CHAPTER II ANGGUN NUR ZAINUDIN PBI'15

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW A. Previous Study The first previous study that is used in this research by Wiwit Wahyuningsih (2005) entitled An Error Analysis of Direct and Indirect Speech (A study at the Second Grade Students of SMU Muhammadiyah Cilacap in Academic Year 2005/206. It is revealed

  that the students’ ability is good because the mean of the students’ ability is 66.

  9%. Based on the result it is obtained that the students’ error belong to three categories; over generalization, ignore of the rule restriction, false concept hypothesis, and incomplete application of rule. Those categories belong to intralingual error.

  The second previous study that is used in this research by Nur Indrayani (2010) entitled The Students’ Competence in Using Direct and Indirct Speech ( A study on the Eleventh Grade Students of SMK Muhammadiyah Bobotsari in Academic year 2010/2011. It is revealed that the average of the the stdents’ competence in using direct and indirect speech of SMK Muhammadiyah Bobotsari in academic year 2010/2011 is 66.8%. It means that it is categorized as good category.

  Common errors are made by the students in using direct and indirect speech is over generalization and ignorance of the rule restriction.

  Those typical errors belong to intralingual error.

  6 Those previous study give much input in conducting the research because they have same topic that will be able to improve the researcher in conducting research entitle “An Error Analysis on the Mastery of Direct and Indirect Speech

  ” ( A Study at the Second Grade Students of SMA Negeri 3 Purwokerto in Academic Year 2013/2014).

B. Grammar

  1. The Definition of Grammar It is important for us to study grammar, since we will know what it is used for. There are a lot of theories about definition of grammar. Some experts in the world have their own point of view, and opinion about what the grammar exactly is. It may be different from one’s definition to the other definitions, but actually have the same meaning in principles.

  Grammar is the system of a language. According to Hornby (2000:586

  ), “Grammar is the rules in a language for changing the form of words and joining them into sentences .”

  While McCarthy and Charter (2006:1) say , “Grammar is concerned with how sentences and utterences are formed.

  ” Based on the previous definitions of grammar, the same point about grammar is a system of words are put together to make sentences. Therefore, if students understand the grammar, they also understand how to construct sentence in order to express their idea correctly. But if students ignore the grammar, they cannot construct sentence correctly which may result in unclear messag

  2. The Importance of Learning Grammar It is important for us to learn grammar. If the students can master the grammar well they will be able to use English well. Then, they know how to produce grammatically correct sentences.

  It means that without grammar language can not be conveyed correctly and it is difficult to catch the meaning.

  Example :

• Direct speech :

  Andi said,” The man which sits on the chair is my father .”

• Indirect speech : Andi said that the man which sits on the chair is my father. (incorrect) Andi said that the man who sat on the chair was his father. (correct)

  The error of the sentence above lies at the use of tenseand pronouns because the students do not understand the use of relative pronouns and the changing of tense.

C. Definition of Direct and Indirect Speech

  1. Direct Speech According to Muhibin Syah (2006:101), quoted speech which is also called direct speech refers to reproducing words exactly as they were originally spoken. In direct speech quotation marks or inverted commas (“...”) are used.

  Based on the previous study the definition of direct speech is reporting what someone says by repeating the exact words.

  Example: My roommate said, "The door is open. Could you close it?"

  2. Indirect Speech According Muhibin Syah (2006:102), reported speech is also called indirect speech. It refers to using a noun clause to report what someone has said. Unlike in direct speech, in reported speech no quotation marks are used.

  Based on the previous study the definition of indirect speech is reporting someone says without repeating the exact words but give the same meaning. Example of indirect speech:

• My roommate said

  ,” The door is open and could you close it?”

• My roommate said that the door was open and asked me whether I couldclose it.

D. The Concept of Direct and Indirect Speech

  There are two ways of relating what a person has said: direct and indirect speech. In direct speech we repeat the original speaker’s exact words. Example : He said

  , “I was hungry.” Reporting verb Reported verb In indirect speech if the reporting verb (say, answer, remark, tell, etc) or introductory verb is in the present, present perfect or future there is no change of tense in the reported verb. Whereas if the reporting verb is in past tense there is change of tense.

  Example : - He says, “ he is a doctor.” - He says that he is a doctor.

  Reporting verb Reported verb E.

   Types of Direct and Indirect Speech

  ThomsonA.J and A.V Martinet (1980:110) states that indirect speech is classified into fourbut in this research will discuss only three types, such as: 1. Indirect speech of statement.

  2. Indirect speech of command.

  3. Indirect speech of question.

  1. Indirect speech statement Indirect speech of statement is used to report someone’s statement. Examples:

  Table 2.1 Examples of indirect speech

  Direct speech Indirect speech

  Simple present tense Past tense

  He said that Andi studied English He said, “Andi study English now. then. Direct : Rudi says, “ My brother likes this music.” Indirect : Rudi says that his brother likes this music.

  Example:

  She said that Ira had been studying English for three times.

  Notes: 1) If the reportingverb is in present tense, future tense, and perfect tense there is no change of verb except the pronouns.

  She said that she would sleeping in her bedroom.

  Conditional continuous

  ”

  She said , ”I’ll sleeping in my bedroom.

  Future continuous

  He told me that Indra would has gone to Jakarta the following week.

  Past Future pefect

  He told me, “ Indra would go to Jakarta next week.”

  Past future

  He told me that Eni had been coocking.

  Past perfect continuous

  He told me, “Eni was cooking.”

  Past continuous

  Past perfect continuous

  Present continuous tense “Messi is playing football,” he said.

  Present Perfect “I have been to Paris,” he told me.

  Past continuous tense

  He said that Messi was playing football.

  Present future

  Ika said, “I will go to Bali tomorrow.”

  Past future

  Ika said that she would go to Bali the following day.

  Past perfect

  “Ira has been studying English for three hours,” She said.

  He told me that he had been to Paris.

  Past tense

  “I bought a book yesterday,” she said.

  Past perfect tense

  She said that she had bought a book the day before.

  Present perfect continuous

• Present tense
• Future tense

  Direct : Andi will say , “ I will write a letter.” Indirect : Andi will say that he willwrite a letter.

• Perfect tense

  Direct : Andi has said , “ My brother likes this movie.” Indirect : Andi has said that his brother likes this movie.

  2) If the reportingverb is related to the general fact or habitual action there is no change of verb except the pronouns.

  Example: Direct : He says

  , “ Water flow from higher place to lower place.” Indirect speech : He says that water flow from higher place to lower place.

  a. Direct and indirect speech of Question The function is to report someone question to other. If the direct speech use verbal question the indirect speech must be changed into

  “if” or “whether”and if the direct speech use WHQuestion (where, when, why, who, what and how)” “if” or “whether” can be replaced by puting the question words. The pattern as follow: 1) Direct and indirect speech from Nominal Sentence Pattern:

  S + asked + object + if or whether + S + past verb

  Example: Direct

  : She asked me, “Are you interested in me?” Indirect : She asked me if (whether)I was interested in her. 2) Dierct and indirect speech from WH Question

  Pattern:

  S + asked + object + WH+ S + past verb

  Examples: Direct

  : He asked me, “ How do you go to school?” Indirect : He asked me How I went to school.

  Dirct : My father asked me, “ What are you waiting for?”

  Indirect: : My father asked me what I was waiting for?

  b. Direct and indirect speech of Command Indirect command can be classified into two types as follow: 1) Positive command

  In this type “to” is added between the introductory and reported command.

  Pattern : Table 2.2

  Indirect speech of positive command He asked me

  To + infinitive He told me Examples: Direct

  : Rani told me, “Open the window, please.” Indirect : Rani told me to open the window.

  Direct : Budi asked me, “Come to my house tonight!” Indirect : Budi asked me to come to his house the following night.

  2) Negative command In this type “not to” is added between the introductory and reported command.

  Pattern: Table 2.3.

  Indirect speech of negative command He asked me

  Not to + infinitive He told me

  Example: Direct

  : Our teacher told to us, “Don’t come late!” Indirect : Our teacher told us not to come late.

  There are several changes that occur in construction of direct and indirect speech, which are going to be discussed as follow:

  1. The change of pronouns and possesive pronouns: If the subject of the sentence use pronouns or possesive pronouns there is change of it.

  Table 2.4 List of pronouns and possesive pronoun

  Direct speech Indirect speech

  I I, he or she my his or her Our Their You

  I

  2. The change of Demonstrative Pronouns The demonstrative pronouns indicating closeness are this and theseand the ones indicating distance are that and those. In indirect speech the change of demonstrative pronouns as follow:

  Table 2.5 List of demonstrative pronoun

  Direct Speech Indirect Speech this these that those

  3. The change of to be, modal, and auxiliary In indirect speech if we use to be, modal, and auxiliary we have to change them into past, as follow:

  Table 2.6 List of to be, modal and auxiliary

  Direct Speech Indirect Speech am/is/are was/were Can could Will would Shall should May might must had to

  4. The change of Adverb In indirect speech adverb we have to change them into past, as follow:

  Table 2.7. List of adverb

  Direct Speech Indirect Speech Now then Today that day Yesterday the day before Tomorrow the following day, the next day, the day after next (day, week, month, year) the following (day, week, month, year) last (day, week, month, year) the previous (day, week, month, year).

  ...ago ...before the day before yesterday two days before Note there is no change of tenses to: could, would, should, might, ought to, had, better, and used to.

F. Error Analysis 1. Error and Mistake

  Error is caused by the competence factor, it means that students have not understood yet about the language system used. It happens systematically and will be durable if it is not corrected soon.

  It is important for the teacher of target language to analyze carefully the errors a learner made in process of contacting now a system language. All problem of error made by learners should be analyzed accurately to find out the problem solving. The study of error is called “Error Analysis”.

  Error analysis is useful for both teacher and students of target language. It show some problems encountered by the students. It is also give further information to te teacher about the process of acquiring of foreign language .

  According to Tarigan (1995:76) there are differences between error and mistake. There are six points of view used as standard of comparison, those are:

  Table 2.8 Table the differences between error and mistake

  Category/ point of view Error Mistakes

  1. Resources Competence Performance

  2. Characteristic Systematic Unsystematic

  3. Duration Consistent Temporal

  4. Linguistic system The student has not The student has

  5. Result

  6. Improvement method understood the system Deviation from the correct rules It is corrected by the teacher training, remedial teaching. understood the system Deviation from the correct rules It is corrected by student himself

2. Types of Error

  According to Richards ( 1971 ) there are two types of error, namely interlingual and intralingual error but in this research the writer only discussed about the types of intralingual error. 1) An Error Analysis on the Mastery of Direct and Indirect Speech ( A

  Study at the Second Grade Students of SMA Negeri 3 Purwokerto in Academic Year 2013/2014). Intralingual errors refers to errors which are caused by its system of rule of the target language. This error involves:

  a) Over generalization In this case, the learner creates a deviant structure on the basis of other structures in the target language Example: "He can sings" where English allows "He can sing" and "He sings").

  b) Ignorance of rules restriction In this case, the learner applies rules to context where they are not applicable.

  Example: He made me to go rest" through extension of thepattern "He asked/wanted me to go.

  c) False concept hypothesis The learners do not fully understand a distinction in the target language. The students have the wrong conceptsof language system. They often make error caused by the incorrectness on the difference in target language itself.

  Example :The use of "was" as a marker of past tense. Rudi said , “ I am here when I am a child.”(incorrect sentence) Rudi said, “ he was here when he was a child.”(correct sentence)