By WIDHI ANUGRAH FITRIANINGSIH Student Number: 044214044 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

  

FAMILY INFLUENCE TOWARD ANTOINETTE COSWAY ALIAS

BERTHA MASON’S PERSONALITY CHANGES IN JANE RHYS’S

WIDE SARGASSO SEA

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

WIDHI ANUGRAH FITRIANINGSIH

  Student Number: 044214044

  

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2009

  

FAMILY INFLUENCE TOWARD ANTOINETTE COSWAY ALIAS

BERTHA MASON’S PERSONALITY CHANGES IN JANE RHYS’S

WIDE SARGASSO SEA

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

WIDHI ANUGRAH FITRIANINGSIH

  Student Number: 044214044

  

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2009

  

……….and

the story goes

  

This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to

My beloved parents My beloved sister in the hope of a better future

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  First of all, I would like to express my highest gratitude to God who has given me strength, power and love to accomplish this thesis. I will never be able to finish this thesis without His help.

  My deepest appreciation will be expressed to my advisor, Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum., for guiding me in the process of writing this undergraduate thesis patiently. Then I am indebted to my co advisor Gabriel Fajar Sasmita Aji, S.S., M.Hum., who has checked my thesis and given me valuable suggestions. I would also like to express my grateful appreciation to Mbak Nik, all lecturers, and staff of the English Letters Department for their valuable knowledge during my study in this faculty.

  I would also like to express my deepest respect and grateful gratitude for my beloved parents, bapak and ibu, for their support and love. I will be nothing without them. I also give my gratitude to my only sister for everything she has done for me.

  I would like to say my thanks to my best friends Annie, Ruri, Melanie (I thank God I’ve known all of you); all of my friends in my boarding house, Wanti, Rista, Aris, Mbak Vivi, Mbak Nyit-Nyit, Mbak Asri, Eni (we have wonderful time together); all of my friends in English Letters Department 2004, and everybody whom I cannot mention one by one, I thank for everything I have learned from all of them.

  Widhi Anugrah Fitrianingsih

  TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE .............................................................................................. i

APPROVAL PAGE .................................................................................... ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ............................................................................... iii

MOTTO PAGE ........................................................................................... iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA

  

ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS .................................. v

PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN KARYA ..................................................... vi

DEDICATION PAGE ................................................................................ vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................... ix

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. xi

ABSTRAK ................................................................................................... xii

  

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 1

A. Background of the Study ............................................................ 1 B. Problem Formulation .................................................................. 4 C. Objectives of the Study ............................................................... 5 D. Definition of Terms .................................................................... 5

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ............................................. 7

A. Review of Related Studies .......................................................... 7 B. Review of Related Theories ........................................................ 9

  1. Theory of Character .............................................................. 10

  2. The Relation between Literature and Psychology ................ 13

  3. Theory on Personality ........................................................... 14

  4. Family Influence on Personality ........................................... 20

  C. Theoretical Framework ............................................................... 23

  

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .......................................................... 25

A. Object of the Study ..................................................................... 25 B. Approach of the Study ................................................................ 26 C. Method of the Study ................................................................... 27 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS A. The Characteristics of Antoinette Cosway

  before Rochester Calls Her Bertha Mason ................................. 29

  B. The Changes of Antoinette Cosway’s Personality after Rochester Calls Her Bertha Mason ................................... 37 C. The Influence of Antoinette Cosway alias

  Bertha Mason’s Family toward her Personality Changes ........... 47

  1. Annette’s Influence ................................................................. 49

  2. Rochester’s Influence ............................................................. 52

  3. Daniel Cosway’s Influence ..................................................... 56

  

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ................................................................. 58

BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................... 61

APPENDIX .................................................................................................. 64

  

ABSTRACT

  WIDHI ANUGRAH FITRIANINGSIH. Family Influence toward Antoinette Cosway

alias Bertha Mason’s Personality Changes in Jean Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea.

Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University. 2009.

  Jean Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea is a novel that tells about Antoinette Cosway’s life since she was a child until she married Rochester. During her life, Antoinette shows personality changes. As a woman who lives in a solitary life, her family gives a big influence toward her personality changes.

  The first objective of this study is to discover Antoinette Cosway’s characteristics. The second objective is to reveal Antoinette’s personality changes. The third objective of this study is to find out the influence of Antoinette’s family toward her personality changes.

  Library research was the method that is used in this study. This method means the writer uses books, theories that related to the topic. The theory on character was applied to answer the first problem. The second problem was solved by applying theory on personality, while to find out the answer of the third problem then the theory about family influence on personality was applied. The psychological approach was used as the device to analyze the problems because it provides psychological theories that are needed by the writer to analyze how the family influences toward Antoinette’s personality changes.

  The result of this study shows that Antoinette grows to be a silent woman because her mother neglects her. She is afraid of facing something new or strange because people around her neglect her; even her step brother hates her. However, she is an affectionate woman. She shows often shows her affectionate toward people who close to her because she has nobody but them. Antoinette’s personality changes can be seen clearly after her husband calls her Bertha. Rochester stars calling her Bertha after he receives Daniel’s letter that says Antoinette inherits her mother’s madness. So, indirectly Antoinette’s mother and Daniel influence Antoinette’s personality changes. It is because her mother’s madness causes Antoinette’s husband believes she must inherit her mother’s madness that make Rochester treat Antoinette badly. However, without Daniel’s letter Rochester will never know about Antoinette mother’s madness. Rochester’s bad treatments toward her lead Antoinette do everything to get her husband’s love. Antoinette who firstly faces a problem calmly changes to be a brutal woman. Antoinette who never wants to talk about her mother has initiative to talk about her mother with her husband. Antoinette also throws away her fear of obeah by coming to Cristophine’s house to ask her use her obeah to get her husband love. Unfortumatelly, her husband is still careless of her that makes her more depress.

  ABSTRAK

  WIDHI ANUGRAH FITRIANINGSIH. Family Influence toward Antoinette Cosway

alias Bertha Mason’s Personality Changes in Jean Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea.

Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University. 2009.

  Wide Sargasso Sea adalah sebuah novel karya Jean Rhys yang bercerita tentang

  kehidupan Antoinette Cosway sejak dia masih kecil hingga dia menikah dengan Rochester. Dalam hidupnya Antoinette mengalami perubahan kepribadian. Sebagai seorang wanita yang hidup dalam kesendirian, keluarganya memberikan pengaruh yang besar terhadap perubahan kepribadian yang terjadi pada Antoinette.

  Tujuan pertama penelitian ini untuk mengetahui sifat Antoinette Cosway. Tujuan yang kedua untuk menunjukkan perubahan kepribadian Antoinette. Tujuan yang ketiga untuk mengetahui peranan keluarga Antoinette dalam mempengaruhi perubahan kepribadiannya.

  Metode studi pustaka digunakan dalan studi ini. Metode ini menggunakan buku- buku, teori-teori yang berkaitan dengan topik yang dibahas. Teori tentang tokoh digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan pertama. Permasalahan kedua diselesaikan dengan menggunakan teori kepribadian, sedangkan untuk menjawab permasalahan ketiga digunakan teori tentang pengaruh keluarga terhadap kepribadian. Pendekatan psikologi digunakan sebagai alat untuk menganalisis peranan keluarga dalam mempengaruhi perubahann kepribadian Antoinette karena pendekatan ini memberikan teori-teori yang dibutuhkan oleh penulis.

  Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan Antoinette seorang perempuan yang pendiam karena ibunya menolaknya. Antoinette takut menghadapi hal – hal baru atau asing karena orang-orang disekitarnya menolaknya bahkan kakak tirinya membencinya. Aan tetapi penuh Antoinette penuh kasih sayang. Antoinette sering menunjukkan rasa kasih sayangnya terhadap orang-orang yang dekat dengannya karena dia hanya mengenal mereka. Perubahan kepribadian Antoinette telihat dengan jelas setelah Rochester memanggilnya Bertha. Rochester mulai memanggilnya Bertha setelah dia menerima surat dari Daniel yang mengatakan bahwa Antoinette mewarisi kegilaan ibunya. Sehingga secara tidak langsung Daniel dan ibunya Antoinette mempengaruhi perubahan kepribadian Antoinette. Hal itu dikarenakan kegilaan ibunya Antoinette membuat Rochester percaya bahwa Antoinette pasti mewarisi kegilaan ibunya. Rochester juga tidak akan pernah tahu bahwa ibunya Antoinette gila jika Daniel tidak mengirim surat kepadanya. Perlakuan kasar Rochester terhadap Antoinette membuat Antoinette melalukan segalanya untuk mendapatkan cinta suaminya kembali. Antoinette yang pada awalnya mengahadapi masalah dengan tenang berubah menjadi seorang perempuan kasar. Antoinette yang tidak pernah mau membicarakan ibunya memiliki inisiatif untuk berbicara pada suaminya tentang ibunya. Antoinette juga membuang ketakutannya pada obeah dengan mendatangi rumah Cristophine untuk meminta bantuan Cristophine agar dia menggunakan obeah untuk mendapatkan cinta suaminya lagi. Sayangnya suami Antoinette masih tidak peduli kepadanya sehingga Antoinette semakin tertekan.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Literature is not defined easily. Barnet, Berman, and Burto state in An Introduction to Literature that the word literature can be used to refer to anything

  written (1993: 1). However, that definition is too broad and too narrow; it is too broad because it includes any types of writing such as recipes, news report, application letter, and so on. On the other hand, that definition is too narrow because it excludes play performance, ballads that are sung, or stories that are recited. Eagleton also finds that literature is difficult to be defined. Eagleton argues if literature is defined as imaginative writing, it is not always true because literary work may use both true and fictional events (1996: 1). Finally, Eagleton concludes that literature cannot be objectively defined; it leaves the definition of literature up to how somebody decides to read a literary work, not to the nature of what is written (1996: 7). When someone reads a literary work as an image of human life or because of its artistic style, it means he reads it as literature. However, when someone reads a work to get information about historical event or knowledge he does not read it as literature.

  Besides play and poetry, a novel is also an example of literary work. A novel can be fiction, non fiction, or combination of fiction and non fiction. A novel is called non- fiction when it is based on the true story and called fiction when it is just the imagination of the author. Rohrberger and Woods say that a primary assumption of the novel was that it would report the actions of individual characters with details sufficient

  2 and abundant to create the illusion of authenticity to the material facts of the everyday world. Because of that we can describe a novel into one word that is “realistic” (1971: 29). The fact that novel is a realistic work makes the writer decides to analyze a novel because something realistic is closer to our daily life. Therefore, it will be easier to imagine and analyze something that is close with the daily life. In this study the writer will study a novel that is written by Jean Rhys titled Wide Sargasso Sea. Rhys’s Wide

  

Sargasso Sea is a novel which tells about Antoinette Cosway alias Bertha Mason’s life,

how her life when she was young until she married Rochester.

  Abcarian and Klotz in Literature: The Human Experience state that writing about literature is an act that compel the students to discover and come to terms with an author’s work and his own often complex response to it (1978: 1141). So, in this study the writer will analyze an intrinsic element of a novel which is character as the writer’s responses after reading Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea. According to Stanton in An

  

Introduction to Fiction , a novel usually presents in details the development of a

  character, or a large complex social situation, or a relationship involving many characters, or a complicated event covering many years, or a complex relationship among a few characters (1965: 44). It means that a character in a novel is told in details, so the reader can analyze his or her characteristic deeper. The character in this novel that is interesting to the writer is Antoinette Cosway alias Bertha Mason. Wide Sargasso

Sea tells about Antoinette’s life but the narrator of this novel is not Antoinette herself.

  Thus, the novel becomes unique because it is told from different point of view. There are three narrators in this novel, the narrator of the first part is Antoinette herself, the second part’s narrator is Rochester who is Antoinette’s husband, and the narrator of the

  3 third part is Grace Poole and Antoinette. Different narrators who tell about Antoinette give the writer more information about Antoinette’s characteristics. Other’s opinions about Antoinette make the writer’s analysis about Antoinette’s characteristics become more objective. Moreover, the writer finds this character is interesting because she is the same character in the same novel but she has different name. This character is interesting not merely because she has different name but the changing of her name is followed by the changing of her personality. Hurlock in Personality Development says that a person usually has desire to change his personality and the change can be either for better or for the worse (1974: 108). Unfortunately, Antoinette’s personality change s not for better but for the worse. Antoinette, who is silent and calm when faces any problems, changes to be a brutal woman even people around her think that she is crazy.

  Everybody must pass some stages of life as mentioned in Pikunas’s Human

  

Development: An Emergent Science that human stages of life are prenatal period, birth

  and infancy, childhood, adolescence, adult phase of life, declining phases, final decline and death (1976: 387-393). Human do not only grow older by passing those stages, but their personality also develop. Munn in The Evolution and Growth of Human Behavior says the conditions of which produce changes in personality as the individual grows older also differ in nature and potency at various age levels (1959: 448). From that statement the writer concludes that Bertha Mason must have passed some experiences in her life so that her life is worse and make people think she is mad. Moreover, in Human

  

Development , Hurlock cites Davis and Havighurst’s statement about how social and

  environmental conditions can produce personality changes. They say that new situation and new stimuli will change not only a man’s behavior - they will change his belief in

  4 himself (1974: 107). It means, actually, personality changes cannot be separated from social and environmental condition. Considering Antoinette lives in a solitary life, that makes Antoinette just knows her family in her life, the writer will analyze how the members of Antoinette’s family influence Antoinette’s personality changes. Antoinette is afraid of stranger and she prefers alone to meeting people. Consequently, family is the only place where she has social experiences. The writer’s choice to analyze how Antoinette’s family influences her personality changes is supported by Stagner in

  

Psychology of Personality Development . Stagner mentions that the first social factor

  influencing the individual is the family situation, the treatment received from parents in terms of affection, authority, and discipline (1984: 344). For common people who connect with the outside, family still becomes the first social factor influencing individual’s personality. So, for a kind of person like Antoinette, who never makes conversation to the others, family will play important role toward her personality including influencing her to change her personality.

B. Problem Formulation

  From the background above, then the problems arise. So, in order to limit the discussion it is better to clarify the problems.

  1. What are the characteristics of Antoinette Cosway before Rochester calls her Bertha Mason?

  2. What are the changes of Antoinette Cosway’s personality after Rochester calls her Bertha Mason?

  5

  3. What influences are given by Antoinette Cosway alias Bertha Mason’s family toward her personality changes?

C. Objectives of the Study The objectives of this study are to find out the answers of those problems above.

  The first problem formulation is about the intrinsic element of the novel because the understanding about intrinsic element of the novel will give deeper understanding about the novel. Since the writer will analyze personality changes, so the intrinsic element that is needed by the writer to analyze Antoinette’s personality is characteristic. Finding Antoinette’s characteristics help the writer to analyze how Antoinette Cosway’s personality changes because someone’s personality can be known through his characteristics. Knowing Antoinette’s characteristics before Rochester calls her Bertha help the writer to know what characteristics that are changing after Rochester calls her Bertha. So, the writer knows what personality that changes through the changing of Antoinette’s characteristics. It means the second problem can be answered. After knowing the changes of Antoinette’s personality, the writer will find out what aspects that influence her personality changes and the writer is narrowing the aspect that influences her personality changes by analyzing the family influence only. The answer of what influences are given by Antoinette Cosway alias Bertha Mason’s family toward her personality changes is the last objective of this study that also the focus of this study.

  6

D. Definition of Terms To avoid misunderstanding, the writer gives the definition of some terms.

  1. Character

  According to Abrams, character is a person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say and by what they do (1981: 20). In this study, the writer discusses the character of Antoinette Cosway in Wide Sargasso Sea and then Antoinette’s named will be changed into Bertha Mason by her husband. Even though this character has different name but Antoinette Cosway and Bertha Mason is the same person.

  2. Personality Change Hurlock in Personality Development defines change as to alter or to vary.

  However it does not necessarily mean that the alteration or variation will be complete. The personality can change in some areas and remain persistent in others (1974: 108). So, when someone changes his personality it does not mean his personality will totally change so he will transform into new person or he is like reborn, because there are some traits that do not change.

  3. Trait

  Hornby in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary defines trait as an element in someone’s personality (1995: 1268). As a general definition Hornby’s definition is not really clear. Clear definition about trait as a psychological term is explained by Hurlock in Personality Development. She defines traits as an aspect or dimension of personality

  7 which consists of a group of related and consistent reactions characteristic of a person’s typical adjustment (1974: 35).

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW In this chapter, the writer presents review of related studies that contain some

  criticisms about the novel. The writer also presents some applied theories in analyzing this thesis. Theoretical framework will support the connectivity of those theories and how they work together to support this analysis.

A. Review of Related Studies

  Keunjung Cho in Contextualizing Racialized Interpretations of Bertha Mason's

  

Character, writes that in Wide Sargasso Sea Rhys retells Bertha Mason story in Jane

Eyre but through Bertha’s voice.

  Rhys' work "retells" portions of Bronte's story through the voice of the oppressed Bertha, whose imprisonment in Thornfield's attic arguably represented the oppression of a racial inferior, a half-Jamaican Creole (http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/bronte/cbronte/cho10.html).

  That opinion says that Antoinette’s characteristics that were created by Rhys later transforms into Bertha Mason in Jane Eyre. It means Antoinette Cosway and the mad woman named Bertha Mason in Jane Eyre are same character. However, Wide Sargasso

  

Sea tells about Bertha Mason alias Antoinette’s life more completely than Jane Eyre

  because the parts where Bertha Mason appears in Jane Eyre are retold in Wide Sargasso

  

Sea . Jane Eyre just tells about Antoinette Cosway alias Bertha Mason after she is

  locked by her husband in Thornfield Hall but Wide Sargasso Sea is told about Antoinette when she was young until she is locked in Thornfield Hall. Rochester’s bad

  8 treatment toward Antoinette makes her depress and does brutal actions. Therefore, people think that she is mad.

  Lewis argues that Antoinette’s madness is created by the opinion of her husband who believes that Antoinette’s mother madness must be passed down to her daughter (www.english-literature.org/essays/bronte_rhys.html). Based on Lewis’ opinion actually Antoinette’s madness is created by her husband opinion who believes that if Antoinette’s mother is mad so, her daughter must inherit her madness.

  The other opinion is stated by Judie Newman in The Colonial Voice in the

  

Motherland, Newman mentions that Antoinette Cosway loses her voice because her

  husband controls her (1995: 48). According to Newman, the way Rhys arranged her story shows that Antoinette loses her power because her husband controls her by taking her voice. Antoinette’s husband, Rochester, takes Antoinette’s voice in part two of the novel. The narrator in part one of this novel is Antoinette herself then, in the second part, the story is changed into Rochester’s voice. Rochester’s control over Antoinette leads her into misery. Antoinette’s marriage should give her happiness and a new life but what she gets is the opposite. Antoinette loses her money, her freedom, her husband and her marriage falls apart. A sign that Antoinette’s marriage will fall into unhappy marriage, actually, can be seen when Rochester gives her a false smile in his own wedding. It is just like what is stated by Clara Calvo and Jean Jacques Weber in

  Laughter in Patriarchy and Colonialism .

  Another variant of negative laughter is the laughter of deception and hypocrisy. Here the mockery and derision is not shown openly, but hidden behind a false smile of friendliness. This false smile is associated with Rochester at his own wedding. At one stage, Rochester had actually forgotten to put on his mask of friendliness and the true derisive ring of his laughter was revealed to Antoinette (1998: 121).

  9 Those opinions above show that Rochester gives big influence toward

  Antoinette alias Bertha Mason’s life. Unfortunately, he did not give good influence to Antoinette even led her into misery. Calvo and Weber see that Rochester’s bad treatment of his wife reveals the hypocrisy of a patriarchal society, a society where women are considered to be different from, and inferior to men (1998: 117). It means Rochester’s bad treatment to Antoinette is not merely because of Rochester’s wiliness; his bad treatment is also influenced by the society. The reason why Rochester dislikes his wife so, he treats his wife badly is stated by Talib in his book titled The Language of

  

Postcolonial Literature . In that book he states that the reason for Rochester is growing

  dislike his wife is her use of Jamaican variety of English (2002: 133). As a husband, Rochester should accept his wife’s weakness. It will be unfair if he treats her badly because of a weakness without considering her strengths.

  In this study the writer will try to be different from the critics above. Different from the studies above the writer will study about the family’s influence toward the personality changes of Antoinette Cosway alias Bertha Mason. In this study the writer will study how Antoinette Cosway who is silent and affectionate woman can totally change into a brutally woman even she is brave to burn her husband’s house. However, the writer will just focus this study on the influence of her family members toward her personality changes.

B. Review of Related Theories

  To support this analysis the writer presents some theories that will be applied in this analysis. In this study the writer will apply three theories namely theory of

  10 character, theory on relation between literature and psychology, theory of personality, and theory on family influence on personality. Those theories are very important to support the analysis.

1. Theory of Character

  Every novel has a character. Roberts and Jacobs in Fiction: An Introduction to

  

Reading and Writing define character as an extended verbal representation of human

being, the inner self that determines thought, speech, and behavior (1987: 117).

  However, Stanton in An Introduction to Fiction says that the term character is commonly used in two ways: the first it designates the individual who appear in the story and second it refers to the mixture of interest, desires, emotions and moral principles that makes up each of these individuals (1965: 17). So, character can be said as a representation of human being that appears in a story and as a human being he must have desire, interest, emotion and moral principles.

  In more details, Roberts and Jacobs mention those two types of characters in a novel (1987: 120-121).

  1. Round Characters They are usually the major figures in a story. They have many realistic traits and are relatively fully developed by the author. Round characters demonstrate their capacity to change or to grow.

  2. Flat Characters They are essentially undistinguishable from their group or class. They are usually minor characters although not all minor characters are flat. They are

  11 mostly useful and structural in the stories, but they usually stay the same, they are static.

  In the real life people’s characteristics can be seen by learning his behavior. Different from the real life, in a novel the reader cannot see the character’s behavior directly. So, character in a novel just can be understood by some clues that appear in the novel. Murphy in Understanding Unseens: An Introduction to English Poetry and

  

English Novel for Overseas Students mentions some clues that are given by the author

to make the character understandable (1972: 161-173). Those clues are as the following.

  a. Personal Description The author describes a person’s appearance and clothes.

  b. Character as Seen by Another The author does not describe a character directly but through the eyes and opinions of the other characters. The readers also have to remember that sometimes a person’s prejudices and interests distort what that person says. In order to ignore unfair or untrue information, it is important to always consider the context and source of all remarks before using them as the source of evaluation as what Roberts and Jacobs say in Fiction: An Introduction to

  Reading and Writing (1987: 124).

  c. Speech The author gives the readers an insight into the character of one of the person in the book through what the person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he gives the readers some clues to his character.

  12 d. Past Life

  By letting the reader learn something about a person’s past life, the author can give the readers a clue to events that have helped to shape a person’s character.

  This can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person’s thoughts, through his conversation or through the medium of another person.

  e. Conversation of Others.

  The conversation of other people and the things they say about a person can be the clue to a person’s character.

  f. Reactions The author can give us a clue to a person’s character by letting the readers know how that person reacts to various situation and events.

  g. Direct Comment The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly.

  h. Thoughts The author can give the readers direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. In this respect, he is able to do what we cannot do in real life because he tells us what different people are thinking. i. Mannerism

  The author can describe a person’s mannerism, habits or idiosyncrasies, which may also tell the readers about his character.

  Instead of the clues that are given by the author, Roberts and Jacobs says that in order to know a character it is a must to use reader’s knowledge and experience with

  13 human being to make judgments about the qualities of the characters being revealed (1987: 123).

2. The Relation between Literature and Psychology

  Literature and psychology are two subjects that explore human’s life. There are some novels, short stories or dramas that arouse psychological issue like what Benedetti says as follows.

  The psychological traits in a play are the most essential category in terms of characterization. Psychological points of view refer to the search and analysis of the inner workings of the mind such as emotions, attitudes, motivations, and desires. Psychological traits always precede the action of characters (1997: 130).

  From the quotation above it can be said that the role of psychological theory is very important especially for analyzing character. So, the theory of psychology is very important for this study because the focus of this study is about Antoinette Cosway’s transformation into Bertha Mason especially her personality’s transformation.

  Bornstein in Psychology and its Allied Disciplines states that literature is the best in describing the human condition in dramatic form, while psychology has the strength to investigating human character or behavior systematic ways (1984: 144). So, both literature and psychology have one common purpose that is to describe human condition. Literature tries to depict human condition into drama while psychology studies human characteristic systematically and scientifically. Richard A. Kalish in The

  

Psychology of Human Behavior mentions that a good novelist can communicate the

  feelings of his functional characters and make them seem more life-like than real people whose behavior the psychologist attempts to describe. Writers can use the understanding that is provided by psychologist to enrich their theories, and psychologist can gain their

  14 understanding of human behavior by drawing from the deep sensitivity of good authors (1973: 8).

  The relation between literature and psychology also is also described by Wellek and Warren, they say that psychology is one way to improve and develop characterization in the works of literature. In the other way, through literature, people can learn about psychological values or conditions of human even better than through psychological itself (1956: 91-93).

3. Theory on Personality

  Since Antoinette Cosway’s transformation in this study is related to her personality transformation, so the theory of personality is needed to understand her personality. According to Susan Nolen in Abnormal Psychology personality is all the ways we have of acting, thinking, believing and feeling that make each of us unique (2007:423). While according to Kalish in The Psychology of Human Behavior personality is the changing and interacting organization of typical qualities into a whole that leads a man to behave as he does and that makes him different from other people (1973: 53). From those two definitions can be concluded that personality makes someone different from other.

  Everybody has different personality to make him different from other people. It means in this world there are a lot of personalities, but Jung tries to classify personality into two types like what Young stated in Personality and Problems of Adjustment. Jung divides personality into extroversion and introversion. The extrovert is one whose fundamental orientation is toward the exterior world. His attitude and values center in objects outside himself. In contrast, the introvert centers his attention in himself, in his

  15 inner or subjective world, and his contact with the externalities around him is predominantly colored and changed by his effort to retreat from the impress of this outside world to his inner mental sanctum (1945: 305-306). From those two major types of personality then Jung classifies them into eight subtypes.

  a. The Extroverted Thinking Type Young describes this type of person as a person who accepts the world from the senses and uses his sensory impressions as the basis for logical analysis and construction of his reality. This sort of thinking appears to be influenced essentially by external data, and conclusions as to experience tend to agree with these objective facts (1945: 306). Moreover, Fordham in An Introduction to Jung’s Psychology also gives an explanation about this type of person. She says that this type of person both dislikes and fears the irrational, and represses emotion and feeling, and tends to become cold and lacking in understanding of human weakness. However, the extroverted thinking can produce either new facts or new conception (1956: 37-38).

  b. The Extroverted Feeling Type This type is determined by the feeling of the external object. The individual tends to feel and act according to the demands and expectations of the situation. He identifies himself easily with emotions of those around him (1945: 307). Fordham says this type of person is sympathetic, helpful, and charming but this type of person is also superficial and insincere (1956: 41).

  c. The Extroverted Sensation Type This type is most definitely conditioned by and oriented to the sensory, concrete features of a given object. This type of person tends to be a thoroughgoing realist and

  16 materialist. This type of person is great successes in social contacts with other (1945: 307).

  d. The Extroverted Intuition Type For a person of this type the external object does not so much control his perception or sensation as offer him a suggestion for elaborating the possibilities of the object at the moment as something to manipulate or control (1945: 307). The important thing for thins type of person is all possibilities. This type of person dislikes intensely anything that is familiar, safe or well-established. For this type of person not take a chance is simply cowardly or weak (1956: 43).

  e. The Introverted Thinking Type Person in this sort tends to isolate himself from the world of material objects, to live largely in the realm of theories, ideas, and ideals. If he has any close and intimate friends, those are likely in a few numbers (1945: 307). According to Fordham what makes the introverted thinking differ from extroverted thinking is the introverted thinking is not interested in facts but in ideas; the chief value of this type of thinking lies in the new view it presents. The introverted thinking type is interested in the inner, not the outer reality (1956: 38).

  f. The Introverted Feeling Type Individual in this type live within his own internal world of emotion and feelings. The inner life of this person follows strong ego wishes, he tends to go in for daydreams and inner elaborations dependent on immediate emotional and feeling tone. They are often silent and retiring and seem to others to be thoroughly at peace with the world (1945: 307-308). The introverted feeling type is different from the extraverted

  17 feeling type because this type of person is silent, often giving impression of coldness, and lack of expression while the extroverted feeling type is friendly, warm, and love joining large gathering and every social and communal activity (1956: 41).

  g. The Introverted Sensation Type This type of person so completely dominates his perception of it by his subjective, internal states that the given perception is always recast into predetermined patterns or meaning of his own. He reacts much more egocentrically than extroverted sensation type (1945: 308). Fordham explains that for the extraverted sensation type the important thing is the object arousing the sensation, while for the introverted sensation type the sensation experiences is more important, and objects are secondary even do not count at all. This type of person has difficulty in expressing themselves and is difficult to understand (1956: 42).

  h. The Introverted Intuition Type This type of person directs his attention upon his own imagery. He lives within himself, using the imagery as points of departure for still other images and inner experiences, for giving him a meaning of life (1945: 308). The extraverted intuitive is concern with what is commonly known as the world of reality while the introverted intuitive is concerned with the collective unconscious, the dark background of experience and all that is subjective, strange and unusual to the extrovert (1956: 44).

  Since human nature is by no means simple, one rarely finds the absolutely pure type; often the main function is sufficiently clear to dub the person is a thinker, an intuitive and so on, but is it the seconded by another function which modifies and blurs the picture (1956: 45). In order to know in which type of personality someone belongs

  18 to, it can be seen from his thought and behavior as what Hurlock states in Personality

  

Development that personality may be expressed in speech, in reaction to people and

  things, in mannerism, in fantasy and in other ways, are all consciously, sub consciously, or unconsciously directed toward the specific goal of enabling the individual to adjust to his environment (1974: 8).

  It is rare that there is a person who is completely satisfied with his personality. Everybody must have a desire to have a better personality and in order to have a better personality so personality’s changes are needed. However, change can be either for the better or for the worse. When someone changes his personality it does not mean his personality will totally change so he will transform into new person or he is like reborn, because there are some traits that do not change. Hurlock mentions two types of changes. The first is quantitative changes. In quantitative changes, traits already present are strengthened or weakened. Quantitative changes are, for the most part, far more common and far more frequent than qualitative changes. The second type is qualitative changes. In qualitative changes, an already present trait usually an undesirable one, is replaced by another trait, usually a desirable one. Sometimes in qualitative changes desirable traits are eliminated and replaced by undesirable ones.

  In fact there are some factors that influence personality changing. Hurlock in

  

Personality Development states that personality is the product of learning during the

course of prolonged social relationships with people both within and outside the home.

  Further she some conditions that are responsible for personality change (1974: 124 – 128).

  19 i. Physical Changes

  Unfavorable changes in the person’s physical condition, such as illness, overweight, glandular disturbances, or blindness, often result in personality changes because they affect the person’s self –concept unfavorably. ii. Changes in Environment

  Changes in either the physical or social environment may produce changes in the person’s self-concept and, in turn, in his characteristic behavior. A change in environment will not guarantee an improvement in personality. In fact, the change may and often does have opposite effect. The effect of new environment toward personality changing depends on how well the person is accepted in the new environment and how well the new environment meets his needs. iii. Changes in Significant People

  When the significant people in an individual’s life change, and when he tries to adapt his pattern of behavior and his attitudes, beliefs, and aspiration to theirs, so changes in personality pattern are inevitable. iv. Changes in Social Pressures