Linear Programming Application for Optimization Resource and Operational Cost of Microhydro Power - Politeknik Negeri Padang

International Conference of Applied Science on Engineering, Business, Linguistics
and Information Technology (ICo-ASCNITech)
Politeknik Negeri Padang and Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, 13-15 October 2017

ISSN : 2598-2532

Linear Programming Application for Optimization Resource and
Operational Cost of Microhydro Power
Chairul Muharis#, Arni Utamaningsih*
#Department

of Civil Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Padang, Limau Manis, Padang 25000, Indonesia
E-mail: ch_muharis@yahoo.com

* Department of Business Administration, Politeknik Negeri Padang, Limau Manis, Padang 25000, Indonesia
E-mail: arni6965@gmail.com

Abstract— This paper examines the optimization of the procurement of microhydro power plants in Sangir Sub regency, South Solok regency,
at West Sumatera. This area is a remote area with a difficult topography, a small population, and has not been reached by electricity from
State Electricity Company. This microhydro power plant utilizes the Batang Sangir River as a source of turbine driving power. The limitations
of non-governmental funding, technical limitations, and the distance of two rivers from residential areas require that field surveys and optimal

calculations be carried out. This study uses linear programming to optimize operational costs and select the most suitable river resources, with
Pom for Windows software. Based on the linear programming calculations, this study decided that the optimal project to be implemented are
Batang Aro, Batang Sangir and Batang Liki, while the Batang Belangir cannot be funded in the same year.
Keywords— Linear Programming, Microhydro, Resource Optimization, Operational Cost.

that will rotate the turbine shaft. This rotation will rotate the
generator to generate electrical energy.
Dragicevic and Bojic [1] have shown that as energy and
equipment costs increase, the selection of energy systems
becomes increasingly important by considering the most
economical placement process. Dragicevic and Bojic [1] use
linear programming techniques as a method to minimize
total cost for a condensation procurement project in Serbia.
Linear Programming technique is used to determine the
optimum value of all variable designs, as well as to achieve
minimum cost. Energy procurement system is generally a
system whose elements are complex, and each sub-system is
mutually correlated and unpredictable component behaviour.
Mathematical applications in the Linear Programming
method help simplify the complexity so that optimal

decision making can be achieved.
In some literatures, the Linear Programming method is
often applied in the case of energy engineering optimization,
for example in the chemical industry with the constraint
function of minimal procurement costs [2], on gas turbine
and pump systems with minimal operational costs [3].
Linear programming can also be applied to civil construction
engineering, such as minimal cost analysis for the
procurement of residential buildings [4], and non-industrial
heat supply systems with minimal daily operational cost
constraints [5].
This research applies linear programming, but in contrast
to some literatures which have been submitted above which
prioritize technical constraint factor only. This study also
discusses the limitations of economic resources in relation to
non-governmental funds. In this study we examine the
microhydropower system by utilizing the flow of Batang
Sangir river along with its three tributaries to develop the
potential of hydropower into the potential of electricity,
especially in the flow of rivers that have a large slope and

discharge. In order for the project to be optimally

I. INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is an archipelagic country that still has many
remote areas and has not been reached by electric lighting by
State Electricity Company. These areas generally have
difficult topography to reach and have a small population.
On the other hand, electricity lighting is a basic necessity of
the community in meeting its needs, including the need to
access information to increase productivity and promote the
regional economy. Micro hydro Power Plant is one of the
cheapest alternative energy sources that can be applied in
remote areas. The use of fossil-based fuels that take place as
current trends can lead to environmental damage at the local,
regional and global levels. The provision of adequate energy
and environmentally friendly is one of the requirements for
sustainable socio-economic development. Microhydro
Power Plant is a potential renewable energy resource as one
solution when the world is experiencing an energy crisis.
This paper aims to study the Microhydro Power Plant in

South Solok, West Sumatera by utilizing the Batang Sangir
River, along with its tributaries, namely Blangir Batang,
Batang Aro and Batang Liki as turbine power source. River
trunks that have a large slope and water discharge in rural
areas Sangir sub regency, South Solok regency save the
potential of hydro power large enough and can be utilized
for this project. Starting from the situation then it is
necessary to study and development about the
implementation of microhydro power plants by utilizing the
skewed system. In this system some of the river water is
directed to the carrier channel then flowed through a
penstock to the turbine. After the turbine, the water is
returned to the original flow, so as not to damage the
environment or reduce water for agricultural purposes.
Water will flow into the turbine through the runner blades

247

International Conference of Applied Science on Engineering, Business, Linguistics
and Information Technology (ICo-ASCNITech)

Politeknik Negeri Padang and Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, 13-15 October 2017

implemented, a science management approach is needed to
determine which project options provide the most benefits in
funding. The purpose of this study is to make decisions,
which of the three existing tributaries provide the most
optimal utility given the limited number of operational costs.

ISSN : 2598-2532

1) The existing microhydro power potential is a resource
that can support rural development. The existence of the
microhydro project can help the development of socioeconomic potential that is basically quite large.
2) The cost of making the microhydro project can be
overcome by a non-governmental organization,
cooperative or other small and medium private business
unit. In the project discussed the cost of making this
project provided by the community at Sangir sub
regency, South Solok, regency, West Sumatra.
3) The electricity business of the microhydro project is

economically accountable, in the sense that the potential
of existing consumers can absorb the production of
electricity generated with the selling price determined
based on the principles of self-help local communities.
4) The potential of existing human resources can be
expected to manage the microhydro project properly and
reliably.
This project must meet all technical requirements and
socioeconomic aspects. A survey was conducted to ensure
that the project met all criteria. The most important
requirement was the readiness of human resources to be
actively involved in this project. Without local community
support, this project can not operate smoothly and
sustainably. Once all the requirements were met, the
microhydro installation system was applied. The microhydro
installation system that we applied, we present in Figure 1,
the following:

II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
The method used in this study is linear programming by

presenting various data that needs to be considered as a
function of objectives and function of constraints in
mathematical formulas. In order to create an appropriate
mathematical model, adequate surveys are conducted with
respect to the technical and socioeconomic requirements to
be met. The following are the technical and socio-economic
requirements:
a. Technical Requirements:
1) The required river water discharge is available
throughout the year and can be met by the average river
flow during the dry season.
2) Adequate plunge height, which together with flow
discharge produces a large hydro power potential.
3) The project uses appropriate technology for its
manufacture, operation and maintenance to be carried out
using local labour.
b. Socioeconomic Aspects:

Fig 1. Sketch of Microhydro Power Plant Installation
Source: processed ourself

linear programming calculations. All the required data will
be presented in mathematical models accordingly and
processed with the help of Pom for Windows software [6].

Technical requirements and socioeconomic aspects are
the first survey work and should be reasonably feasible, so
that it can proceed at a later stage. In the following stages
will be discussed the existing conditions of the procurement
plan of these microhydro generators, which include:
budgeted funds, project location, river flow data, budget data
of each activity location, recapitulation of all data required in

c. Source of Fund and Cost
Microhydro Power Plant Procurement is established
through the collection of community self-help fund and
248

International Conference of Applied Science on Engineering, Business, Linguistics
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Politeknik Negeri Padang and Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, 13-15 October 2017


TABLE II
Capacity of Power Generated Based on River Discharge

community members contributions, individual donations,
and community business units. The collected funds are
around IDR700,000,000. The collected funds are used to be
entirely mutual and non-profit oriented. Project work not
only requires self-help funds, but is also assisted by self-help
facilities owned by local people, for example the use of
vehicles in the form of cars and motorcycles, carpentry tools,
and labor donations during project surveys, project
preparation and implementation non-technical projects.
Based on microhydro cost budget data on all river projects, a
project recapitulation budget was prepared as shown in
Table 1 below:

The Name of The River
Batang Belangir
Batang Aro

Batang Sangir
Batang Liki

1
2
3
4

Micro hydro
Plant
Batang Belangir
Batang Aro
Batang Sangir
Batang Liki

Total cost (IDR)
264.469.800
121.947.500
324.280.000
212.049.500


3

River Discharge (m /s)
0.39
0.17
0.47
0.34

Capacity (Kwh)
178.060
77.616
214.585
155.232

Source: Survey results and calculations

f. Recapitulation of All Microhydro Project Data
The following data is summarized from the various data
required in the calculation through the formation of linear
programming functions. The data is also supplemented by
the number of heads of households that are user
communities in each of the locations that are fed by the
creeks. Here is a table that contains data that is ready to be
processed in linear programming:

TABLE I
Recapitulation of Microhydro Cost Budget
Sangir Sub Regency, South Solok Regency
No.

ISSN : 2598-2532

Rounding (IDR)
265.000.000
122.000.000
325.000.000
212.000.000

TABLE III
Recapitulation of All Microhydro Project Data
No.

Source: Survey results and calculations

1
2
3
4

d. Location of Microhydro Power Plant Project
This Microhydro Power Plant Project is located in Sangir
Sub regency, South Solok Regency, West Sumatera. After a
field survey, 4 (four) villages are defined as the location of
the self-supporting microhydro project development. The
four locations are: Belangir, Aro, Sangir, and Liki villages.
Because of limited funding and microhydro capacity
requirements should be below 500 KW, local community
leaders must decide to select 3 (three) most likely locations.
In relation to the distance between the Belangir and Batang
Aro project sites and the settlements far enough, they
decided to choose one of the two tributaries.

Micro hydro
Plant
Batang Belangir
Batang Aro
Batang Sangir
Batang Liki

Users
(Household)
275
156
300
175

Cost (IDR)
265.000.000
122.000.000
325.000.000
212.000.000

Power Capacity
(Kwh)
178
78
215
155

Source: Survey results and calculations
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Hillier and Liebermen [8] stated that linear programming
is a mathematical model to describe problems in a linear
function. Linear Programming is a mathematical technique
applied to problem solving with respect to the function of
minimization or maximization of a number of independent
variables. Linear programming is a commonly used and
highly suitable method applied to complex industrial
systems. Linear programming is a very flexible technique by
using a system of equations directed at a specific goal.
Linear programming can be used in solving the problem of
allocation of finite sources optimally. Computer technology,
with software pom for windows can be easily
operationalized to aid calculation iteration.
The mathematical formulation of the linear programming
procedure is as follows: specify a group of variables x1, x2,
x3, ......, xn in a system of linear equations or linear
inequalities like the following formula:

e. Plan and Discharge Capacity
The design stage consists of calculating the discharge
using the Log Pearson Type III method [7], which is an
empirical method to estimate an event based on a previous
time series record of data retrieved from field observation
data. Based on the probability statistics of occurrences with
a certain re-occurrence expected to occur in the future can be
met or exceeded. For the planning of this project reestablished 10 years, which is equal to the estimated age of
this microhydro productive. After the discharge plan
obtained results, followed by calculate the capacity of power
to be generated. The results of the calculation of plan
discharge and power capacity for the four rivers are as
follows:

(1)
Notation aik is a constant coefficient, xk is an unknown
problem variable, and m is a number of existing constraints.
Linear programming procedures can be classified into
249

International Conference of Applied Science on Engineering, Business, Linguistics
and Information Technology (ICo-ASCNITech)
Politeknik Negeri Padang and Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, 13-15 October 2017

ISSN : 2598-2532

field. The purpose of the microhydro power plant
procurement project is to provide electricity to residents
living near the watershed. The distance from the Belangir
and Batang Aro project sites with the settlement is far
enough, so they decided to choose one between the two
tributaries. This condition is formulated in the mathematical
model as a function of constraint X1 + X2  1, reflecting
the contingency of microhydro mine project (X1) or Batang
Aro (X2) but not both. Conditions in the field stated that the
Batang Belangir microhydro (X1) project can serve 275
houses with a power capacity of 178 Kwh, but must be
financed with a value of IDR265,000,000 which makes the
project not feasible. The development of Batang Aro
microhydro gives optimal results to serve 156 houses with
capacity of 78 Kwh and operational cost of IDR122,000,000.
In this case, the construction of Batang Aro microhydro is
more feasible compared to Batang Belangir for the total
funding worth IDR700,000,000 available. Based on the
various data that has been recapitulated in Table 3, the
following model formulation is made in Linear
Programming:

maximize or minimize from a linear objective function in the
following form:
(2)
ck notation is constant coefficients and all linear
programming solution codes of all variables should not be
negative .
Application of linear programming in the field of industry
to assist managers in making decisions has been done, as
well as research reports have been widely published abroad.
Denton [9] describes the attractiveness of various topics and
the updated application of operational research methodology
in industry (novelity). Duran [10] uses interger programming
to solve the problem of scheduling the Chilean soccer
league. Martin [11] also uses interger programming to solve
class scheduling problems at Ohio University. Matthews
[12] uses linear programming to minimize the cost of nurses'
personnel at a busy American hospital. The cost of nurse
personnel occupies the largest portion of the hospital budget,
so linear programming is used to evaluate and optimize the
utility of nurse personnel in the internal environment of the
hospital. Pasupathy and Borja [13] utilize Integrating Excel,
Access, and Visual Basic software to develop measurements
and evaluate the performance of American Red Cross
organizations. Furthermore, Harrod [14] made a teaching
innovation in the field of decision making by developing
Spreadsheet-based software and formulating linear
programming into the matrix.
Research using linear programming application has not
been done in Indonesia. Dilisusendi [15] conducted an
evaluation of rural electricity finance optimization
throughout
Indonesia
using
linear
programming.
Dilisusendi's evaluation results [15] show that rural
electricity funding throughout Indonesia is still not optimal
in 2008 and can still be cost savings and increased access to
electricity by 10% nationwide in 2009. Data and Information
Technology Center Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources [16] using a linear programming approach in
managing the national supply and utilization chains. Linear
programming is used to formulate Java power production
optimization problems. The developed linear model has the
objective function of minimizing the cost per unit of power,
ie the total cost incurred from the point of generation to the
point of load per unit of power. Minimized costs consist of
fixed cost of generator, variable cost of production,
transmission cost with five function constraints related to
total effective capacity, total power generated and
transmitted.

Maximize Z = 275X1 + 156X2 + 300X3 + 175X4

(3)

Limitation: 265X1 + 122X2 + 325X3 + 212X4 = 0

Constraint 7

0

0

0

1

>=

0

X4 >= 0

X1
X2
X3
X4
Solution value

0

1

1

1 Optimal Z->

Solution Value

Optimal
NONinteger
NONinteger
INTEGER
NONinteger
NONinteger
INTEGER
NONinteger
NONinteger
Suboptimal
Infeasible
Infeasible
NONinteger
NONinteger
Suboptimal
Infeasible
Infeasible
Infeasible

X1

X2

X3

X4

631
689.54
665.8
575
665.12
664.84
631
648.15
632.45
506

0
0
1
1
0.29
0
0
0
0
0

1
1
0
0
0.71
1
1
1
1
1

1
1.78
1
1
1
1
1
0.47
0
0

1
0
0.52
0
1
1.19
1
2
2.72
2

655.85
634.08
625

1
1
1

0
0
0

0.69
0
0

1
2.05
2

Type
Integer
Integer
Integer
Integer

Value
0
1
1
1
631

Source: POM for Windows Output
From the calculation result, it can be concluded that the
microhydro project that gives the maximum solution to be
done is the microhydro Batang Aro (X2), Sangir (X3) and
Batang Liki (X4), while the Belangir (X1) can not be done
with the available fund.
The cost of each microhydro project contains three job
descriptions of the project, which consists of preliminary
work, civil construction work, and mechanical and electrical
work. In civil works, the project is subdivided into three subjobs, namely: building work intake, penstock and panel
house. In mechanical and electrical work, the project is
divided into three jobs, namely: turbine, generator, panel and
transmission work. Mechanical and electrical work absorbs
the greatest cost of all microhydro project procurement,
especially the cost of procuring turbines. However, more
than that would be better, if the project also considers the
fixed costs of the plant, which is the total fixed cost incurred
on each plant if the plant is decided to conduct electricity
production. Production variable costs also need to be
considered in terms of the total cost per unit of power
generated from each plant to meet demand at a load point.
Transmission costs also need to be considered in connection
with the costs incurred due to the transmission from the
point of generation to the point of load. This cost is a
variable cost per unit of power calculated from the

Variable type Integer Integer Integer Integer
Solution->

X3= 2

Variable

Max 275X1 + 156X2 + 300X3 + 175X4

Constraint 2

0
1
2
2
3
4
4
5
6
6
5
3
4
5
5
4
1

Solution type

The results of POM for Windows iteration are as follows:
TABLE VI
POM iteration results for Windows

Equation form

175

Level Added constraint

Source: POM for Windows Output

TABLE IV
Input Calculation of POM for Windows
Maximize

ISSN : 2598-2532

631

Source: POM for Windows Input
This program will process the data that has been entered into
the program, and the program will process it in a series of
iterations. The results of POM for Windows iteration are as
follows:

251

International Conference of Applied Science on Engineering, Business, Linguistics
and Information Technology (ICo-ASCNITech)
Politeknik Negeri Padang and Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, 13-15 October 2017

investment cost of the cable and transmission lines, in which
case each location has different cost variations.
Linear programming has advantages, but also has
limitations. Linear programming is an approach in making
decisions with the assumption that reality is linearly
formulated and additive. In this case, if a constraint involves
two decision variables, the dimension diagram will be a
straight line. Likewise, a constraint involving three variables
will result in a plane and constraint involving n variables
will produce hyperplane in a n-dimensional space. In this
linear model the relationship between variables is
proportional, which means that the degree of change or the
slope of the functional relationship is constant, so the change
in the value of the variable will result in the relative change
of the value of the objective function in the same amount.
Linear programming assumed additive can be interpreted as
the absence of adjustment on the calculation of the criterion
variable due to the interaction between variables [17].
In global conditions, things are often interacting and
changing rapidly, so looking at things in a linear way
becomes a new challenge. In this case, the accuracy and
identification of critical factors in linear programming
approach is needed, so that this program provides optimal
benefits. In linear programming all model parameters are
assumed to be constant. In this case a decision problem is in
a static framework, all parameters are known with certainty.
In reality, model parameters are rarely deterministic, because
they reflect both present and future conditions. The
circumstances of the future are very likely not known with
certainty. Linear programming users should be fully aware
of the realities that exist, especially for cases related to social
values. Linear programming is simply a tool that is used as a
decision-making approach, and it entirely takes the wise
values of its users.

ISSN : 2598-2532

linear programming with Pom for Windows states that the
Batang Belangir project can not be funded with the same
budget year fund, in other words the Batang Belangir project
is postponed for the coming year.
Linear programming helps simplify initially complex
problems and makes it easy to make decisions for its users.
Linear programming has advantages, but also has
limitations. Linear programming is an approach in making
decisions with the assumption that reality is linearly
formulated and additive. In linear programming all model
parameters are assumed to be constant. In this case a
decision problem is in a static framework, all parameters are
known with certainty. In reality, model parameters are rarely
deterministic, because they reflect both present and future
conditions, so policy values are needed for the user.
In future research the function of constraints in linear
programming can be enhanced by adding various technical
studies, eg constraints contained in turbines, generators,
penstock. This study involves several experts who can make
a more detailed study in accordance with the conditions in
the field. In relation to economic feasibility, the future
studies may also consider the project's financial viability or
capital budgeting, ie a process of consistent long-term
evaluation and selection of long-term investments to
maximize project objectives. Capital budgeting can use
Payback Period, Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return
(IRR), Return On Investment and Profitability Index.
Future research can also apply linear programming to a
wide range of problems, for example in managing forest
resources [20], managing more complex hydro power. Yoo
analyzes the effect and sensitivity of the model’s release and
reservoir storage the maximization of hydro power energy
generation based on calculations of optimal values [21].
Linear programming can also be combined to manage more
complex and dynamic problems in conditional scenario or
conditional expectation [22].

IV. CONCLUSSION
Indonesia has many natural resources that have not been
utilized optimally. Mountains that certainly have an
abundant waterfall can be utilized as a renewable energy
source. Potential waterfall resources can be used as
microhydro power plants, so that remote areas can enjoy
electric lighting with relatively easy and cheap maintenance
costs.
This paper examines the optimum procurement of
microhydro power plants in Sangir Sub regency, South
Solok Regency, West Sumatera. This area is a remote area
with a difficult topography, a small population, and not yet
accessible electricity from the State Electricity Company.
River that is used as a source of turbine driving power is
Batang Sangir River, along with its tributaries, namely
Batang Belangir, Batang Aro and Batang Liki. This study
uses the Linear Programming application to maximize the
use of existing resources. The limited funding and technical
constraints associated with the proximity of the project site
with the settlement impacted the high cost of project work.
The project decided to choose one of the rivers from two
rivers that are far from residential areas to control costs. The
projects undertaken are Batang Aro river project, Batang
Sangir, Batang Liki, and Batang Belangir. The result of

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International Conference of Applied Science on Engineering, Business, Linguistics
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Politeknik Negeri Padang and Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, 13-15 October 2017
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2017.

LEMBAR REKAPITI]LASI
IIASIL PENILAIAN SEJAWAT SEBIDAIYG ATAA PEER REVIEW
KARYA ILMIAH I PROSIDING

Linear Programming Application for Optimization Resource

Judul Karya Ilmiah
Jurnlah Penulis

Operational Cost of Microhydro Power
2 (Dua) Orang

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2017,Padang
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Politeknik Negeri Padang dan
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Politeknik Negeri Padang

Jurusan Teknik Sipil
Politeknik Negeri Padang

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LEMBAR
HASIL PENII"AIAN SN'AWAT SEBIDNITG ATAU PEER REWEW
KARYA ILMIAH .. PROSIDING
Judul Karya Ihniah

Linear Programming Applicmion for Optimization Resource and Oper*ional

Jumlah Penulis

Cost of Microhydro Power
2 (Dua) Orang

Status Pengusul

Penulis Pertama/Penulis ke ..... / Penulis Korespondensi**

Identitas Prosiding

a. Judul prosiding

: International Conference of Appted
Science on Engineering Business, Linguistics and Inforrnation

Technology Ico-ASCNITech)

ISSN:2598-2532
2017,Padang
Politeknik Negeri Padang dan
Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan

b.ISBN/ISSN
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Jurusan Teknik Sipil

Linear Programming Application
for Optimization Resource and
Operational Cost of Microhydro
Power
by Chairul Muharis, Arni Utamaningsih

Submission date: 30-Jul-2018 07:01PM (UT C-0700)
Submission ID: 986452060
File name: irity_ICo-ASCNIT ECH-2017-_Chairul_Muharis,_Arni_Utamaningsih.doc (581K)
Word count: 4755
Character count: 28950

Linear Programming Application for Optimization Resource
and Operational Cost of Microhydro Power
ORIGINALITY REPORT

8

%

SIMILARIT Y INDEX

6%

3%

4%

INT ERNET SOURCES

PUBLICAT IONS

ST UDENT PAPERS

PRIMARY SOURCES

1
2
3
4
5

repository.unib.ac.id
Int ernet Source

vulms.vu.edu.pk
Int ernet Source

Submitted to International Business School
St udent Paper

aetos.it.teithe.gr
Int ernet Source

Yoo, J.H.. "Maximization of hydropower
generation through the application of a linear
programming model", Journal of Hydrology,
20090930

3%
1%
1%
1%
1%

Publicat ion

6
7

www.sjm06.com
Int ernet Source

Submitted to School of Business and
Management ITB
St udent Paper