or her background or environtment they live. The way
people speak gives hints about what personality they have, and even determines
whether they are good or evil, arrogant or modest, mature or childish, and so on.
Characters’ speech in literary works can be seen from the context they are talking
about. For example, if a character named Daniel said, ‘You must give me some
answers on the test because I did not study last night!’. And Ethan, his clever
friend replied, ‘Okay, I hope I will make it.’ We can conclude easily that Daniel is
a lazy person that he does not make his effort to answer his own test, but he
depends on his friend to get the answers. On the other hand, Ethan seems to be a
good person since he promised that he would give Daniel his answers. From this
simple conversation, people can understand the personality of a character easily.
d. Past Life
The part of getting along with a character’s personality is somehow
difficult to understand briefly like what we do with understanding a character’s
personality through personal description, speech, thoughts, and so on. Not all
authors in literary works give a detail past life, even though they are the main
characters. An author must be creative to make up a past life story of the
characters so that the reader is eager to read the story. In Harry Potter and the
Deathly Hallows however, Severus Snape’s past life makes a turning point
towards Harry Potter who is resentful to him before witnessing Snape’s past life.
J.K Rowling in this sequel brilliantly has put up a past life story of a certain
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character that has become a worthy moral value either towards other character –
Harry and the reader.
e.
Conversation by Others
Another hint to understand a character personality is by seeing
conversation with other characters. This can be seen through how other characters
talk about the character. We can barely say that a character must say ‘He is cruel!’
or ‘She is a good person!’ to depict the character who is being talked about. There
may be a situation in which two or more characters are talking about the other
character. For instance, Katie said, ‘Yesterday I gave Milan a toy snake. You
know what, he ran away and didn’t come back to class until the next lesson
began!’. Tanya said and laughed, ‘Oh my God, you should’ve given him the real
snake! It would have been fun!’. From this conversation, Katie and Tanya do not
mention directly that Milan is faint-hearted; but we know first-hand that Milan is
obviously a faint-hearted person. Conversation that is brought out by other
characters can help the reader obtain necessary information about a character.
f. Reactions
The way a person reacts to a certain situation differs from one person to
another. Somebody is called brave when he or she is not afraid of facing
something which might frighten other people. On the contrary, somebody is
considered as a funny person when he likes making fun out of something when
other people do not. The reactions of characters in a novel cannot be found by the
reader easily by only reading a bit part of the story, but it can be discovered by
reading several parts in the novel to get the character’s trait.
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g. Direct Comments
Direct comments are probably the easiest way for the reader to grasp the
personality of a character, especially when it comes to the third person point of
view. The author gives comments directly on how a certain character looks like.
h. Thoughts
An author helps the reader understand a character’s personality through
his or her thoughts. Again, it is way easier to discover through third person point
of view. It would be hard for the reader to get other characters’ thoughts when
reading a novel which uses first person point of view. We know that the main
character mainly only tells his or her guess on how other characters’ think about.
Unlike in a novel which uses third point of view, the author gives a perfect
elaboration on several characters’ thoughts apart from the main character’s.
i. Mannerism
The last but not least way to understand a character’s personality is
through mannerism. Mannerism is about how a character behaves. Looking a
character’s personality through mannerism is different from looking through the
character’s reactions. They are probably similar. When reactions have to do with
something that comes suddenly and it needs a sudden urge from a person to act;
mannerism is about a person’s behaviour in general.
2. Theory of Human Needs by Abraham Maslow
Maslow is the ‘founder’ of hierarchical theory of motivation – which
nowadays is famously called as “the hierarchy of human needs”. Every individual
has a tendency to seek goals (Hjelle and Ziegler, 1981). Thus, human is always
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thirsty of becoming something. We will rarely get satisfaction although we have
acquired something we have dreamed before.
Maslow draws a pyramid that pictures human’s needs from the basis. He
argues that the upper needs cannot be fulfiled if the lower needs are not fulfiled or
satisfied yet. However, one does not need to complete all aspects of a certain need
to reach the higher level of hierarchy of human needs. For example, in order to
proceed to esteem needs, somebody does not have to necessarily fulfil his basic
need such as sex or property need (Yates, 2011). Here is the pyramid of human
needs:
Figure 2.1 Pyramid of human needs
The most basic need from human life is physiological needs which cover
breathing, food, sex, sleep, and excretion. Maslow uses the picture of primitive
people to explain this. Physiological needs are also called as instinct. When an
animal is hungry, then it goes to eat, and so on.
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After fulfiling physiological needs, people will need safety needs which
include security, employment, health, and property. Maslow (1973) always uses
primitive people to describe it. Basically, they built caves to protect themselves
from the ferocity of animals. Property and employment are also the most basic
things for human beings in order to fulfil safety needs phase.
Because primitive people had freed themselves from danger and were
able to establish secure around their environment, what they needed next was love
from their families and friends.
After retrieving affection from people nearby, primitive people needed to
be loved, thus they would reach higher achievement and elevate their self-esteem
because their relatives supported them. There are two kinds of self-esteem: high
self-esteem and low-self esteem. Somebody is said to have self-esteem when he
believes in himself that he can do something. On the contrary, low self-esteem is
when somebody does not believe in himself that he can do something.
Blascovich and Tomaka, cited by Brumfitt (2010) define self-esteem as
“the extent to which one prizes, values, approves, or likes oneself” (p. 115). We
can therefore say that self-esteem has the same meaning with confidence and
belief to oneself. Take an example: when somebody believes that he can sing
well, then it is said to be self-esteem (Brumfitt, 2010). Someone can be defined to
accomplish esteem needs when he fulfils self-esteem, confidence, achievement,
and respect.
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Eventually, the farthest achievement of human needs is self-actualization.
There are several characteristics to deal with in order to become a self-actualizing
individual.
a. Definition of Self-Actualization
According to Maslow (1971), self-actualization is defined as the full use
and exploitation of talents, capabilities, and potentialities. He characterises selfactualization as “the desire to become everything that one is capable of becoming”
(Hjelle and Ziegler, 1981, p.373).Hjelle and Ziegler note that, after reaching selfactualization, people will be more confident in gaining higher and higher
achievement. Once self-actualization has been reached, a person becomes a fulldeveloped human. In order to reach self-actualization, people need to seek as
many experiences as they can to explore what kind of capability they have.
Maslow (1973) argues that, to become a self-actualizing person, he or she
must reach the peak of his or her potencies: “a musician must make music, an
artist must paint, a poet must write” (Maslow, 1973, p. 46). This is what is called
as using and exploiting talents, capabilities, and potentialities. Maslow adds that a
man must be true to his own nature.
However, not all individuals can reach self-actualization. It is because
they do not realise their capability and potency, or they doubt and fear their
abilities. Another obstacle in reaching self-actualization is that a person tends to
be negatively influenced by safety needs. Maslow (1973) demands that in order to
grow, a person needs to be courageous: the willingness to take risks, to make
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mistake, and to break the old habits. Therefore, to be a self-actualizing individual,
a person has to be him or herself.
b. Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People
Maslow (1973) points out some characteristics of self-actualizing
individuals. He argues that one individual to another may not fulfil the same
characteristics of self-actualization, and not all of individuals can fulfil all of the
self-actualization characteristics as follows:
1) Efficient Perception of Reality
People with the ability of efficient perception of reality are able to see
and accept reality in their lives. They are comfortable to live in the reality as they
are meant to be.
2) Acceptance of Self, Others, and Nature
Self-actualizing people are able to accept themselves, others, and nature.
They will not complain about their own’s flaws nor others’. Despite their
imperfection, they still enjoy living their lives. They understand their past
weakness and they will always try to be more developed individuals.
3) Spontaneity, Simplicity, and Naturalness
Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness become the parts of selfactualizing people. They are the people with spontaneous actions and feelings.
They depend on their inner feelings’ to let out their spontaneity, simplicity, and
naturalness.
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4) Problem Centering
Self-actualizers are people who are committed to problems they are
facing. They regard their problems as important matters. They will centre totally
to their problems as they regard them as the parts of the mission in their lives.
5) Detachment: Need for Privacy
People with the capability to detach are able to rely completely on their
potentials and what they have got. They are the people who are not affected by
circumstances from outside. Feist and Feist (2009, p. 292) suggest that people
who have the quality of detachment let them be alone without being lonely. He or
she is comfortable with or without others. Thus, ‘detaching people’ will never
depend on others in order to get satisfaction.
6) Autonomy: Independence of Culture and Environment
Self-actualizers do not rely on their physical and social environment.
They have the ability of believing in their social environment. They use their
resources as the means to be more developed individuals.
7) Continued Freshness of Appreciation
Self-actualizing people usually own the level of appreciation of what
they have or what others have. They are not reluctant to appreciate their repetitive
activities, for example. Self-actualizers sometimes appreciate something
excessively in a positive way
8) Peak or Mystic Experience
Maslow (1973) surmises that individuals who have reached peak or
mystic experiences are a
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SEVERUS SNAPE’S JOURNEY
TO REACH SELF-ACTUALIZATION
AS SEEN IN J.K. ROWLING’S HARRY POTTER NOVELS
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Theresia Diana Rositaningrum
Student Number: 101214121
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014
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SEVERUS SNAPE’S JOURNEY
TO REACH SELF-ACTUALIZATION
AS SEEN IN J.K. ROWLING’S HARRY POTTER NOVELS
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Theresia Diana Rositaningrum
Student Number: 101214121
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014
i
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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work
or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the
references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, 24 October 2014
The Writer
Theresia Diana Rositaningrum
101214121
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertandatangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama
Nomor Mahasiswa
: Theresia Diana Rositaningrum
: 101214121
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
SEVERUS SNAPE’S JOURNEY TO REACH SELF-ACTUALIZATION AS
SEEN IN J.K. ROWLING’S HARRY POTTER NOVELS
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 24 September 2014
Yang menyatakan,
Theresia Diana Rositaningrum
v
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ABSTRACT
Rositaningrum, Theresia Diana. 2014. Severus Snape’s Journey to Reach SelfActualization as Seen in J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter Novels. Yogyakarta: English
Education Study Programme, Department of Language and Arts Education,
Faculty of Teachers and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This study discusses Harry Potter novels, written by a famous English
novelist, J.K. Rowling. The novels tell about a boy named Harry Potter who fights
for his life against Lord Voldemort. He goes to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft
and Wizardry. During his study in Hogwarts, Harry has many teachers. One of
them is Severus Snape, who has become Harry’s least favourite teacher. Snape
shows his hatred to Harry in the almost entire parts of Harry Potter novels.
However, his hatred is in fact his way of showinghis self-actualization by making
the boy realise that he loves him.
The objective of the study is to reveal Severus Snape’s self-actualization
as seen in J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter seven novels. There are three problem
formulation in this study: (1) “how is Severus Snape portrayed in Harry Potter
novels?”, (2) “how is Severus Snape’s journey to reach self-actualization revealed
in the seven Harry Potter novels?”, and (3) “what is the meaning of Severus
Snape’s self-actualization?”.
The main data of this study are the seven Harry Potter novels. The
secondary data are taken from books, e-books, encyclopedia, dictionary, and the
Internet which are related to the main study about self-actualization. The theories
used in this study are theory of characters and characterization, theory of selfactualization, theory of self-transcendence, and theory of generativity.
Psychological approach becomes the only approach used in this study.
From the problems that have been mentioned, there are three things to
conclude. First, Severus Snape is portrayed as a mysterious, cold, cynical,
malicious, sarcastic, brave, and ambitious character. Second, Severus Snape’s
self-actualization can be seen from self-actualization characteristics such as his
ability to see efficient perception of reality; accept self, others, and nature; detach
from external circumstances; discriminate between means and ends; centre
problems; be spontaneous and simple; be creative, be autonomous; his social
interest; interpersonal relations; his peak or mystic experience. The meaning of
Severus Snape’s self-actualization is that he successfully achieves selftranscendence and is able to help Harry reach self-actualization in the future, by
giving him his memory.
Keywords: self-actualization, self-transcendence, generativity
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ABSTRAK
Rositaningrum, Theresia Diana. 2014. Severus Snape’s Journey to Reach SelfActualization as Seen in J.K Rowling’s Harry Potter Novels.Yogyakarta: English
Education Study Programme, Department of Language and Arts Education,
Faculty of Teachers and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
Studi ini membahas novel Harry Potter yang ditulis oleh novelis Inggris
terkenal, J.K. Rowling. Novel ini menceritakan tentang seorang anak laki-laki
bernama Harry Potter yang memperjuangkan hidupnya melawan Lord
Voldemort. Ia bersekolah di sekolah sihir Hogwarts. Selama studinya di
Hogwarts, Harry bertemu dengan banyak guru. Salah satu dari mereka adalah
Severus Snape, yang merupakan guru yang paling tidak disukai Harry. Snape
menunjukkan kebenciannya terhadap Harry di hampir seluruh dari novel Harry
Potter. Namun, kebenciannya terhadap Harry merupakan salah satu cara untuk
menunjukkan aktualisasi dirinya kepada Harry dengan menyadarkan anak itu
bahwa ia mencintainya.
Tujuan dari studi ini yaitu untuk menyibak aktualisasi diri dari Severus
Snape yang dilihat dari ketujuh novel Harry Potter karya J.K. Rowling. Ada tiga
masalah dalam studi ini: (1) “bagaimana Severus Snape digambarkan di dalam
novel Harry Potter?”, (2) “bagaimana perjalanan Severus Snape menuju
aktualisasi diri diungkapkan?”, dan (3) “apa arti dari aktualisasi diri Severus
Snape?”
Sumber utama dari studi ini adalah ketujuh novel Harry Potter. Sumber
tambahan diambil dar ibuku-buku, e-book, ensiklopedia, kamus, dan internet
yang berhubungan dengan studi utama mengenai aktualisasi diri. Teori yang
digunakan di dalam studi ini adalah teori karakter dan pengkarakterisasian, teori
aktualisasi diri, teori transendensi diri, dan teori generativitas. Pendeketan
psikologi menjadi satu-satunya pendekatan yang digunakan di dalam studi ini.
Dari masalah-masalah yang sudah disebutkan, ada tiga hal yang dapat
disimpulkan. Pertama, Severus Snape digambarkan sebagai karakter yang
misterius, dingin, sinis, kejam, sarkastik, berani, dan ambisius. Kedua, aktualisasi
diri Severus Snape dapat dilihat dari ciri-ciri aktualisasi diri seperti
kemampuannya untuk melihat realitas persepsi efisien; keberterimaannya
terhadap diri sendiri, orang lain, dan alam; melepaskan diri dari situasi sekitar;
membedakan antara sarana dan tujuan; memusatkan masalah; spontan dan
sederhana; kreatif; mandiri; hubungan antar interpersonalnya; pengalaman
puncak dan mistiknya.
Arti dari aktualisasi diri Snape yaitu bahwa ia berhasil mencapai
transendensi diri dan membantu Harry untuk meraih aktualisasi diri di masa
depan dengan memberi memorinya.
Kata kunci: self-actualization, self-transcendence, generativity
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“Neither a lofty degree of intelligence nor
imagination nor both together go to the making
of genius. Love, love, love, that is the soul of
genius.”
(Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)
I dedicate this thesis to:
My beloved mother and father
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My first gratitude goes to my Lord Jesus Christ, whose blessings never
end in my life. He gives me the best thatI can finally accomplish my last ‘mission’
in my education journey. Without His guidance, this thesis might not be done.
Secondly, I thank my advisor, Veronica Triprihatmini, S.Pd., M.Hum.,
M.A. During these two semesters, she has patiently guided me to work on this
thesis. She would always spare her time for our discussion once a week. I am
really grateful for her help during this hardship. I also give my credit to Henny
Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum for her enlightment. I will not forget my ‘third advisor’,
Dra. Novita Dewi, M.S., M.A (Hons)., Ph.D. for her advice before I stepped
further in working this thesis. I thank her for helping me so that I could use the
seven Harry Potter novels as the main sources to see Severus Snape’s journey to
reach self-actualization.
I spare my gratitude to all PBI lecturers who have taught and guided me.
I also thank Mbak Dhaniek who helped me in completing administration things.
My deepest gratitude is bestowed to my mother, Dra. Agustien Sitawati
and my father, Drs. Ignatius Hadi Isnanto. They always supported me in all
conditions. They reminded me to keep working on this thesis because they really
knew me that I was quite lazy. I thank my husband, Antonius Didik Kristantohadi,
S.Pd forhis support during my effort in finishing this thesis. I thank him as well
for giving me a theory about literature which helped me to understand writing
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essays in literature. I also do not forget to send my gratitude to Bejo, Beji, Tompil,
Tahu, Menyil, Iyeng, Dimbil, and Celeng, my cats,which have always been the
parts of my family. They would always amuse me when I was stuck with this
thesis.
I cannot describe my feelings to say how thankful I am to my best
friends: Vina, Tia, There, Guida, Heni, Siwi, and Geo for their support and crazy
times. I will surely them all when we are apart. I give my gratitude to my
classmates who have worked hard together with me in these four years who I
cannot mention one by one.
I also thank the deacons of Santo Paulus Kentungan for their cheerful
jokes which helped me entertained amidst the tiring activities during working on
my thesis. I also appreciate my SPD partners for their companionship within these
two semesters. I thank them for the happiness and sadness, joy and madness,
laughs and tears. I will not forget them.
My gratitude at last goes to everyone who has supported and encouraged
me. May God guide and bless them all.
Theresia Diana Rositaningrum
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ....................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGES ........................................................................................... ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY .................................................... iv
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ...................................................... v
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... vi
ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... vii
DEDICATION PAGE ...................................................................................... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................ ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study ............................................................................ 1
B. Objective of the Study ................................................................................ 4
C. Problem Formulations ................................................................................ 4
D. Research Benefits ....................................................................................... 5
E. Definition of Terms .................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER II. THEORY OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies .......................................................................... 9
B. Review of Related Theories ...................................................................... 11
1. Theory of Character and Characterisation ........................................... 11
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2. Maslow’s Theory of Human Needs ..................................................... 18
a. Definition of Self-Actualization .................................................... 20
b. Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People..................................... 21
3. Theory of Self-Transcendence ............................................................ 25
4. Theory of Generativity ........................................................................ 26
C. Theoretical Framework ............................................................................. 27
D. Context of the Study ................................................................................. 27
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study ................................................................................... 30
B. Approach of the Study .............................................................................. 32
C. Method of the Study ................................................................................. 33
CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS
A. The Character Description of Severus Snape ............................................ 36
1. Mysterious .......................................................................................... 37
2. Cold .................................................................................................... 38
3. Cynical ............................................................................................... 40
4. Malicious ............................................................................................ 41
5. Sarcastic ............................................................................................. 42
6. Brave .................................................................................................. 43
7. Ambitious ........................................................................................... 44
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B. Severus Snape’s Journey to Reach Self-Actualization ............................... 45
1. Severus Snape’s Needs Fulfilment as Seen from Abraham Maslow’s
Hierarchy of Needs ............................................................................. 45
2. Severus Snape’s Self-Actualization as Seen from Abraham Maslow’s
Characteristics of Self-Actualization in Hierarchy of Needs ................ 53
C. The Meaning of Severus Snape’s Self-Actualization ................................. 63
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions .............................................................................................. 67
B. Suggestions .............................................................................................. 69
REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 74
APPENDICES ................................................................................................... 76
APPENDIX 1: SUMMARY OF THE NOVELS .................................... 77
APPENDIX 2: BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHOR ................................. 81
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter reveals the introduction of the study. This chapter consists
of five main points: the first section describes the background of the study which
explains the rationale of choosing the study; the second section presents the
problems that presentin this study in the form of three research questions; the third
section presents the objective of this study which reveals the purpose of this
study; the fourth section contains of the benefit of the study; the fifth and the last
section of this part consists of definition of terms providing some definitions
which become the major focus in this study.
A. Background of the Study
Every literary work is precious. They come from the authors’ ideas
which are the results and the reflection of human’s life (Carroll, 1995). Novel can
especially can become the source for people to see a life from different angles. By
reading a novel, a person is involved into the world of what he is reading. From a
novel, he can learn life values offered by the author which are reflected through
every character. There are several approaches which are used to study literary
works. One of the approaches is psychological approach. Hence, psychology is
not only limited to real life. Since psychology studies human behaviour,
characters in a novel deserve to be studied from different angles of psychological
aspects.
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This study subsequently made self-actualization as the main focus from
psychological aspect. Furthermore, this thesis was intended to uncover Severus
Snape’s self-actualization as revealed in J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter novels.
Needless to say, Severus Snape is one of the major villains in the novels. His selfactualization can be revealed in this study, none other by the ‘helping-hand’ of
Harry Potter author, J.K. Rowling.
Severus Snape’s unique characteristic triggers the researcher to analyse
further. Some people might say that a person like Snape cannot be a full person
who can reach self-actualization. Snape shows two personalities in the whole
story of Harry Potter, from the very first novel until the seventh, the end of the
story. He is renowned for his bad behaviour; but at last, he reveals his true self
that he is not a mean person. That’s way the way Snape actualizes himself is
unique.
To discover Severus Snape’s self-actualization as seen in the seven
Harry Potter novels, this thesis focused on the characteristics of self-actualization
which found the prooves from the character’s actions, conversation with others
and the past life.
But then, despite Severus Snape’s controversy throughout the novel
series, he brings a moral value to the reader. Snape’s heroic action becomes an
attention in literary work: that a villain is not always be the bad guy. We
sometimes find a villain who turns into a good guy. It is always easy to find a
character who puts a good mask on their face. However, we find it hard to find a
character who puts a bad mask on their face as Snape does.
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In a relation to the current situation about self-actualization, teenagers
and young people tend to seek out their existence by unleashing their whereabouts
or unimportant things in social media so that other people see them that they are
capable of doing something.It turns out that people like that do not have their
principle: they drown in the current of what is trending today. If we look at
Snape’s personality, he is not the kind of person who searches for fame – he
instead chooses being unfamous. When other teachers in Hogwarts School are
trying to behave well so that students respect them, he still becomes students’
least favourite teacher and he does not mind the stigma that come to him.
The realisation of self-actualization nowadays differs from the past one.
Since we live in the growing environment which constantly changes from time to
time, the realisation of self-actualization takes form into nowadays’ situation. In
order to reach higher standard of human needs, one must fulfil lower needs. For
instance, when a person has grasped spointaneity, problem solving, lack of
prejudice or acceptance of facts, then he or she is said to have reached selfactualization – although he or she is not creative. A man can also be said to fulfil
“acceptance of facts” when – for example, he welcomes his friends to come into
his dirty and small home. In fact, teenagers tend to refuse their life fact because
they have things they do not want. For that reason, this study is important since it
has a great deal with current situation. There are a lot of values from Severus
Snape that are essential as reflected in his journey to reach self-actualization in
Harry Potter novels. Severus Snape is the perfect model for people in this era
who seem to seek out their existence. He does not mind to behave so badly that all
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people underestimate and stigmatise him. He still becomes himself until death
calls him.
To endorse this study, the researcher needs to seek every proof that lies
in all of Harry Potterseven novels.However, the dominant object of this study is
still the last novel, Harry Potter and the Deatlhy Hallows.
B. Objective of the Study
The objective of the thesis is to discover Severus Snape’s portrayal. The
second objective is to reveal Severus Snape’s journey to reach self-actualization
as seen in seven Harry Potter novels. The third objective is to reveal the meaning
of Severus Snape’s self-actualization.
C. Problem Formulation
There are three problemswhich are going to be discussed in chapter four.
The three problems are follows:
1. How is Severus Snape portrayed in Harry Potter novels?
2. How is Severus Snape’s journey to reach self-actualization revealed in the
seven Harry Potter novels?
3. What is the meaning of Severus Snape’s self-actualization?
D. Research Benefits
There are several points of benefit that can be found in this thesis.
Seeking a character’s self-actualization is certainly difficult. Not all of characters
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– even the main characters can reach self-actualization. In order to prove the
validation of the Severus Snape’s self-actualization, the researcher had to
comprehend the story of seven Harry Potter novels and Severus Snape’s journey
from the beginning until the end of the novel. By investigating every human needs
committed by Severus Snape, the researcher was required to scrutinize thoroughly
in every novel. Thus, the benefit of this study is clear: it made the researcher
become more aware of tiny matters that can come into a big matter. The
researcher realised that dealing with human nature is not an easy thing. Therefore,
by having succeeded in accomplishing this study, the researcher gets the benefit
of becoming a more developed person.
Severus Snape has indeed, given the reader and the audience of Harry
Potter novels and films a worthy moral lesson about his sincerity and firmness of
keeping promise until the end of his life. This study also helps the reader get
something worthy Severus Snape. A bad guy in a literary work will not always be
always the bad guy. Instead, a bad guy like Snape can change the story plot into
something that people have never imagined. He changes the reader’s paradigm
about a bad character who usually commits bad deeds into a bad character who
can become a self-actualizing person – and even more than that.
Secondly, the benefit which can be craved by Sanata Dharma students
from this study is that they can learn how to be a full person who can reach selfactualization: a person who enjoys being her or himself. This is obvious that
reaching self-actualization needs a quite long journey and takes time to learn
from environment, successful people, even a character who can be a perfect role
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model like Severus Snape. Every person has their right to develop themselves
(Maslow, 1973). Ultimately, once a person has reached self-actualization, he will
not need unimportant things that other people may still do.
As for the lecturers of Universitas Sanata Dharma, especially lecturers
who teach literature, Harry Potter is actually a good literary work which some
people might underestimate that Harry Potter is worth it to study since it is all
only about fantasy. Conversely, every fantasy literary work is the yield of the
author’s thoughts. Every character and plot is the reflection of human’s life which
has been transformed into literary works. Therefore, studying fantasy fiction
works is important for the students to elevate their perception – that fantasy
fiction does not simply belong to children. There are innumerable moral values
that come into reality in our daily lives.
E. Definition of Terms
To avoid misinterpretation and misunderstanding, this study provides
several definitions of term which become the keys. There are three terms that
comprise this study:
1. Journey
According to Merriam Webster encyclopedia, journey is defined into
three meanings. The first definition is an act or instance of travelling from one
place to another; the second definition is a day’s travel; and the third one is
something suggesting travel or passage from one place to another. In the third
definition, Merriam Webster encyclopedia limits the definition to the journey
which specifies human’s life development. The last definition fits the context of
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“journey” given in the title, Severus Snape’s Journey To Reach Self-Actualization
as Seen in Harry Potter Novels.
2. Self-actualization
Self-actualization is “the full use and exploitation of talents, capabilities,
and potentialities” (Cited by Cherry, 2011). In this study, the definition of selfactualization is broadened as the actualization of an individual in terms of the full
use and exploitation of capabilities and potentialities to reach a higher state of
“being”.
3. Trustworthiness
According to Chang, Dillon, Hussain (2006), the definition of
trustworthiness is “the level of trust that the trusting agent has in the trusted agent.
The trustworthiness is measured against the trustworthiness scale.” (p. 46). In this
study, trustworthiness has the same meaning to a trust that is given by other
people. Here, the context of trustworthiness is the main key word since the
relationships between Severus Snape-Albus Dumbledore and Severus Snape-Lord
Voldemort are related to trustworthiness.
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter points out some theoretical review in order to support the
analysis of this thesis. This chapter is divided into three sections. The first section
provides a review of related theories. The first section consists of characterisation
in literary works, which focuses on the importance of characters; theory of human
needs which broadens into theory of self-actualization; theory of selftranscendence; theory of generativity. These theories help this study explore and
answer the problems. The second section comprises theoretical framework. In the
second section, this researcher is going to elaborate the theories which are used to
analyse the problems as reflected in the focus of this study. The third section of
this chapter deals with the context used in the sevenHarry Potter novels.
A. Review of Related Studies
There are many books that discuss the fame and greatness of Harry
Potter, but most of them discuss ‘behind the scenes’ of Harry Potter novels, even
the magic spells with the meanings. The researcher decided to pick a study that
was closely related to this thesis which was taken from the thesis of a student
from the English Letters Study Programme in Sanata Dharma whose name is
Kuswardani. Her thesis entitled The Significance of Hagrid in the Plot of J.K.
Rowling’s Harry Potter the Series. Ory’s study mainly focuses on Hagrid, who in
Harry Potter novels plays his important role as supporting character.
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Basically, this study’s focus and Ory’s focus were quite the same: to
emphasise the role of a character who is not as shining as the main character. She
also used theory of character and characterisation, which made our review of
related theories had similarity. However, she focuses on the plot of Harry Potter
three first series: Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s (Sorcerer’s) Stone, Harry
Potter and the Chamber of the Secrets, and Harry Potter and the Prisoner of the
Azkaban. These three novels helped her analyse the plot of Harry Potter three
novels. To accomplish this study, she used theory of plot.
In her analysis part, Ory described briefly about Hagrid’s important roles
in the three novel series to make sure the reader: even though Hagrid is only a
minor character, he does some important roles of helping other characters. One of
his crucial actions in the first novel is saving Harry Potter’s life by sending him to
Harry’s uncle and aunt after his parents were killed by Voldemort. He also
accompanies Harry in the days before he goes to Hogwarts School by escorting
him to several places to buy his school needs. In sum, Hagrid is always there
whenever Harry needs him.
However, there was a big difference between this study and her study.
While Ory studied the roles of a particular character, this study emphasised the
psychological aspect of a character. Ory’s study may be quite simple by only
investigating the ‘surface’ of a literary work. The title of her study itself did not
give a clear picture related to how and in what way Hagrid is significant. Thus, by
only reading the title of her study, the reader cannot judge the detail content of her
study. In reality, most people will judge the content of the study from the title. If a
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researcher does not give an intriguing title which is able to trigger the reader’s
desire to read his or her study, then he or she is failed to declare his or her finding
to the reader. Other than that, every character has their own significance, no
matter how big and small their roles are.
B. Review of Related Theories
To complete the analysis related to this thesis, it needs theoretical review
that is taken from various kinds of theories. In this chapter, the researcher presents
four theories: theory of character and characterisation, theory of human needs
which also encompasses theory of self-actualization, theory of self-transcendence,
and theory of generativity.
1. Theory of Character and Characterisation
Every character is created with theirown importances in literary works.
They are created by the authors with their uniqueness. Characters are the core and
the soul of literary works, whether they are main or minor characters. Characters’
most important role is to lead and drive the reader to more complicated branches
that exist in literary works such as the plot of the story, the message or moral
value that needs to be grasped by the reader. Character also allows the reader to
understand the author. Characters help the reader accentuate the main idea of the
story. We can barely say that a story goes as it is supposed to be if the author
eliminates a certain character, even if it is only the minor character. Characters are
meant to enlight a story with theirown unique personalities and characteristics.
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Hyman (2011) defines character in literary works as a model of a person
who grows up in a practice like behaviours, motives, social effects, and
intellectual issues. Characters who exist in literary works are inevitably the perfect
copy and reflection of the real life which happens around us. An author must be
smart in presenting characters who have complexity in either personality,
environment, background or past experience, and motivation which must be
perfectly related to the story. In the series of Harry Potter novel, J.K. Rowling has
worked brilliantly to bring out great characters, like Harry Potter himself; the
major villain who has complex life story, Lord Voldemort, and especially the
supporting character who makes a turning point in the story, Severus Snape.
A character is also supposed to possess a great relationship and
connection with other characters (Card, 2010). This definition is remarkably
applied by Rowling in her Harry Potter novels. Being the protagonist is not a
hurdle for Harry Potter to stay connected to his major antagonist rival, Lord
Voldemort.
In addition to the definition of character, Abrams (1999) states characters
as persons who are represented in a dramatic or narrative work, and are gifted
with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities, from which the reader
interprets through the characters’ distinctive ways of saying it (dialogue), from
what they do (action).
Characterisation, according to Henkle (1977) makes the reader of a
certain literary work understand the characters easier. It also helps the author
communicate with the authors about the characters he or she creates.
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Foster (as cited in Abrams, 1999) discriminates character into two: flat
character and round character. A flat character is a character who “is built around
a single idea or quality” (p. 33). Foster points out further that a flat character is not
deciphered as complicated as a round character. Therefore, we can argue that a
flat character tends not to have “more sophisticated” personalities as a round
character does. This gives an impression to the reader that a flat character is
always be the same in the entire story. Abrams (1999) adds that a flat character
“can be fairly described in a single phrase or sentence”. On the contrary, a round
character is much more complex than a flat character. This is because the author
describes the character as sophisticated in personality, temperament, and
motivation (Abrams, 1999).
Abrams (1999) proposes that characters, especially protagonist and
antagonist characters are to be three-dimensional. Three-dimension here refers to
characters who have complex details in the way the author describes them.
However, there are also protagonists and antagonists who are two-dimensional.
Since round characters are tricky, the reader sometimes findsit hard to grasp and
understand the real personality of the characters (Abrams, 1999). That is why
although Harry is always said to be a nice guy in the novel, people who read
Harry Potter from the beginning until the very end of the novels still find it hard
to decipher and understand what personality and trait Harry exactly has. It is
because he is elaborated in a too detail way that it makes the reader hard to
understand his true personality. The reader knows that Harry is protagonist, which
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makes him a good person. But in different way, it is hard to elaborate which good
personality Harry has.
Despite the difficulty in discovering the true personality of a certain
complicated character, Murphy (1972) comes out with an idea to understand a
character in literary works. His ways help the reader to get a better understanding
about characters. The nine ways of understanding a character are:
a.
Personal Description
People often imagine how a particular character is doing something while
reading a novel. This ability is gained none other by the description that is given
by the author. This description can be describe well through the appearance of the
characters as well as their style and what they are wearing. Every single
description of looks given by the author is essential to evoke the reader’s
imagination in reading their novels. It could trigger perplexity to the reader’s
mind to imagine how a character looks like if the author does not provide an
elaboration on every character’s appearances.
b. Character as Seen by Other
A character is said to be evil or good when other characters think that he
or she is evil or good. The judgement whether a certain character is evil or good is
not merely told directly like, “He is evil!”. But through thoughts and how other
characters see a certain character in literary works are helpful enough to make the
reader understand one part of the character’s personality.
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c. Speech
The way a person speaks to other people is different from one to another;
it can be seen from his or her background or environtment they live. The way
people speak gives hints about what personality they have, and even determines
whether they are good or evil, arrogant or modest, mature or childish, and so on.
Characters’ speech in literary works can be seen from the context they are talking
about. For example, if a character named Daniel said, ‘You must give me some
answers on the test because I did not study last night!’. And Ethan, his clever
friend replied, ‘Okay, I hope I will make it.’ We can conclude easily that Daniel is
a lazy person that he does not make his effort to answer his own test, but he
depends on his friend to get the answers. On the other hand, Ethan seems to be a
good person since he promised that he would give Daniel his answers. From this
simple conversation, people can understand the personality of a character easily.
d. Past Life
The part of getting along with a character’s personality is somehow
difficult to understand briefly like what we do with understanding a character’s
personality through personal description, speech, thoughts, and so on. Not all
authors in literary works give a detail past life, even though they are the main
characters. An author must be creative to make up a past life story of the
characters so that the reader is eager to read the story. In Harry Potter and the
Deathly Hallows however, Severus Snape’s past life makes a turning point
towards Harry Potter who is resentful to him before witnessing Snape’s past life.
J.K Rowling in this sequel brilliantly has put up a past life story of a certain
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character that has become a worthy moral value either towards other character –
Harry and the reader.
e.
Conversation by Others
Another hint to understand a character personality is by seeing
conversation with other characters. This can be seen through how other characters
talk about the character. We can barely say that a character must say ‘He is cruel!’
or ‘She is a good person!’ to depict the character who is being talked about. There
may be a situation in which two or more characters are talking about the other
character. For instance, Katie said, ‘Yesterday I gave Milan a toy snake. You
know what, he ran away and didn’t come back to class until the next lesson
began!’. Tanya said and laughed, ‘Oh my God, you should’ve given him the real
snake! It would have been fun!’. From this conversation, Katie and Tanya do not
mention directly that Milan is faint-hearted; but we know first-hand that Milan is
obviously a faint-hearted person. Conversation that is brought out by other
characters can help the reader obtain necessary information about a character.
f. Reactions
The way a person reacts to a certain situation differs from one person to
another. Somebody is called brave when he or she is not afraid of facing
something which might frighten other people. On the contrary, somebody is
considered as a funny person when he likes making fun out of something when
other people do not. The reactions of characters in a novel cannot be found by the
reader easily by only reading a bit part of the story, but it can be discovered by
reading several parts in the novel to get the character’s trait.
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g. Direct Comments
Direct comments are probably the easiest way for the reader to grasp the
personality of a character, especially when it comes to the third person point of
view. The author gives comments directly on how a certain character looks like.
h. Thoughts
An author helps the reader understand a character’s personality through
his or her thoughts. Again, it is way easier to discover through third person point
of view. It would be hard for the reader to get other characters’ thoughts when
reading a novel which uses first person point of view. We know that the main
character mainly only tells his or her guess on how other characters’ think about.
Unlike in a novel which uses third point of view, the author gives a perfect
elaboration on several characters’ thoughts apart from the main character’s.
i. Mannerism
The last but not least way to understand a character’s personality is
through mannerism. Mannerism is about how a character behaves. Looking a
character’s personality through mannerism is different from looking through the
character’s reactions. They are probably similar. When reactions have to do with
something that comes suddenly and it needs a sudden urge from a person to act;
mannerism is about a person’s behaviour in general.
2. Theory of Human Needs by Abraham Maslow
Maslow is the ‘founder’ of hierarchical theory of motivation – which
nowadays is famously called as “the hierarchy of human needs”. Every individual
has a tendency to seek goals (Hjelle and Ziegler, 1981). Thus, human is always
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thirsty of becoming something. We will rarely get satisfaction although we have
acquired something we have dreamed before.
Maslow draws a pyramid that pictures human’s needs from the basis. He
argues that the upper needs cannot be fulfiled if the lower needs are not fulfiled or
satisfied yet. However, one does not need to complete all aspects of a certain need
to reach the higher level of hierarchy of human needs. For example, in order to
proceed to esteem needs, somebody does not have to necessarily fulfil his basic
need such as sex or property need (Yates, 2011). Here is the pyramid of human
needs:
Figure 2.1 Pyramid of human needs
The most basic need from human life is physiological needs which cover
breathing, food, sex, sleep, and excretion. Maslow uses the picture of primitive
people to explain this. Physiological needs are also called as instinct. When an
animal is hungry, then it goes to eat, and so on.
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After fulfiling physiological needs, people will need safety needs which
include security, employment, health, and property. Maslow (1973) always uses
primitive people to describe it. Basically, they built caves to protect themselves
from the ferocity of animals. Property and employment are also the most basic
things for human beings in order to fulfil safety needs phase.
Because primitive people had freed themselves from danger and were
able to establish secure around their environment, what they needed next was love
from their families and friends.
After retrieving affection from people nearby, primitive people needed to
be loved, thus they would reach higher achievement and elevate their self-esteem
because their relatives supported them. There are two kinds of self-esteem: high
self-esteem and low-self esteem. Somebody is said to have self-esteem when he
believes in himself that he can do something. On the contrary, low self-esteem is
when somebody does not believe in himself that he can do something.
Blascovich and Tomaka, cited by Brumfitt (2010) define self-esteem as
“the extent to which one prizes, values, approves, or likes oneself” (p. 115). We
can therefore say that self-esteem has the same meaning with confidence and
belief to oneself. Take an example: when somebody believes that he can sing
well, then it is said to be self-esteem (Brumfitt, 2010). Someone can be defined to
accomplish esteem needs when he fulfils self-esteem, confidence, achievement,
and respect.
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Eventually, the farthest achievement of human needs is self-actualization.
There are several characteristics to deal with in order to become a self-actualizing
individual.
a. Definition of Self-Actualization
According to Maslow (1971), self-actualization is defined as the full use
and exploitation of talents, capabilities, and potentialities. He characterises selfactualization as “the desire to become everything that one is capable of becoming”
(Hjelle and Ziegler, 1981, p.373).Hjelle and Ziegler note that, after reaching selfactualization, people will be more confident in gaining higher and higher
achievement. Once self-actualization has been reached, a person becomes a fulldeveloped human. In order to reach self-actualization, people need to seek as
many experiences as they can to explore what kind of capability they have.
Maslow (1973) argues that, to become a self-actualizing person, he or she
must reach the peak of his or her potencies: “a musician must make music, an
artist must paint, a poet must write” (Maslow, 1973, p. 46). This is what is called
as using and exploiting talents, capabilities, and potentialities. Maslow adds that a
man must be true to his own nature.
However, not all individuals can reach self-actualization. It is because
they do not realise their capability and potency, or they doubt and fear their
abilities. Another obstacle in reaching self-actualization is that a person tends to
be negatively influenced by safety needs. Maslow (1973) demands that in order to
grow, a person needs to be courageous: the willingness to take risks, to make
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mistake, and to break the old habits. Therefore, to be a self-actualizing individual,
a person has to be him or herself.
b. Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People
Maslow (1973) points out some characteristics of self-actualizing
individuals. He argues that one individual to another may not fulfil the same
characteristics of self-actualization, and not all of individuals can fulfil all of the
self-actualization characteristics as follows:
1) Efficient Perception of Reality
People with the ability of efficient perception of reality are able to see
and accept reality in their lives. They are comfortable to live in the reality as they
are meant to be.
2) Acceptance of Self, Others, and Nature
Self-actualizing people are able to accept themselves, others, and nature.
They will not complain about their own’s flaws nor others’. Despite their
imperfection, they still enjoy living their lives. They understand their past
weakness and they will always try to be more developed individuals.
3) Spontaneity, Simplicity, and Naturalness
Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness become the parts of selfactualizing people. They are the people with spontaneous actions and feelings.
They depend on their inner feelings’ to let out their spontaneity, simplicity, and
naturalness.
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4) Problem Centering
Self-actualizers are people who are committed to problems they are
facing. They regard their problems as important matters. They will centre totally
to their problems as they regard them as the parts of the mission in their lives.
5) Detachment: Need for Privacy
People with the capability to detach are able to rely completely on their
potentials and what they have got. They are the people who are not affected by
circumstances from outside. Feist and Feist (2009, p. 292) suggest that people
who have the quality of detachment let them be alone without being lonely. He or
she is comfortable with or without others. Thus, ‘detaching people’ will never
depend on others in order to get satisfaction.
6) Autonomy: Independence of Culture and Environment
Self-actualizers do not rely on their physical and social environment.
They have the ability of believing in their social environment. They use their
resources as the means to be more developed individuals.
7) Continued Freshness of Appreciation
Self-actualizing people usually own the level of appreciation of what
they have or what others have. They are not reluctant to appreciate their repetitive
activities, for example. Self-actualizers sometimes appreciate something
excessively in a positive way
8) Peak or Mystic Experience
Maslow (1973) surmises that individuals who have reached peak or
mystic experiences are a